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WO2025012480A1 - Procédé pour améliorer la croissance d'une plante, son développement et sa résistance au stress (a)biotique - Google Patents

Procédé pour améliorer la croissance d'une plante, son développement et sa résistance au stress (a)biotique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2025012480A1
WO2025012480A1 PCT/EP2024/069981 EP2024069981W WO2025012480A1 WO 2025012480 A1 WO2025012480 A1 WO 2025012480A1 EP 2024069981 W EP2024069981 W EP 2024069981W WO 2025012480 A1 WO2025012480 A1 WO 2025012480A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
beta
lacto
gal
glcnac
glc
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
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PCT/EP2024/069981
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English (en)
Inventor
Joeri Beauprez
Annelies VERCAUTEREN
Ut VAN NGUYEN
Francis CLAES
Rutger MARTENS
Guy VAN DAELE
Liesbeth VOGELS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Globachem NV
Inbiose NV
Original Assignee
Globachem NV
Inbiose NV
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Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from LU504744A external-priority patent/LU504744B1/en
Application filed by Globachem NV, Inbiose NV filed Critical Globachem NV
Publication of WO2025012480A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025012480A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
    • A01P3/00—Fungicides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings
    • A01N43/16—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom six-membered rings with oxygen as the ring hetero atom
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
    • A01P21/00—Plant growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01P—BIOCIDAL, PEST REPELLANT, PEST ATTRACTANT OR PLANT GROWTH REGULATORY ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR PREPARATIONS
    • A01P7/00—Arthropodicides
    • A01P7/04—Insecticides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
    • C05F—ORGANIC FERTILISERS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C05B, C05C, e.g. FERTILISERS FROM WASTE OR REFUSE
    • C05F11/00—Other organic fertilisers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method to improve the growth, development and/or resistance to abiotic stress/biotic stress of a plant.
  • the agricultural industry faces multiple challenges including the production of sufficient food and fibre to meet the demand of a growing population worldwide, adopting more efficient and sustainable production methods and adapting to climate change.
  • Abiotic stress such as frost or drought
  • frost is a major concern in the agricultural industry, as it is not always possible for a plant to adjust appropriately to coldness, drought, osmotic stress (e.g. salt salinity), heat, etc.. Plants are particularly dependent on environmental factors and cannot actively change location and are thus particularly prone to abiotic stress.
  • Abiotic stress is the most harmful factor concerning the growth and productivity of crops worldwide.
  • drought stress is one of the main causes of crop losses within the agricultural world.
  • frost also significantly contributes to crop loss, at least in those regions that do not have temperatures above freezing temperature all year.
  • plants can suffer from pests including fungi, molluscs, viruses, insects etc. These can cause damage to the plants and can induce plant disease. This can result in crop loss and contamination of agricultural products.
  • a replete amount of chemical pesticides are nowadays available but have been critically reviewed as numerous negative health effects have been associated with chemical pesticides and high occupational, intentional or accidental exposure can result in hospitalization or death, whereas exposure occurs via skin contact, ingestion of contaminated consumables or inhalation upon which they may be metabolized, excreted, stored or accumulated in the body fat (Nicolopoulou-Stamati et al., 2016, Front. Public Health 4 (148)).
  • An ideal pesticide should not only be non-hazardous to the human health, but should also be environmentally friendly and as efficient and specific as possible for protecting a plant from a given pest. Moreover, a pesticide should ideally avoid development of a resistance in pests. There is still a need for new products that fulfil these criteria.
  • the present invention hence deals with the growth and development of a plant, as well as protecting said plant from abiotic stress and biotic stress. Summary of the invention
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide can improve the growth, development and/or resistance to abiotic stress and/or biotic stress of a plant, characterized in that said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • the first aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a plant, wherein a disaccharide- containing saccharide is applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N- acetylglucosamine.
  • the second aspect of the invention provides the use of a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant growth and/or plant development biostimulant, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • the third aspect of the invention provides the use of a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant protection agent, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a plant, wherein said method comprises a step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • the invention provides a method of treating a plant, wherein said method comprises a step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises a disaccharide consisting of galactose and N- acetylglucosamine.
  • a method according to the invention offers several advantages to the plant (compared to an untreated plant) including: (i) enhancing the growth; (ii) enhancing the development; (iii) protecting from abiotic stress and/or (iv) protecting from biotic stress as described herein.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is particularly effective in protecting from abiotic stress and/or protecting from biotic stress as described herein (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress"). Furthermore, a method according to the invention significantly improves flower development and flower protection, even under abiotic stress such as frost.
  • step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is preferably replaced with the expression "step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant and/or seed of said plant”.
  • the term "treating" is to be understood in its broadest sense, i.e. applying a substance (i.e. a disaccharide-containing saccharide, optionally additional saccharide(s), in the case of the present invention) to a plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow.
  • a substance i.e. a disaccharide-containing saccharide, optionally additional saccharide(s), in the case of the present invention
  • Numerous ways are known to the skilled person to deliver a substance and depending on whether a substance needs to be delivered to a plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow; the skilled person can readily select an appropriate application method as part of his common general knowledge (e.g. Gahukar, 2016, Phytoparasitica 44(3), p. 379-391).
  • the term "area" preferably refers to soil, inert substrate, pyroclastic material, synthetic organic substrate (e.g. polyurethane), organic substrate (e.g. peat, compost, tree waste products like coir, wood fibre or chips, tree bark), liquid substrate (e.g. floating hydroponic system), aeroponic growing and hydroponic growing (e.g. nutrient film technique).
  • Said inert substrate includes inorganic substrates (e.g. sand, rockwool, glass wool) and expanded minerals (e.g. perlite, vermiculite, zeolite, expanded clay). More preferably, said area refers to soil.
  • part of a plant refers to any part of a plant including a root, a stem, a leaf, a petiole, a flower, a fruit and a seed.
  • a part of a plant is an aerial part of the plant, i.e. a part that is above the soil.
  • a part of a plant is more preferably selected from the list consisting of a seed, a leaf, a petiole, a flower, a fruit and a stem, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of a seed, a leaf, a flower and a fruit, even more preferably a seed or a leaf.
  • a grain is an example of a seed and is derived from grasses (e.g. wheat, oats, rice, sorghum, millet, rye, barley, corn).
  • grasses e.g. wheat, oats, rice, sorghum, millet, rye, barley, corn.
  • a plant can comprise a tuber which is a storage container for nutrients.
  • a root tuber is an example of a root
  • a stem tuber is an example of a stem.
  • a part of a plant is an aerial part of the plant, it is also preferred that a stem in the context of the present invention does not include a stem tuber as it is a part beneath the soil.
  • said step of applying a saccharide comprises one or more selected from watering, spraying (including ultra-low volume spraying), irrigation, atomising, nebulising, dusting, foaming, spreading, coating, drenching, dripping and injecting; preferably is done by means of watering, spraying (including ultra-low volume spraying), irrigation, atomising, nebulising, dusting, foaming, spreading, coating, drenching, dripping or injecting (e.g. trunk injection, soil injection).
  • said step of applying a saccharide involves one or more application methods, preferably one or more selected from the list consisting of watering, spraying (including ultra-low volume spraying), irrigation, atomising, nebulising, dusting, foaming, spreading, coating, drenching, dripping and injecting (e.g. trunk injection, soil injection).
  • application methods preferably one or more selected from the list consisting of watering, spraying (including ultra-low volume spraying), irrigation, atomising, nebulising, dusting, foaming, spreading, coating, drenching, dripping and injecting (e.g. trunk injection, soil injection).
  • coating is preferably coating by spraying.
  • a seed application is coating, more preferably coating by spraying.
  • coating and in particular coating by spraying
  • coating and in particular coating by spraying
  • coating (and in particular coating by spraying) one also avoids the situation that seeds are in contact with a liquid for a longer period of time which inevitably starts the pre-germination process (as is the case with for example drenching and soaking).
  • said step of applying a saccharide is a seed application, root application, aerial application or soil application, preferably is a seed application or aerial application. It is also within the scope of the invention that said step of applying a saccharide involves one or more application(s) selected from the list consisting of seed application, root application, aerial application or soil application.
  • the term "aerial application” refers to applying a substance (i.e.
  • aerial application is the application of a substance (i.e. a disaccharide-containing saccharide, optionally additional saccharide(s), in the case of the present invention) to a stem, a leaf, a petiole, a flower, a fruit or a seed; more preferably a stem, a leaf, a flower, a fruit or a seed; even more preferably a stem, a leaf, a flower or a seed; most preferably a leaf or a seed.
  • a stem application it is particularly preferred to apply to a tuber.
  • root application preferably refers to the application of said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the exterior of a root and hence preferably excludes the application of said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the interior of a root.
  • applying said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to a part of a plant, wherein said part is a root refers to applying said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the exterior of a root of said plant and hence preferably excludes applying said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the interior of a root.
  • the term "exterior of a root” is preferably replaced with "epidermis of a root” throughout the application and claims.
  • stem application preferably refers to the application of said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the exterior of a stem and hence preferably excludes the application of said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the interior of a stem.
  • applying said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to a part of a plant, wherein said part is a stem refers to applying said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the exterior of a stem of said plant and hence preferably excludes applying said saccharide (optionally one or more additional saccharide(s)) to the interior of a stem.
  • said step of applying a saccharide is a seed application, foliar application, stem application, root application, aerial application or soil application, preferably is a seed application, foliar application or stem application, more preferably a seed application or foliar application. It is also within the scope of the invention that said step of applying a saccharide involves one or more application(s) selected from the list consisting of seed application, foliar application, stem application, root application and soil application. It is further noted that stem application includes the application of a saccharide as described herein to a bulb (i.e. food storing organ as present in ornamental bulbous plants).
  • said step of applying a saccharide is most preferably a seed application.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention can be applied once to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow; or can be applied multiple times. Said multiple times can be done on the same day, but it is preferred to apply said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention on different days, preferably with at least 1 day, more preferably at least 2 days, even more preferably at least 1 week between two consecutive applications of said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention.
  • a disaccharide- containing saccharide according to the invention is applied once to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow.
  • a method for protecting a plant from abiotic stress and/or biotic stress preferably in the context of a method for protecting a plant from abiotic stress and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress"), more preferably in the context of a method for protecting a plant from abiotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress”), it is preferred to apply said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention at least 1 day, preferably at least 2 days, more preferably at least 3 days, even more preferably at least 4 days, most preferably at least 5 days, before exposure to said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, preferably abiotic stress.
  • disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention ⁇ 8 weeks, preferably ⁇ 7 weeks, more preferably ⁇ 6 weeks, even more preferably ⁇ 5 weeks, even more preferably ⁇ 4 weeks, even more preferably ⁇ 3 weeks, most preferably ⁇ 2 weeks, before exposure to said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, preferably abiotic stress.
  • disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention 1-42 days, preferably 1-35 days, more preferably 2-35 days, even more preferably 3-35 days, even more preferably 3-28 days, even more preferably 3-21 days, even more preferably 3-21 days, even more preferably 3-14 days, even more preferably 5-14, most preferably 5-10 days, before exposure to said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, preferably abiotic stress.
  • a method for protecting a plant or a part of a plant preferably a flower or a fruit
  • abiotic stress and/or biotic stress it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress”
  • said plant is an arable crop, fruit-bearing plant or a vegetable.
  • An arable crop is preferably selected from the list consisting of grain crop, pulse crop, oil seed crop, forage crop, fibre crop and tuber crop, more preferably selected from the list consisting of grain crop, oil seed crop and tuber crop, even more preferably grain crop or oil seed crop.
  • a grain crop is generally grown for its edible starch grain.
  • Preferred examples include corn (i.e. maize), wheat (winter and spring), rice, barley, oat, millet, sorghum, rye, spelt, durum, triticale and sugar cane. More preferred examples include corn, wheat (winter and spring), rice, barley, oat, millet, rye, spelt, durum, triticale and sugar cane.
  • a pulse crop is generally grown for its edible seeds which are high in protein.
  • Preferred examples include lentil, bean (e.g. green bean, French bean, runner bean, haricot bean, Lima bean), soybean, Vicia fabia and pea (e.g. pea, snap pea, snow pea, split pea). More preferred examples include soybean and Vicia fabia. Even more preferred example includes soybean.
  • An oil seed crop is generally grown for oil extraction from its seeds. Preferred examples include rapeseed, soybean, sunflower, cotton, canola and peanut.
  • a forage crop is generally grown for feeding animals.
  • Preferred examples include cowpea, clover and timothy.
  • a fibre crop is generally grown for non-food use.
  • Preferred examples include cotton, jute, flax, coir and hemp.
  • a tuber crop is generally grown for its edible underground parts.
  • Preferred examples include potato, yam, cassava, aroid. More preferred examples includes potato.
  • an arable crop is a cereal crop.
  • a fruit-bearing plant is preferably selected from the list consisting of Abiu, Almond, Amla (Indian gooseberry), Apple, Apricot, Avocado, Bael, Banana, Ber (Indian plum), Capsicum annuum (e.g.
  • a vegetable is preferably a legume, more preferably selected from the list consisting of Brassica oleracea (e.g. cabbage, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, kohlrabi, red cabbage, Savoy cabbage, Chinese broccoli, collard greens), Brassica rapa (e.g. turnip, Chinese cabbage, napa cabbage, bok choy), Raphanus sativus (e.g. radish, daikon, seedpod varieties), Daucus carota (e.g. carrot); Pastinaca sativa (e.g. parsnip), Beta vulgaris (e.g. beetroot, sea beet, Swiss chard, sugar beet), Lactuca sativa (e.g.
  • lettuce e.g. asparagus
  • Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus coccineus
  • Phaseolus lunatus e.g. green bean, French bean, runner bean, haricot bean, Lima bean
  • Vicia faba e.g. broad bean
  • Pisum sativum e.g. pea, snap pea, snow pea, split pea
  • Solanum tuberosum e.g. potato
  • Solanum melongena e.g. eggplant
  • Solanum lycopersicum e.g. tomato
  • Cucumis sativus e.g. cucumber
  • Cucurbita spp. e.g.
  • Vicia faba e.g. broad bean
  • said plant is selected from the list consisting of Corn; Cotton; Cereals including wheat (winter and spring), spelt, durum, rye, barley, oats, millet and triticale; Oilseed rape as used herein includes Brassica napus subsp.
  • Argentine canola also referred to as Argentine canola, rapeseed or rape and the specific group of cultivars, canola
  • Brassica rapa also known as Polish Canola and Brassica juncea, also known as quality canola brown mustard
  • Perennials as used herein includes, Coffee, Sugar cane; Fruitbearing plants such as Abiu, Almond, Amla (Indian gooseberry), Apple, Apricot, avocado, Bael, Ber (Indian plum), Carambola (starfruit), Cashew, Cherry, Citrus (clementine, lemon, lime, orange etc.), coconut, Crab apple, Damson, Durian, Elderberry, Fig, Grapefruit, Guava, Jackfruit, Jujube, Loquat, Lychee, Mango, Medlar, Morello cherry, Mulberry, Olive, Pawpaw, both the tropical Carica papaya and the North American Asimina triloba, Peach and nectarine, Pear, Pecan, Persimmon,
  • Phaseolus vulgaris Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus lunatus
  • Vicia faba e.g. broad bean
  • Pisum sativum e.g. pea, snap pea, snow pea, split pea
  • Solanum tuberosum e.g. potato
  • Solanum melongena e.g. eggplant
  • Solanum lycopersicum e.g. tomato
  • Cucumis sativus e.g. cucumber
  • Cucurbita spp. e.g. pumpkin, squash, marrow, zucchini, gourd
  • Allium cepa e.g.
  • Allium sativum e.g. garlic
  • Allium ampeloprasum e.g. leek, elephant garlic
  • Capsicum annuum e.g. pepper, bell pepper, sweet pepper
  • Spinacia oleracea e.g. spinach
  • Dioscorea spp. e.g. yam
  • Ipomoea batatas e.g. sweet potato
  • Manihot esculenta e.g. cassava
  • said plant is selected from the list consisting of Corn; Cotton; Cereals including wheat (winter and spring), spelt, durum, rye, barley, oats, millet and triticale; Oilseed rape as used herein includes Brassica napus subsp. napus, also referred to as Argentine canola, rapeseed or rape; Perennials as used herein includes Coffee; Sugar cane; Fruit-bearing plants such as Apple, Cherry, Morello cherry, Mulberry, Olive, Pear, Strawberry and Grapes; Rice, Soybean; Vicia faba (e.g. broad bean); Pisum sativum (e.g. pea, snap pea, snow pea, split pea) and Solanum tuberosum (e.g. potato).
  • Corn Corn
  • Cotton Cereals including wheat (winter and spring), spelt, durum, rye, barley, oats, millet and triticale
  • said plant is selected from the list consisting Corn; Cotton; Cereals including wheat (winter and spring), barley; Oilseed rape as used herein includes Brassica napus subsp. Napus; Perennials as used herein includes Coffee; Sugar cane; Fruit-bearing plants such as Apple, Cherry, Strawberry and Grapes; Soybean and Solanum tuberosum (e.g. potato).
  • said plant is under physiological conditions, abiotic stress or biotic stress.
  • physiological conditions and “normal conditions” are interchangeably used herein and preferably refer to those conditions which are commonly used to grow said plant, which can differ from plant to plant as known to the skilled person. More preferably, said physiological conditions are conditions in the absence of abiotic and biotic stress.
  • abiotic stress and “biotic stress” are preferably as described in the Section "abiotic stress and/or biotic stress”.
  • said method comprises the step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N- acetylglucosamine.
  • saccharide refers to a molecule comprising at least one monosaccharide, preferably it refers to a molecule consisting of one or more monosaccharide residue(s).
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a disaccharide consisting of galactose and N-acetylglucosamine, it inevitably follows that such a saccharide comprises at least two monosaccharides.
  • the term “monosaccharide” as used herein refers to a sugar that is not decomposable into simpler sugars by hydrolysis, is classed either an aldose or ketose, and contains one or more hydroxyl groups per molecule. Monosaccharides are hence saccharides containing only one simple sugar.
  • disaccharide-containing saccharide refers to a saccharide that comprises a disaccharide, i.e. a saccharide comprises one or more of said disaccharide.
  • disaccharide-containing saccharide refers to said disaccharide or a saccharide comprising said disaccharide and at least one additional monosaccharide.
  • Said at least one additional monosaccharide is preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is a disaccharide or an oligosaccharide, preferably an oligosaccharide.
  • oligosaccharide preferably refers to a saccharide containing 2 up to and including 20 monosaccharides, i.e. the degree of polymerization (DP) is 2-20.
  • An oligosaccharide can be a linear structure or can include branches.
  • the linkage e.g. glycosidic linkage, galactosidic linkage, glucosidic linkage, etc.
  • the linkage e.g. glycosidic linkage, galactosidic linkage, glucosidic linkage, etc.
  • Each monosaccharide can be in the cyclic form (e.g. pyranose or furanose form).
  • An oligosaccharide can contain both alpha- and beta-glycosidic bonds or can contain only beta-glycosidic bonds.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is an oligosaccharide.
  • said oligosaccharide consists of 3-12, preferably 3-11, more preferably 3-10, even more preferably 3-9, even more preferably 3-8, even more preferably 3-7, even more preferably 3-6, most preferably 3-5, monosaccharides.
  • x-y refers to a range from and including x to and including y.
  • 3-5 monosaccharides means that 3, 4 or 5 monosaccharides are present.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a disaccharide consisting of a galactose (Gal) and a N-acetylglucosamine (GIcNAc), wherein said disaccharide is Gal-GIcNAc or GIcNAc-Gal, more preferably is Gal-GIcNAc.
  • a saccharide containing Gal-GIcNAc refers to a saccharide comprising the disaccharide Gal-GIcNAc, wherein said saccharide optionally further comprises one or more monosaccharides.
  • a saccharide containing Gal-GIcNAc can hence further comprise GIcNAc-Gal for example.
  • a saccharide according to the invention can be classified both as a saccharide comprising Gal-GIcNAc and a saccharide comprising GIcNAc-Gal.
  • Lacto N-tetraose (LNT; Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc-beta-l, 3- Gal-beta-l,4-Glc) comprises the disaccharide Gal-GIcNAc and hence can be classified as a saccharide comprising Gal-GIcNAc.
  • Lacto N-tetraose also comprises the disaccharide GIcNAc-Gal and hence can also be classified as a saccharide comprising GIcNAc-Gal.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a disaccharide consisting of a galactose (Gal) and a N-acetylglucosamine (GIcNAc), wherein said galactose and said N-acetylglucosamine are linked through an alpha-linkage or beta-linkage, more preferably beta-linkage, even more preferably beta-1, 3-linkage, beta-1, 4-linkage, or beta-1, 6-linkage, even more preferably beta-1, 3-linkage or beta-1, 4-linkage, most preferably beta-1, 3-linkage.
  • a disaccharide consisting of a galactose (Gal) and a N-acetylglucosamine (GIcNAc), wherein said galactose and said N-acetylglucosamine are linked through an alpha-linkage or beta-linkage, more preferably beta-linkage, even more preferably beta-1, 3-linkage, beta-1, 4-linkage, or
  • said disaccharide is GIcNAc-Gal
  • said GIcNAc is linked to said Gal in a beta-1, 3-linkage or beta-1, 6-linkage, more preferably beta-1, 3-linkage.
  • said disaccharide is preferably GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal or GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal, more preferably GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal.
  • said disaccharide is Gal-GIcNAc
  • said Gal is linked to said GIcNAc in a beta-1, 3-linkage or beta-1, 4-linkage, more preferably beta-1, 3-linkage.
  • said disaccharide is preferably Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc or Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc, more preferably Gal-beta-1, 3- GIcNAc.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises Gal-beta-GIcNAc or GIcNAc-beta-Gal; more preferably Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc, Gal-beta-1, 4- GIcNAc, GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal or GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal; even more preferably Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc, Gal- beta-1, 4-GlcNAc or GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal; even more preferably Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc or Gal-beta-1, 4- GIcNAc, most preferably Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc.
  • said disaccharide (of said disaccharide-containing saccharide) is selected from the list consisting of Gal-beta- GIcNAc and GIcNAc-beta-Gal; more preferably selected from the list consisting of Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc, Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc, GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal and GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal; even more preferably selected from the list consisting of Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc, Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal; even more preferably said disaccharide is Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc or Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc, most preferably said disaccharide is Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention further comprises a fucose, preferably a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha-1, 4-linkage, preferably an alpha-1,2- or an alpha- 1,3-linkage; and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.
  • said monosaccharide is more preferably selected from: fucose in alpha-1, 2-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or galactose, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose; fucose in alpha-1, 3-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose; fucose in alpha-1, 4-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is N-acetylglucosamine.
  • fucose is linked to a monosaccharide refers to the situation wherein the fucose is bound to the monosaccharide through a glycosidic bond and wherein said fucose and monosaccharide are part of the saccharide of the invention (which can comprise additional monosaccharide(s) than said fucose and said monosaccharide, and which can comprise additional fucose(s)).
  • said saccharide according to the invention comprises a fucose as described herein in view of the excellent results achieved in a method according to the invention, particularly in a method for enhancing the growth and/or development of a plant (it is referred to the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development") and a method of protecting a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress").
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is a neutral saccharide.
  • a "neutral" saccharide as used herein and as generally understood in the state of the art is a saccharide that has no negative charge originating from a carboxylic acid group.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention further comprises a sialic acid, preferably a sialic acid that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-2,3-, alpha-2,6- or alpha-2, 8-linkage, preferably an alpha-2,3- or an alpha- 2,6-linkage, more preferably an alpha-2, 6-linkage; and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (preferably Neu5Ac), more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose.
  • sialic acid is linked to a monosaccharide
  • a monosaccharide refers to the situation wherein the sialic acid is bound to the monosaccharide through a glycosidic bond and wherein said sialic acid and monosaccharide are part of the saccharide of the invention (which can comprise additional monosaccharide(s) than said sialic acid and said monosaccharide, and which can comprise additional sialic acid(s)).
  • Said "sialic acid” as disclosed in the present application and claims, preferably has a nine-carbon backbone (i.e. a nine-carbon sialic acid) or an eight-carbon backbone (i.e.
  • an eight-carbon sialic acid more preferably a nine-carbon backbone (preferably selected from the list consisting of Neu5Ac; Neu4Ac; Neu4,5Ac2; Neu5,7Ac2; Neu5,8Ac2; Neu5,9Ac2; Neu4,5,9Ac3; Neu5,7,9Ac3; Neu5,8,9Ac3; Neu4,5,7,9Ac4; Neu5,7,8,9Ac4, Neu4,5,7,8,9Ac5 and Neu5Gc; more preferably said nine-carbon sialic acid is Neu5Ac, i.e. N-acetylneuraminic acid).
  • a sialic acid having a nine-carbon backbone is well-known to the skilled person and refers to a group of monosaccharides that are derived from an acidic, nine-carbon parent compound being either N- acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) or 2-keto-3-deoxynononic acid (Kdn; a desamino form of N- acetylneuraminic acid), by modification such as addition of acetyl, phosphate, methyl, sulfate and/or lactyl groups. Further, the N-acetylgroup of Neu5Ac can be hydroxylated giving rise to N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc).
  • sialic acid having a nine-carbon backbone More than 50 different examples of a sialic acid having a nine-carbon backbone are known (Essentials of Glycobiology, 2 nd edition, 2009, Chapter 14, Varki and Schauer).
  • a sialic acid having an eight- carbon backbone is structurally related to a sialic acid having a nine-carbon backbone, in particular related to Kdn (Essentials of Glycobiology, 2 nd edition, 2009, Chapter 14, Varki and Schauer).
  • the term "sialic acid having an eight-carbon backbone” is preferably replaced with "eight-carbon 2-keto-3- deoxyoctonic acid".
  • said saccharide according to the invention comprises a sialic acid as described herein in view of the excellent results achieved in a method according to the invention, particularly in a method for enhancing the growth and/or development of a plant (it is referred to the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development") and a method of protecting a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress”).
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is not a glycosaminoglycan (GAG).
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB), a N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or a lactulose (GlcNAc-beta-l,4-Fru) at its reducing end
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or a N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose or a N-acetyllactosamine at its reducing end
  • most preferably said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose at its reducing end.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising lactose at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of: not fucosylated:
  • Lacto-N-triose II (LN3, LNT-II), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l, 4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-
  • Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I (LNnFP I), lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III), lacto-N- neofucopentaose V (LNnFP V, LNFP VI), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4- (Fuc-alphal,3-)Glc, Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, lacto-N-neodifucohexaose (LNnDFH), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-bet
  • Glc refers to glucose, “Gal” to galactose, “GIcNAc” to N- acetylglucosamine, “GalNac” to N-acetylgalactosamine, “Neu5Ac” to N-acetylneuraminic acid, “Fuc” to fucose and “Fruc” to fructose.
  • LNFP III lacto-N-fucopentaose III
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LNB at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of: not fucosylated: lacto-N-biose (LNB); optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises a sialic acid as described herein. fucosylated:
  • 2'-fucosyllacto-N-biose (2'FLNB), 4-fucosyllacto-N-biose (4FLNB; Lewis a) and difucosyllato-N- biose (diFLNB; Lewis b); more preferably 2'FLNB or diFLNB; optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises a sialic acid as described herein.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LacNAc at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of: not fucosylated:
  • N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or poly-N-acetyllactosamine, preferably LacNAc; optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises a sialic acid as described herein. fucosylated:
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising lactulose at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of Lactul-N-triose II (LuN3), Lactul-N-tetraose (LuNT) and Lactul-N-neotetraose (LuNnT); optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises a sialic acid as described herein.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of lacto-N-triose II (LN3), GIcNAc- beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, LNB, LacNAc and lactul-N-triose II (GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Fruc), preferably selected from the list consisting of lacto-N-triose II (LN3), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, LNB and LacNAc, even more preferably said oligosaccharide is lacto-N-triose II (LN3) or GlcNAc-beta-1,6- Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, most preferably said oligosaccharide is LN3.
  • LN3 lacto-N-
  • said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • additional monosaccharide(s) preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LN3 is a disaccharide-containing saccharide comprising Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) or Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); optionally further comprising one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N- acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, most preferably selected from fucose and sialic acid.
  • LNT Lacto-N-tetraose
  • LNnT Lacto-N-neotetraose
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LN3 is preferably selected from the list consisting of: not fucosylated:
  • Lacto-N-triose II (LN3, LNT-II), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l, 4-Glc, Lacto-N- neotetraose (LNnT), Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l, 4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal- beta-l,4-Glc, Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-1,6- (Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta
  • Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I (LNnFP I), lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III), lacto-N- neofucopentaose V (LNnFP V, LNFP VI), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4- (Fuc-alphal,3-)Glc, Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, lacto-N-neodifucohexaose (LNnDFH), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-bet
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LNT is preferably selected from the list consisting of not fucosylated:
  • Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GIcNAc- beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-1, 3-Gal-beta-l, 3-GlcNAc- beta-1, 3-Gal-beta-l, 4-Glc, GalNAc-beta-l,3-LNT, Gal-beta-1, 3-GalNAc-beta-l,3-LNT, Lacto-N- pentaose, para-Lacto-N-pentaose, Lacto-N-hexaose (LNH), para-lacto-N-neohe
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LNnT is preferably selected from the list consisting of: not fucosylated:
  • Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Lacto-N-neopentaose, para- Lacto-N-neopentaose, para-lacto-N-hexaose (pLNH), lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH), para-Lacto-N- neohexaose (pLNnH), lacto-N-neoheptaose, para-lacto-N-neoheptaose, para-lacto-N
  • LNnH Lacto-N-neotetraose
  • pLNH para-lacto-N-hexaose
  • LNnH lacto-N-neohexaose
  • Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I (LNnFP I), lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III), lacto-N- neofucopentaose V (LNnFP V, LNFP VI), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4- (Fuc-alphal,3-)Glc, Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, lacto-N-neodifucohexaose (LNnDFH), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-bet
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta- 1,4-Glc is preferably selected from the list consisting of:
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LNB is preferably selected from the list consisting of not fucosylated:
  • LNB LuNT, Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,3- GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GalNAc-beta-l,3-LNT, Gal-beta-1, 3-GalNAc-beta-l,3-LNT, Lacto-N-pentaose, para-Lacto-N-pentaose, Lacto-N-hexaose
  • LNFP I lacto-N-fucopentaose I
  • LNFP II lacto-N-fucopentaose II
  • LNFP V lacto- N-fucopentaose V
  • Gal-LNFP I GalNAc-LNFP I
  • Fuc-alphal 2-Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-
  • 1.3-)Glc, and monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose III (MFLNH III); even more preferably selected from the list consisting of 2'FLNB, lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I), lacto-N-fucopentaose V (LNFP V), and monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose III (MFLNH III); most preferably 2'FLNB, lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I) or lacto-N-fucopentaose V (LNFP V); optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises a sialic acid as described herein.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising LacNAc is preferably selected from the list consisting of: not fucosylated:
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprising lactul-N-triose II is preferably selected from the list consisting of Lactul-N-triose II (LuN3), Lactul-N-tetraose (LuNT) and Lactul-N- neotetraose (LuNnT); optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises a sialic acid as described herein.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of Lacto-N-triose II (LN3, LNT-II), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta- 1,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Lacto-N- tetraose (LNT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l, 3- GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention has been isolated from a microbial cultivation or fermentation, cell culture, enzymatic reaction or chemical reaction.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide of the invention has been isolated by e.g. chromatography or filtration technology from a natural source such as a human or animal milk, preferably animal milk.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention has been produced, preferably in vitro and/or ex vivo, by a cell, preferably a single cell, wherein said cell is preferably chosen from the list consisting of a microorganism, a plant cell, an animal cell and a protozoan cell.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide of the invention has been produced by an in vitro and/or ex vivo culture of cells, wherein said cells are preferably chosen from the list consisting of a microorganism, a plant cell, an animal cell or a protozoan cell.
  • said cell is a microorganism.
  • said microorganism is selected from a list consisting of a bacterium, a yeast and a fungus. More preferably, said microorganism is a bacterium, even more preferably said microorganism is Escherichia coli. Further, it is preferred that said cell is genetically engineered for the production of said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention.
  • the amount of said disaccharide- containing saccharide applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is at least 0.10 pg, preferably at least 0.25 pg, more preferably at least 0.50 pg, even more preferably at least 1.00 pg, most preferably at least 1.50 pg.
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide applied is 0.10 pg - 100.00 mg, preferably 0.10 pg - 75.00 mg, more preferably 0.10 pg - 50.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 25.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 10.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 1.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 100.00 pg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 0.25 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 0.50 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 1.00 pg - 75.00 pg, most preferably 1.00 pg - 50.00 pg.
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied in an amount of at least 0.10 pg, preferably at least 0.25 pg, more preferably at least 0.50 pg, even more preferably at least 1.00 pg, most preferably at least 1.50 pg.
  • the amount of each disaccharide-containing saccharide is 0.10 pg - 100.00 mg, preferably 0.10 pg - 75.00 mg, more preferably 0.10 pg - 50.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 25.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 10.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 1.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 100.00 pg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 0.25 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 0.50 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 1.00 pg - 75.00 pg, most preferably 1.00 pg - 50.00 pg.
  • the applied amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is at least 0.10 pmol, preferably at least 0.25 pmol, more preferably at least 0.50 pmol, even more preferably at least 1.00 pmol, most preferably at least 1.50 pmol.
  • the applied amount is 0.10 pmol - 100.00 mmol, preferably 0.10 pmol - 75.00 mmol, more preferably 0.10 pmol - 50.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 25.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 10.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 1.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 100.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.25 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.50 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 1.00 pmol - 75.00 pmol, most preferably 1.00 pmol - 50.00 pmol.
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied in an amount of at least 0.10 pmol, preferably at least 0.25 pmol, more preferably at least 0.50 pmol, even more preferably 1.00 pmol, most preferably at least 1.50 pmol.
  • the amount of each disaccharide-containing saccharide applied is 0.10 pmol - 100.00 mmol, preferably 0.10 pmol - 75.00 mmol, more preferably 0.10 pmol - 50.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 25.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 10.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 1.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 100.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.25 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.50 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 1.00 pmol
  • the applied amount is at least 1.00 mg, preferably at least 5.00 mg, more preferably at least 10.00 mg, even more preferably at least 25.00 mg, even more preferably at least 50.00 mg, even more preferably at least 75.00 mg, most preferably at least 100.00 mg, per ton of seeds.
  • the applied amount is 0.001 g - 100.0 g, preferably 0.010 g - 100.0 g, more preferably 0.025 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 75.0 g, even more preferably 0.075 g - 75.0 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 75.0 g, most preferably 0.100 g - 60.0 g, per ton of seeds.
  • a "ton" is 1000 kg.
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied in an amount of at least 1.00 mg, preferably at least 5.00 mg, more preferably at least 10.00 mg, even more preferably at least 25.00 mg, even more preferably at least 50.00 mg, even more preferably at least 75.00 mg, most preferably at least 100.00 mg, per ton of seeds.
  • the amount of each disaccharide-containing saccharide is 0.001 g - 100.0 g, preferably 0.010 g - 100.0 g, more preferably 0.025 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 75.0 g, even more preferably 0.075 g - 75.0 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 75.0 g, most preferably 0.100 g
  • the applied amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is at least 1.0 pmol, preferably at least 5.0 pmol, more preferably at least 10.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 25.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 50.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 75.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 100.0 pmol, most preferably at least 150.0 pmol, per ton of seeds.
  • the applied amount is 1.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, preferably 10.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, more preferably 25.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 50.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 75.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 75.0 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 100.0 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 125 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 150 pmol - 125.0 mmol, most preferably 150 pmol - 100.0 mmol, per ton of seeds.
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied in an amount of at least 1.0 pmol, preferably at least 5.0 pmol, more preferably at least 10.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 25.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 50.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 75.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 100.0 pmol, most preferably at least 150.0 pmol, per ton of seeds.
  • the amount of each disaccharide-containing saccharide is 1.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, preferably 10.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, more preferably 25.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 50.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 75.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 75.0 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 100.0 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 125 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 150 pmol - 125.0 mmol, most preferably 150 pmol - 100.0 mmol, per ton of seeds.
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is at least 1.0 mg, preferably at least 5.0 mg, more preferably at least 10.0 mg, even more preferably at least 25.0 mg, even more preferably at least 50.0 mg, even more preferably at least 75.0 mg, even more preferably at least 100.0 mg, most preferably at least 250.0 mg, per hectare of said plant.
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide is 0.001 g - 1000.0 g, preferably 0.001 g - 500.0 g, more preferably 0.001 g - 250.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 50.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 - 25.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.010 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 7.5 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 5.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 2.5 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 1.5 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 1.5 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 1.25 g, most preferably 0.250 g - 1.25
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied in an amount of at least 1.0 mg, preferably at least 5.0 mg, more preferably at least 10.0 mg, even more preferably at least 25.0 mg, even more preferably at least 50.0 mg, even more preferably at least 75.0 mg, even more preferably at least 100.0 mg, most preferably at least 250.0 mg, per hectare of said plant.
  • the amount of each disaccharide-containing saccharide is 0.001 g - 1000.0 g, preferably 0.001 g - 500.0 g, more preferably 0.001 g - 250.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 50.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 - 25.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.010 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 7.5 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 5.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 2.5 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 1.5 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 1.5 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 1.25 g, most preferably 0.250 - 1.25 g
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is at least 1.0 pmol, preferably at least 5.0 pmol, more preferably at least 10.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 25.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 50.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 75.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 100.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 150.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 200.0 pmol, most preferably at least 250.0 pmol, per hectare of said plant.
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide is 0.001 mmol - 1000.0 mmol, preferably 0.001 mmol - 500.0 mmol, more preferably 0.001 mmol - 250.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001 mmol - 100.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001 mmol - 50.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied in an amount of at least 1.0 pmol, preferably at least 5.0 pmol, more preferably at least 10.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 25.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 50.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 75.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 100.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 150.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 200.0 pmol, most preferably at least 250.0 pmol, per hectare of said plant.
  • the amount of each disaccharide-containing saccharide is 0.001 mmol - 10.0 mmol, preferably 0.010 mmol - 10.0 mmol, more preferably 0.025 mmol - 10.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.025 mmol - 7.5 mmol, even more preferably 0.025 mmol - 5.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.050 mmol - 2.5 mmol, even more preferably 0.050 mmol
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is in the form of an agronomically acceptable salt.
  • Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, salts of acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of agronomically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, malic, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, salicylic, sulfanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.
  • acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic,
  • Suitable salts also include salts of inorganic and organic bases, e.g. counterions such as Na, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Ni, Zn, Fe, Se, ammonium, trimethylsulfonium.
  • the compounds may also be obtained, stored and/or used in the form of an N-oxide.
  • acid addition salts or base salts wherein the counter ion is optically active for example, d-lactate or l-lysine, or racemic, for example, dl-tartrate or dl-arginine.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is linked, preferably chemically linked, to a carrier for delivery of said disaccharide-containing saccharide.
  • a carrier for delivery of said disaccharide-containing saccharide.
  • said carrier is a ceramide-based carrier or a polypeptide-based carrier, more preferably said carrier is a ceramide-based carrier.
  • said polypeptide-based carrier is epsilon-polylysine, alfa-polylysine, poly(aspartic acid), polyglutamic acid or polyornithine. These carriers are commercially available (e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Carbosynth).
  • Said ceramide-based carrier is preferably selected from a list consisting of dl8:l/16:0, tl8:0-16:0, tl8:0-hl6:0, tl8:0-h22:0 and tl8:0-h24:0.
  • These ceramide carriers are commercially available and well-known to the skilled person and are for example described in W02010/037785 which is incorporated by reference.
  • dl8:l/16:0 is also known as C16 ceramide and N-palmitoylsphingosine and therefore interchangeable used herein.
  • tl8:0-16:0 is also known as C16 phytoceramide and N-hexadecanoyl phytosphingosine and therefore interchangeable used herein.
  • tl8:0-hl6:0, tl8:0-h22:0 and tl8:0-h24:0 are glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPCs).
  • GIPCs glycosylinositolphosphoceramides
  • d and t refer to the hydroxylation state of the whole ceramide or long-chain base moiety (d is 2 groups, t is 3 groups), whereas “h” denotes a hydroxylation of the fatty acyl group.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide and optionally any, preferably all, further disaccharide-containing saccharides is preferably encapsulated (i.e. forming an encapsulate). This is particularly advantageous to protect said saccharide(s). If any further saccharide is applied to said plant (it is referred to Section "Additional saccharide"), than it is preferred that any, preferably all, further saccharides are encapsulated. It is preferred that all saccharides applied to said plant are co-encapsulated. It is preferred that the encapsulate is of the core-shell type, i.e. carrier material forms a shell around the active agent (i.e.
  • said sialylated saccharide according to the invention preferably wherein the core has a median diameter (D(v,0.5)) of 125-250 pm, preferably 150-250 pm, more preferably 165-250 pm, most preferably 165-225 pm, and wherein said encapsulate has a median diameter (D(v,0.5)) which is 20-100 pm, preferably 20-75 pm, more preferably 35-75 pm, longer than said median diameter of the core.
  • the carrier material preferably comprises a hot melt material, more preferably an oil and/or a wax, even more preferably a hydrogenated oil and/or a wax, optionally further comprising starch, preferably wherein said starch constitutes less than 15% (w/w) of said carrier material, more preferably said starch constitutes less than 10% (w/w) of said carrier material.
  • Said oil is preferably selected from the list consisting of palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, babassu oil, palm kernel oil, maize oil, sesame oil and cottonseed oil; more preferably said oil is selected from the list consisting of palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil; even more preferably said oil is palm oil, most preferably said oil is hydrogenated palm oil.
  • Said wax is preferably selected from the list consisting of Candelilla wax, Carnauba wax, beeswax, rice bran wax, paraffin wax, jojoba wax, microcrystalline wax and japan wax; more preferably said wax is Candelilla wax or Carnauba wax; most preferably said wax is Candelilla wax.
  • the disaccharide-containing saccharide or all disaccharide-containing saccharides or all saccharides present in the encapsulate constitute 5-50% (w/w), preferably 10-40 % (VJ/VJ), more preferably 20-40% (w/w), even more preferably 20-35% (w/w), of the total weight of the encapsulate.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is a milk saccharide and/or a Lewis-type antigen saccharide.
  • said Lewis-type antigen saccharide is Lewis x, sialyl Lewis x, Lewis y, sialyl Lewis y, lewis a or sialyl lewis a, more preferably Lewis x, sialyl Lewis x, Lewis y or sialyl Lewis y, even more preferably Lewis x or sialyl Lewis x, most preferably Lewis x.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is a milk saccharide, i.e. a saccharide which is found in milk of an animal, preferably a mammal and/or a human.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is a milk oligosaccharide, i.e. a disaccharide-containing oligosaccharide which is found in milk of an animal, preferably a mammal and/or human.
  • said milk saccharide/milk oligosaccharide is a mammalian milk saccharide/mammalian milk oligosaccharide (MMO). More preferably, said milk saccharide/milk oligosaccharide is a human milk saccharide/human milk oligosaccharide (HMO).
  • MMO mammalian milk saccharide/mammalian milk oligosaccharide
  • HMO human milk saccharide/human milk oligosaccharide
  • mammalian milk oligosaccharides comprise oligosaccharides present in milk found in any phase during lactation including colostrum milk from humans (i.e. human milk oligosaccharides or HMOs) and mammals including but not limited to cows (Bos Taurus), sheep (Ovis aries), goats (Capra aegagrus hircus), bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus), horses (Eguus ferus caballus), pigs (Sus scropha), dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), ezo brown bears (Ursus arctos yesoensis), polar bear (Ursus maritimus), Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus), striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis), hooded seals (Cystophora cristata), Asian elephants (Elephas
  • cows Bos Taurus
  • sheep
  • milk oligosaccharides comprise N-acetyllactosamine (Gal-pi,4-GlcNAc) or lacto-N-biose (Gal-pi,3-GlcNAc) at the reducing end (Urashima et al, 2011; Wrigglesworth et al, 2020, PLoS ONE 15(12); Urashima et al, 2013, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem 77(3): p. 455-466; Wei et al, 2018, Sci. Rep. 8:4688).
  • N-acetyllactosamine Gal-pi,4-GlcNAc
  • lacto-N-biose Gal-pi,3-GlcNAc
  • milk saccharides comprise milk glycosaminoglycans (GAGs; Coppa et al, 2013; Rai et al, 2021, Int. J. Biol. Macromolecules, 193(A): p. 137-144).
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is not a glycosaminoglycan.
  • MMO mammalian milk oligosaccharide
  • HMO human milk oligosaccharide
  • one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably one or more additional oligosaccharide(s), more preferably one or more additional milk oligosaccharides, even more preferably one or more additional mammalian milk oligosaccharide(s), most preferably one or more additional human milk oligosaccharides; is/are applied in a method according to the invention.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention and one or more additional saccharide(s) are applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow; it is preferred that said disaccharide-containing saccharide and any one, preferably all, additional saccharide(s) are applied on the same day, more preferably applied simultaneously, even more preferably applied as a composition (preferably a composition according to the Section "Composition").
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine, as described herein (it is referred to the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide").
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is a saccharide that is an intermediate in the synthesis of a disaccharide- containing saccharide according to the invention (it is referred to the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide").
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide an intermediate in the synthesis of a disaccharide- containing saccharide according to the invention.
  • steps are required to produce a disaccharide- containing saccharide according to the invention. Each step of the reaction cascade leads to an intermediate saccharide.
  • Said intermediate saccharide typically lacks one or more monosaccharides compared to the final disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention.
  • possible intermediates in the synthesis of LNnT are lactose and Lacto-N-triose II (LN3, LNT-II).
  • Possible intermediates in the synthesis of LNFP V are lactose, LN3 and LNT.
  • said intermediate saccharide(s) is/are preferably selected from:
  • Lacto-N-triose II lactose
  • GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc lactose
  • GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc lactose
  • Lacto-N-neotetraose lactose and LN3;
  • Lacto-N-tetraose lactose and LN3;
  • GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc lactose, LN3, LNT and GIcNAc- beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc;
  • Lacto-N-pentaose lactose, LN3 and LNT; lacto-N-neopentaose: lactose, LN3 and LNnT; para-Lacto-N-neopentaose: lactose, LN3 and LNnT; para-Lacto-N-pentaose: lactose, LN3 and LNT;
  • GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc lactose, LN3 and LNT;
  • GalNAc-beta-l,3-LNT lactose, LN3 and LNT;
  • Lacto-N-hexaose lactose, LN3, LNT, GlcNAC-bl,6-(GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc, GlcNAC-bl,6- Gal-bl,4Glc and GlcNAC-bl,6-(Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc; para-lacto-N-hexaose (pLNH): lactose, LN3, LNnT and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-LNnT;
  • LNnH lacto-N-neohexaose
  • lactose lactose, LN3, LNnT, GlcNAC-bl,6-(GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc, GlcNAC-bl,6-Gal-bl,4Glc and GlcNAC-bl,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc; para-Lacto-N-neohexaose (pLNnH): lactose, LN3, LNnT and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-LNnT; para-lacto-N-neohexaose II (pLNnH II): lactose, LN3, LNT and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-LNT; para-lacto-
  • lacto-N-heptaose lactose, LN3, LNT, GlcNAC-bl,6-(GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc, GlcNAC-bl,6-Gal- bl,4Glc, GlcNAC-bl,6-(Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc, lacto-N-hexaose;
  • lacto-N-neoheptaose lactose, LN3, LNnT, GlcNAC-bl,6-(GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc, GlcNAC-bl,6- Gal-bl,4Glc, GlcNAC-bl,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc and lacto-N-neohexaose; para lacto-N-neoheptaose: lactose, LN3, LNnT, GlcNAc-beta-l,3-LNnT and pLNnH; lacto-N-octaose (LNO): lactose, LN3, LNT, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Gl
  • Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I lactose, LN3 and LNnT
  • lacto-N-fucopentaose III lactose, LN3 and LNnT
  • lacto-N-neofucopentaose V lactose, LN3, LNnT, 3-FL and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal- beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)Glc;
  • LNnDFH lacto-N-neodifucohexaose
  • lactose 3-FL, LN3, LNnT, LNFP III and LNFP VI (i.e. LNnFP V)
  • Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)Glc lactose, 3-FL, LN3, LNnT, LNFP III and LNFP VI (i.e.
  • lacto-N-fucopentaose I lactose, LN3 and LNT
  • lacto-N-fucopentaose II lactose, LN3 and LNT
  • lacto-N-fucopentaose V lactose, LN3, LNT, 3-FL and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc- alpha-l,3-)Glc;
  • LNDFH I lactose, LN3, LNT, LNFP I and LNFP II
  • LNDFH II lacto-N-difucohexaose II
  • lactose 3-FL, LNT, LNFP I, LNFP II and LNFP V;
  • 4-fucosyllacto-N-biose (4FLNB; Lewis a): LNB; difucosyllato-N-biose (diFLNB; Lewis b): LNB, 2'FLNB and 4FLNB; poly-N-acetyllactosamine: LacNAc;
  • 2'- fucosyl-N-Acetyllactosamine (2'FlacNAc): LacNAc; difucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (diFlacNAc; lewis y): LacNAc, 2'FlacNAc and 3FlacNAc; sialyl Lewis x: LacNAc, 3FlacNAc and 3'SLacNAc; sialyl lewis a: LNB and 4FLNB;
  • Lactul-N-triose lactuslose
  • Lactul-N-tetraose lactulose and lactul-N-triose
  • Lactul-N-neotetraose lactulose and lactul-N-triose.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is/are a fucosylated saccharide, preferably a fucosylated oligosaccharide, more preferably a fucosylated milk oligosaccharide, even more preferably a fucosylated mammalian milk oligosaccharide, most preferably a fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide.
  • said fucosylated (oligo)saccharide is a neutral fucosylated (oligo)saccharide.
  • a "fucosylated saccharide” refers to a saccharide that comprises a fucose, i.e.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention contains only one fucose, i.e. said saccharide comprises one or more monosaccharides and only one of said monosaccharides is a fucose.
  • a "non-fucosylated” saccharide refers to a saccharide that does not comprise a fucose.
  • a "neutral" saccharide as used herein and as generally understood in the state of the art is a saccharide that has no negative charge originating from a carboxylic acid group.
  • said fucosylated saccharide comprises a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha-1, 4-linkage, preferably an alpha-1,2- or an alpha-1, 3-linkage, more preferably an alpha-1, 3-linkage, and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.
  • said monosaccharide is more preferably selected from: fucose in alpha-1, 2-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or galactose, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose; fucose in alpha-1, 3-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose; fucose in alpha-1, 4-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is N-acetylglucosamine.
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1, 3-linkage is preferred over a fucosylated saccharide comprising a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1, 2-linkage or alpha-1, 4-linkage; wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose.
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1, 3-linkage is preferred over a fucosylated saccharide comprising a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1, 2-linkage or alpha-1, 4- linkage; wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose.
  • fucose is linked to a monosaccharide refers to the situation wherein the fucose is bound to a monosaccharide through a glycosidic bond and wherein said fucose and monosaccharide are part of the fucosylated saccharide of the invention (which can comprise additional monosaccharide(s) than said fucose and said monosaccharide).
  • said fucosylated saccharide is a disaccharide or an oligosaccharide.
  • said fucosylated saccharide is an oligosaccharide. More preferably, said oligosaccharide consists of 3-12, preferably 3-11, more preferably 3-10, even more preferably 3-9, even more preferably 3-8, even more preferably 3-7, even more preferably 3-6, most preferably 3-5, monosaccharides.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is a milk saccharide (preferably a mammalian milk saccharide), preferably a milk oligosaccharide, even more preferably a mammalian milk oligosaccharide, most preferably a human milk oligosaccharide.
  • a milk saccharide preferably a mammalian milk saccharide
  • a milk oligosaccharide even more preferably a mammalian milk oligosaccharide, most preferably a human milk oligosaccharide.
  • said fucosylated saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc, more preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose; optionally wherein said saccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and N-acetylgalactosamine, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably selected from galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and fucose.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • said fucosylated saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end, preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc at is reducing end, more preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose at its reducing end.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising lactose at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), difucosyllactose (diFL), lacto-N- fucopentaose I (LNFP I), blood group A antigen hexaose type 1 (GalNAc-LNFP I), blood group B antigen hexaose type 1 (Gal-LNFP I), lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP II), lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III), lacto-N- fucopentaose V (LNFP V), lacto-N-difucohexaose I (LNDFH I), lacto-N-difucohexaose II (LNDFH II), lewis fa- lewis
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising lacto-N-biose (LNB) at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of 2'-fucosyllacto-N-biose (2'FLNB), 4-fucosyllacto-N-biose (4FLNB) and difucosyllacto- N-biose (diFLNB), more preferably is 2'FLNB or diFLNB, most preferably is 2'FLNB.
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising N-acetyllactosamine (LacNac) at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of 2'-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (2'FlacNAc), difucosyl-N- acetyllactosamine (diFLacNAc) and 3-fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (3FlacNAc), more preferably is 3FlacNAc or diFLacNAc, most preferably is 3'FlacNAc.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, 2'FLNB, 4FLNB, 2'FLacNAc and 3FLacNAc, preferably selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, 2'FLNB, 2'FLAcNAc and 3FLacNAc, more preferably selected from the list consisting of 3-FL, 2'FL and 3FLAcNAc, most preferably 3-FL or 3FLAcNAc; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N- acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetyl
  • the term "fucosylated saccharide comprising an oligosaccharide” refers to a fucosylated saccharide that contains said oligosaccharide, either at the reducing end of said fucosylated saccharide, at the non-reducing end of said fucosylated saccharide or somewhere in between; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N- acetylgalactosamine and fucose, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of galactose, N- acetylglucosamine and fucose.
  • a fucosylated saccharide is the same as said oligosaccharide or has one or more additional monosaccharide(s) at the reducing end of said oligosaccharide and/or one or more additional monosaccharide(s) at the non-reducing end of said oligosaccharide.
  • LNFP I is a fucosylated saccharide that comprises the oligosaccharide 2'FLNB with 2 additional monosaccharides at the reducing end, namely galactose-beta-l,4-glucose.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, 2'FLNB, 4FLNB, 2'FLacNAc and 3FLacNAc, preferably selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, 2'FLNB, 2'FLAcNAc and 3FLacNAc, more preferably selected from the list consisting of 3-FL, 2'FL and 3FLAcNAc, most preferably 3-FL or 3FLAcNAc; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N- acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactos
  • said fucosylated saccharide comprises a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha-1, 4-linkage, preferably an alpha-1,2- or an alpha-1, 3-linkage, more preferably an alpha-1, 3-linkage, and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc, most preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N- acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end, preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc at its reducing end, most preferably said fucosylated saccharide comprises lactose at its reducing end.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N- acetyllactosamine
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), difucosyllactose (diFL), 2'- fucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (2'FlacNAc), difucosyl-N-acetyllactosamine (diFLacNAc), 3-fucosyl-N- acetyllactosamine (3FlacNAc), 2'-fucosyllacto-N-biose (2'FLNB), 4-fucosyllacto-N-biose (4FLNB), difucosyllacto-N-biose (diFLNB), lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP I), blood group A antigen hexaose type 1 (GalNAc-LNFP I), blood group B antigen hexao
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, diFL, 2'FlacNAc, diFLacNAc, 3FlacNAc, 2'FLNB, 4FLNB, diFLNB, LNFP I, LNFP II, LNFP III, LNFP V, LNDFH I, LNDFH II, LNnFP I, LNnFP V (LNFP VI) and LNnDFH.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, diFL, 2'FlacNAc, diFLacNAc, 3FlacNAc, 2'FLNB, 4FLNB, diFLNB, LNFP I, LNFP II, LNFP III, LNFP V, LNnFP I and LNnFP V (LNFP VI).
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, diFL, 2'FlacNAc, diFLacNAc, 3FlacNAc, 2'FLNB, diFLNB, LNFP I, LNFP II, LNFP III, LNFP V, LNnFP I and LNnFP V (LNFP VI).
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, 2'FlacNAc, 3FlacNAc, 2'FLNB, LNFP I, LNFP II, LNFP III, LNFP V, LNnFP I and LNnFP V (LNFP VI).
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 2'FL, 3-FL, 2'FlacNAc, 3FlacNAc, 2'FLNB, LNFP I, LNFP III, LNFP V, LNnFP I and LNnFP V (LNFP VI).
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising a fucose linked to a monosaccharide through an alpha-1, 3-linkage; preferably wherein said monosaccharide is selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N- acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose; is particularly advantageous in a method according to the invention, more particularly in a method for enhancing the growth and/or development of a plant (it is referred to the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development") and a method of protecting a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress").
  • a fucosylated saccharide comprising a fucose linked to a monosaccharide through an alpha-1, 2-linkage; preferably wherein said monosaccharide is selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or galactose, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose; is particularly advantageous in a method according to the invention, more particularly in a method for enhancing the growth and/or development of a plant (it is referred to the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development") and a method of protecting a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "abiotic and/or biotic stress”), even more particularly in a method of protecting a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress”), even more particularly in a method of protecting a plant from abiotic
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention has been isolated from a microbial cultivation or fermentation, cell culture, enzymatic reaction or chemical reaction.
  • said fucosylated saccharide of the invention has been isolated by e.g. chromatography or filtration technology from a natural source such as a human or animal milk, preferably animal milk.
  • said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention has been produced, preferably in vitro and/or ex vivo, by a cell, preferably a single cell, wherein said cell is preferably chosen from the list consisting of a microorganism, a plant cell, an animal cell and a protozoan cell.
  • said fucosylated saccharide of the invention has been produced by an in vitro and/or ex vivo culture of cells, wherein said cells are preferably chosen from the list consisting of a microorganism, a plant cell, an animal cell or a protozoan cell.
  • said cell is a microorganism.
  • said microorganism is selected from a list consisting of a bacterium, a yeast and a fungus. More preferably, said microorganism is a bacterium, even more preferably said microorganism is Escherichia coli.
  • said cell is genetically engineered for the production of said fucosylated saccharide according to the invention.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is a sialic acid-containing saccharide, preferably a sialic acid-containing oligosaccharide, more preferably a sialic-acid containing milk oligosaccharide, even more preferably a sialic acid-containing mammalian milk oligosaccharide, most preferably a sialic acid-containing human milk oligosaccharide.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is/are a sialic acid-containing saccharide as described herein in view of the synergistic results achieved in a method according to the invention, particularly in a method for enhancing the growth and/or development of a plant (it is referred to the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development") and a method of protecting a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress (it is referred to the Section "Abiotic and/or biotic stress").
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide is a monosaccharide (preferably sialic acid, more preferably Neu5Ac or KDO), a disaccharide or an oligosaccharide, more preferably a disaccharide or an oligosaccharide.
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide is an oligosaccharide. More preferably, said oligosaccharide consists of 3-12, preferably 3-11, more preferably 3-10, even more preferably 3-9, even more preferably 3-8, even more preferably 3-7, even more preferably 3-6, most preferably 3-5, monosaccharides.
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention can comprise (i) one or more nine-carbon sialic acids, (ii) one or more eight-carbon sialic acids or (iii) one or more nine- carbon sialic acids and one or more eight-carbon sialic acids. It is more preferred, throughout the application and claims, unless specifically stated otherwise, that a sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a nine-carbon sialic acid, preferably wherein said saccharide does not contain an eight-carbon sialic acid.
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises one or more nine-carbon sialic acids, preferably wherein said saccharide does not contain an eight-carbon sialic acid.
  • a list of saccharides is recited herein containing both nine-carbon sialic acid-containing saccharides and eight-carbon sialic acid-containing saccharides, then the same list lacking the saccharides that do not comprise a nine-carbon sialic acid is also explicitly and unambiguously disclosed herein.
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a sialic acid that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-2,3-, alpha-2,6- or alpha-2, 8-linkage, preferably an alpha-2,3- or an alpha-2, 6-linkage, more preferably an alpha-2, 6-linkage, and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (preferably Neu5Ac), more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose.
  • sialic acid is linked to a monosaccharide
  • sialic acid refers to the situation wherein the sialic acid is bound to the monosaccharide through a glycosidic bond and wherein said sialic acid and monosaccharide are part of the saccharide of the invention (which can comprise additional monosaccharide(s) than said sialic acid and said monosaccharide, and which can comprise additional sialic acid(s)).
  • a sialic acid linked to a monosaccharide through an alpha-2, 6-linkage in the context of the invention i.e.
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide is preferred over a sialic acid linked to a monosaccharide through an alpha-2, 3-linkage or alpha-2, 8-linkage; preferably wherein said monosaccharide is selected from galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (preferably Neu5Ac), more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose.
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), preferably said sialic acidcontaining saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising a lactose, LNB or LacNAc refers to a sialic acid-containing saccharide that contains said lactose or LNB or LacNAc, either at the reducing end of said sialic acid-containing saccharide, at the non-reducing end of said sialic acid-containing saccharide or somewhere in between; optionally said lactose (or LNB or LacNAc) further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s) at the reducing end of said lactose (or LNB or LacNAc) and/or one or more additional monosaccharide(s) at the non-reducing end of said lactose (or LNB or LacNAc).
  • 6'SL is a sialic acid-containing saccharide that comprises lactose (at the reducing end of 6'SL). More preferably, said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto- N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end, preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc at its reducing end, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose at its reducing end.
  • LNB lacto- N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising lactose at its reducing end, and wherein said sialic acid is a nine-carbon sialic acid, is preferably selected from the list consisting of 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), 6'- sialyllactose (6'SL), 3,6-disialyllactose, 6,6'-disialyllactose, 8,3-disialyllactose, 3'S-2'FL, 6'S-2'FL, 3'S-3-FL, 6'S-3-FL, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(Neu5Ac-alpha-2,3- )Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, LST a, LST b, LST c, LST d
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising lactose at its reducing end is preferably selected from the list consisting of 3'SL, 6'SL, LSTa, LSTb, LSTc, LSTd, DSLNT, DSLNnT, DS'LNT and DS'LNnT, more preferably selected from the list consisting of 3'SL, 6'SL, LSTa, LSTb, LSTc and LSTd, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of 3'SL, 6'SL, LSTb and LSTc, most preferably 6'SL, LSTb or LSTc.
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising lacto-N-biose (LNB) at its reducing end, and wherein said sialic acid is a nine-carbon sialic acid, is preferably selected from the list consisting of 3'-sialyllacto-N-biose (3'SLNB), 6'-sialyllacto-N-biose (6'SLNB) and sialyl Lewis a; more preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide is 6'SLNB.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • a KDO variant of a Neu5Ac-containing saccharide (e.g. 6'SL) can be produced (e.g. enzymatically or recombinantly) in a similar way as said Neu5Ac-containing saccharide by providing CMP- KDO instead of CMP-Neu5Ac and by using a sialyltransferase that can transfer KDO, preferably a sialyltransferase with a higher affinity for KDO than Neu5Ac, more preferably a sialyltransferase that is only able to transfer KDO instead of Neu5Ac.
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of 3'SL, 6'SL, 3'SLNB, 6'SLNB, 3'SLacNAc, 6'SLacNAc, 3'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO-lactose, 3'KDO-LNB, 6'KDO-LNB, 3'KDO-LacNAc and 6'KDO-LacNAc; preferably selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB, 6'SLAcNAc, 6'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO-LNB and 6'KDO-LacNAc; more preferably selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB and 6'SLAcNAc; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucos
  • sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising an oligosaccharide refers to a sialic acid-containing saccharide that contains said oligosaccharide, either at the reducing end of said sialic acid-containing saccharide, at the non-reducing end of said sialic acidcontaining saccharide or somewhere in between; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s).
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide is the same as said oligosaccharide or has one or more additional monosaccharide(s) at the reducing end of said oligosaccharide and/or one or more additional monosaccharide(s) at the non-reducing end of said oligosaccharide.
  • LSTc is a sialic acid-containing saccharide that comprises the oligosaccharide 6'SLacNAc with 2 additional monosaccharides at the reducing end, namely galactose- beta-l,4-glucose.
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of 3'SL, 6'SL, 3'SLNB, 6'SLNB, 3'SLacNAc, 6'SLacNAc, 3'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO-lactose, 3'KDO-LNB, 6'KDO-LNB, 3'KDO-LacNAc and 6'KDO-LacNAc, preferably selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB, 6'SLAcNAc, 6'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO-LNB and 6'KDO-LacNAc; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a sialic acid (preferably as described herein, more preferably a nine-carbon sialic acid, even more preferably a Neu5Ac) that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-2,3-, alpha-2,6- or alpha-2, 8-linkage, preferably an alpha-2,3- or an alpha-2, 6-linkage, more preferably an alpha-2, 6-linkage, and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from galactose, N-acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (preferably Neu5Ac), more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose.
  • a sialic acid preferably as described herein, more preferably a nine-carbon sialic acid, even more preferably a Neu5Ac
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end, preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc at its reducing end, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose at its reducing end.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), 3,6-disialyllactose, 6,6'- disialyllactose, 8,3-disialyllactose, 3'S-2'FL, 6'S-2'FL, 3'S-3-FL, 6'S-3-FL, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(GlcNAc-beta-
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention is selected from the list consisting of 3' -sialyllactose (3'SL), 6' -sialyllactose (6'SL), 3,6-disialyllactose, 6,6'- disialyllactose, 8,3-disialyllactose, 3'S-2'FL, 6'S-2'FL, 3'S-3-FL, 6'S-3-FL, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(GlcNAc-beta-
  • sialic acid-containing saccharides are commercially available and/or the production/purification of these saccharides has been described and hence allows the skilled person to produce/obtain any of said sialic acid-containing saccharides accordingly.
  • each reference is incorporated by reference:
  • N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) : Carbosynth (MA00746)
  • 3'S-3-FL Biosynth / Cymit Quimica (3D-OSO1065)
  • Sialyl lewis a Carbosynth (OS00745)
  • one or more additional saccharide(s), wherein said saccharide(s) is/are a monosaccharide(s), is/are applied in a method according to the invention.
  • Said monosaccharide is preferably selected from the list consisting of sialic acid (preferably as described herein, more preferably Neu5Ac or KDO), galactose, L-fucose, GIcNAc, glucose, GalNAc, xylose, mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid and gluconic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of sialic acid (preferably as described herein, more preferably Neu5Ac or KDO), galactose, L-fucose and glucose, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of sialic acid (preferably as described herein, more preferably Neu5Ac or KDO), galactose and L-fucose.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s), if applied to a plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow in a method according to the invention is an intermediate saccharide as described herein.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s), if applied to a plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow in a method according to the invention is a fucosylated saccharide as described herein.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s), if applied to a plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow in a method according to the invention is a sialic-acid containing saccharide as described herein.
  • the amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) as described herein applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is at least 0.10 pg, preferably at least 0.25 pg, more preferably at least 0.50 pg, even more preferably at least 1.00 pg, most preferably at least 1.50 pg.
  • the amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) applied is 0.10 pg - 100.00 mg, preferably 0.10 pg - 75.00 mg, more preferably 0.10 pg - 50.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 25.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 10.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 1.00 mg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 100.00 pg, even more preferably 0.10 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 0.25 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 0.50 pg - 75.00 pg, even more preferably 1.00 pg - 75.00 pg, most preferably 1.00 pg - 50.00 pg.
  • the applied amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is at least 0.10 pmol, preferably at least 0.25 pmol, more preferably at least 0.50 pmol, even more preferably at least 1.00 pmol, most preferably at least 1.50 pmol.
  • the applied amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is 0.10 pmol - 100.00 mmol, preferably 0.10 pmol - 75.00 mmol, more preferably 0.10 pmol - 50.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 25.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 10.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 1.00 mmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 100.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.10 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.25 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 0.50 pmol - 75.00 pmol, even more preferably 1.00 pmol - 75.00 pmol, most preferably 1.00 pmol - 50.00 pmol.
  • the applied amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is at least 1.00 mg, preferably at least 5.00 mg, more preferably at least 10.00 mg, even more preferably at least 25.00 mg, even more preferably at least 50.00 mg, even more preferably at least 75.00 mg, most preferably at least 100.00 mg, per ton of seeds.
  • the applied amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is 0.001 g - 100.0 g, preferably 0.010 g - 100.0 g, more preferably 0.025 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 75.0 g, even more preferably 0.075 g - 75.0 g, even more preferably 0.100 g- 75.0 g, most preferably 0.100 g- 60.0 g, per ton of seeds.
  • the applied amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is at least 1.0 pmol, preferably at least 5.0 pmol, more preferably at least 10.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 25.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 50.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 75.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 100.0 pmol, most preferably at least 150.0 pmol, per ton of seeds.
  • the applied amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is 1.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, preferably 10.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, more preferably 25.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 50.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 75.0 pmol - 150.0 mmol, even more preferably 75.0 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 100.0 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 125 pmol - 125.0 mmol, even more preferably 150 pmol - 125.0 mmol, most preferably 150 pmol - 100.0 mmol, per ton of seeds.
  • the amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is at least 1.0 mg, preferably at least 5.0 mg, more preferably at least 10.0 mg, even more preferably at least 25.0 mg, even more preferably at least 50.0 mg, even more preferably at least 75.0 mg, even more preferably at least 100.0 mg, most preferably at least 250.0 mg, per hectare of said plant.
  • the amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is 0.001 g - 1000.0 g, preferably 0.001 g - 500.0 g, more preferably 0.001 g - 250.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 100.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 50.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 - 25.0 g, even more preferably 0.001 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.010 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 10.0 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 7.5 g, even more preferably 0.025 g - 5.0 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 2.5 g, even more preferably 0.050 g - 1.5 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 1.5 g, even more preferably 0.100 g - 1.25 g, most preferably 0.250
  • the amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow is at least 1.0 pmol, preferably at least 5.0 pmol, more preferably at least 10.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 25.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 50.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 75.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 100.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 150.0 pmol, even more preferably at least 200.0 pmol, most preferably at least 250.0 pmol, per hectare of said plant.
  • the amount of any, preferably each, of said additional saccharide(s) is 0.001 mmol - 1000.0 mmol, preferably 0.001 mmol - 500.0 mmol, more preferably 0.001 mmol - 250.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001 mmol - 100.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001 mmol - 50.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001 - 25.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.001 mmol - 10.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.010 mmol - 10.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.025 mmol - 10.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.025 mmol - 7.5 mmol, even more preferably 0.025 mmol - 5.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.050 mmol - 2.5 mmol, even more preferably 0.050 mmol - 2.0 mmol, even more preferably 0.075 mmol
  • any one, preferably all, additional saccharide(s) is/are in the form of an agronomically acceptable salt.
  • Suitable salts include, but are not limited to, salts of acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of agronomically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, malic, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, salicylic, sulfanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.
  • acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic,
  • Suitable salts also include salts of inorganic and organic bases, e.g. counterions such as Na, Ca, K, Li, Mg, Ni, Zn, Fe, Se, ammonium, trimethylsulfonium.
  • the compounds may also be obtained, stored and/or used in the form of an N-oxide.
  • acid addition salts or base salts wherein the counter ion is optically active for example, d-lactate or l-lysine, or racemic, for example, dl-tartrate or dl-arginine.
  • said fucosylated saccharide, and optionally any, preferably all, further fucosylated saccharides is linked, preferably chemically linked, to a carrier for delivery of said fucosylated saccharide(s).
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide, and optionally any, preferably all, further sialic acid-containing saccharides is linked, preferably chemically linked, to a carrier for delivery of said sialic acid-containing saccharide(s).
  • said additional saccharide, and optionally any, preferably all, further additional saccharides is linked, preferably chemically linked, to a carrier for delivery of said additional saccharide(s).
  • said carrier is a ceramide-based carrier or a polypeptide-based carrier, more preferably said carrier is a ceramide-based carrier.
  • said polypeptide-based carrier is epsilon-polylysine, alfa-polylysine, poly(aspartic acid), polyglutamic acid or polyornithine. These carriers are commercially available (e.g. Sigma-Aldrich, Carbosynth).
  • Said ceramide-based carrier is preferably selected from a list consisting of dl8:l/16:0, tl8:0-16:0, tl8:0-hl6:0, tl8:0-h22:0 and tl8:0-h24:0.
  • These ceramide carriers are commercially available and well-known to the skilled person and are for example described in W02010/037785 which is incorporated by reference.
  • dl8:l/16:0 is also known as C16 ceramide and N- palmitoylsphingosine and therefore interchangeable used herein.
  • tl8:0-16:0 is also known as C16 phytoceramide and N-hexadecanoyl phytosphingosine and therefore interchangeable used herein.
  • tl8:0- hl6:0, tl8:0-h22:0 and tl8:0-h24:0 are glycosylinositolphosphoceramides (GIPCs).
  • GIPCs glycosylinositolphosphoceramides
  • d and t refer to the hydroxylation state of the whole ceramide or long-chain base moiety (d is 2 groups, t is 3 groups), whereas "h” denotes a hydroxylation of the fatty acyl group.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is part of a composition.
  • a preferred method is a method of treating a plant, wherein said method comprises a step of applying a composition to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said composition comprises a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine (it is referred to the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide").
  • any one or more, preferably all, additional saccharide(s) (it is referred to the Section "Additional saccharide”) applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, in a method according to the invention is/are part of a composition.
  • each saccharide according to the invention that is applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, in a method according to the invention is preferably part of the same composition.
  • said composition further comprises one or more selected from the list consisting of emulsifier, solvent, surfactant, carrier, dispersant, thickener, hydrophobizing agent, moisture-retaining agent, extender, solid carrier, foam former, antifreeze and anti-foaming agent.
  • said composition is selected from the list consisting of solution, emulsion, suspension, powder, dust, foam, paste, granule, aerosol, microencapsulation, pressing, capsule and fogging formulation (cold or warm).
  • composition according to the invention is an agrochemical composition, i.e. a composition that is suitable for agricultural use (composition for agricultural use), preferably industrial agriculture use (composition for industrial agriculture use). It is further preferred that said composition is a synthetic composition, i.e. a composition that does not occur as such in nature and/or wherein at least one component has been synthetically produced.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide (it is referred to the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide”) is present in a concentration of at least 0.000001 %, preferably at least 0.00001 %, more preferably at least 0.00005 %, most preferably at least 0.0001 %, (w/w) of the total weight of the composition.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is present at a concentration of ⁇ 50.0 %, preferably ⁇ 40.0 %, more preferably ⁇ 30.0 %, even more preferably ⁇ 20.0 %, even more preferably ⁇ 10.0 %, even more preferably ⁇ 5.0 %, most preferably ⁇ 1.0 %, (w/w) of the total weight of the composition.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is present at a concentration of 0.000001 - 50.0 %, preferably 0.000001 - 10.0 %, more preferably 0.000001 - 5.0 %, even more preferably 0.00001 - 5.0 %, most preferably 0.00001 - 1.0 %, (w/w) of the total weight of the composition.
  • wt. % and “% (VJ/VJ)" are interchangeably used and mean weight by weight. If the composition is for example a solid composition, then 1.0 wt. % means 1.0 g saccharide per 100.0 gram of the solid composition. If the composition is for example a liquid composition, then 1.0 wt. % means 1.0 g saccharide per 100.0 gram of the liquid composition.
  • said any, preferably all, additional saccharide(s) is/are present at a concentration of ⁇ 50.0 %, preferably ⁇ 40.0 %, more preferably ⁇ 30.0 %, even more preferably ⁇ 20.0 %, even more preferably ⁇ 10.0 %, even more preferably ⁇ 5.0 %, most preferably ⁇ 1.0 %, (w/w) of the total weight of the composition. More preferably, any one, preferably all, additional saccharide(s) is/are present at a concentration of 0.000001
  • said method of the invention is a method for enhancing the growth and/or development of a plant or a part of a plant (preferably a flower or a fruit), wherein said method comprises a step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • said plant is under physiological conditions, abiotic stress or biotic stress.
  • the term "enhancing" can be interchangeably used with “improving” and in relation with growth and/or development of a plant, it is meant that the plant growth and/or plant development is generally improved for one or more properties or parameters of plant growth and/or plant development as compared to a control plant, i.e. a plant that did not receive said disaccharide-containing saccharide (optionally any further saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”) according to the invention.
  • enhancing growth and/or development preferably refers to one or more of: improving plant yield (i.e. biomass), improving fructification, improving flower development, improving strength (i.e. vitality, vigour).
  • a method according to the invention is further particularly efficacious in improving flower development.
  • Plant yield refers to the biomass of a plant or one or more parts of a plant which may include aboveground (preferably harvestable) parts and/or parts below ground (preferably harvestable).
  • plant yield includes one or more of root number, root mass, root volume, leaf area, shoot length, shoot mass, fruit number and fruit mass; all of which can be readily assessed by the skilled person using routine techniques.
  • said plant yield preferably refers to the fresh weight or dry weight of the whole plant, preferably the fresh weight or dry weight of the canopy of the plant (i.e. aboveground portion of a plant). More preferably said plant yield is assessed by measuring the shoot length or shoot mass, even more preferably by measuring the shoot length.
  • An improved plant yield compared to an untreated plant i.e.
  • plant that is not treated with a disaccharide-containing saccharide and optionally further saccharide(s) according to the invention is preferably an increase in shoot length or weight (dry weight or fresh weight, preferably fresh weight) of the plant or weight (dry weight or fresh weight, preferably fresh weight) of the canopy, preferably an increase in shoot length, of at least 1.0%, preferably at least 2.5%, more preferably at least 5.0%, most preferably at least 7.5%.
  • Fructification refers to the process of growing fruit and encompasses fruit number, fruit size, fruit mass and fruit quality.
  • said fructification is assessed by counting the amount of fruits of said plant and/or the mass of an average fruit of said plant.
  • Flower development refers to the process of developing a flower and encompasses flower number, flower size, flower mass and flower quality. Preferably, said flower development is assessed by counting the amount of healthy, normal flowers.
  • Strength of a plant can be assessed by examining the plant's stand. Alternatively, an increased ratio between the shoot weight and shoot length indicates an increase in the strength of said plant.
  • the mass (i.e. weight), throughout the application and claims, can be fresh weight or dry weight, preferably fresh weight.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is as disclosed in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide".
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a fucose (as described in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide"), preferably a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha-1, 4-linkage, preferably an alpha- 1,2- or an alpha-1, 3-linkage; and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N- acetylglucosamine and galactose.
  • said monosaccharide is more preferably selected from: fucose in alpha-1, 2-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or galactose, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose; fucose in alpha-1, 3-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose; fucose in alpha-1, 4-linkage: glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose, more preferably said monosaccharide is glucose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is N-acetylglucosamine.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably one or more additional oligosaccharide(s), more preferably one or more additional milk oligosaccharides, even more preferably one or more additional mammalian milk oligosaccharide(s), most preferably one or more additional human milk oligosaccharides; is/are applied in a method according to the invention.
  • Said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a disaccharide-containing saccharide as described in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide”.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be an intermediate saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a fucosylated saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”. Additionally and/or alternatively, said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a sialic acid-containing saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”. Additionally and/or alternatively, said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a monosaccharide saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is a sialic acid-containing saccharide (preferably as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”).
  • an effective amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow.
  • the term "effective amount” refers to the amount that is required to obtain an improvement in one or more properties or parameters of plant growth and/or plant development as compared to a control plant.
  • the effective amount will vary depending on the plant species or variety being treated, presence or absence of stress such as abiotic and/or biotic stress, the desired result, the life stage of the plant, administration site (e.g. leaf vs root vs seed), among other factors.
  • An appropriate effective amount in any individual case can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art. If one or more additional saccharide(s) is/are applied in a method according to the invention, it is preferred that any one, preferably all, additional saccharide is applied in an effective amount.
  • each disaccharide-containing saccharide and each additional saccharide are applied in a synergistic amount.
  • synergistic amount refers to the amount of said saccharide that is capable of providing a synergistic effect.
  • Said synergistic effect in this context of the invention is an enhancement of the growth and/or development of a plant which is greater than the enhancement of growth and/or development observed when applying the individual saccharides.
  • a non-phytotoxic amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied to said plant. If one or more additional saccharide(s) is/are applied in a method according to the invention, it is preferred that any one, preferably all, additional saccharide is applied in a non-phytotoxic amount.
  • non-phytotoxic applies to the plant that is treated, i.e. the applied saccharide(s) is/are not toxic (or at least has, according to the field, an acceptable level of toxicity) for the treated plant.
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide and, if present, the amount of any, preferably all, additional saccharide is as described in the Sections "Disaccharide- containing saccharide" and "Additional saccharide”.
  • said method of the invention is a method for protecting a plant or a part of a plant (preferably a flower or a fruit) from abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, wherein said method comprises a step of applying a disaccharide-containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • a result of said method for protecting a plant is that said plant tolerates abiotic stress and/or biotic stress.
  • said method of the invention is a method for protecting a flower or flowers of a plant from abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, preferably abiotic stress.
  • said method is a method of protecting a flower or flowers of a plant from abiotic and/or biotic stress, preferably abiotic stress.
  • stress preferably refers to any condition or substance that negatively affects the growth, development and/or metabolism of a plant.
  • condition/substance When said condition/substance is of living nature, it is designated as “biotic stress” (Gull et al, 2019, IntechOpen, Abiotic and biotic stress in plants, chapter 1, p. 1-19).
  • condition/substance When said condition/substance is of non-living nature (e.g. physical and/or chemical nature), it is designated as "abiotic stress (Gull et al, 2019, IntechOpen, Abiotic and biotic stress in plants, chapter 1, p. 1-19).
  • the term “protecting” is preferably replaced with the expression “controlling, preventing or treating”, more preferably replaced with the expression “preventing or treating”.
  • the term “protecting” is more preferably replaced with the term “preventing”.
  • the term “controlling” preferably refers to reducing the extent/severity of abiotic stress and/or biotic stress; eliminating said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress; and/or preventing damage or further damage inflicted from said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress.
  • treating in this context of the invention preferably means inhibiting said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, i.e. arresting the development of said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress; relieving said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, i.e. causing regression of said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress; and/or relieving a condition caused by or resulting from said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress, i.e. relieving, preventing or treating symptoms of said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress.
  • treating preferably refers to decreasing the duration (number of days/weeks/moths the plant will suffer from said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress), the risks, the complications and/or the severity of said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress; this also encompasses the relief of the symptoms caused by said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress.
  • the term "preventing” preferably refers to avoiding that said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress occurs and/or decreasing the incidence of said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress. In other words, "preventing” preferably refers to ameliorating the risk of suffering from said abiotic stress and/or biotic stress.
  • the term “preventing” can be preferably replaced with the term “priming”, i.e. a mechanism leading to a physiological state of the plant that enables said plant to respond more rapidly and/or more robustly after exposure to abiotic stress and/or biotic stress.
  • Said “method”, “plant”, “applying”, “disaccharide-containing saccharide”, “part of a plant” and “area” are as described earlier herein (it is referred to the Sections "Method of treating a plant", “Plant”, “Disaccharide-containing saccharide”, “Additional saccharide” and “Composition”).
  • said abiotic stress is selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress, light stress (preferably UV stress) and mechanical stress; preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress and light stress (preferably UV stress); more preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding) and light stress (preferably UV stress); even more preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt) and humidity (preferably flooding); most preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought and humidity (preferably flooding).
  • said abiotic stress is one or more of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress, light stress (preferably UV stress) and mechanical stress; preferably one or more of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress and light stress (preferably UV stress); more preferably one or more of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding) and light stress (preferably UV stress); even more preferably one or more of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt) and humidity (preferably flooding); most preferably one or more of frost, drought and humidity (preferably flooding).
  • flooding is well-known to the skilled person and refers to the situation wherein at least the plant roots are submerged for a longer period of time.
  • said period of time required for reaching the stage of flooding depends on the plant species, but is preferably for at least 1 day, more preferably for at least 2 days, even more preferably for at least 3 days, even more preferably for at least 4 days, even more preferably for at least 5 days, even more preferably for at least 6 days, most preferably for at least 7 days.
  • Flooding is hallmarked by oxygen starvation and carbohydrate starvation. For the sake of clarity, flooding does not encompass ponding (e.g. swamp) or inundation (dry area that is permanently under water).
  • drying refers to the situation wherein a dry area is temporarily submerged (preferably for at least 1 day, more preferably for at least 2 days, even more preferably for at least 3 days, even more preferably for at least 4 days, even more preferably for at least 5 days, even more preferably for at least 6 days, most preferably for at least 7 days), periodically submerged or episodically submerged.
  • said biotic stress comprises, preferably consists of, a phytopathogen, i.e. an organism that is pathogenic to a plant.
  • Said phytopathogen preferably causes direct damage and/or a disease in said plant, more preferably a disease in said plant.
  • said biotic stress preferably comprises (preferably consists of) a phytopathogen or a disease caused by said phytopathogen, more preferably comprises (preferably consists of) a disease caused by said phytopathogen.
  • said phytopathogen is selected from the list consisting of a fungus, a bacterium, a virus, a nematode, a mollusc and an insect.
  • said phytopathogen is selected from the list consisting of a fungus, a bacterium, a virus, a nematode and an insect. Even more preferably, said phytopathogen is selected from the list consisting of a fungus, a bacterium and a virus. Even more preferably, said phytopathogen is a fungus or a bacterium. Most preferably, said phytopathogen is a fungus.
  • Said phytopathogenic fungus is preferably selected from the list consisting of Albugo, Alternaria, Aphanomyces, Ascochyta, Aspergillus, Blumeria, Botrytis, Bremia, Ceratocystsc, Cercospora, Cladiosporium, Cladosporium, Claviceps, Cochliobolus, Colletotrichum, Corticium, Cycloconium, Diaporthe, Elsinoe, Eutypa, Exobasidium, Fomitiporia, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Ganoderma, Gibberella, Gloeosporium, Glomerella, Guignardia, Gymnosporangium, Helminthospohum, Helminthosporium, Hemileia, Leptosphaeria, Macrophomina, Magnaporthe, Mildew, Monilinia, Monographella, Mycosphaerella, Nectria, Oomycete, Penici
  • Said phytopathogenic fungus is more preferably selected from the list consisting of Alternaria, Blumeria, Botrytis, Cercospora, Claviceps, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Gaeumannomyces, Gibberella, Gloeosporium, Guignardia, Helminthospohum, Helminthosporium, Leptosphaeria, Macrophomina, Magnaporthe, Mildew, Monilinia, Monographella, Mycosphaerella, Nectria, Oomycete, Penicillium, Peronospora, Phaeosphaera, Phakopsora, Phoma, Phomopsis, Phytophthora, Plamodiophora Plasmopara, Podosphaera, Pseudoperonospora, Puccinia, Pyrenophora, Pyricularia, Pythium, Ramularia, Rhizoctonia, Rhizoctonia, Rh
  • Said phytopathogenic fungus is most preferably selected from the list consisting of Alternaria, Blumeria, Botrytis, Cercospora, Colletotrichum, Diaporthe, Fusarium, Gibberella, Gloeosporium, Helminthospohum, Helminthosporium, Leptosphaeria, Magnaporthe, Mildew, Oomycete, Peronospora, Phakopsora, Phoma, Phytophthora, Puccinia, Pyrenophora, Pyricularia, Pythium, Sclerotinia, Sclerotium, Septoria and Venturia.
  • Said phytopathogenic bacterium preferably belongs to the genus Acidovorax, Agrobacterium, Burkholderia, Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pantoea, Pectobacterium, Phytoplasma, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, Spiroplasma, Streptomyces, Xanthomonas or Xylella.
  • Said phytopathogenic virus is preferably a mosaic virus. Additionally and/or alternatively, said phytopathogenic virus is preferably selected from the list consisting of Tobacco mosaic virus, tomoato spotted wilt virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, cucumber mosaic virus, potato virus Y, cauliflower mosaic virus, African cassava mosaic virus, plum pox virus, brome mosaic virus and potato virus X.
  • Said phytopathogenic insect preferably belongs to the family Plutellidae, Noctuidea, Aphididae, Tenebrionidae, Drosophilidae, Delphacidae, Chrysomelidae, Crambidae, Thripidae, Pentatomidae, Chrysomelidae, Tetranychidae or Aphrophoridae. More preferably said phytopathogenic insect belongs to the genus Plutei la, Spodoptera, Myzus, Nilaparvata, Helicoverpa, Diabrotica, Chilo, Thrips, Euschistus, Phaedon, Tetranichus, Sitobion, Tribolium, Drosophila or Philaenus.
  • phytopathogenic insect is selected from the list consisting of Plutella, Spodoptera, Myzus, Drosophila, Nilaparvata, Helicoverpa, Diabrotica, Chilo, Thrips, Euschistus, Phaedon and Tetranichus.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is as disclosed in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide".
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a fucose (as described in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide"), preferably a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha- 1,4-linkage, preferably an alpha-1,2- or an alpha-1, 3-linkage; and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.
  • disaccharide-containing saccharide is as disclosed in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide".
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention comprises a fucose (as described in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide"), preferably a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha- 1,4-linkage, preferably an alpha-1,2- or an alpha-1, 3-linkage; and wherein said monosaccharide is preferably selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably one or more additional oligosaccharide(s), more preferably one or more additional milk oligosaccharides, even more preferably one or more additional mammalian milk oligosaccharide(s), most preferably one or more additional human milk oligosaccharides; is/are applied in a method according to the invention.
  • Said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a disaccharide-containing saccharide as described in the Section "Disaccharide-containing saccharide”.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be an intermediate saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”.
  • said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a fucosylated saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”. Additionally and/or alternatively, said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a sialic acid-containing saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”. Additionally and/or alternatively, said one or more additional saccharide(s) can be a monosaccharide saccharide as described in the Section "Additional saccharide”.
  • one or more additional saccharide(s) is a sialic acid-containing saccharide (preferably as described in the Section "Additional saccharide").
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention preferably comprising a fucose linked to a monosaccharide through an alpha-1, 3-linkage or an alpha-1, 2-linkage; preferably wherein said monosaccharide is selected from glucose, N-acetylglucosamine and galactose; and
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide according to the invention (it is referred to the Section "Additional saccharide”), preferably a sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising a sialic acid (preferably wherein said sialic acid is a nine-carbon sialic acid or an eight-carbon sialic acid, more preferably a nine-carbon sialic acid, even more preferably Neu5Ac) in an alpha-2, 6- linkage to a monosaccharide, preferably said monosaccharide is selected from galactose, N- acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (preferably Neu5Ac), more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, even more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose; are applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow according to the invention.
  • a sialic acid-containing saccharide comprising
  • Said sialic acid-containing saccharide preferably comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB, 6'SLAcNAc, 6'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO-LNB and 6'KDO-LacNAc, preferably selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB, 6'SLAcNAc and 6'KDO-lactose, most preferably selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB and 6'SLAcNAc; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, even more
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto- N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose; optionally wherein said sialic acid-containing saccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N- acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, even more preferably selected from the list
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end, preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc at its reducing end, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose at its reducing end.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • said sialic acid-containing saccharide is selected from the list consisting of 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), 3,6-disialyllactose, 6,6'-disialyllactose, 6'S-2'FL, 6'S-3-FL, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal- beta-l,4-Glc, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(Neu5Ac-alpha-2,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, LST b, LST c, DSLNT, DS'LNT, DSLNnT, DS'LNnT, 6'-sialyllacto-N-biose (6'SLNB), 6'-sialyllactosamine (6'SLacNAc), 6'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO- LNB and 6'
  • an effective amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide according to the invention is applied to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow.
  • the term "effective amount”, in the context of biotic stress, refers to the amount that is required to protect from, preferably control, prevent or treat said biotic stress as described herein. If said biotic stress is a fungus or a fungal disease, said effective amount is a fungicidally effective amount, i.e. the relative amount of said saccharide that is effective to inhibit or control fungus growth rate, increase fungus mortality, or eradicate the fungus.
  • an effective amount in the context of abiotic stress, refers to the amount that is required to protect, preferably control, prevent or treat said abiotic stress as described herein. As understood by the skilled person, the effective amount will vary depending on the (a)biotic stress to be controlled, plant species or variety being treated, climatic conditions, life stage of the plant, administration site (e.g. leaf vs root vs seed), among other factors. An appropriate effective amount in any individual case can be readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art (e.g. systematic field trials, which are within the capabilities of a person skilled in the art).
  • each disaccharide- containing saccharide and each additional saccharide are applied in a synergistic amount.
  • synergistic amount refers to the amount of said saccharide that is capable of providing a synergistic effect.
  • Said synergistic effect in this context of the invention is an improved protection, preferably an improved tolerance, of a plant against abiotic stress and/or biotic stress which is greater than that observed when applying the individual saccharides.
  • a non-phytotoxic amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide is applied to said plant. If one or more additional saccharide(s) is/are applied in a method according to the invention, it is preferred that any one, preferably all, additional saccharide is applied in a non-phytotoxic amount.
  • non-phytotoxic applies to the plant that is treated, i.e. the applied saccharide(s) is/are not toxic (or at least has, according to the field, an acceptable level of toxicity) for the treated plant.
  • the amount of said disaccharide-containing saccharide and, if present, the amount of any, preferably all, additional saccharide is as described in the Sections "Disaccharide- containing saccharide" and "Additional saccharide”.
  • the invention provides the use of a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant growth and/or plant development biostimulant, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • said invention provides the use of a composition as a plant growth and/or plant development biostimulant, wherein said composition comprises a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine, and optionally one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Additional saccharide(s)", more preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development”.
  • a composition comprises a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine, and optionally one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Additional saccharide(s)", more preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "
  • the invention provides the use of a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a flower development biostimulant, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • said invention provides the use of a composition as a flower development biostimulant, wherein said composition comprises a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine, and optionally one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Additional saccharide(s)", more preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Enhancing growth and/or development”.
  • the invention provides the use of a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant protection agent, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • said invention provides the use of a composition as a plant protection agent, wherein said composition comprises a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine, and optionally one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Additional saccharide(s)", more preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Abiotic stress and/or biotic stress”.
  • the invention provides the use of a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a flower protection agent, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N- acetylglucosamine. More preferably, said invention provides the use of a composition as a flower protection agent, wherein said composition comprises a disaccharide-containing saccharide, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine, and optionally one or more additional saccharide(s), preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Additional saccharide(s)", more preferably wherein said additional saccharide(s) is as described in the Section "Abiotic stress and/or biotic stress”.
  • a method of treating a plant comprising a step of applying a disaccharide- containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N- acetylglucosamine.
  • a method according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein said disaccharide is selected from the list consisting of Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc, Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc, GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal and GlcNAc-beta-1,6- Gal; preferably selected from the list consisting of Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc, Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc and GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of lacto-N-triose II (LN3), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, LNB, LacNAc and lactul-N-triose II (GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4- Fruc), preferably selected from the list consisting of lacto-N-triose II (LN3), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta- 1,4-Glc, LNB and LacNAc; even more preferably said oligosaccharide is lacto-N-triose II (LN3) or GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, most preferably said oligosaccharide is
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises lacto-N- tetraose (LNT) or lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); optionally wherein said disaccharide-containing saccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid, more preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N- acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid, even more preferably selected from the list consisting of galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • additional monosaccharide(s) preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB), a N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) or a lactulose (GlcNAc-beta-l,4-Fru) at its reducing end
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or a N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises a lactose or a N- acetyllactosamine at its reducing end
  • most preferably said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises a lactose at its reducing end.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is selected from the list consisting of Lacto-N-triose II (LN3, LNT-II), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal- beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Gal-alpha-1, 3- Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Gal-alpha-1, 3- Gal-beta-l,3-
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide is selected from the list consisting of Lacto-N-triose II (LN3, LNT-II), GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal- beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Gal-alpha-1, 3- Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Gal-alpha-1, 3- Gal-beta-l,3-
  • step of applying comprises one or more selected from watering, spraying (including ultra-low volume spraying), irrigation, atomising, nebulising, dusting, foaming, spreading, coating, drenching, dripping and injecting.
  • a method according to embodiment 15, wherein said growth and/or development refers to one or more of improving plant yield, improving fructification, improving flower development and improving strength.
  • said abiotic stress is selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress, light stress (preferably UV stress) and mechanical stress; preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress and light stress (preferably UV stress); more preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding) and light stress (preferably UV stress); even more preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt) and humidity (preferably flooding); most preferably selected from the list consisting of frost, drought and humidity (preferably flooding).
  • phytopathogen is selected from the list consisting of a fungus, a bacterium, a virus, a nematode, a mollusc and an insect.
  • said fucosylated saccharide comprises a fucose that is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-1,2-, alpha-1,3- or alpha-1, 4-linkage, preferably an alpha- 1,2- or an alpha-1, 3-linkage.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • sialic acid is a nine-carbon sialic acid or an eight- carbon sialic acid, preferably an nine-carbon sialic acid.
  • said nine-carbon sialic acid is selected from the list consisting of Neu5Ac; Neu4Ac; Neu4,5Ac2; Neu5,7Ac2; Neu5,8Ac2; Neu5,9Ac2; Neu4,5,9Ac3; Neu5,7,9Ac3; Neu5,8,9Ac3; Neu4,5,7,9Ac4; Neu5,7,8,9Ac4, Neu4,5,7,8,9Ac5 and Neu5Gc, preferably wherein said nine-carbon sialic acid is N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac).
  • sialic acid is linked to a monosaccharide in an alpha-2,3-, alpha-2,6- or alpha-2, 8-linkage, preferably in an alpha-2,3- or an alpha-2, 6-linkage, more preferably in an alpha-2, 6-linkage.
  • said monosaccharide is selected from galactose, N- acetylglucosamine and sialic acid (preferably Neu5Ac), preferably said monosaccharide is galactose or N-acetylglucosamine, more preferably said monosaccharide is galactose.
  • sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of 3'SL, 6'SL, 3'SLNB, 6'SLNB, 3'SLacNAc, 6'SLacNAc, 3'KDO-lactose, 6'KDO-lactose, 3'KDO-LNB, 6'KDO-LNB, 3'KDO-LacNAc and 6'KDO-LacNAc, preferably selected from the list consisting of 6'SL, 6'SLNB, 6'SLAcNAc, 6'KDO- lactose, 6'KDO-LNB and 6'KDO-LacNAc; optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N- acetylgalactosamine, fucose and si
  • sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc), preferably comprises lactose or LacNAc, most preferably comprises lactose.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises a lactose, a lacto-N-biose (LNB) or N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) at its reducing end, preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose or LacNAc at its reducing end, most preferably said sialic acid-containing saccharide comprises lactose at its reducing end.
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactosamine
  • sialic acid-containing saccharide is selected from the list consisting of 3'-sialyllactose (3'SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'SL), 3,6- disialyllactose, 6,6'-disialyllactose, 8,3-disialyllactose, 3'S-2'FL, 6'S-2'FL, 3'S-3-FL, 6'S-3-FL, Neu5Ac- alpha-2,6-(GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Neu5Ac-alpha-2,6-(Neu5Ac-alpha-2,3-)Gal-beta-l,4- Glc, LST a, LST b, LST c, LST d, disialyllacto-N-tetraose (
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant growth and/or plant development biostimulant, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant protection agent, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • a method of treating a plant comprising a step of applying a disaccharide- containing saccharide to said plant, part of said plant, seed of said plant and/or area where it is intended that said plant will grow, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N- acetylglucosamine.
  • disaccharide is selected from the list consisting of galactose-beta-l,3-N-acetylglucosamine (Gal-beta-1, 3-GlcNAc), Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc, GIcNAc- beta-l,3-Gal and GlcNAc-beta-l,6-Gal.
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises an oligosaccharide selected from the list consisting of lacto-N-triose II (LN3), GIcNAc-beta- l,6-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, lacto-N-biose (LNB), N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) and lactul-N-triose II (GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Fruc); optionally wherein said oligosaccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • LN3 lacto-N-triose II
  • LNB lacto-N-biose
  • LacNAc N-acetyllactos
  • said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) or lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) or; optionally wherein said disaccharide-containing saccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N- acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • LNnT lacto-N-neotetraose
  • LNT lacto-N-tetraose
  • a method according to any one of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein said disaccharide-containing saccharide comprises lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT); optionally wherein said disaccharide-containing saccharide further comprises one or more additional monosaccharide(s), preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • LNnT lacto-N-neotetraose
  • additional monosaccharide(s) preferably selected from the list consisting of glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, fucose and sialic acid.
  • Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Lacto-N-neopentaose, para-Lacto-N-neopentaose, para-lacto-N-hexaose (pLNH), lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH), para- Lacto-N-neohexaose (pLNnH), lacto-N-neoheptaose, para-lacto-N-neoheptaose, para-lacto-N-
  • Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I (LNnFP I), lacto-N-fucopentaose III (LNFP III), lacto-N- neofucopentaose V (LNnFP V, LNFP VI), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-
  • Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Gal-alpha-1, 3-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, Lacto-N-neopentaose, para-Lacto-N-neopentaose, para-lacto-N-hexaose (pLNH), lacto-N-neohexaose (LNnH), para- Lacto-N-neohexaose (pLNnH), lacto-N-neoheptaose, para-lacto-N-neoheptaose, para-lacto-N-
  • Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I (LNnFP I), lacto-N-neofucopentaose V (LNnFP V, LNFP VI), Fuc- alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alphal,3-)Glc, Fuc-alphal,2-Gal- beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, lacto-N-neodifucohexaose (LNnDFH), Fuc-alphal,2-Gal-beta-l,4-(Fuc-alpha-l,3-)GlcNAc-beta-l,3-Gal-beta-l,4-Glc, lacto
  • step of applying comprises one or more selected from watering, spraying (including ultra-low volume spraying), irrigation, atomising, nebulising, dusting, foaming, spreading, coating, drenching, dripping and injecting.
  • step of applying comprises coating, preferably coating by spraying.
  • a method according to embodiment 14, wherein said growth and/or development refers to one or more of improving plant yield, improving fructification, improving flower development and improving strength.
  • abiotic stress selected from the list consisting of frost, drought, osmotic stress (preferably salt), humidity (preferably flooding), heat stress, light stress (preferably UV stress) and mechanical stress.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant growth and/or plant development biostimulant, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • a disaccharide-containing saccharide as a plant protection agent, wherein said disaccharide consists of a galactose and a N-acetylglucosamine.
  • the verbs "to comprise”, “to have” and “to contain”, and their conjugations are used in their non-limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded.
  • the verb "to consist essentially of” means that e.g. a composition as defined herein may comprise additional component(s) than the ones specifically identified, said additional component(s) not altering the unique characteristic of the invention.
  • the verbs "to comprise”, “to have” and “to contain”, and their conjugations may be preferably replaced by "to consist” (and its conjugations) or “to consist essentially of” (and its conjugations).
  • indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements.
  • the indefinite article “a” or “an” thus usually means “at least one”.
  • the word “about” or “approximately” or “around” when used in association with a numerical value, parameter or numerical range such as amounts, volumes, volume ratios, volume percentages, weight ratios, weight percentages, or application rates of ingredients of a composition; means an amount, a volume, a volume ratio, a volume percentage, a weight ratio, a weight percentage, or an application rate that is recognized by those of ordinary skill in the art to provide a desired effect equivalent to that obtained from the specified amount, volume, volume ratios, volume percentages, weight ratio, weight percentage, or application rate; and is encompassed herein and should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and applying ordinary rounding techniques.
  • the word “about” or “approximately” or “around” when used in association with a numerical value preferably means that the value may be the given value (of 10) more or less 15%, preferably 10%, more preferably 5%, even more preferably 1%, of the value.
  • LNT II LNT-II
  • LN3 lacto-N-triose II
  • lacto-N-triose II lacto-N-triose
  • lacto-N-triose lacto-N-triose
  • GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNT lacto-N-tetraose
  • lacto-/V-tetraose lacto-/V-tetraose
  • Gal-pi,3-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNnT lacto-N-neotetraose
  • lacto-/V-neotetraose lacto-/V-neotetraose
  • Gaipi-4GlcNAcpi- 3Gaipi-4Glc are used interchangeably.
  • lacto-N-pentaose and "LN5" are used interchangeably and refer to GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4- GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • lacto-N-neohexaose and “LNnH” are used interchangeably and refer to Gal-bl,4-GlcNAC- bl,6-(Gal-bl,4-GlcNAC-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4Glc.
  • pLNnH refers to Gal-bl,4-GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • para-lacto-N-neohexaose II and "pLNnH-l I” are used interchangeably and refer to Gal-bl,4- GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,3-GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • pLNH refers to Gal-bl,3-GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • para-lacto-N-hexaose II and “pLNH-ll” are used interchangeably and refer to Gal-bl,3- GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,3-GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • pLNO and "para lacto-N-octaose” refer to Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal- bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • pLNnO and para lacto-N-neooctaose refer to Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3- Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • pLNnD refers to Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4- GlcNAC-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • LNH refers to Gal-bl,4-GlcNAC-bl,6-(Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc-bl,3)-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • lacto-N-neodecaose refers to Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l, 3)- Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc;
  • iso lacto-N-decaose refers to Gal-beta-1, 4-GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l, 3)- Gal-beta-l,4-GlcNAc-beta-l,6-(Gal-beta-l,3-GlcNAc-beta-l,3-)Gal-beta-l,4-Glc;
  • lacto-N-biose and “LNB” are used interchangeably and refer to Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc.
  • N-acetyllactosamine and “LacNAc” are used interchangeably and refer to Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc.
  • iso-LNO and iso-lacto-N-octaose are used interchangeably and refer to Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc- bl,3-(Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,6-)Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • LND lacto-N-decaose
  • LNnD lacto-N-neodecaose
  • LNFP-I lacto-N-fucopentaose I
  • LNFP I lacto-N-fucopentaose I
  • LNF I OH type I determinant "LNF I”, “LNF1”, “LNF 1”, “Blood group H antigen pentaose type 1”
  • Fuc-al,2-Gal-pi,3-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • GalNAc-LNFP-l blood group A antigen hexaose type I
  • GalNAc-al,3-(Fuc-al,2)-Gal- pi,3-GlcNAc- pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • Gal-LNFP-I blood group B antigen hexaose type I
  • Gal-al,3-(Fuc-al,2)-Gal-pi,3- GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNFP-II lacto-N-fucopentaose II
  • Gal-pi,3-(Fuc-al,4)-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNFP-III lacto-N-fucopentaose III
  • Gal-pi,4-(Fuc-al,3)-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNFP-V lacto-N-fucopentaose V
  • Gal-pi,3-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-(Fuc-al,3)-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNDFH I Lacto-N-difucohexaose I
  • LNDFH-I LNDFH I
  • LNDFH I Lacto-N-difucohexaose I
  • LNDFH-I LNDFH I
  • LNDFH I LNDFH I
  • LNDFH I LNDFH I
  • LNDFH I LNDFH I
  • LNDFH I lactose
  • Lewis-b hexasaccharide LNDFH I
  • Fuc-al,2-Gal-pi,3-[Fuc-al,4]-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNDFH II Lacto-N-difucohexaose II
  • LDFH II Lacto-N-difucohexaose II
  • LDFH II Lacto-N-difucohexaose II
  • LDFH II Lacto-N-difucohexaose II
  • LDFH II Lacto-N-difucohexaose II
  • LDFH II LDFH II
  • Fuc-al,4-(Gal-pi,3)- GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-(Fuc-al,3)-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • lewis b-lewis x and "Fucal,4-[Fuc-al,2-Gaipi,3]-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-[Fuc-al,3]-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • MFLNH III "monofucosyllacto-N-hexaose-lll” and "Gal-pi,4-[Fuc-al,3]-GlcNAc-pi,6-[Gal- pi,3-GlcNAc-pi,3]-Gal-pi,4-Glc" are used interchangeably.
  • DFLNH (a) "difucosyllacto-N-hexaose (a)” and "Gal-pi,4-[Fuc-al,3]-GlcNAc-pi,6-[Fuc-al,2- Gal-pi,3-GlcNAc-pi,3]-Gal-pi,4-Glc" are used interchangeably.
  • DFLNH "difucosyllacto-N-hexaose” and "Gal-pi,4-[Fuc-al,3]-GlcNAc-pi,6-[Fuc-al,4-[Gal- pi,3]-GlcNAc-pi,3]-Gal-pi,4-Glc" are used interchangeably.
  • TFLNH "trifucosyllacto-N-hexaose” and "Gal-pi,4-[Fuc-al,3]-GlcNAc-pi,6-[Fuc-al,4-[Fuc- al,2-Gal-pi,3]-GlcNAc-pi,3]-Gal-pi,4-Glc" are used interchangeably.
  • LNnFP I Lacto-N-neofucopentaose I
  • Fuc-al,2-Gal-pi,4-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNFP-VI LNnFP V
  • lacto-N-neofucopentaose V lacto-N-neofucopentaose V
  • Gal-pi,4-GlcNAc-pi,3-Gal-pi,4-(Fuc- al,3)-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LNnDFH Lacto-N-neoDiFucohexaose
  • Lewis x hexaose Gal-pi,4-(Fuc-al,3)-GlcNAc-pi,3-
  • Gal-pi,4-(Fuc-al,3)-Glc" are used interchangeably.
  • LSTa LS-Tetrasaccharide a
  • Sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose a sialyllacto-N-tetraose a
  • Neu5Ac-a2,3-Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LSTb LS-Tetrasaccharide b
  • Sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose b sialyllacto-N-tetraose b
  • Gal- bl,3-(Neu5Ac-a2,6)-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • LSTc "LS-Tetrasaccharide c", "Sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose c", “sialyllacto-N-tetraose c”, “sialyllacto-N-neotetraose c" and "Neu5Ac-a2,6-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc" are used interchangeably.
  • LSTd LS-Tetrasaccharide d
  • Sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose d sialyl-lacto-N-tetraose d
  • sialyllacto-N-tetraose d sialyllacto-N-neotetraose d
  • Neu5Ac-a2,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc are used interchangeably.
  • 6'-sialyllacto-N-biose "6'SLNB” and "Neu5Ac-a2,6-Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc” are used interchangeably.
  • 6'-sialyllactosamine "6'SLacNAc” and "Neu5Ac-a2,6-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc” are used interchangeably.
  • sialyl Lewis x , "sialyl Lex”, "5-acetylneuraminyl-(2-3)-galactosyl-(l-4)-(fucopyranosyl-(l-3))- N-acetylglucosamine” and "Neu5Ac-a2,3-Gal-pi,4-[Fuc-al,3-]GlcNAc" are used interchangeably.
  • Neuronon-2-ulopyranosonic acid and “4-O-acetyl neuraminic acid” are used interchangeably and have C11H19NO9 as molecular formula.
  • Neuronon-2-ulopyranosonic acid "5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid"
  • D- glycero-5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-galacto-non-2-ulo-pyranosonic acid "5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy- D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonic acid”
  • 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2- nonulosonic acid "5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-non-2-nonulosonic acid” and "5- (acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-n
  • Neuronac2 N-acetyl-4-O-acetylneuraminic acid
  • 4-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid 4- O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminate
  • 4-acetate 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto- nonulosonate "4-acetate 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonate
  • 4-acetate 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid and "4-acetate 5-(acetylamino)- 3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid” are used interchangeably and have C13H21NO10 as molecular formula.
  • Neuro5,7Ac2 "7-O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminic acid", “N-acetyl-7-O-acetylneuraminic acid", “7- O-acetyl-N-acetylneuraminate", "7-acetate 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto- nonulosonate", "7-acetate 5-(acetylamino)-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonate", "7- acetate 5-acetamido-3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-nonulosonic acid” and "7-acetate 5-(acetylamino)- 3,5-dideoxy-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid" are used interchangeably herein and have C13H21NO10 as molecular formula
  • Neuro5,8Ac2 and “5-n-acetyl-8-o-acetyl neuraminic acid” are used interchangeably herein and have C13H21NO10 as molecular formula.
  • Neuronamic4,5,9Ac3 and “5-N-acetyl-4,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Neuro5,7,9Ac3 and “5-N-acetyl-7,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Neuro5,8,9Ac3 and “5-N-acetyl-8,9-di-O-acetylneuraminic acid” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Neuronamic4,5,7,9Ac4" and “5-N-acetyl-4,7,9-tri-O-acetylneuraminic acid” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Neuro5,7,8,9Ac4 and “5-N-acetyl-7,8,9-tri-O-acetylneuraminic acid” are used interchangeably herein.
  • Neuron-glycolyl-neuraminic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid
  • N-glycolylneuraminic acid N- glycolylneuraminate
  • N-glycoloyl-neuraminate N-glycoloyl-neuraminic acid
  • N-glycoloylneuraminic acid N-glycoloylneuraminic acid
  • 3,5-dideoxy-5-((hydroxyacetyl)amino)-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulosonic acid 3,5-dideoxy-5- (glycoloylamino)-D-glycero-D-galacto-2-nonulopyranosonic acid
  • 3,5-dideoxy-5-(glycoloylamino)-D- glycero-D-galacto-non-2-ulopyranosonic acid 3,5-dideoxy-5-[(hydroxyacetyl)amino]-D-glycer
  • DSLNnT and “Disialyllacto-N-neotetraose” are used interchangeably and refer to Neu5Ac- a2,6-[Neu5Ac-a2,6-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3]-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • DSLNT and “Disialyllacto-N-tetraose” are used interchangeably and refer to Neu5Ac-a2,6- (Neu5Ac-a2,3-Gal-bl,3-)GlcNAc-bl,3-Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • D'LNT and "disialyllacto-N-tetraose analog” are used interchangeably and refer to Neu5Ac- a2,6-(Neu5Ac-a2,6-Gal-bl,3-GlcNAc-bl,3-)Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • D'LNnT and “disialyllacto-N-neotetraose analog” are used interchangeably and refer to Neu5Ac-a2,6-(Neu5Ac-a2,3-Gal-bl,4-GlcNAc-bl,3-)Gal-bl,4-Glc.
  • Gal refers to galactose, "GIcNAc” to N-acetylglucosamine, “Neu5Ac” to N-acetylneuraminic acid, “Glc” to glucose, “ManNAc” to N-acetylmannosamine, “GalNAc” to N-acetylgalactosamine, “Fuc” to fucose, “LacNAc” to N-acetyllactosamine and "Fruc” to fructose. Examples
  • Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) were recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in Examples 3 and 4, respectively, of EP22203562.8, and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain LNT powder (purity 92.96 %; 86.36% w/w as determined by quantitative NMR) and LNnT powder (purity 90.97 %; 89.78% w/w as determined by quantitative NMR), respectively.
  • purity of a saccharide is expressed relative to the total saccharide content.
  • LNT powder with a purity of 92.96 % refers to a powder wherein LNT constitutes 92.96% of the total saccharide content of said powder.
  • Lacto-N-fucopentaose I was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in Example 6 of WO 2023/285650, and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain LNFP I powder (purity 97.8 %).
  • GalNAc-LNFP I N-acetylgalactosamine-Lacto-N-fucopentaose I
  • Lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP II) was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in Examples 7 and 22 of WO 2023/110994, and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain LNFP II powder (purity 83.7 %).
  • Lacto-N-fucopentaose III was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in Examples 5, 29 and 32 of WO 2023/110995, and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain LNFP III powder (purity 99.2 %).
  • Lacto-N-fucopentaose V was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in Examples 9, 29 and 32 of WO 2023/110995, and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain LNFP V powder (purity 100 %).
  • Lacto-sialyl tetrasaccharide a (LST a) was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in Example 4 of EP23180784.3, and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain monosodium LST a powder (purity 89.8 %).
  • Lacto-sialyl tetrasaccharide c (LST c) was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in WO 2022/034079 (Examples 11, 13 and 14) and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain monosodium LST c powder (purity 97.3 %).
  • 6'sialyllactose (6'SL) was recombinantly produced in E. coli and purified as described in WO 2022/034079 (Examples 11, 13 and 14; the E. coli strain is described in Example 3 of WO 2018/122225 for 6'SL) and subsequently dried as described in Example 21 of WO 2022/034079 to obtain monosodium 6'SL powder (purity 98.6 %; 82.64% w/w as determined by quantitative NMR).
  • Neutral oligosaccharides were analyzed on a Waters Acquity H-class UPLC with Evaporative Light Scattering Detector (ELSD) or a Refractive Index (Rl) detection.
  • ELSD Evaporative Light Scattering Detector
  • Rl Refractive Index
  • a volume of 0.7 pL sample was injected on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide column (2.1 x 100 mm;130 A;1.7 pm) column with an Acquity UPLC BEH Amide VanGuard column, 130 A, 2. lx 5 mm.
  • the column temperature was 50 °C.
  • the mobile phase consisted of a % water and % acetonitrile solution to which 0.2 % triethylamine was added.
  • the method was isocratic with a flow of 0.130 mL/min.
  • the ELS detector had a drift tube temperature of 50 °C and the Nj gas pressure was 50 psi, the gain 200
  • Sialylated oligosaccharides were analyzed on a Waters Acquity H-class UPLC with Refractive Index (Rl) detection.
  • Rl Refractive Index
  • a volume of 0. 5 pL sample was injected on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH Amide column (2.1 x 100 mm;130 A;1.7 pm).
  • the column temperature was 50 °C.
  • the mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 70 % acetonitrile, 26 % ammonium acetate buffer (150 mM) and 4 % methanol to which 0.05 % pyrrolidine was added.
  • the method was isocratic with a flow of 0.150 mL/min.
  • the temperature of the Rl detector was set at 35 °C.
  • AUC (each detected saccharide) *100%.
  • AUC refers to "area under the curve”.
  • the % w/w of a saccharide of interest per total mass of the powder was determined with a qNMR method. NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker Avance Neo 400MHz equipped with a SmartProbe. Spectra were processed with TopSpin v4.1.1 (Bruker BioSpin GmbH). Deuterium oxide (D2O, 99.9%D), maleic acid (TraceCERT, Supelco, lot n° BCCC6481, purity 99.94%) and glass 5mm NMR tubes (Wilmad, 400MHz grade) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. An analytical balance with reading to O.lmg was used for sample preparation.
  • N x and Ns are the number of protons (1H nuclei) contributing to the quantified signals of HMO and internal standard (2 protons for maleic acid)
  • M x and Ms are the molecular weights of HMO and internal standard m x and ms are the masses of HMO and internal standard in the qNMR sample ws is the (known) purity of the internal standard
  • Seeds of wheat (Quintus variety), corn (Like it variety) and soy (Lenka variety) were coated in a Satec ML2000 seed treater (8 liters of formulation per ton of seeds).
  • the formulation consists of 8 % (v/v) polyvinylalcohol in water and different concentrations of a saccharide (it is referred to Example 1), i.e. "solo treatment", or combination of different saccharides (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations, i.e. "combination treatment”.
  • Coated seeds were then sown in 96-cell trays in standard potting soil. For each tested saccharide concentration or tested combination, 8 repetitions of 6 plants were conducted.
  • DAS days after seeding
  • UTC untreated control
  • Dose represents the amount of each tested saccharide per ton of seeds.
  • 7/14 DAS 7 days applies to Wheat (quintus variety), whereas 14 days applies to corn (Like it variety) and soy (Lenka variety).
  • 14/21 DAS 14 days applies to Wheat (quintus variety), whereas 21 days applies to corn (Like it variety) and soy (Lenka variety).
  • foliar application For foliar treatment, maize (cultivar Mofox or Mon Cherie) seeds or wheat (cultivar Chevignon) seeds were sown in trays (12x8) in substrate with additional perlite. After 10 days when the plants have 2 grown leaves, foliar application was executed by spraying with a saccharide (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations in water (or combination of different saccharides, it is referred to Example 1, at different concentrations in water).
  • a spraying cabin using an Albuz ADI 100° drift reducing nozzle was used mimicking a field application of 200 liter per hectare.
  • maize (cultivar Mofox) seeds were coated in a Satec ML2000 seed treater (8 liters of formulation per ton of seeds).
  • the formulation consists of 8 % (v/v) polyvinylalcohol in water and different concentrations of a saccharide (it is referred to Example 1), or combination of different saccharides (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations.
  • Coated seeds were then sown in trays (12x8) in substrate with additional perlite.
  • Drought plants were placed in plastic container without watering. When the first symptoms of drought were visible, each pot got 100 mL of water;
  • Eb-flood system this is to test the growth promotion in "normal conditions”.
  • Plants were assessed on shoot length, chlorophyl content, biomass (i.e. fresh weight of canopy) and the moisture of each pot. Measurements were done on the first day of potting (i.e. first measurements) and every 3-4 days during a period of 3-4 weeks.
  • a spraying cabin using an Albuz ADI 100° drift reducing nozzle was used mimicking a field application of 200 liter per hectare.
  • each branch was marked in same phonological stage and plants were placed on pallets (buffer plants placed around pallet) in a fridge at 5°C during night.
  • the plants were put in a freezing container at -5°C.
  • Temperature loggers were placed between the plants. When the temperature reached -3°C, the freezing temperature was set to -3°C. The plants were taken out of the container after one hour freezing at -3°C.
  • the percentage of damaged flowers on the marked flowerbranch was assessed one day and one week after frost.
  • the riped fruits were harvested and assessed (count and weight of classl and class2 fruit on the marked branch and rest of the plant separately). After 3 harvest moments, also the amount of flowerbranches, unripe fruits and stolons were assessed.
  • Table 2 (foliar treatment) and Table 3 (seed treatment) show the growth (i.e. plant length at end of an indicated period minus the plant length at beginning of said indicated period) of maize during stress (GS), during recovery (GR) and during the trial (GT) as % compared with the untreated control (UTC, i.e. no saccharide administered) which is set as 100%.
  • growth during stress is calculated as follows: plant length at start recovery minus the plant length before start of stress.
  • Table 4 shows the amount of healthy flowers, classl fruit and fruitweight of Strawberry (after frost stress) treated with a saccharide (foliar treatment) as % compared with the untreated control (UTC, i.e. no saccharide administered) which is set as 100%.
  • Seeds of wheat (variety Feeling) or oilseed rape (variety Helga) were coated in a Satec ML2000 seed treater (8 liters of formulation per ton of seeds).
  • the formulation consists of 8 % (v/v) polyvinylalcohol in water and different concentrations of a saccharide (it is referred to Example 1) or a combination of different saccharides (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations. For each concentration 4 repetitions were conducted.
  • Five seeds were placed on moister filter paper in petri dishes. The seeds were germinated in an incubator at 20° in a 12h light/12h dark regime.
  • the seedlings were infected with a spore suspension of the pathogen (Fusarium culmorum, i.e. FUSACU, for wheat; hemibiotrophic Leptosphaeria maculans, i.e. LEPTMA, for oilseed rape) in a concentration of lxlO 5 spores/ml in 1/8 potato dextrose broth.
  • pathogen Feusarium culmorum, i.e. FUSACU, for wheat; hemibiotrophic Leptosphaeria maculans, i.e. LEPTMA, for oilseed rape
  • foliar treatment For foliar treatment, wheat (Benchmark or Bennington) seeds were sown in pottery soil: 4 sees per pot. For each concentration tested, 5 repetitions were used. Fifteen days after sowing, foliar application was executed by spraying with a saccharide (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations in water or a combination of different saccharides (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations.
  • a spraying cabin using an Albuz ADI 100° drift reducing nozzle was used mimicking a field application of 200 liter per hectare.
  • wheat (benchmark) seeds were coated in a Satec ML2000 seed treater (8 liters of formulation per ton of seeds).
  • the formulation consists of 8 % (v/v) polyvinylalcohol in water and different concentrations of a saccharide (it is referred to Example 1) or a combination of different saccharides (it is referred to Example 1) at different concentrations.
  • Coated seeds were then sown in pottery soil: 4 seeds per pot. For each concentration tested, 5 repetitions were used.
  • PUCCRT biotrophic fungus Puccinia triticina
  • foliar treatment For foliar treatment, wheat (Bennington) seeds were sown in pottery soil: 4 seeds per pot. For each concentration tested, 4 repetitions were used. Fifteen days after sowing, foliar application was executed by spraying with a saccharide at different concentrations in water. A spraying cabin using an Albuz ADI 100° drift reducing nozzle was used mimicking a field application of 200 liter per hectare.
  • the trials were assessed 9 days after inoculation.
  • the amount of spots PUCCRT ( severity of infection) was determined.
  • the average severity of 12 leaf pieces per treatment was calculated for each plant.
  • the overall efficacy of each treatment is calculated as % in comparison with the untreated infected control.
  • foliar treatment potato (variety Fontane) is sown (lplant/pot). For each concentration tested, 4 repetitions were used. Two weeks after planting, foliar application was executed by spraying with a saccharide at different concentrations in water. A spraying cabin using an Albuz ADI 100° drift reducing nozzle was used mimicking a field application of 200 liter per hectare.
  • the terminal leaflet of the third and fifth leaf of each plant was placed on water agar in petri-dishes.
  • the leaves are sprayed with a spore suspension of the fungus Phytophtora infestant (PHYTIN) in a concentration of lxlO 5 spores/mL until the leaf pieces are fully covered with suspension. Plates are incubated at a temperature of 15°C and 80% RH.
  • the trials were assessed 16 days after inoculation.
  • the average severity of 4 leaves per treatment was calculated.
  • the overall efficacy of each treatment is calculated as % in comparison with the untreated infected control.
  • Pea plants (variety Norli) were sown in pots, 4 seeds/pot.
  • a foliar application was executed by spraying with a saccharide at different concentrations in water, until run-off.
  • a Birchmeier sprayer is used for the treatment.
  • Table 5 The efficacy of different saccharides to protect plants from phytopathogens is represented in Table 5 (lab trials: wheat and oilseed rape), Table 6 (greenhouse trials: wheat variety Benchmark), Table 7 (greenhouse trials: wheat variety Bennington), Table 8 (detached leaf trials: wheat), Table 9 (detached leaf trials: potato) and Table 10 (growth chamber insect trials).
  • FUSACU Fusarium culmorum
  • LEPTMA Leptosphaeria maculans
  • UTC untreated control.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé pour améliorer la croissance, le développement et/ou la résistance au stress abiotique/stress biotique d'une plante.
PCT/EP2024/069981 2023-07-13 2024-07-15 Procédé pour améliorer la croissance d'une plante, son développement et sa résistance au stress (a)biotique Pending WO2025012480A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

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EP23185395 2023-07-13
LU504744A LU504744B1 (en) 2023-07-13 2023-07-13 Method to improve a plant's growth, development and resistance to (a)biotic stress
LULU504744 2023-07-13
EP23185395.3 2023-07-13
EP23205847.9 2023-10-25
EP23205847 2023-10-25
EP24161913 2024-03-07
EP24161913.9 2024-03-07
EP24179583 2024-06-03
EP24179583.0 2024-06-03

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