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WO2025076792A1 - Methods of preparing norovirus vaccine with low amounts of adjuvant - Google Patents

Methods of preparing norovirus vaccine with low amounts of adjuvant Download PDF

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WO2025076792A1
WO2025076792A1 PCT/CN2023/124372 CN2023124372W WO2025076792A1 WO 2025076792 A1 WO2025076792 A1 WO 2025076792A1 CN 2023124372 W CN2023124372 W CN 2023124372W WO 2025076792 A1 WO2025076792 A1 WO 2025076792A1
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vlp
norovirus
gii
seq
vlps
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Di XIE
Junsheng CHEN
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Chengdu Kanghua Biological Product Co Ltd
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Chengdu Kanghua Biological Product Co Ltd
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Priority to PCT/CN2024/124072 priority patent/WO2025077808A1/en
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    • C07K14/005Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from viruses
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    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/12Antidiarrhoeals
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    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
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    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • A61P31/14Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/51Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising whole cells, viruses or DNA/RNA
    • A61K2039/525Virus
    • A61K2039/5258Virus-like particles
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/57Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the type of response, e.g. Th1, Th2
    • A61K2039/575Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characterised by the type of response, e.g. Th1, Th2 humoral response
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/60Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies characteristics by the carrier linked to the antigen
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    • C12N2770/00MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA ssRNA viruses positive-sense
    • C12N2770/00011Details
    • C12N2770/16011Caliciviridae
    • C12N2770/16023Virus like particles [VLP]
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    • C12N2770/00011Details
    • C12N2770/16011Caliciviridae
    • C12N2770/16034Use of virus or viral component as vaccine, e.g. live-attenuated or inactivated virus, VLP, viral protein
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    • C12N2770/00011Details
    • C12N2770/32011Picornaviridae
    • C12N2770/32411Hepatovirus, i.e. hepatitis A virus
    • C12N2770/32422New viral proteins or individual genes, new structural or functional aspects of known viral proteins or genes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of vaccines and, specifically, relates to a multivalent Norovirus vaccine and a preparation method thereof.
  • Human Norovirus is a non-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae.
  • the virus is the major etiological agent of viral acute gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and characterized by local outbreaks worldwide.
  • the virus is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route; it is also transmitted by contact with patients, contaminated food, infectious aerosols containing the virus, etc.
  • Norovirus infection most commonly leads to vomiting and diarrhea, followed by nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, chills, muscle aches, etc., and may result in dehydration or even death in severe cases.
  • Routine preventive measures include providing health education for vulnerable populations, improving public awareness of protection, and promoting good personal hygiene practices.
  • a method of preparing a Norovirus vaccine composition comprising: mixing different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs to form a Norovirus VLP mixture, combining the Norovirus VLP mixture with at least one adjuvant to form the Norovirus vaccine composition, in which the Norovirus VLPs are absorbed to the at least one adjuvant.
  • the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise three, four, five, or six different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs.
  • the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
  • each VLP is in a buffer solution comprising one or more of sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, each VLP is in a concentration of 10 ⁇ g/mL to 200 ⁇ g/mL. In some embodiments, the Norovirus vaccine composition has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. In some embodiments, each VLP comprises at least 60, 90, 180, or 270 VP1 protein molecules.
  • the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
  • the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genotypes of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  • the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI.
  • the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  • the GI. 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2; the GII.
  • 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4; the GII.
  • 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6; the GII.
  • 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8; the GII.
  • the total amount of adjuvant in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 18.7 ⁇ g to 500 ⁇ g. In some embodiments, wherein the total amount of VLPs in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 30 ⁇ g to 600 ⁇ g. In some embodiments, at least one adjuvant comprises one or more aluminum adjuvant.
  • each of the one or more aluminum adjuvants is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) , and potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum) .
  • the vaccine composition comprises different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs absorbed to one or more aluminum adjuvant, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
  • the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
  • provided herein is a method of treating a patient infected by Norovirus, wherein the method comprises administering a dose of the Norovirus vaccine composition disclosed above to the patient.
  • the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly.
  • the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly at a dose of about 0.2 to 1 ml.
  • FIG. 1 compares two different methods of preparing Norovirus vaccine compositions.
  • Process 1 is the traditional method, which comprises a step of absorbing each type of VLP to adjuvant separately.
  • Process 2 is the method provided by this disclosure, which comprises a step of mixing all types of VLPs together before absorbing them to the adjuvant.
  • FIG. 2A-2E show the results of indirect ELISA performed to determine the VLP-binding activity of the antibodies in mouse sera.
  • FIG. 3A-3E show the results of in vitro blocking assay performed to determine the neutralization activity of the antibodies in mouse sera.
  • the method disclosed in this application comprises only two steps, one, mixing all six genogroups of VLPs to produce a single mixture and second, absorbing the mixture of different genotypes of VLPs to the adjuvant. This simplifies procedures, improves efficiency, and reduces costs. Additionally, the disclosure provided vaccine compositions having low amount of adjuvant per dose, can nonetheless induce sufficient immune response to protect patients from Norovirus infection. Using the low amount of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines can reduce pain and other adverse side effects associated with immunization.
  • Noroviruses are single-stranded, positive sense RNA viruses.
  • the viral genome encodes the production of the major capsid protein and a minor structural protein, respectively (Glass et al. 2000) .
  • the capsid protein of the Norovirus self-assembles into VLPs that structurally mimic native Norovirus virions.
  • the VLPs are morphologically indistinguishable from infectious virions isolated from human stool samples.
  • VLPs preserve the authentic confirmation of the viral capsid protein while lacking the infectious genetic material. Consequently, VLPs mimic the functional interactions of the virus with cellular receptors, thereby eliciting an appropriate host immune response while lacking the ability to reproduce or cause infection.
  • each Norovirus VLP refers to aggregates or assemblies of the Norovirus proteins.
  • each Norovirus VLP comprises a plurality of Norovirus protein molecules (for example, the VP1 protein) connected to each other by ionic bonds.
  • Atotal number of the Norovirus protein molecules in each VLP may be at least 60, at least 90, at least 120, at least 150, or at least 180.
  • the total number of the Norovirus protein molecules ranges from 90 to 300, or from 120 to 260, or from 150 to 200.
  • the total number of the Norovirus antigenic proteins in each VLP is about 60, 90, 180, or 270.
  • Noroviruses may be divided into at least 10 genogroups (GI-GX) and 49 genotypes. See, Chhabra et al., Journal of General Virology 2019; 100: 1393-1406. Each Norovirus genogroup (e.g., GI) may further comprise one or more Norovirus genotypes (e.g., GI. 1) . In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins may comprise at least one of Norovirus genogroup proteins. Each Norovirus genogroup proteins may comprise at least one of Norovirus genotype proteins.
  • the Norovirus genogroup or genotype protein may be a major capsid protein (VP1) of a Norovirus genogroup or genotype that is immunogenic and capable of inducing a protective immune response against the corresponding Norovirus genogroup or genotype.
  • VP1 major capsid protein
  • the “Norovirus proteins” according to the present disclosure are also referred to as “Norovirus antigenic proteins” and encompass the Norovirus genogroup antigenic proteins and the Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins.
  • the Norovirus genogroups comprise GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, GVII, GVIII, GIX, and GX.
  • the Norovirus VLPs may comprise at least one of Norovirus genogroup VLP.
  • Each Norovirus genogroup VLP may comprises one or more Norovirus genogroup antigenic proteins or Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins. It should be noted other genogroups or genotypes of Norovirus not described herein are also possible within the scope of the present disclosure without restrictions unless otherwise indicated.
  • the “Norovirus VLPs” according to the present disclosure encompass the Norovirus genogroup VLPs and the Norovirus genotype VLPs.
  • aNorovirus antigenic protein is an antigenic protein, for example, aVP1 protein, of a GI Norovirus, aGII Norovirus, aGIII Norovirus, aGIV Norovirus, aGV Norovirus, aGVI Norovirus, or a GVII Norovirus.
  • aNorovirus antigenic protein is an antigenic protein of a GI. 1 Norovirus, aGII. 2 Norovirus, aGII. 3 Norovirus, aGII. 4 Norovirus, aGII. 6 Norovirus, or a GII. 17 Norovirus.
  • aNorovirus antigenic protein disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of the VP1 protein disclosed above.
  • the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise at least one of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, GVII-VLP, and any combinations thereof.
  • Gx-VLP refers to virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by an antigenic protein (such as the VP1 protein) molecules of genogroup Gx Norovirus.
  • the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may include GI-VLPs and GII-VLPs.
  • the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of GI-VLPs.
  • the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of GII-VLPs.
  • each Norovirus genogroup VLP may further comprise one or more Norovirus genotype VLP.
  • Gx. y-VLP refers to virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by an antigenic protein (such as the VP1 protein) molecules of the Gx. y Norovirus, and Gx. y refers to the genotype of the Norovirus.
  • GI. 1-VLP represents VLPs formed by VP1 protein molecules of GI. 1 Norovirus.
  • the Norovirus genotype VLP may be selected from GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, GII.
  • Each Norovirus genotype VLP may comprise at least one Norovirus genotype antigenic protein.
  • the Norovirus genotype antigenic protein may be an antigenic protein of a GI. 1 Norovirus, aGII. 2 Norovirus, aGII. 3 Norovirus, aGII. 4 Norovirus, aGII. 6 Norovirus, aGII. 17 Norovirus, and any combinations thereof.
  • the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of a particular genotype VLP, such as GI. 1-VLP.
  • the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise at least two Norovirus genotype VLPs.
  • the Norovirus VLPs may comprise a GI. 1-VLP comprising a plurality of GI. 1 antigenic protein molecules as well as a GII. 2-VLP comprising a plurality of GII. 2 antigenic protein molecules.
  • At least one Norovirus VLP of the Norovirus VLPs may be a heterogeneous VLP comprising one or more Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins of the GI. 1 Norovirus, GII. 2 Norovirus, GII. 3 Norovirus, GII. 4 Norovirus, GII. 6 Norovirus, GII. 17 Norovirus, or any combinations thereof.
  • the Norovirus VLP may comprise at least two Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins such as a combination of GI. 1 protein and a GII. 2 protein.
  • Other possible combinations of the Norovirus proteins of the same or different genotypes in a Norovirus VLP are within the scope of the present disclosure without restriction unless otherwise indicated.
  • the Norovirus VLPs may be expressed by recombinant vectors of a host cell.
  • the host cell may be a bacterial cell, an insect cell, amammalian cell, Escherichia coli (E. coli) , Pichia pastoris (yeast) , or a plant cell.
  • the recombinant vector may comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding the Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins described above.
  • the recombinant vector may comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and any combinations thereof. The nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 3 corresponds to the GII. 2 Norovirus
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 5 corresponds to GII. 3 Norovirus
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 7 corresponds to the GII. 4 Norovirus
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 9 corresponds to the GII. 6 Norovirus
  • nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 11 corresponds to the GII. 17 Norovirus.
  • the recombinant vector comprises a nucleotide sequence having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
  • the Norovirus antigenic proteins expressed by the recombinant vectors have one or more amino acid sequences selected from set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and any combinations thereof.
  • the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GI. 1 Norovirus;
  • the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 4 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GII. 2 Norovirus;
  • the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 3 Norovirus;
  • the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 8 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 4 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO.
  • aNorovirus antigenic protein disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
  • Norovirus proteins may be obtained by a process involving the use of the recombinant vectors and expression of the Norovirus antigenic proteins in a host cell.
  • the recombinant vectors are constructed, for example, by inserting nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 11 into recombinant vectors (e.g., pPink-hc vectors) , respectively.
  • the constructed recombinant vectors are identified and verified, for example, by nucleotide sequencing.
  • the verified recombinant vectors are transferred into a host cell (e.g., Pichia pastoris) for expression.
  • the recombinant vectors may be amplified and allowed for linearization in the host cells.
  • the host cells transformed with the recombinant vectors may be allowed to undergo fermentation and replication to generate a cell culture.
  • the cell culture contains the Norovirus antigenic proteins expressed from SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 11 of the recombinant vectors.
  • the cell culture may be allowed to undergo cell lysis to form a cell lysate as the source containing the Norovirus antigenic proteins.
  • the cell culture may be allowed to undergo an initial purification (e.g., centrifugation) , and a supernatant of the cell culture is collected as the source containing Norovirus antigenic proteins.
  • an initial purification e.g., centrifugation
  • a supernatant of the cell culture is collected as the source containing Norovirus antigenic proteins.
  • at last some of the Norovirus antigenic proteins of the cell culture may undergo self-assembly and form the Norovirus VLPs in the source.
  • Norovirus proteins and sources containing Norovirus proteins and/or Norovirus VLPs can be found in Chinese Patent Publication No. CN115677838, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
  • the vaccine composition disclosed herein comprises one or more adjuvants in combination with the Norovirus antigen, for example, the Norovirus VLPs.
  • Most adjuvants contain a substance designed to protect the antigen from rapid catabolism, such as aluminum hydroxide or mineral oil, and a stimulator of immune responses, such as Bordatella pertussis or mycobacterium tuberculosis derived proteins.
  • Suitable adjuvants are commercially available as, for example, Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Pifco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) ; Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inco, Rahway, NJ) ; aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine acylated sugars; cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; and Quil A.
  • Suitable adjuvants also include, but are not limited to, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, particularly toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR-4) agonists (e.g., rnonophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) , synthetic lipid A, lipid A mimetics or analogs) , aluminum salts, cytokines, saponins, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives, CpG oligos, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria, polyphosphazenes, emulsions, virosomes, cochleates, poly (lactide-co-glycolides) (PLG) microparticles, poloxamer particles, microparticles, liposomes, oil-in-water emulsions, MF59, and squalene.
  • the adjuvants are not bacterially-derived exotoxins.
  • Preferred adjuvants include adjuvants
  • avaccine composition disclosed herein comprises one or more aluminum adjuvants.
  • Small amounts of aluminum present in the vaccines can help the body build stronger immunity.
  • aluminum adjuvant refers to insoluble aluminum salts suitable for use as an adjuvant in humans and nonhuman animals. see Baylor et al, 2002, “Aluminum salts in vaccines--US perspective” Vaccine 20 Suppl 3: S18-23. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x (02) 00166-4.
  • Nonlimiting examples of aluminum adjuvants include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) .
  • aluminum adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide.
  • the aluminum adjuvant is in the form of aggregates of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles or microparticles. See Harris et al. 2012, Alhydrogel (R) adjuvant, ultrasonic dispersion and protein binding: aTEM and analytical study. Micron 43, 192-200; Li et al., 2017 “Aluminum (Oxy) Hydroxide Nanosticks Synthesized in Bicontinuous Reverse Microemulsion Have Potent Vaccine Adjuvant Activity” ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017; 9 (27) : 22893-22901. doi: 10.1021/acsami.
  • Aluminum adjuvants are readily available from a variety of commercial sources, for example, by InvivoGen (San Diego, CA) , Adju-Phos TM and by Croda (Snaith, United Kingdom) .
  • VLPs can be produced by expressing recombinant VP1 proteins in host cells.
  • the recombinant VP1 proteins are purified and self-assemble into VLPs in appropriate buffers.
  • Arecombinant VP1 for example, aVP1 of a Norovirus of a particular genotype, can be prepared by (a) obtaining a polynucleotide comprising a sequence that encodes a VP1; (b) introducing a VP1-encoding nucleic acid sequence into an expression vector.
  • the nucleic acid sequence encoding the VP1 protein sequence is linked to a promoter that drives transcription of the protein-encoding a sequence.
  • the VP1 protein can be expressed using art-known methods, e.g., acell based or cell-free expression system.
  • the polynucleotides are subcloned into a yeast expression vector, for example, vector pPink-hc (Invitrogen) .
  • the expression vector with the cloned sequences are introduced into yeast host cells to express the VP1 protein.
  • yeast expression systems that can be used for this purpose are commercially available, for example, aPichiaPink TM expression system, available from ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA.
  • the VP1 sequences of the Norovirus of six genotypes are used.
  • the amino acid sequence encoding the VP1 proteins and nucleic acid sequences are shown in Table 1.
  • the amino acid sequence of VP1 in the VLP is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 98%identical to any one of SEQ ID Nos 1-6.
  • VP1 molecules can self-assemble to form a VLP, which then can be purified and placed in a suitable buffer before being combined with adjuvants.
  • Typical components in the buffers include sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80 (PS80) .
  • the sodium chloride is in a concentration within the range of 10 ⁇ 280 mM.
  • L-histine is in a concentration within a range of 5 ⁇ 25 mM.
  • PS80 is in a concentration within the range 0.01 ⁇ 1% (W/V) .
  • the concentration of the VLP is typically in the range from 40 ⁇ g/ml to 800 ⁇ g/ml, from 60 ⁇ g/ml to 600 ⁇ g/ml, from 80 ⁇ g/ml to 400 ⁇ g/ml, from 120 ⁇ g/ml to 320 ⁇ g/ml, from 160 ⁇ g/ml to 280 ⁇ g/ml.
  • the pH is typically in a range from about 6.0 to about 8.0, from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or from about 6.8 to 7.2, or about 7.0.
  • the invention provides vaccine proteins and vaccine compositions prepared using the methods described herein.
  • Norovirus vaccine compositions in this disclosure can be prepared by (1) mixing the at least two genotypes of VLPs (for example, two, three, four five, six, or more genotypes of VLPs) and (2) combining the mixture of(1) with aluminum adjuvant and allow VLPs to be absorbed to the adjuvant.
  • Step (1) can be performed using any method of mixing, for example, stirring.
  • Step (2) is performed after step (1) is completed. Step (2) is further disclosed below.
  • V Absorbing VLPs to aluminum adjuvants
  • the method further includes a step of adsorbing the VLPs (two or more different genotypes of VLPs) to one or more aluminum adjuvants to produce a protein-adjuvant complex.
  • VLPs two or more different genotypes of VLPs
  • aluminum adjuvants to produce a protein-adjuvant complex.
  • Methods for combining a vaccine protein and aluminum adjuvant are well known. For a general description see HogenEsch et al., 2018, “Optimizing the utilization of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: you might just get what you want. ” npj Vaccines 3, 51 (2018) . Proteins are adsorbed by the adjuvant within intermolecular forces.
  • the VLP mixture and the aluminum adjuvant is mixed, e.g., using a mixer, to produce a suspension.
  • the suspension is the semi-finished product of the vaccine and is incubated at a suitable temperature, for example, between 2°C and 30°C, for example, from 4°C to 25 °C, or from 4°C to 20°C, for a specific period of time.
  • the incubation time may vary. In some embodiments, the incubation time is 5-30 minutes.
  • the VLP-adjuvant complex (absorbed fraction) will precipitate during the period of time.
  • the unabsorbed fraction remain in the supernatant.
  • the absorbed fraction and the unabsorbed fraction in the suspension can be separated by, for example, centrifugation or filtration.
  • the suspension is then centrifuged at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes, and the precipitate fraction resulted from the centrifugation (containing the VLP-adjuvant complex) can be collected.
  • An exemplary method of absorbing VLPs to aluminum adjuvants is also described in Example II, below.
  • the degree of absorption is determined as follows.
  • Avaccine sample is centrifuged, for example, at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes, to form a precipitate and a supernatant (supernatant 1, also referred to as Absorption Supernatant) .
  • the amount of antigen in the supernatant 1 is measured.
  • the vaccine sample is then treated with chemicals, such as, phosphate buffer with 0.1%polysorbate (PS) 80, so that the antigen is released from the adjuvant-a process referred to as desorption.
  • PS polysorbate
  • the mixture after desorption is then centrifuged, for example, at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes, to form a precipitate and a supernatant (supernatant 2, also referred to as the Desorption Supernatant) , and the amount of the antigen in the supernatant 2 is measured.
  • the degree of absorption is then calculated by the following equation: (the amount of antigen in the Desorption Supernatant-the amount of antigen in the Absorption Supernatant) /amount of antigen in the Desorption Supernatant) x100%
  • the degree of absorption is reflected as an absorption ratio, which is calculated by 100%times the value below:
  • the degree of absorption of VLPs to adjuvant in the vaccine composition is at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%.
  • compositions of the invention can be formulated for administration as vaccines compositions.
  • the term “vaccine” or “vaccine composition” refers to a formulation which contains Norovirus VLPs or other Norovirus antigens of the present invention as described above, which is in a form that is capable of being administered to a vertebrate, particularly a human, and, which induces a protective immune response sufficient to induce immunity to prevent and/or ameliorate a Norovirus infection or Norovirus-induced illness and/or to reduce at least one symptom of a Norovirus infection or illness.
  • multivalent Norovirus vaccine refers to a vaccine that comprises VP1 proteins from more than one genotypes of Norovirus.
  • the term "immune response” refers to both the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response.
  • the humoral immune response involves the stimulation of the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes that, for example, neutralize infectious agents, block infectious agents from entering cells, block replication of said infectious agents, and/or protect host cells from infection and destruction.
  • the cell-mediated immune response refers to an immune response that is mediated by T-lymphocytes and/or other cells, such as macrophages, against an infectious agent, exhibited by a vertebrate (e.g., ahuman) , that prevents or ameliorates infection or reduces at least one symptom thereof.
  • avaccine composition provided in this disclosure contains significantly less aluminum adjuvant.
  • the mass ratio of the total VLPs to the total adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition disclosed herein is less than 1: 5.
  • the mass ratio of the total VLPs to the total adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 0.5 to 1: 4, for example, from 1: 1 to 1: 3, from 1: 1 to 1: 2.5, from 1: 1 to 1: 2.2, or about 1: 2.
  • the aluminum adjuvant content in each dose is also significantly less than the existing Norovirus vaccines.
  • the amount of the aluminum adjuvant in each dose is less than 500 ⁇ g, less than 400 ⁇ g, less than 380 ⁇ g.
  • the amount of the aluminum adjuvant in each dose ranges from 10 ⁇ g to 499 ⁇ g, from 18 ⁇ g to 400 ⁇ g, from 150 ⁇ g to 375 ⁇ g.
  • the amount of the aluminum adjuvant in each dose is about 18.7 ⁇ g, about 187.5 ⁇ g, or about 375 ⁇ g.
  • a vaccine composition including at least two types of VLPs (i.e., VLPs derived from at least two genotypes of Norovirus) in combination with aluminum adjuvant and a buffer.
  • the buffer can be selected from the group consisting of PBS, L-histidine, imidazole, succinic acid, tris, citric acid, bis-tris, pipes, mes, hepes, glycine amide, and tricine.
  • the buffer is L-histidine or imidazole.
  • the buffer is present in a concentration from about 15 mM to about 50 mM, more preferably from about 18 mM to about 40 mMN, or most preferably about 20 n to about 25 mM.
  • the pH of the antigenic or vaccine composition is from about 6.0 to about 8.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 7.0.
  • the vaccine compositions further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including, but not limited to, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, amonium sulfate, and sodium citrate.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient including, but not limited to, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, amonium sulfate, and sodium citrate.
  • Components of the vaccine composition e.g., protein, aluminum adjuvants, excipient
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is sodium chloride.
  • the concentration of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can be from about 10 mM to about 200 mM, with preferred concentrations in the range of from about 100 mM to about 150 mM.
  • the vaccine compositions of the invention contain less than 2 mM of free phosphate.
  • the vaccine compositions comprise less than 1 mM of free phosphate.
  • the vaccine compositions may also further comprise other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as sugars (e.g., sucrose, trehalose, mannitol) and surfactants.
  • avaccine composition disclosed above are placed in packages and the packages are labeled with information for administration, storage, etc.
  • the vaccine composition can comprise about 5 ⁇ g to about 200 ⁇ g of each type of Norovirus VLP, e.g., about 2 ⁇ g to 100 ⁇ g, about 15 ⁇ g to about 50 ⁇ g, about 10 ⁇ g to 50 ⁇ g of each Norovirus VLP.
  • the dose of one type of Norovirus VLP is different than the dose of the other type of Norovirus VLP.
  • the vaccine composition comprises about 5 ⁇ g to about 15 ⁇ g of a GI VLP and about 15 ⁇ g to about 50 ⁇ g of a GII VLP.
  • the vaccine composition comprises about 15 ⁇ g to about 50 ⁇ g of a genogroup I VLP and about 50 ⁇ g to about 150 ⁇ g of a GII VLP, and the like.
  • Each dose of the vaccine composition is typically in a volume in the range of 0.2 ml to 1 ml, for example, 0.3 ml to 0.8 ml, 0.4 ml to 0.6 ml, or about 0.5 ml.
  • the vaccine composition is formulated as a liquid suspension (i.e., aqueous formulation) for parenteral injection, such as intravenous (i. v. ) , subcutaneous (s. c. ) , intradermal, or intramuscular (i. m. ) injection.
  • the vaccine composition can be formulated as an aqueous solution for administration as an aerosol or nasal drop.
  • the vaccine composition is formulated as dry powder for rapid disposition in the nasal passage of the patient.
  • Embodiment 1 is a method of preparing a Norovirus vaccine composition comprising: mixing different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs to form a Norovirus VLP mixture, combining the Norovirus VLP mixture with at least one adjuvant to form the Norovirus vaccine composition, in which the Norovirus VLPs are absorbed to the at least one adjuvant.
  • Embodiment 2 is the method of Embodiment 1, wherein the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise three, four, five, or six different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs.
  • Embodiment 3 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-2, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
  • Embodiment 4 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-3, wherein each VLP is in a buffer solution comprising one or more of sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80.
  • Embodiment 5 is the method of Embodiment (s) 4, wherein each VLP is in a concentration of 10 ⁇ g/mLto 200 ⁇ g/mL.
  • Embodiment 6 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-5, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5.
  • Embodiment 7 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-6, wherein each VLP comprises at least 90 VP1 protein molecules.
  • Embodiment 8 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-7, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
  • Embodiment 9 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-8, wherein the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genotypes of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  • Embodiment 10 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-9, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  • Embodiment 11 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-10, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  • Embodiment 12 is the method of Embodiment (s) 9-11, wherein the GI.
  • 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2; the GII.
  • 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4; the GII.
  • 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6; the GII.
  • 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8; the GII.
  • 6-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10; and the GII. 17-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • Embodiment 13 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-12, wherein the total amount of adjuvant in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 18.7 ⁇ g to 500 ⁇ g.
  • Embodiment 14 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-12, wherein the total amount of VLPs in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 30 ⁇ g to 600 ⁇ g.
  • Embodiment 15 is the method of Embodiment (s) 11, wherein at least one adjuvant comprises one or more aluminum adjuvant.
  • Embodiment 16 is the method of Embodiment (s) 11, wherein each of the one or more aluminum adjuvants is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) , and potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum) .
  • each of the one or more aluminum adjuvants is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) , and potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum) .
  • Embodiment 17 is a vaccine composition produced using the method in any one of Embodiment (s) s1-16.
  • Embodiment 18 is a vaccine composition of Embodiment (s) 17, comprising different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs absorbed to one or more aluminum adjuvant, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
  • Embodiment 19 is the vaccine composition of Embodiment (s) 17, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
  • Embodiment 20 is a method of treating a patient infected by Norovirus, wherein the method comprises administering a dose of Norovirus vaccine composition of any one of Embodiment (s) s17-19 to the patient.
  • Embodiment 21 is the method of Embodiment (s) 20, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly.
  • Embodiment 22 is the method of Embodiment (s) 20-21, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly at a dose of about 0.2 to 1 ml.
  • the titers of IgG antibodies in the sera (previously stored at-80°C) against each of the VLPs G1.1, G2.2, G2.3, G2.4, G2.6, and G2.17 were detected by indirect ELISA.
  • the procedures were as follows: amicrotiter plate was coated with the VLP proteins at 500 ng/100 ⁇ l/well, and stored in the refrigerator at 4°C overnight; the positive serum of each protein and corresponding negative control serum taken two days before immunization were taken and diluted by 2-fold serial dilution starting from 1: 500, with a total of 12 dilutions; test sera samples were diluted 1: 5000.
  • the microtiter plate coated with the VLP proteins were washed with PBS containing 0.01%Tween 20 (PBST) , and then blocked at 37°C for 1 h. After the plate was washed and blotted on absorbent paper to dry, the test sera samples were added to the wells, 100 ⁇ l/well. Two blank control wells (without sera) were set, and then incubated at 37°C for 2 h. The plate was washed with PBST and blotted on absorbent paper to dry. An antibody diluent was used to dilute secondary antibody Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (HRP) (1: 50000) and the diluted secondary antibody were added to the plate, 100 ⁇ l/well, at 37°C for 1 h.
  • HRP Goat Anti-Mouse IgG
  • the plate was then washed as described above. aTMB developing solution was then added at 100 ⁇ l/well to develop color for 10 min. At the end of the 10 min period, 2M H2SO4 was added at 50 ⁇ l/well to terminate the reaction. The OD values were read at 450 nm on a microplate reader.
  • PGM Porcine Gastric Mucin
  • HBGA human histo-blood group antigens
  • test sera samples were diluted by 2-fold serial dilution starting from 1: 100, with a total of 7 dilutions. 50 ⁇ l of the diluted sera is mixed and incubated with 50 ⁇ l VLPs for 75 minutes under 37°C.
  • Arabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the VLP was diluted 1: 1000 with PBS.
  • the diluted rabbit polyclonal antibody was added to the plate wells 100 ⁇ l/well and incubated at the room temperature for one hour.
  • OD 450 is proportional to the concentration of each target molecule. Plot the standard curve according to a 4-parameter logistic (Auto-Estimate) regression model using the theoretical concentrations as x-axis and the mean OD 450 values as y-axis of each STD by the Softmax Pro Software and calculate the concentration for AC and samples according to the standard curve to determine its Titer results which are used to be calculated for the absorption ratio of Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine and its final bulk.
  • Various reagents were prepared as follows:
  • Desorption Solution is prepared as follows: Mix 0.3 M PB: 1.00%PS80: Ultrapure Water at a volume ratio of 250: 30: 20 to prepare 0.25 M PB (0.1%PS80) as Desorption Solution. Prepare freshly before use.
  • Desorption Sample mix Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine or its final bulk sample or placebo with desorption solution gently at a volume ratio of 1: 1, then incubate it in an incubator at 37 ⁇ 1°C for 48-72 h.
  • Adsorption Ratio is calculated by 100%times the value below:
  • the hexavalent Norovirus vaccine described in this example comprises six genotypes of Norovirus VLPs. It covers the Norovirus genotypes GI. 1, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 17 that are persistent in Norovirus epidemics worldwide and GII. 2 and GII. 6, which have gradually become the major pathogens of recent Norovirus epidemics.
  • Norovirus vaccine in this disclosure can be prepared by (1) mixing the six genotypes of VLPs (GI. 1, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 17, GII. 2 and GII. 6) and (2) combining the mixture of (1) with aluminum adjuvant and allow VLPs to be absorbed to the adjuvant. Step (1) can be performed using any method of mixing, for example, stirring.
  • Step (2) is generally performed by mixing the VLPs with the adjuvant to produce a suspension.
  • the suspension was incubated at a suitable temperature, for example, between 2°C and 30°C, for example, from 4°C to 25°C, or from 4°C to 20°C, for a period of time, and the VLP-adjuvant complex will precipitate.
  • the temperature is room temperature.
  • the mixture was then centrifuged at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes and the precipitate fraction resulted from the centrifugation (containing the VLP-adjuvant complex) were be collected.
  • the degree of absorption is an indication whether the approach is suitable for preparation of vaccine, the higher the degree of the absorption, the better the method. Methods of testing the degree of absorption are well known in the art. One exemplary method is described in Example I.
  • the pH of the vaccine is also measured and adjusted to a range that is suitable for administration to patients, if needed.
  • the suitable pH is typically in a range from about 6.0 to about 8.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 7.0.
  • the method disclosed in this application comprises only two steps: step one, mixing all six genogroups of VLPs to produce a single mixture, and step two, absorbing the mixture of different genotypes of VLPs to the adjuvant. This simplifies procedures, improves efficiency, and reduces costs.
  • the method further comprises placing the vaccine into packages and labeling the packages with information for administration, storage, etc.
  • Table 1 shows that the properties of the hexavalent Norovirus vaccines prepared by the traditional methods and the methods of this disclosure are very similar: 100%of each genogroup of VLPs in each vaccine was absorbed by the adjuvant and the pH of both vaccines were also highly similar: 7.00 (prior art method) versus 7.01 (this method) .
  • Vaccine compositions having mass ratios of the protein to adjuvant 1: 1, 1: 1.25, and 1: 1.5, respectively, were tested for pH and degree of absorption.
  • the adjuvant amount in each of the vaccine compositions were from 300 ⁇ g/mL to 600 ⁇ g/mL from 375 ⁇ g/mL to 700 ⁇ g/mL, from 450 ⁇ g/mL to 900 ⁇ g/mL.
  • the protein to adjuvant ratio in each of the vaccine composition in this Example was significantly lower than that in the traditional vaccine; yet, surprisingly, all genogroups of VLPs were completely absorbed (Degree of absorption was 100%) in all these vaccine compositions.
  • Vaccines having such low adjuvant amount are expected to have less undesired side effect and thus can broad applications in patient care.
  • 6-to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 10 mice in each group.
  • Vaccines without adjuvant was administered to group 1
  • vaccines with different amounts of adjuvant (37.5 ⁇ g, 187.5 ⁇ g, 375 ⁇ g, and 500 ⁇ g) were administered to mice in groups 2-5.
  • Vaccines were administered intramuscularly on day 0, day 14 and day 28, Day 0 is the date when the drug is first given, 50 ⁇ l on each hind limb of the mouse, atotal of 100 microliters per mouse. Blood samples were collected from the orbit 2 days before each immunization and on Day 42, Day 56.
  • the blood samples were placed in a constant-temperature incubator at 37°C for 15 min and in a refrigerator at 4°C for 2 h.
  • the serum was separated by centrifugation at 5000 rpm, 4°C for 10 min, and at 12,000 rpm, 4°C for 20 min.
  • the serum was stored in a refrigerator at-80°C before use.
  • the titers of the anti-VLP antibodies in these mice well measured for binding and neutralization activity using methods described in Example I. The experimental designs are shown in Table 3.
  • FIG. 2A-2E The results of binding to GII, GII. 2, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 6, and GII. 17 are shown in FIG. 2A-2E, respectively.
  • FIG. 3A-3E The results of blocking antibody to GII, GII. 2, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 6, and GII. 17 are shown in FIG. 3A-3E, respectively.
  • No significance in terms of binding activity or the neutralization activity were observed as the aluminum content increased from 37.5 ug (group 2) to 500 ug (group 5) . This indicates that lowering the aluminum adjuvant to as low as 37.5 ⁇ g per dose, was able to elicit sufficient immune response.
  • a virus-like particle based bivalent vaccine confers dual protection against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infections in mice.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 (GI. 1 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 (GI. 1 VP1 amino acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 3 (GII. 2 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 (GII. 2 VP1 amino acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 5 (GII. 3 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 (GII. 3 VP1 amino acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 (GII. 4 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 8 (GII. 4 VP1 amino acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 (GII. 6 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 (GII. 6 VP1 amino acid sequence)
  • SEQ ID NO: 11 (GII. 17 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)

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Abstract

The present invention provides a method for preparing a Norovirus vaccine composition, a vaccine composition produced using this method, and a method of treating a patient infected by Norovirus. Said method comprises mixing VLPs of different Norovirus genogroups to form a mixture, which is then combined with at least one adjuvant, such that the VLPs are absorbed to the adjuvant.

Description

METHODS OF PREPARING NOROVIRUS VACCINE WITH LOW AMOUNTS OF ADJUVANT FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to the field of vaccines and, specifically, relates to a multivalent Norovirus vaccine and a preparation method thereof.
BACKGROUND
Human Norovirus is a non-enveloped, single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus of the family Caliciviridae. The virus is the major etiological agent of viral acute gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and characterized by local outbreaks worldwide. The virus is mainly transmitted by the fecal-oral route; it is also transmitted by contact with patients, contaminated food, infectious aerosols containing the virus, etc. Norovirus infection most commonly leads to vomiting and diarrhea, followed by nausea, abdominal pain, headache, fever, chills, muscle aches, etc., and may result in dehydration or even death in severe cases. Currently, there is no specific treatment for acute gastroenteritis caused by Norovirus and no corresponding prophylactic vaccine approved from human use. Routine preventive measures include providing health education for vulnerable populations, improving public awareness of protection, and promoting good personal hygiene practices.
Although vaccines are a promising approach to prevent the spread of the disease, it has been challenging to produce Norovirus vaccines, largely due to the lack of in vitro culture systems. Thus, there is a need to find ways to cost-effectively and efficiently produce live viruses in large quantities.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of preparing a Norovirus vaccine composition comprising: mixing different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs to form a Norovirus VLP mixture, combining the Norovirus VLP mixture with at least one adjuvant to form the Norovirus vaccine composition, in which the Norovirus VLPs are absorbed to the at least one adjuvant. In some embodiments, the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise three, four, five, or six different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs. In some embodiments, the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
In some embodiments, each VLP is in a buffer solution comprising one or more of sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80. In some embodiments, each VLP is in a concentration of 10μg/mL to 200μg/mL. In some embodiments, the Norovirus vaccine composition has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5. In some embodiments, each VLP comprises at least 60, 90, 180, or 270 VP1 protein molecules.
In some embodiments, the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP. In some embodiments, the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genotypes of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP. In some embodiments, the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP. In some embodiments, the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
In some embodiments, the GI. 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2; the GII. 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4; the GII. 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6; the GII. 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8; the GII. 6-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10; and the GII. 17-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12.
In some embodiments, wherein the total amount of adjuvant in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 18.7μg to 500μg. In some embodiments, wherein the total amount of VLPs in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 30μg to 600μg. In some embodiments, at least one adjuvant comprises one or more aluminum adjuvant.
In some embodiments, each of the one or more aluminum adjuvants is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) , and potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum) .
In some embodiments, provided herein is a vaccine composition produced using any one of the methods described above. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition comprises different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs absorbed to one or more aluminum adjuvant, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3. In some embodiments, the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating a patient infected by Norovirus, wherein the method comprises administering a dose of the Norovirus vaccine composition disclosed above to the patient. In some embodiments, the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly. In some embodiments, the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly at a dose of about 0.2 to 1 ml.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 compares two different methods of preparing Norovirus vaccine compositions. Process 1 is the traditional method, which comprises a step of absorbing each type of VLP to adjuvant separately. Process 2 is the method provided by this disclosure, which comprises a step of mixing all types of VLPs together before absorbing them to the adjuvant.
FIG. 2A-2E show the results of indirect ELISA performed to determine the VLP-binding activity of the antibodies in mouse sera.
FIG. 3A-3E show the results of in vitro blocking assay performed to determine the neutralization activity of the antibodies in mouse sera.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Terms and Definitions
Various embodiments are described hereinafter. It should be noted that the specific embodiments are not intended as an exhaustive description or as a limitation to the broader aspects discussed herein. One aspect described in conjunction with a particular embodiment is not necessarily limited to that embodiment and can be practiced with any other embodiment (s) .
The term “about” when used in conjunction with a value means any value that is reasonably close to the value, i.e., within the range of±20%of the value. In particular, it would include the value itself. For example, both a value of 120μl and a value of 80μl are deemed to be “about 100μl. ”
The embodiments of this disclosure are not limited to particular compositions and methods of use which can vary and are understood by skilled artisans. It is further to be understood that all terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting in any manner or scope. For example, as used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “an” and “the” can include plural referents unless the content clearly indicates otherwise. Further, all units, prefixes, and symbols may be denoted in its SI accepted form.
Numeric ranges recited within the specification are inclusive of the numbers within the defined range. Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of this disclosure are presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible sub-ranges as well as individual numerical values within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, and 5) .
The term “essentially, ” “about, ” “approximately” and the like in connection with an attribute or a value, particularly also define exactly the attribute or exactly the value, respectively. The term “about” in the context of a given numeric value or range relates in particular to a value or range that is within 20%, within 10%, or within 5%of the value or range given.
Also, the words “comprise, ” “comprising, ” “contains, ” “containing, ” “include, ” “including, ” and “includes, ” when used in this specification and in the following claims, are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, components, or steps, but they do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, components, steps, acts, or groups.
So that the present disclosure may be more readily understood, certain terms may be defined. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which embodiments of the disclosure pertain. Many methods and materials similar, modified, or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of the embodiments of the present disclosure without undue experimentation, the preferred materials and methods are described herein.
II. Introduction
Unlike traditional methods of preparing multivalent Norovirus vaccine, which requires separately absorbing each of the six genogroups of VLP to an adjuvant in six separate steps and then combine all of them together to constitute the hexavalent Norovirus vaccine in the last step, step 7, the method disclosed in this application comprises only two steps, one, mixing all six genogroups of VLPs to produce a single mixture and second, absorbing the mixture of different genotypes of VLPs to the adjuvant. This simplifies procedures, improves efficiency, and reduces costs. Additionally, the disclosure provided vaccine compositions having low amount of adjuvant per dose, can nonetheless induce sufficient immune response to protect patients from Norovirus infection. Using the low amount of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines can reduce pain and other adverse side effects associated with immunization.
I. Norovirus proteins, Norovirus VLPs
Noroviruses are single-stranded, positive sense RNA viruses. The viral genome encodes the production of the major capsid protein and a minor structural protein, respectively (Glass et al. 2000) . When expressed at high levels in eukaryotic expression systems, the capsid protein of the Norovirus self-assembles into VLPs that structurally mimic native Norovirus virions. When viewed by transmission electron microscopy, the VLPs are morphologically indistinguishable from infectious virions isolated from human stool samples. VLPs preserve the authentic confirmation of the viral capsid protein while lacking the infectious genetic material. Consequently, VLPs mimic the functional interactions of the virus with cellular receptors, thereby eliciting an appropriate host immune response while lacking the ability to reproduce or cause infection.
The Norovirus VLPs according to the present disclosure refer to aggregates or assemblies of the Norovirus proteins. In some embodiments, each Norovirus VLP comprises a plurality of Norovirus protein molecules (for example, the VP1 protein) connected to each other by ionic bonds. Atotal number of the Norovirus protein molecules in each VLP may be at least 60, at least 90, at least 120, at least 150, or at least 180. In some embodiments, the total number of the Norovirus protein molecules ranges from 90 to 300, or from 120 to 260, or from 150 to 200. In some embodiments, the total number of the Norovirus antigenic proteins in each VLP is about 60, 90, 180, or 270.
Noroviruses may be divided into at least 10 genogroups (GI-GX) and 49 genotypes. See, Chhabra et al., Journal of General Virology 2019; 100: 1393-1406. Each Norovirus genogroup (e.g., GI) may further comprise one or more Norovirus genotypes (e.g., GI. 1) . In some embodiments, the Norovirus proteins may comprise at least one of Norovirus genogroup proteins. Each Norovirus genogroup proteins may comprise at least one of Norovirus genotype proteins. The Norovirus genogroup or genotype protein may be a major capsid protein (VP1) of a Norovirus genogroup or genotype that is immunogenic and capable of inducing a protective immune response against the corresponding Norovirus genogroup or genotype. The “Norovirus proteins” according to the present disclosure are also referred to as “Norovirus antigenic proteins” and encompass the Norovirus genogroup antigenic proteins and the Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins.
In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroups comprise GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, GVII, GVIII, GIX, and GX. In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs may comprise at least one of Norovirus genogroup VLP. Each Norovirus genogroup VLP may comprises one or more Norovirus genogroup antigenic proteins or Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins. It should be noted other genogroups or genotypes of Norovirus not described herein are also possible within the scope of the present disclosure without restrictions unless otherwise indicated. The “Norovirus VLPs” according to the present disclosure encompass the Norovirus genogroup VLPs and the Norovirus genotype VLPs.
In some embodiments, aNorovirus antigenic protein is an antigenic protein, for example, aVP1 protein, of a GI Norovirus, aGII Norovirus, aGIII Norovirus, aGIV Norovirus, aGV Norovirus, aGVI Norovirus, or a GVII Norovirus. In some embodiments, aNorovirus antigenic protein is an antigenic protein of a GI. 1 Norovirus, aGII. 2 Norovirus, aGII. 3 Norovirus, aGII. 4 Norovirus, aGII. 6 Norovirus, or a GII. 17 Norovirus. In some embodiments, aNorovirus antigenic protein disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of any one of the VP1 protein disclosed above.
In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise at least one of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, GVII-VLP, and any combinations thereof. As used herein, the term “Gx-VLP” refers to virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by an antigenic protein (such as the VP1 protein) molecules of genogroup Gx Norovirus. In one example, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may include GI-VLPs and GII-VLPs. In another example, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of GI-VLPs. In yet another example, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of GII-VLPs.
In some embodiments, each Norovirus genogroup VLP may further comprise one or more Norovirus genotype VLP. As used herein, the term “Gx. y-VLP” refers to virus-like particles (VLPs) formed by an antigenic protein (such as the VP1 protein) molecules of the Gx. y Norovirus, and Gx. y refers to the genotype of the Norovirus. For example, GI. 1-VLP represents VLPs formed by VP1 protein molecules of GI. 1 Norovirus. The Norovirus genotype VLP may be selected from GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, GII. 17-VLP, and any combinations thereof. Each Norovirus genotype VLP may comprise at least one Norovirus genotype antigenic protein. The Norovirus genotype antigenic protein may be an antigenic protein of a GI. 1 Norovirus, aGII. 2 Norovirus, aGII. 3 Norovirus, aGII. 4 Norovirus, aGII. 6 Norovirus, aGII. 17 Norovirus, and any combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise or consist essentially of a particular genotype VLP, such as GI. 1-VLP. In some embodiments, the Norovirus genogroup VLPs may comprise at least two Norovirus genotype VLPs. As one example, the Norovirus VLPs may comprise a GI. 1-VLP comprising a plurality of GI. 1 antigenic protein molecules as well as a GII. 2-VLP comprising a plurality of GII. 2 antigenic protein molecules.
In some embodiments, at least one Norovirus VLP of the Norovirus VLPs may be a heterogeneous VLP comprising one or more Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins of the GI. 1 Norovirus, GII. 2 Norovirus, GII. 3 Norovirus, GII. 4 Norovirus, GII. 6 Norovirus, GII. 17 Norovirus, or any combinations thereof. In one example, the Norovirus VLP may comprise at least two Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins such as a combination of GI. 1 protein and a GII. 2 protein. Other possible combinations of the Norovirus proteins of the same or different genotypes in a Norovirus VLP are within the scope of the present disclosure without restriction unless otherwise indicated.
In some embodiments, the Norovirus VLPs may be expressed by recombinant vectors of a host cell. The host cell may be a bacterial cell, an insect cell, amammalian cell, Escherichia coli (E. coli) , Pichia pastoris (yeast) , or a plant cell. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector may comprise a nucleotide sequence encoding the Norovirus genotype antigenic proteins described above. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector may comprise a nucleotide sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and any combinations thereof. The nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1 corresponds to the VP1 nucleotide sequence of the GI. 1 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 3 corresponds to the GII. 2 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 5 corresponds to GII. 3 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 7 corresponds to the GII. 4 Norovirus; the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 9 corresponds to the GII. 6 Norovirus, and the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 11 corresponds to the GII. 17 Norovirus. In some embodiments, the recombinant vector comprises a nucleotide sequence having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%to a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, or 11.
In some embodiments, the Norovirus antigenic proteins expressed by the recombinant vectors have one or more amino acid sequences selected from set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and any combinations thereof. The amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 2 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GI. 1 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 4 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GII. 2 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 6 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 3 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 8 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 4 Norovirus; the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 10 corresponds to the VP1 protein of the GII. 6 Norovirus, and the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO. 12 corresponds to the VP1 protein of GII. 17 Norovirus. In some embodiments, aNorovirus antigenic protein disclosed herein comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 99%to an amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NOs. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12.
Norovirus proteins may be obtained by a process involving the use of the recombinant vectors and expression of the Norovirus antigenic proteins in a host cell. In one embodiment, the recombinant vectors are constructed, for example, by inserting nucleotide sequences set forth in SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 11 into recombinant vectors (e.g., pPink-hc vectors) , respectively. The constructed recombinant vectors are identified and verified, for example, by nucleotide sequencing. The verified recombinant vectors are transferred into a host cell (e.g., Pichia pastoris) for expression. The recombinant vectors may be amplified and allowed for linearization in the host cells. The host cells transformed with the recombinant vectors may be allowed to undergo fermentation and replication to generate a cell culture. The cell culture contains the Norovirus antigenic proteins expressed from SEQ ID NO. 1, SEQ ID NO. 3, SEQ ID NO. 5, SEQ ID NO. 7, SEQ ID NO. 9, and SEQ ID NO. 11 of the recombinant vectors. In some embodiments, the cell culture may be allowed to undergo cell lysis to form a cell lysate as the source containing the Norovirus antigenic proteins. In some embodiments, the cell culture may be allowed to undergo an initial purification (e.g., centrifugation) , and a supernatant of the cell culture is collected as the source containing Norovirus antigenic proteins. In some embodiments, at last some of the Norovirus antigenic proteins of the cell culture may undergo self-assembly and form the Norovirus VLPs in the source.
Additional examples of the Norovirus proteins and sources containing Norovirus proteins and/or Norovirus VLPs can be found in Chinese Patent Publication No. CN115677838, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
IV. Adjuvant
In some embodiments, the vaccine composition disclosed herein comprises one or more adjuvants in combination with the Norovirus antigen, for example, the Norovirus VLPs. Most adjuvants contain a substance designed to protect the antigen from rapid catabolism, such as aluminum hydroxide or mineral oil, and a stimulator of immune responses, such as Bordatella pertussis or mycobacterium tuberculosis derived proteins. Suitable adjuvants are commercially available as, for example, Freund’s Incomplete Adjuvant and Complete Adjuvant (Pifco Laboratories, Detroit, MI) ; Merck Adjuvant 65 (Merck and Company, Inco, Rahway, NJ) ; aluminum salts such as aluminum hydroxide gel (alum) or aluminum phosphate; salts of calcium, iron or zinc; an insoluble suspension of acylated tyrosine acylated sugars; cationically or anionically derivatized polysaccharides; polyphosphazenes; biodegradable microspheres; and Quil A.
Suitable adjuvants also include, but are not limited to, toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, particularly toll-like receptor type 4 (TLR-4) agonists (e.g., rnonophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) , synthetic lipid A, lipid A mimetics or analogs) , aluminum salts, cytokines, saponins, muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivatives, CpG oligos, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria, polyphosphazenes, emulsions, virosomes, cochleates, poly (lactide-co-glycolides) (PLG) microparticles, poloxamer particles, microparticles, liposomes, oil-in-water emulsions, MF59, and squalene. In some embodiments, the adjuvants are not bacterially-derived exotoxins. Preferred adjuvants include adjuvants which stimulate a Th 1 type response such as 3 DMPL or QS21.
In some embodiments, avaccine composition disclosed herein comprises one or more aluminum adjuvants. Small amounts of aluminum present in the vaccines can help the body build stronger immunity. As used herein, “aluminum adjuvant” refers to insoluble aluminum salts suitable for use as an adjuvant in humans and nonhuman animals. see Baylor et al, 2002, “Aluminum salts in vaccines--US perspective” Vaccine 20 Suppl 3: S18-23. doi:  10.1016/s0264-410x (02) 00166-4. Nonlimiting examples of aluminum adjuvants include aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate and amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) .
In some embodiments, aluminum adjuvant is aluminum hydroxide. In some embodiments, the aluminum adjuvant is in the form of aggregates of aluminum hydroxide nanoparticles or microparticles. See Harris et al. 2012, Alhydrogel (R) adjuvant, ultrasonic dispersion and protein binding: aTEM and analytical study. Micron 43, 192-200; Li et al., 2017 “Aluminum (Oxy) Hydroxide Nanosticks Synthesized in Bicontinuous Reverse Microemulsion Have Potent Vaccine Adjuvant Activity” ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2017; 9 (27) : 22893-22901. doi: 10.1021/acsami. 7b03965; Orr et al., 2019, ” Reprogramming the adjuvant properties of aluminum oxyhydroxide with nanoparticle technology” npj Vaccines 4, 1. doi. org/10.1038/s41541-018-0094-0.
Aluminum adjuvants are readily available from a variety of commercial sources, for example, by InvivoGen (San Diego, CA) , Adju-PhosTM and by Croda (Snaith, United Kingdom) .
II. Production of VLPs
VLPs can be produced by expressing recombinant VP1 proteins in host cells. The recombinant VP1 proteins are purified and self-assemble into VLPs in appropriate buffers. Arecombinant VP1, for example, aVP1 of a Norovirus of a particular genotype, can be prepared by (a) obtaining a polynucleotide comprising a sequence that encodes a VP1; (b) introducing a VP1-encoding nucleic acid sequence into an expression vector. Typically, the nucleic acid sequence encoding the VP1 protein sequence is linked to a promoter that drives transcription of the protein-encoding a sequence. The VP1 protein can be expressed using art-known methods, e.g., acell based or cell-free expression system.
In one embodiment, the polynucleotide sequences encoding VP1 of hexavalent Norovirus VP1 genes GI. 1, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 17 (Wang, et al. Viruses, 2018, 10: 27; Wang, et al. Vaccine, 2015, 33: 57799) , GII. 2 (VP1 GeneID: 38168211) , and GII. 6 (VP1 GenBank: KY407216.1) were synthesized by Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. after yeast genetic codon optimization. The polynucleotides are subcloned into a yeast expression vector, for example, vector pPink-hc (Invitrogen) . The expression vector with the cloned sequences are introduced into yeast host cells to express the VP1 protein. Yeast expression systems that can be used for this purpose are commercially available, for example, aPichiaPinkTM expression system, available from ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA.
In some embodiments, the VP1 sequences of the Norovirus of six genotypes (optimized nucleotide and amino acid sequences) are used. The amino acid sequence encoding the VP1 proteins and nucleic acid sequences are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Exemplary sequences of Norovirus of various genotypes
In some embodiments, the amino acid sequence of VP1 in the VLP is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 98%identical to any one of SEQ ID Nos 1-6.
Multiple VP1 molecules can self-assemble to form a VLP, which then can be purified and placed in a suitable buffer before being combined with adjuvants. Typical components in the buffers include sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80 (PS80) . In some embodiments, the sodium chloride is in a concentration within the range of 10~280 mM. L-histine is in a concentration within a range of 5~25 mM. PS80 is in a concentration within the range 0.01~1% (W/V) . The concentration of the VLP is typically in the range from 40μg/ml to 800μg/ml, from 60μg/ml to 600μg/ml, from 80μg/ml to 400μg/ml, from 120μg/ml to 320μg/ml, from 160μg/ml to 280μg/ml. The pH is typically in a range from about 6.0 to about 8.0, from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or from about 6.8 to 7.2, or about 7.0.
In an aspect, the invention provides vaccine proteins and vaccine compositions prepared using the methods described herein. Norovirus vaccine compositions in this disclosure can be prepared by (1) mixing the at least two genotypes of VLPs (for example, two, three, four five, six, or more genotypes of VLPs) and (2) combining the mixture of(1) with aluminum adjuvant and allow VLPs to be absorbed to the adjuvant. Step (1) can be performed using any method of mixing, for example, stirring. Step (2) is performed after step (1) is completed. Step (2) is further disclosed below.
V. Absorbing VLPs to aluminum adjuvants
In one approach, the method further includes a step of adsorbing the VLPs (two or more different genotypes of VLPs) to one or more aluminum adjuvants to produce a protein-adjuvant complex. Methods for combining a vaccine protein and aluminum adjuvant are well known. For a general description see HogenEsch et al., 2018, “Optimizing the utilization of aluminum adjuvants in vaccines: you might just get what you want. ” npj Vaccines 3, 51 (2018) . Proteins are adsorbed by the adjuvant within intermolecular forces. In some embodiments, the VLP mixture and the aluminum adjuvant is mixed, e.g., using a mixer, to produce a suspension. The suspension is the semi-finished product of the vaccine and is incubated at a suitable temperature, for example, between 2℃ and 30℃, for example, from 4℃ to 25 ℃, or from 4℃ to 20℃, for a specific period of time. The incubation time may vary. In some embodiments, the incubation time is 5-30 minutes. The VLP-adjuvant complex (absorbed fraction) will precipitate during the period of time. The unabsorbed fraction remain in the supernatant. The absorbed fraction and the unabsorbed fraction in the suspension can be separated by, for example, centrifugation or filtration. In some embodiments, the suspension is then centrifuged at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes, and the precipitate fraction resulted from the centrifugation (containing the VLP-adjuvant complex) can be collected. An exemplary method of absorbing VLPs to aluminum adjuvants is also described in Example II, below. By filling our semi-finished product to a pre-filled syringe, we obtain the finished vaccine.
In some embodiments, the degree of absorption is determined as follows. Avaccine sample is centrifuged, for example, at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes, to form a precipitate and a supernatant (supernatant 1, also referred to as Absorption Supernatant) . The amount of antigen in the supernatant 1 is measured. The vaccine sample is then treated with chemicals, such as, phosphate buffer with 0.1%polysorbate (PS) 80, so that the antigen is released from the adjuvant-a process referred to as desorption. The mixture after desorption is then centrifuged, for example, at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes, to form a precipitate and a supernatant (supernatant 2, also referred to as the Desorption Supernatant) , and the amount of the antigen in the supernatant 2 is measured. The degree of absorption is then calculated by the following equation: (the amount of antigen in the Desorption Supernatant-the amount of antigen in the Absorption Supernatant) /amount of antigen in the Desorption Supernatant) x100%
In some embodiments, the degree of absorption is reflected as an absorption ratio, which is calculated by 100%times the value below:
In some embodiments, the degree of absorption of VLPs to adjuvant in the vaccine composition is at least 90%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%.
IV. Pharmaceutical formulation
As discussed herein, the compositions of the invention can be formulated for administration as vaccines compositions. As used herein, the term “vaccine” or “vaccine composition” refers to a formulation which contains Norovirus VLPs or other Norovirus antigens of the present invention as described above, which is in a form that is capable of being administered to a vertebrate, particularly a human, and, which induces a protective immune response sufficient to induce immunity to prevent and/or ameliorate a Norovirus infection or Norovirus-induced illness and/or to reduce at least one symptom of a Norovirus infection or illness.
The term “multivalent Norovirus vaccine” refers to a vaccine that comprises VP1 proteins from more than one genotypes of Norovirus.
As used herein, the term "immune response" refers to both the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response. The humoral immune response involves the stimulation of the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes that, for example, neutralize infectious agents, block infectious agents from entering cells, block replication of said infectious agents, and/or protect host cells from infection and destruction. The cell-mediated immune response refers to an immune response that is mediated by T-lymphocytes and/or other cells, such as macrophages, against an infectious agent, exhibited by a vertebrate (e.g., ahuman) , that prevents or ameliorates infection or reduces at least one symptom thereof.
Unlike existing Norovirus vaccines, which typically contain a large amount of aluminum adjuvant. For example, these vaccines typically have a mass ratio of the antigen to adjuvant in the range of from 1: 5 to 1: 10, avaccine composition provided in this disclosure contains significantly less aluminum adjuvant. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the total VLPs to the total adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition disclosed herein is less than 1: 5. In some embodiments, the mass ratio of the total VLPs to the total adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 0.5 to 1: 4, for example, from 1: 1 to 1: 3, from 1: 1 to 1: 2.5, from 1: 1 to 1: 2.2, or about 1: 2.
In terms of dosage, the aluminum adjuvant content in each dose is also significantly less than the existing Norovirus vaccines. In some embodiments, the amount of the aluminum adjuvant in each dose is less than 500μg, less than 400μg, less than 380μg. In some embodiments, the amount of the aluminum adjuvant in each dose ranges from 10μg to 499μg, from 18μg to 400μg, from 150μg to 375μg. In some embodiments, the amount of the aluminum adjuvant in each dose is about 18.7μg, about 187.5μg, or about 375μg.
Buffer
In some embodiments, provided herein is a vaccine composition including at least two types of VLPs (i.e., VLPs derived from at least two genotypes of Norovirus) in combination with aluminum adjuvant and a buffer. The buffer can be selected from the group consisting of PBS, L-histidine, imidazole, succinic acid, tris, citric acid, bis-tris, pipes, mes, hepes, glycine amide, and tricine. In one embodiment, the buffer is L-histidine or imidazole. Preferably, the buffer is present in a concentration from about 15 mM to about 50 mM, more preferably from about 18 mM to about 40 mMN, or most preferably about 20 n to about 25 mM. In some embodiments, the pH of the antigenic or vaccine composition is from about 6.0 to about 8.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 7.0.
Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients
In some embodiments, the vaccine compositions further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, including, but not limited to, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium sulfate, amonium sulfate, and sodium citrate. Components of the vaccine composition (e.g., protein, aluminum adjuvants, excipient) can be combined in any order. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is sodium chloride. The concentration of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can be from about 10 mM to about 200 mM, with preferred concentrations in the range of from about 100 mM to about 150 mM. Preferably, the vaccine compositions of the invention contain less than 2 mM of free phosphate. In some embodiments, the vaccine compositions comprise less than 1 mM of free phosphate. The vaccine compositions may also further comprise other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, such as sugars (e.g., sucrose, trehalose, mannitol) and surfactants.
In some cases, avaccine composition disclosed above are placed in packages and the packages are labeled with information for administration, storage, etc.
Dosage
The vaccine composition can comprise about 5μg to about 200μg of each type of Norovirus VLP, e.g., about 2μg to 100μg, about 15μg to about 50μg, about 10μg to 50μg of each Norovirus VLP. In some embodiments, the dose of one type of Norovirus VLP is different than the dose of the other type of Norovirus VLP. For instance, in certain embodiments, the vaccine composition comprises about 5μg to about 15μg of a GI VLP and about 15μg to about 50μg of a GII VLP. In other embodiments, the vaccine composition comprises about 15μg to about 50μg of a genogroup I VLP and about 50μg to about 150μg of a GII VLP, and the like. Each dose of the vaccine composition is typically in a volume in the range of 0.2 ml to 1 ml, for example, 0.3 ml to 0.8 ml, 0.4 ml to 0.6 ml, or about 0.5 ml.
Administration
Various administration routes can be used to introduce the vaccine composition to a patient in need thereof. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition is formulated as a liquid suspension (i.e., aqueous formulation) for parenteral injection, such as intravenous (i. v. ) , subcutaneous (s. c. ) , intradermal, or intramuscular (i. m. ) injection. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition can be formulated as an aqueous solution for administration as an aerosol or nasal drop. In some embodiments, the vaccine composition is formulated as dry powder for rapid disposition in the nasal passage of the patient.
EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
The present disclosure further includes embodiments set out in the following numbered clauses.
Embodiment 1 is a method of preparing a Norovirus vaccine composition comprising: mixing different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs to form a Norovirus VLP mixture, combining the Norovirus VLP mixture with at least one adjuvant to form the Norovirus vaccine composition, in which the Norovirus VLPs are absorbed to the at least one adjuvant.
Embodiment 2 is the method of Embodiment 1, wherein the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise three, four, five, or six different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs.
Embodiment 3 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-2, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
Embodiment 4 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-3, wherein each VLP is in a buffer solution comprising one or more of sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80.
Embodiment 5 is the method of Embodiment (s) 4, wherein each VLP is in a concentration of 10μg/mLto 200μg/mL.
Embodiment 6 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-5, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5.
Embodiment 7 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-6, wherein each VLP comprises at least 90 VP1 protein molecules.
Embodiment 8 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-7, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
Embodiment 9 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-8, wherein the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genotypes of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
Embodiment 10 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-9, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
Embodiment 11 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-10, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
Embodiment 12 is the method of Embodiment (s) 9-11, wherein the GI. 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2; the GII. 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4; the GII. 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6; the GII. 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8; the GII. 6-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10; and the GII. 17-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12.
Embodiment 13 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-12, wherein the total amount of adjuvant in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 18.7μg to 500μg.
Embodiment 14 is the method of Embodiment (s) 1-12, wherein the total amount of VLPs in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 30μg to 600μg.
Embodiment 15 is the method of Embodiment (s) 11, wherein at least one adjuvant comprises one or more aluminum adjuvant.
Embodiment 16 is the method of Embodiment (s) 11, wherein each of the one or more aluminum adjuvants is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) , and potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum) .
Embodiment 17 is a vaccine composition produced using the method in any one of Embodiment (s) s1-16.
Embodiment 18 is a vaccine composition of Embodiment (s) 17, comprising different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs absorbed to one or more aluminum adjuvant, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
Embodiment 19 is the vaccine composition of Embodiment (s) 17, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
Embodiment 20 is a method of treating a patient infected by Norovirus, wherein the method comprises administering a dose of Norovirus vaccine composition of any one of Embodiment (s) s17-19 to the patient.
Embodiment 21 is the method of Embodiment (s) 20, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly.
Embodiment 22 is the method of Embodiment (s) 20-21, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly at a dose of about 0.2 to 1 ml.
EXAMPLES
I. General methods
1. Indirect ELISA for the determination of binding activity to VLPs of IgGs in sera
The titers of IgG antibodies in the sera (previously stored at-80℃) against each of the VLPs G1.1, G2.2, G2.3, G2.4, G2.6, and G2.17 were detected by indirect ELISA. The procedures were as follows: amicrotiter plate was coated with the VLP proteins at 500 ng/100μl/well, and stored in the refrigerator at 4℃ overnight; the positive serum of each protein and corresponding negative control serum taken two days before immunization were taken and diluted by 2-fold serial dilution starting from 1: 500, with a total of 12 dilutions; test sera samples were diluted 1: 5000. The microtiter plate coated with the VLP proteins were washed with PBS containing 0.01%Tween 20 (PBST) , and then blocked at 37℃ for 1 h. After the plate was washed and blotted on absorbent paper to dry, the test sera samples were added to the wells, 100μl/well. Two blank control wells (without sera) were set, and then incubated at 37℃ for 2 h. The plate was washed with PBST and blotted on absorbent paper to dry. An antibody diluent was used to dilute secondary antibody Goat Anti-Mouse IgG (HRP) (1: 50000) and the diluted secondary antibody were added to the plate, 100μl/well, at 37℃ for 1 h. The plate was then washed as described above. aTMB developing solution was then added at 100μl/well to develop color for 10 min. At the end of the 10 min period, 2M H2SO4 was added at 50 μl/well to terminate the reaction. The OD values were read at 450 nm on a microplate reader.
2. In vitro blocking assay for the determination of the neutralization activity of the IgGs in mouse sera.
(1) the microtiter plate was coated with the Porcine Gastric Mucin (PGM) at 20μg/mL in PBS, 100μl/well, and stored in the refrigerator at 4℃ overnight. PGM comprises human histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) , which compete with the antibody produced by the vaccination in binding the vaccines.
(2) The test sera samples were diluted by 2-fold serial dilution starting from 1: 100, with a total of 7 dilutions. 50μl of the diluted sera is mixed and incubated with 50μl VLPs for 75 minutes under 37℃.
(3) The microtiter plate coated with the PGM proteins was washed with PBS containing 0.01%Tween 20 (PBST) , and then blocked with 5%skimmed milk at room temperature for 1 h.
(4) The liquid in each well was removed. The entire plate was washed with PBST and blotted on absorbent paper to dry. The samples from step (2) above were added to the plate, 100μl/well. At the same time, wells with VLPs but no sera were included as controls. The plate was sealed and incubated at room temperature for 75 minutes.
(5) Arabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the VLP was diluted 1: 1000 with PBS. The diluted rabbit polyclonal antibody was added to the plate wells 100μl/well and incubated at the room temperature for one hour.
(6) The liquid in each well was removed. The entire plate was washed with PBST and blotted on absorbent paper to dry. An antibody diluent was used to dilute Goat Anti-Rabit IgG (HRP) (1: 10000) and the diluted antibody was added to the plate, 100μL/well, at 37℃ for 1 h.
(7) The plate was washed. TMB developing solution was then added at 100μL/well to develop color for 10 min. 2M H2SO4 was then added at 50μl/well to terminate the reaction. The OD values were read at 450 nm on a microplate reader.
2. Test degree of absorption.
Degree of Adsorption for Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine and its final bulk was calculated by simultaneously detecting the amount of each target molecule in the supernatant of the sample after adsorption with aluminum adjuvant and the supernatant of the sample after desorption. Anti-XX (XX represents the name of each target molecule, for example, VP1 of GI. 1 Norovirus) antibody specific to each target molecule as the coating antibody and biotin Anti-XX (XX represents the name of each target molecule) antibody as the primary antibody. The immune reactions among each target molecule in the and sample, its corresponding coating antibody and primary antibody, resulting in formation of a sandwich complex, respectively. After added Streptavidin-HRP, as the secondary antibody, is specifically bound to the primary antibody. Finally, the added TMB is catalyzed by the HRP to produce a color reaction. Terminate the reaction and read the OD450. The OD450 determined is proportional to the concentration of each target molecule. Plot the standard curve according to a 4-parameter logistic (Auto-Estimate) regression model using the theoretical concentrations as x-axis and the mean OD450 values as y-axis of each STD by the Softmax Pro Software and calculate the concentration for AC and samples according to the standard curve to determine its Titer results which are used to be calculated for the absorption ratio of Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine and its final bulk. Various reagents were prepared as follows:
Desorption Solution is prepared as follows: Mix 0.3 M PB: 1.00%PS80: Ultrapure Water at a volume ratio of 250: 30: 20 to prepare 0.25 M PB (0.1%PS80) as Desorption Solution. Prepare freshly before use.
Desorption Sample: mix Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine or its final bulk sample or placebo with desorption solution gently at a volume ratio of 1: 1, then incubate it in an incubator at 37±1℃ for 48-72 h.
Preparation of Adsorption Supernatant Sample: Centrifuge at least 400.0μL Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine or its final bulk sample at 845 rcf, 4℃ for 10 min, gently pipette the supernatant as adsorption supernatant sample with the stability of 4 days at 2-8℃. The volume of Recombinant Norovirus Hexavalent Vaccine or its final bulk sample can be adjusted as need.
Preparation of Desorption Supernatant Sample: Centrifuge the desorption sample (prepared in 10.1. ) at 845 rcf, 4℃ for 10 min, gently pipette the supernatant as desorption supernatant sample with the stability of 4 days at 2-8℃.
Adsorption Ratio is calculated by 100%times the value below:
II. Vaccine preparation method
The hexavalent Norovirus vaccine described in this example comprises six genotypes of Norovirus VLPs. It covers the Norovirus genotypes GI. 1, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 17 that are persistent in Norovirus epidemics worldwide and GII. 2 and GII. 6, which have gradually become the major pathogens of recent Norovirus epidemics. Norovirus vaccine in this disclosure can be prepared by (1) mixing the six genotypes of VLPs (GI. 1, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 17, GII. 2 and GII. 6) and (2) combining the mixture of (1) with aluminum adjuvant and allow VLPs to be absorbed to the adjuvant.  Step (1) can be performed using any method of mixing, for example, stirring. Step (2) is generally performed by mixing the VLPs with the adjuvant to produce a suspension. The suspension was incubated at a suitable temperature, for example, between 2℃ and 30℃, for example, from 4℃ to 25℃, or from 4℃ to 20℃, for a period of time, and the VLP-adjuvant complex will precipitate. In some embodiments, the temperature is room temperature. The mixture was then centrifuged at 50-300 rpm for 5-30 minutes and the precipitate fraction resulted from the centrifugation (containing the VLP-adjuvant complex) were be collected.
The degree of absorption is an indication whether the approach is suitable for preparation of vaccine, the higher the degree of the absorption, the better the method. Methods of testing the degree of absorption are well known in the art. One exemplary method is described in Example I. The pH of the vaccine is also measured and adjusted to a range that is suitable for administration to patients, if needed. The suitable pH is typically in a range from about 6.0 to about 8.0, or from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or about 7.0.
Unlike traditional methods of preparing a hexavalent Norovirus vaccine, which require separately absorbing each of the six genogroups of VLP to an adjuvant in six separate steps and then combine all of them together to constitute the hexavalent Norovirus vaccine in the last step, step 7, the method disclosed in this application comprises only two steps: step one, mixing all six genogroups of VLPs to produce a single mixture, and step two, absorbing the mixture of different genotypes of VLPs to the adjuvant. This simplifies procedures, improves efficiency, and reduces costs. In some embodiments, the method further comprises placing the vaccine into packages and labeling the packages with information for administration, storage, etc.
Table 1. Properties of the vaccine prepared according to the traditional methods and methods in this disclosure.

Table 1 shows that the properties of the hexavalent Norovirus vaccines prepared by the traditional methods and the methods of this disclosure are very similar: 100%of each genogroup of VLPs in each vaccine was absorbed by the adjuvant and the pH of both vaccines were also highly similar: 7.00 (prior art method) versus 7.01 (this method) .
III. Vaccine compositions with low amount of adjuvant
Table 2. Adjuvant amounts in the vaccine compositions

Vaccine compositions having mass ratios of the protein to adjuvant 1: 1, 1: 1.25, and 1: 1.5, respectively, were tested for pH and degree of absorption. The adjuvant amount in each of the vaccine compositions were from 300 μg/mL to 600μg/mL from 375μg/mL to 700μg/mL, from 450μg/mL to 900μg/mL. The protein to adjuvant ratio in each of the vaccine composition in this Example was significantly lower than that in the traditional vaccine; yet, surprisingly, all genogroups of VLPs were completely absorbed (Degree of absorption was 100%) in all these vaccine compositions. Vaccines having such low adjuvant amount are expected to have less undesired side effect and thus can broad applications in patient care.
IV. In vivo study
6-to 8-week-old female BALB/c mice (SPF) were randomly divided into 5 groups, with 10 mice in each group. Vaccines without adjuvant was administered to group 1, vaccines with different amounts of adjuvant (37.5μg, 187.5μg, 375μg, and 500μg) were administered to mice in groups 2-5. Vaccines were administered intramuscularly on day 0, day 14 and day 28, Day 0 is the date when the drug is first given, 50μl on each hind limb of the mouse, atotal of 100 microliters per mouse. Blood samples were collected from the orbit 2 days before each immunization and on Day 42, Day 56. The blood samples were placed in a constant-temperature incubator at 37℃ for 15 min and in a refrigerator at 4℃ for 2 h. The serum was separated by centrifugation at 5000 rpm, 4℃ for 10 min, and at 12,000 rpm, 4℃ for 20 min. The serum was stored in a refrigerator at-80℃ before use. The titers of the anti-VLP antibodies in these mice well measured for binding and neutralization activity using methods described in Example I. The experimental designs are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Experimental designs to determine the optimal aluminum adjuvant in Norovirus vaccines
The results of binding to GII, GII. 2, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 6, and GII. 17 are shown in FIG. 2A-2E, respectively.
The results of blocking antibody to GII, GII. 2, GII. 3, GII. 4, GII. 6, and GII. 17 are shown in FIG. 3A-3E, respectively. No significance in terms of binding activity or the neutralization activity were observed as the aluminum content increased from 37.5 ug (group 2) to 500 ug (group 5) . This indicates that lowering the aluminum adjuvant to as low as 37.5μg per dose, was able to elicit sufficient immune response.
List of references:
1. Ku, Z., Liu, Q., Ye, X., Cai, Y., Wang, X., Shi, J., Li, D., Jin, X., An, W. and Huang, Z., A virus-like particle based bivalent vaccine confers dual protection against enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 infections in mice. Vaccine 2014. 32: 4296-4303.
2. Malm, M., Vesikari, T. and Blazevic, V., Simultaneous Immunization with Multivalent Norovirus
3. van Loon, A.M. and van der Veen, J., Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for quantitation of toxoplasma antibodies in human sera. J Clin Pathol 1980. 33: 635-639.
4. Jin, Y., Kim, H.J., Yim, G.W., Kim, Y.T., Chang, D.Y. and Kim, H.J., A single serum dilution enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determining anti-human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody titres in humans immunised with prophylactic HPV vaccines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012. 66: 352-355.
6. Jian, Z,. Cao, Z., Ma, S., Gao, W., Zhang X., Wang, X., Yuan J., Comparison of single dilution indirect ELISA and endpoint neutralization test for detecting calf rotavirus vaccine antibody titers. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences 2008. 4: 733-737.
ILLUSTRATIVE SEQUENCES:
SEQ ID NO: 1: (GI. 1 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
SEQ ID NO: 2: (GI. 1 VP1 amino acid sequence)

SEQ ID NO: 3: (GII. 2 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
SEQ ID NO: 4: (GII. 2 VP1 amino acid sequence)

SEQ ID NO: 5: (GII. 3 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
SEQ ID NO: 6: (GII. 3 VP1 amino acid sequence)

SEQ ID NO: 7: (GII. 4 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
SEQ ID NO: 8: (GII. 4 VP1 amino acid sequence)

SEQ ID NO: 9: (GII. 6 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
SEQ ID NO: 10: (GII. 6 VP1 amino acid sequence)

SEQ ID NO: 11: (GII. 17 VP1 nucleic acid sequence)
SEQ ID NO: 12: (GII. 17 VP1 amino acid sequence)

Claims (22)

  1. A method of preparing a Norovirus vaccine composition comprising:
    mixing different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs to form a Norovirus VLP mixture,
    combining the Norovirus VLP mixture with at least one adjuvant to form the Norovirus vaccine composition, in which the Norovirus VLPs are absorbed to the at least one adjuvant.
  2. The method of claim 1, wherein the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise three, four, five, or six different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs.
  3. The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
  4. The method of claim 1, wherein each VLP is in a buffer solution comprising one or more of sodium chloride, L-histidine and Polysorbate 80.
  5. The method of claim 4, wherein each VLP is in a concentration of 10μg/mLto 200μg/mL.
  6. The method of claim 1, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition has a pH in the range of 6.5 to 7.5.
  7. The method of claim 1, wherein each VLP comprises at least 90 VP1 protein molecules.
  8. The method of claim 1, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
  9. The method of claim 1, wherein the different genotypes of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genotypes of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  10. The method of claim 1, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  11. The method of claim 1, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise GI. 1-VLP, GII. 2-VLP, GII. 3-VLP, GII. 4-VLP, GII. 6-VLP, and GII. 17-VLP.
  12. The method of claim 8, wherein,
    the GI. 1-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2;
    the GII. 2-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4;
    the GII. 3-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6;
    the GII. 4-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8;
    the GII. 6-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10; and
    the GII. 17-VLP comprises an amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6 or an amino acid sequence at least 80%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12.
  13. The method of claim 1, wherein the total amount of adjuvant in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 18.7μg to 500μg.
  14. The method of claim 1, wherein the total amount of VLPs in each dose of the vaccine composition ranges from 30μg to 600μg.
  15. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one adjuvant comprises one or more aluminum adjuvant.
  16. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the one or more aluminum adjuvants is selected from the group consisting of aluminum hydroxide, aluminum phosphate, amorphous aluminum hydroxyphosphate sulfate (AAHS) , and potassium aluminum sulfate (Alum) .
  17. A vaccine composition produced using the method in any one of claims 1-16.
  18. A vaccine composition of claim 17, comprising different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs absorbed to one or more aluminum adjuvant, wherein the ratio of the total mass of VLPs to the total mass of the at least one adjuvant in the Norovirus vaccine composition ranges from 1: 1 to 1: 3.
  19. The vaccine composition of claim 17, wherein the different genogroups of Norovirus VLPs comprise one or more genogroups of VLP selected from the group consisting of GI-VLP, GII-VLP, GIII-VLP, GIV-VLP, GV-VLP, GVI-VLP, and GVII-VLP.
  20. A method of treating a patient infected by Norovirus, wherein the method comprises administering a dose of Norovirus vaccine composition of any one of claims 17-19 to the patient.
  21. The method of claim 20, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly.
  22. The method of claim 21, wherein the Norovirus vaccine composition is administered intramuscularly at a dose of about 0.2 to 1 ml.
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