WO2025074524A1 - Terminal, wireless communication method, and base station - Google Patents

Abstract

A terminal according to one aspect of the present disclosure comprises: a measurement unit that evaluates radio link quality on the basis of a threshold value different between a first time instance with an associated prediction value and a second time instance with an associated measurement value; and a control unit that executes beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) on the basis of the evaluation of the radio link quality. According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a beam failure detection (BFD)/beam failure recovery (BFR) procedure based on prediction can be suitably implemented.

Description

Terminal, wireless communication method and base station

This disclosure relates to terminals, wireless communication methods, and base stations in next-generation mobile communication systems.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was specified for Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) networks with the aim of achieving higher data rates and lower latency (Non-Patent Document 1). In addition, LTE-Advanced (3GPP Rel. 10-14) was specified for the purpose of achieving higher capacity and greater sophistication over LTE (Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP (registered trademark)) Release (Rel.) 8, 9).

Successor systems to LTE (e.g., 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 5G+ (plus), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), New Radio (NR), 3GPP Rel. 15 and later, etc.) are also under consideration.

3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0 “Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Univers al　Terrestrial　Radio　Access　Network　(E-UTRAN);　Overall　description;　Stage 2　(Release　8)”, April 2010

In terms of future wireless communication technologies, the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network/device control and management is being considered.

The use of beam prediction is being considered for future wireless communication technologies (e.g., Rel. 18, 19 NR). If a UE can perform such beam prediction, it is conceivable that the Beam Failure Detection (BFD)/Beam Failure Recovery (BFR) procedures will be performed based on the predicted values, but no progress has been made in considering how to perform the related settings/controls. Unless these are clearly specified, it may be impossible to perform optimal BFD/BFR, which may hinder improvements in communication throughput/communication quality.

Therefore, one of the objectives of this disclosure is to provide a terminal, a wireless communication method, and a base station that can optimally implement a BFD/BFR procedure based on prediction.

A terminal according to one embodiment of the present disclosure has a measurement unit that evaluates radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which a predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which a measured value is associated, and a control unit that performs beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

According to one aspect of the present disclosure, a prediction-based Beam Failure Detection (BFD)/Beam Failure Recovery (BFR) procedure can be preferably implemented.

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a predicted time instance in the first embodiment. FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to an embodiment. FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment.

(Application of Artificial Intelligence (AI)) Technology to Wireless Communications)
Regarding future wireless communication technologies, the use of AI technologies such as machine learning (ML) for network/device control and management is being considered.

For example, it is being considered that terminals (user equipment (UE))/base stations (BS)) will utilize AI technology to improve channel state information (CSI) feedback (e.g., reducing overhead, improving accuracy, prediction), improve beam management (e.g., improving accuracy, prediction in the time/space domain), and improve position measurement (e.g., improving position estimation/prediction).

The AI model may output at least one piece of information such as an estimate, a prediction, a selected action, a classification, etc. based on the input information. The UE/BS may input channel state information, reference signal measurements, etc. to the AI model, and output highly accurate channel state information/measurements/beam selection/position, future channel state information/radio link quality, etc.

In this disclosure, AI may be interpreted as an object (also called a target, object, data, function, program, etc.) having (implementing) at least one of the following characteristics:
- Estimation based on observed or collected information;
- making choices based on observed or collected information;
- Predictions based on observed or collected information.

In this disclosure, estimation, prediction, and inference may be interpreted as interchangeable. Also, in this disclosure, estimate, predict, and infer may be interpreted as interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, an object may be, for example, an apparatus such as a UE or a BS, or a device. Also, in the present disclosure, an object may correspond to a program/model/entity that operates in the apparatus.

For future wireless communication technologies (e.g., Rel. 18, 19 NR), the following beam projections are considered:
Temporal beam prediction: the UE can predict future measurements of reference signals (e.g. Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP));
Spatial domain beam prediction: the UE can predict measurements of reference signals different from the measured ones;
Frequency domain beam prediction: The UE can predict measurements of reference signals at frequencies different from the frequency of the measured reference signal.

If the UE is capable of performing such beam prediction, it is conceivable that the Beam Failure Detection (BFD)/Beam Failure Recovery (BFR) procedures could be performed based on the predicted values, but no progress has been made in examining how the related settings/control should be performed. Unless these are clearly defined, it may not be possible to perform optimal BFD/BFR, which could inhibit improvements in communication throughput/communication quality.

The inventors therefore came up with a suitable setting/control method for prediction-based BFD/BFR.

In addition, in this disclosure, the predicted value may be calculated (predicted) based on an AI model, or may be calculated based on any means.

Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the drawings. The wireless communication methods according to the embodiments may be applied independently or in combination.

(Various replacements)
In the present disclosure, "A/B" and "at least one of A and B" may be interpreted as interchangeable. Also, in the present disclosure, "A/B/C" may mean "at least one of A, B, and C."

In this disclosure, terms such as notify, activate, deactivate, indicate, select, configure, update, and determine may be read as interchangeable terms. In this disclosure, terms such as support, control, capable of control, operate, and capable of operating may be read as interchangeable terms.

In this disclosure, Radio Resource Control (RRC), RRC parameters, RRC messages, higher layer parameters, fields, information elements (IEs), settings, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, Medium Access Control (MAC Control Element (CE)), update commands, activation/deactivation commands, etc. may be interchangeable.

In the present disclosure, the higher layer signaling may be, for example, any one of Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling, broadcast information, other messages (e.g., messages from the core network such as positioning protocols (e.g., NR Positioning Protocol A (NRPPa)/LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP)) messages), or a combination of these.

In the present disclosure, the MAC signaling may use, for example, a MAC Control Element (MAC CE), a MAC Protocol Data Unit (PDU), etc. The broadcast information may be, for example, a Master Information Block (MIB), a System Information Block (SIB), Remaining Minimum System Information (RMSI), Other System Information (OSI), etc.

In the present disclosure, the physical layer signaling may be, for example, Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI), etc.

In the present disclosure, monitoring, measurement/estimation, etc. may be performed using a reference signal (RS). The RS may include at least one of, for example, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a synchronization signal (SS), a synchronization signal/physical broadcast channel (SS/PBCH) block, a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), etc.

In the present disclosure, the terms measurement value, measurement result, received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Block Error Rate (BLER)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), channel state information (Channel State Information (CSI)), any metric related to the measured received power/received quality, etc. may be interchangeable. The measurement value may mean an actually measured value, not a predicted value. The BLER may be interchangeable with the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, the predicted value, the predicted result, the predicted measurement values (e.g., predicted RSRP/SINR/RSRQ), etc. may be interpreted as interchangeable.

The measured value/predicted value may be marked with "Layer-X (LX (e.g., X = 1, 2, 3, ...))-".

Note that in this disclosure, "any entity (e.g., a UE) ..." may be read as "any entity is configured/instructed to ..." and vice versa.

In this disclosure, radio link quality, reception quality, downlink radio link quality, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, BFD/BFR, BFR procedure, link recovery, link recovery procedure, candidate beam detection (Candidate Beam Detection (CBD)), etc. may be interchangeable.

In this disclosure, time, frequency, space, etc. may be interchangeably read as one another. For example, a time instance, which will be described later, may be interchangeably read as a frequency instance, a space instance, etc.

(Wireless communication method)
<Tenth embodiment>
The zeroth embodiment relates to a link recovery procedure based on prediction.

The UE may perform a link recovery procedure based on a predicted value/measurement. Note that in the present disclosure, performing a link recovery procedure based on a predicted value/measurement may be interpreted as at least one of the following:
assess the radio link quality based on the predictions/measurements (e.g. deciding whether to indicate a beam failure instance at the physical layer);
Comparing values at predicted/measured time instances with thresholds in the radio link quality assessment;
Trigger BFR based on predicted/measured beam failure instances.

In addition, in the present disclosure, a time instance that is a time offset away from the measurement timing (e.g., the time of the first/last measurement RS resource, the indication period of the measurement RS resource) may be referred to as a time instance with which a predicted value is associated, a predicted time instance, a predicted time instance, etc. Also, in the present disclosure, a time instance associated with a measurement may be referred to as a time instance with which a measured value is associated, a measured time instance, a measured time instance, etc.

The UE may perform a link recovery procedure based on predictions/measurements if at least one of the following conditions is met:
If the UE is configured/instructed to perform the link recovery procedure,
If the UE reports capabilities related to the implementation of the link recovery procedure (UE capabilities),
If a model identifier (ID) corresponding to the predicted link recovery procedure capability (e.g. model ID of the model used for prediction) is activated for the UE,
If the prediction ability/accuracy is higher/lower than a threshold,
Before the associated timer starts,
After the associated timer has started.

The parameters for determining the thresholds may be predefined in the standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction/model. The associated timers will be described later, for example, in the sixth embodiment.

The UE may not be expected to perform link recovery procedures based on predicted values only. In this case, it may perform link recovery procedures based on actual measurements only, or on both predicted and actual measurements. Link recovery procedures based on predicted values only may be assumed to be unreliable.

The UE may not be expected to perform link recovery procedures based on actual measurements only. In this case, it may perform link recovery procedures based on predicted values only, or both predicted and actual measurements. Link recovery procedures based on actual measurements only may result in delayed BFR triggering/success.

The UE may not be expected to perform link recovery procedures based on both predicted and actual measurements. In this case, it may perform link recovery procedures based on either predicted or actual measurements.

According to the 0th embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine when and how the link recovery procedure based on the predicted value will be performed.

First Embodiment
The first embodiment concerns which time instances are associated with the predicted values.

As shown in the 0th embodiment, the UE may perform a link recovery procedure based on a predicted value/measurement, where the predicted value may be associated with at least one of the following times:
A time unit X time units after the particular RS resource being measured to calculate the prediction value;
An indication period Y indication periods away from the indication period of (or including) the particular RS resource being measured to calculate the prediction value.

That is, this time corresponds to the predicted time instance, and X unit times/Y command periods correspond to the time offset associated with the predicted time instance. In this disclosure, the predicted value may be calculated from measurements of a particular RS resource. In this disclosure, the predicted value relates to a time instance (unit time/command period) after the time offset from the particular RS resource.

The specific RS resource may be the first/last RS resource among the RS resources to be measured. The unit time may be, for example, a symbol, a slot, a subframe, or a millisecond (ms), or a combination of these.

The indication period may also be referred to as an indication interval. Two consecutive indications (beam failure instance indications) from Layer 1 are separated by at least the indication period. The indication period/indication interval may be a common value (length) for the indication based on the predicted value and the indication based on the actual measured value, or may be different values (lengths). In the present disclosure, the beam failure instance indication from Layer 1 (physical layer) in the UE may be notified to a higher layer in the UE (e.g., Layer 2 (MAC layer)).

The above X/Y may be any real number/integer greater than or equal to 0 (or 1), may be predefined in a standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on an associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction/model.

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing an example of a predicted time instance in the first embodiment. A predicted time instance (a time instance corresponding to a predicted radio link quality) and RS resources measured for this prediction are shown. The predicted time instance may correspond to a slot X slots after the last RS resource, or may correspond to an indication period that is 2 (here, Y=2) indication periods away from the indication period to which the last RS resource belongs.

Note that the instruction period in the first embodiment may be interpreted interchangeably with any evaluation period described below.

According to the first embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine the predicted time instance.

Second Embodiment
The second embodiment relates to what to monitor for a predictive based link recovery procedure.

The UE may monitor the same RS resources for calculating predicted and measured values in radio link quality assessment for link recovery procedures.

The UE may monitor different RS resources for calculating predicted values and measured values in radio link quality evaluation for the link recovery procedure. In this case, the monitored RS resources may be within the active BWP or may not be within the active BWP. For example, the same or different RS resources within/outside the active BWP may be monitored for calculating a predicted value of a certain RS resource within/outside the active BWP.

It may be assumed/specified that the monitored RS resources must be within the active BWP. In this case, the UE may not be required to monitor the downlink radio link quality based on the predicted values in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP.

If the monitored RS resources may be outside the active BWP, the UE may not be required to monitor the downlink radio link quality in a DL BWP other than the active DL BWP, unless the downlink radio link quality is based on a predicted value (in other words, based on an actual measurement). In this case, the UE may monitor the downlink radio link quality based on a predicted value in a DL BWP other than the active DL BWP.

[Number of RS resources monitored]
The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculating the predicted value in the link recovery procedure may be different from the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculating the measured value in the link recovery procedure. In the present disclosure, the "RS resources monitored for calculating the predicted value" may be read as "RS resources associated with the calculation of the predicted value". The RS resources associated with the calculation of the predicted value may correspond to Resource A/Resource C described later.

A maximum number of RS resources monitored for both calculation of predicted values and calculation of measured values in the link recovery procedure may be specified/determined. The maximum number may be determined similarly to Table 5-1 of §5 of 3GPP TS 38.213 up to Rel. 17, for example. The maximum number may depend on L _max , which is the maximum number of SSB indexes in one cell, or may be the same as L _max (or one nth of L max , where n is any real number). The maximum number may be determined based on or the same as N _{LR_RLM} , which is the number of RSs monitored for link recovery procedure and RLM, N _RLM , which is the number of RSs monitored for RLM, etc.

In Table 5-1 of §5 of 3GPP TS 38.213 up to Rel. 17, when L _max =4, N _{LR_RLM} =2 and N _RLM =2, when L _max =8, N _{LR_RLM} =6 and N _RLM =4, and when L _max =64, N _{LR_RLM} =8 and N _RLM =8.

The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of a predicted value in the link recovery procedure, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of a measured value in the link recovery procedure, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for both calculation of a predicted value and calculation of a measured value in the link recovery procedure, etc. may be any real number/integers equal to or greater than 0 (or 1), may be pre-defined in a standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be configured/instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, may be determined based on an associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction), performance of the prediction/model, or may be determined based on _Lmax as described above.

The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculating predicted values in link recovery procedures and Radio Link Monitoring (RLM) may be different from the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculating measured values in link recovery procedures and RLM.

The maximum number of RS resources to be monitored for both the calculation of predictions and measurements in the link recovery procedure and RLM may be specified/determined. The maximum number may be determined, for example, in the same manner as Table 5-1 of §5 of 3GPP TS 38.213 up to Rel. 17.

The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of predicted values in the link recovery procedure and RLM, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of measured values in the link recovery procedure and RLM, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for both calculation of predicted values and calculation of measured values in the link recovery procedure and RLM, etc. may be any real number/integers equal to or greater than 0 (or 1), may be pre-defined in a standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the _{UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, may be determined based on an associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction), performance of the prediction/model, or may be determined based on the above-mentioned Lmax} .

At least one of the above maximum numbers may be determined to be the same as or based _on N _BFD , which is the number of RSs monitored for link recovery.

Note that each maximum number may be determined separately for each BWP, or may be determined across the BWP (or for each cell).

RS Resource Constraints
For simplicity, in the following, the RS resources monitored for calculating predicted values in the link recovery procedure and the RS resources monitored for calculating measured values in the link recovery procedure are referred to as "multiple RS resources."

The UE may expect that the multiple RS resources share the same parameters (or that the same parameters are configured for the configuration of the multiple RS resources). For example, the UE may expect that the multiple RS resources share the same parameters (or that the same parameters are configured for the configuration of the multiple RS resources) always or in the case where RRC is not configured for a particular RS resource (e.g., at least one of the multiple RS resources).

The parameters may correspond to at least one of the following:
Number of ports,
・Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) type,
Frequency domain resources (e.g. density, physical resource blocks);
Time domain resources (e.g. period, mapped symbol position within a slot).

The RS resources may correspond to at least one of the following:
RS resource (hereinafter also referred to as “resource A”) to be measured in order to calculate a predicted value used for radio link quality evaluation in the link recovery procedure;
An RS resource (hereinafter also referred to as “resource B”) that measures a measurement value used for evaluating the radio link quality in the link recovery procedure;
RS resources assumed when calculating predicted values used for evaluating the radio link quality in the link recovery procedure (hereinafter also referred to as “resource C”).

Resources A/B/C may be configured to the UE by higher layer signaling (e.g., failureDetectionResources).

[Default BFD-RS]
If the resource A/B/C is not configured in the UE, the UE may use an RS with the same value as the RS index in the RS set specified by the TCI state for the CORESET that the UE uses for PDCCH monitoring for predicted/measured BFD (monitor the resource of the RS). The RS may be called a default BFD-RS. The TCI state may include only one RS or may include two RSs. In the latter case, for example, the UE may use one RS with a QCL type set to type D among the two RSs for BFD. Note that the TCI state provided to the UE for the PDCCH reception may include one or more CSI-RS/SSB.

The UE may select RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception in a CORESET associated with a search space set in order from the smallest monitoring period. The selected RSs may be any of the maximum number of RSs mentioned above. Note that if more than one CORESET is associated with a search space set having the same monitoring period, the UE may determine the order of the CORESET from the highest CORESET index. In other words, the UE may determine CORESETs in ascending order of the monitoring period of the search space set, and then in descending order of the CORESET index, until any of the maximum number of RSs mentioned above is reached, and select RSs corresponding to the determined CORESET.

Also, if the above resources A/B/C are not configured, the UE may use RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception of a BWP outside the active BWP (e.g., initial BWP, default BWP) for BFD based on predicted values/actual values. The TCI state may be a known TCI state or an unknown TCI state. In addition, the UE may select RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception of the active BWP/BWP outside the active BWP in the selection of any of the maximum number of RSs described above. In this selection, in addition to (or instead of) the above monitoring period/CORESET index, for example, the order of CORESET may be determined from the highest BWP index.

According to the second embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine the RS resources to monitor for the link recovery procedure based on prediction.

Third Embodiment
A third embodiment relates to what to monitor for predictive Candidate Beam Detection (CBD).

The UE may monitor the same RS resources for calculating predicted values and measurements for CBD.

The UE may monitor different RS resources for calculating the predicted value and the measured value for CBD. In this case, the monitored RS resources may be within the active BWP or may not be within the active BWP. For example, the same or different RS resources within/outside the active BWP may be monitored for calculating the predicted value of a certain RS resource within/outside the active BWP.

It may also be assumed/specified that the monitored RS resources must be within the active BWP. In this case, the UE may not be required to monitor resources for predicted CBD in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP.

If the monitored RS resources may be outside the active BWP, the UE may not be required to monitor resources for CBD in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP, unless the evaluation for CBD is based on predicted values (in other words, based on actual measurements). In this case, the UE may monitor resources for CBD based on predicted values in DL BWPs other than the active DL BWP.

[Number of RS resources monitored]
The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculating the predicted value for CBD may be different from the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculating the measured value for CBD. In the present disclosure, the "RS resources monitored for calculating the predicted value" may be interchanged with the "RS resources associated with the calculation of the predicted value." The RS resources associated with the calculation of the predicted value may correspond to Resource A/Resource C described below.

The maximum number of RS resources to be monitored for both calculating predicted values and calculating measured values for CBD may be specified/determined.

The maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of a predicted value for CBD, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for calculation of a measurement value for CBD, the maximum number of RS resources monitored for both calculation of a predicted value for CBD and calculation of a measurement value, etc. may be any real number/integers equal to or greater than 0 (or 1), may be pre-defined in a standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be configured/instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, may be determined based on an associated model ID (e.g., model ID of a model used for prediction), performance of the prediction/model, or may be determined based on _Lmax as described above.

Note that each maximum number may be determined separately for each BWP, or may be determined across the BWP (or for each cell).

RS Resource Constraints
For simplicity, in the following, the RS resources monitored for calculating predicted values for CBD and the RS resources monitored for calculating measured values for CBD are referred to as "multiple RS resources."

The UE may expect that the multiple RS resources share the same parameters (or that the same parameters are configured for the configuration of the multiple RS resources). For example, the UE may expect that the multiple RS resources share the same parameters (or that the same parameters are configured for the configuration of the multiple RS resources) always or in the case where RRC is not configured for a particular RS resource (e.g., at least one of the multiple RS resources).

The parameters may correspond to at least one of the following:
Number of ports,
・Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) type,
Frequency domain resources (e.g. density, physical resource blocks);
Time domain resources (e.g. period, mapped symbol position within a slot).

The RS resources may correspond to at least one of the following:
A RS resource (hereinafter also referred to as "resource A") to be measured (measured) to calculate a predicted value for CBD;
- An RS resource (hereinafter also referred to as "resource B") that measures a measurement value for CBD;
The RS resource assumed when calculating the forecast value for the CBD (hereinafter also referred to as "resource C").

Resources A/B/C may be configured to the UE by higher layer signaling (e.g., candidateBeamRSList).

[Default CBD-RS]
If the resource A/B/C is not configured in the UE, the UE may use (or monitor the resource of) an RS provided for a specific TCI state for PDCCH reception for predicted/measured CBD. The RS may be called a default CBD-RS. The TCI state may include only one RS or may include two RSs. In the latter case, for example, the UE may use one RS whose QCL type is set to type D among the two RSs for CBD. Note that the TCI state provided to the UE for PDCCH reception may include one or more CSI-RSs.

The UE may select RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception in a CORESET associated with a search space set in order from the smallest monitoring period. The selected RSs may be any of the maximum number of RSs mentioned above. Note that if more than one CORESET is associated with a search space set having the same monitoring period, the UE may determine the order of the CORESET from the highest CORESET index. In other words, the UE may determine CORESETs in ascending order of the monitoring period of the search space set, and then in descending order of the CORESET index, until any of the maximum number of RSs mentioned above is reached, and select RSs corresponding to the determined CORESET.

Also, if the above resources A/B/C are not configured, the UE may use RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception of a BWP outside the active BWP (e.g., initial BWP, default BWP) for RLM based on predicted values/actual values. The TCI state may be a known TCI state or an unknown TCI state. In addition, the UE may select RSs provided for the TCI state for PDCCH reception of an active BWP/a BWP outside the active BWP in the selection of any of the maximum number of RSs described above. In this selection, in addition to (or instead of) the above monitoring period/CORESET index, for example, the order of CORESET may be determined from the highest BWP index.

According to the third embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine the RS resources to monitor for CBD based on prediction.

Fourth Embodiment
The fourth embodiment relates to beam obstruction instance determination.

First, the beam failure instance determination of the existing NR standard (e.g., NR up to Rel. 17) will be described. In the existing NR standard, the physical layer in the UE evaluates the radio link quality evaluated over the previous evaluation period (T _{Evaluate_BFD_XXX} (XXX is SSB, CSI-RS, etc.)) against a threshold (e.g., Q _{out_LR} ) once every indication period. The threshold Q _{out_LR} may be determined based on a configuration for the UE, or if no configuration is made, a defined default value may be used. The threshold Q _{out_LR} is defined as a level at which the downlink radio link of a given resource configuration in the set of BFD-RS is not reliably received, for example corresponding to a BLER of 10% of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission.

If the radio link quality of all the configured BFD-RSs is worse than Q _{out_LR} , Layer 1 of the UE sends a beam failure instance indication to higher layers.

Note that Q _{out_LR} is derived based on hypothetical PDCCH transmission parameters, including, for example, DCI format, aggregation level, bandwidth, subcarrier spacing, etc.

In the fourth embodiment, the radio link quality evaluation associated with the predicted value and the radio link quality evaluation associated with the measured value may be separate. The physical layer in the UE may separately indicate a beam failure instance based on the radio link quality associated with the predicted value/prediction time instance and a beam failure instance based on the radio link quality associated with the measured value/measurement time instance.

In a fourth embodiment, the radio link quality assessment associated with the predicted value and the radio link quality assessment associated with the measured value may be joint (combined). The physical layer in the UE may indicate a beam failure instance based on the radio link quality associated with both the predicted value/prediction time instance and the measured value/measurement time instance.

The indication period corresponding to the radio link quality evaluation associated with the predicted value and the indication period corresponding to the radio link quality evaluation associated with the measured value may be the same or different. For example, the indication period corresponding to the radio link quality evaluation associated with the predicted value may be determined based on the minimum period of all RS resources monitored for calculating the predicted value, the maximum period of discontinuous reception (DRX) periods, etc.

In addition, the beam failure instance notified from the physical layer to a higher layer (e.g., MAC layer) may be notified together with information about the monitored RS resource (e.g., BWP index, etc.).

According to the fourth embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately perform beam failure instance determination based on prediction.

Fifth embodiment
The fifth embodiment relates to prediction-based BFD/CBD thresholds, evaluation periods, instructions to higher layers, and the like.

First, the CBD of the existing NR standard (e.g., NR up to Rel. 17) will be described. In the existing NR standard, the physical layer in the UE evaluates the L1-RSRP measured over the previous evaluation period (T _{Evaluate_CBD_XXX} (XXX is SSB, CSI-RS, etc.)) against a threshold (e.g., Q _{in_LR} ) in response to a request from a higher layer. The threshold Q _{in_LR} may be determined based on a setting for the UE, or if no setting is made, a defined default value may be used.

Layer 1 of the UE transmits the CBD-RS indices whose L1-RSRP is greater than or equal to Q _{in_LR} and the corresponding L1-RSRP to higher layers.

[Metrics and thresholds to be compared]
In the fifth embodiment, the UE evaluates BFD/CBD according to whether a "metric to be compared" (BLER, L1-RSRP in the existing standard) is higher than a "threshold" (Q _{out_LR} , Q _{in_LR} in the existing standard), where the "metric to be compared" may include at least one of the following:
- the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement;
- BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the predicted time instance;
the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the predicted time instance and the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement value;
The RSRP of the measured RS resource;
- predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance;
The predicted RSRP and the measured RSRP of the RS resource at the predicted time instance.

Furthermore, the above "threshold" may be the same or different for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement value and the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the predicted time instance. The above "threshold" may be the same or different for the RSRP of the measured RS resource and the predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance.

The thresholds for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission, the thresholds for the RSRP of the measured RS resources, the thresholds for the predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance, etc. may be different for each of the above "metrics to be compared."

Note that a different "threshold" between one metric and another metric may mean that one or both of the values equivalent to Q _{out_LR} and Q _{in_LR} in the existing standards are different in comparison with these metrics.

When the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission is calculated, the assumed PDCCH parameters may be the same or different for the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement and the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the predicted time instance.

The PDCCH parameters assumed for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission, the PDCCH parameters assumed for the RSRP of the measured RS resource, the PDCCH parameters assumed for the predicted RSRP at the predicted time instance, etc. may be different for each of the above "metrics to be compared".

Note that differences in PDCCH parameters between one metric and another metric may mean that some or all of the PDCCH parameters are different in the calculation of these metrics.

Which "metric to be compared" is used, the value of the above-mentioned "threshold", etc. may be predetermined in the standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction/model.

Note that in this disclosure, PDCCH transmission may be interpreted interchangeably as transmission of other DL channels/RS, UL channels/RS, etc. (e.g., PDSCH transmission, PUSCH transmission, SRS transmission, etc.).

[Evaluation period]
In the fifth embodiment, the evaluation period (T _{Evaluate_BFD_XXX} , T _{Evaluate_CBD_XXX} in the existing standards) may be the same or different for the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the time instance associated with the measurement and the BLER of the hypothetical PDCCH transmission at the prediction time instance. The evaluation period may be the same or different for the RSRP of the measured RS resource and the predicted RSRP at the prediction time instance.

The evaluation period for the BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission, the evaluation period for the RSRP of the measured RS resource, the evaluation period for the predicted RSRP at the prediction time instance, etc. may be different for each of the above "metrics to be compared".

The value of each evaluation period may be predefined in the standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the UE by higher layer/physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction/model.

[Instructions to higher layers regarding CBD]
In a fifth embodiment, when the condition (the "compared metric" for CBD is higher/lower than a threshold) is met, the UE may report at least one of the following to higher layers:
Among the monitored RSs, RS indexes that satisfy the above conditions (e.g., CSI-RS index, SSB index),
"metric to be compared" (e.g. L1-RSRP);
- Measured L1-RSRP;
- predicted L1-RSRP,
- BLER of a hypothetical PDCCH transmission,
- Information indicating the reliability of the predicted BFD/CBD (e.g., the accuracy of candidate beam prediction).

According to the fifth embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately determine BFD/CBD based on prediction.

Sixth Embodiment
The sixth embodiment relates to a BFR trigger.

First, we will explain the BFR trigger of the existing NR standard (e.g., NR up to Rel. 17). In the existing NR standard, when a beam failure instance indication is received from a lower layer, the MAC layer (MAC entity) of the UE starts/restarts the beam failure detection timer (beamFailureDetectionTimer) and increments the counter (BFI_COUNTER) by 1. If the counter reaches the beam failure instance maximum count (beamFailureInstanceMaxCount) before the beam failure detection timer expires, BFR is triggered (e.g., if the serving cell is a special cell, a random access procedure is initiated). Note that when the beam failure detection timer expires, the counter is set to 0.

The following is an explanation of the BFR trigger in the sixth embodiment.

The UE may trigger a BFR if at least one of the following counters reaches a threshold:
A counter that is incremented based on a beam failure instance indication associated with a measurement/measurement time instance;
A counter that is incremented based on a beam failure instance indication associated with the predicted value/predicted time instance;
A counter that is incremented based on the beam failure instance indication associated with both the predicted value/predicted time instance and the measured value/measured time instance.

The UE may also trigger a BFR if the following two counters both reach a threshold:
A counter that is incremented based on a beam obstruction instance indication associated with a predicted value/predicted time instance and a counter that is incremented based on a beam obstruction instance indication associated with a measured value/measurement time instance.

The parameters for determining the above thresholds may be predefined in the standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the UE by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction/model.

At least one of the counters may be the same as the BFI_COUNTER described above, or may be a different counter.

Note that the threshold value may be different for each of the counters. The beam obstruction detection timer may be common to some or all of the counters, or may be different for each counter. When the beam obstruction detection timer corresponding to a counter expires, the counter may be set to a specific value (e.g., 0).

The counter that is incremented based on the beam failure instance indication associated with both the predicted value/predicted time instance and the measured value/measurement time instance may be incremented based on different weights for the beam failure instance indication associated with the predicted value/predicted time instance and the beam failure instance indication associated with the measured value/measurement time instance. For example, the counter may be incremented by 1 if the beam failure instance indication is based on the predicted value, and the counter may be incremented by 2 if the beam failure instance indication is based on the actual measured value. The weights may be any real number.

The parameters for determining the weights may be predefined in the standard, may be determined based on UE capabilities, may be set/instructed to the UE by higher layer/physical layer signaling, or may be determined based on the associated model ID (e.g., the model ID of the model used for prediction) and the performance of the prediction/model.

According to the sixth embodiment described above, the UE can appropriately perform BFR triggering based on prediction.

<Additional Information>
[Notification of information to UE]
In the above-described embodiment, any information may be notified to the UE (from the NW) (in other words, any information received from the BS in the UE) using physical layer signaling (e.g., DCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal/channel (e.g., PDCCH, PDSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

When the above notification is performed by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including in the MAC subheader a new Logical Channel ID (LCID) that is not specified in existing standards.

When the notification is made by a DCI, the notification may be made by a specific field of the DCI, a Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI) used to scramble Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) bits assigned to the DCI, the format of the DCI, etc.

Furthermore, notification of any information to the UE in the above-mentioned embodiments may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[Information notification from UE]
In the above-described embodiments, notification of any information from the UE (to the NW) (in other words, transmission/report of any information from the UE to the BS) may be performed using physical layer signaling (e.g., UCI), higher layer signaling (e.g., RRC signaling, MAC CE), a specific signal/channel (e.g., PUCCH, PUSCH, reference signal), or a combination thereof.

If the notification is made by a MAC CE, the MAC CE may be identified by including a new LCID in the MAC subheader that is not specified in existing standards.

If the notification is made by UCI, the notification may be transmitted using PUCCH or PUSCH.

Furthermore, in the above-mentioned embodiments, notification of any information from the UE may be performed periodically, semi-persistently, or aperiodically.

[Application of each embodiment]
At least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied when a specific condition is met, which may be specified in a standard or may be notified to a UE/BS using higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling.

At least one of the above-described embodiments may be applied only to UEs that have reported or support a particular UE capability.

The specific UE capabilities may indicate at least one of the following:
Supporting the specific process/action/control/information(s) for at least one of the above embodiments;
Supporting forecast-based BFD/CBD;
Supporting BFD/CBD based on predictions and measurements;
Support for time offsets between measured and predicted time instances;
Number/max number of monitored RS resources for BFD/CBD based on predicted values;
Number/max number of monitored RS resources for BFD/CBD based on predicted and measured values.

Furthermore, the above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may be capabilities that are applied across all frequencies (commonly regardless of frequency), capabilities per frequency (e.g., one or a combination of a cell, band, band combination, BWP, component carrier, etc.), capabilities per frequency range (e.g., Frequency Range 1 (FR1), FR2, FR3, FR4, FR5, FR2-1, FR2-2), capabilities per subcarrier spacing (SubCarrier Spacing (SCS)), or capabilities per Feature Set (FS) or Feature Set Per Component-carrier (FSPC).

The above-mentioned specific UE capabilities may be capabilities that are applied across all duplexing methods (commonly regardless of the duplexing method), or may be capabilities for each duplexing method (e.g., Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)).

Furthermore, at least one of the above-mentioned embodiments may be applied when the UE configures/activates/triggers specific information related to the above-mentioned embodiments (or performs the operations of the above-mentioned embodiments) by higher layer signaling/physical layer signaling. For example, the specific information may be information indicating that prediction-based BFD/CBD is enabled, any RRC parameters for a specific release (e.g., Rel. 18/19), etc.

If the UE does not support at least one of the above specific UE capabilities or the above specific information is not configured, the UE may apply, for example, the behavior of Rel. 15/16/17.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
A measurement unit for measuring a reference signal resource;
A terminal having a control unit that performs beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on a predicted value calculated from the measurement result of the reference signal resource.
[Appendix 2]
2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the controller calculates the predicted value associated with a time instance after a time offset from the reference signal resource.
[Appendix 3]
The terminal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the measurement unit measures a reference signal resource different from the reference signal resource for calculating a measurement value in BFD or CBD.
[Appendix 4]
A terminal described in any of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit separately instructs a beam failure instance indication based on a radio link quality associated with the predicted value and a beam failure instance indication based on a radio link quality associated with a measured value from a physical layer to a higher layer.

(Additional Note)
With respect to one embodiment of the present disclosure, the following invention is noted.
[Appendix 1]
a measurement unit for evaluating a radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which the predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which the measured value is associated;
A terminal having a control unit that performs Beam Failure Detection (BFD) or Candidate Beam Detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the wireless link quality.
[Appendix 2]
2. The terminal of claim 1, wherein the measurement unit evaluates the radio link quality based on different physical downlink control channel parameters at the first time instance and the second time instance.
[Appendix 3]
The terminal according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control unit notifies a higher layer from a physical layer of information indicating a predicted reliability of the BFD or the CBD based on an evaluation of the wireless link quality.
[Appendix 4]
A terminal as described in any of Supplementary Note 1 to Supplementary Note 3, wherein the control unit performs the BFD or the CBD based on a counter incremented based on a beam failure instance indication based on the radio link quality associated with both the first time instance and the second time instance.

(Wireless communication system)
A configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure will be described below. In this wireless communication system, communication is performed using any one of the wireless communication methods according to the above embodiments of the present disclosure or a combination of these methods.

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of a schematic configuration of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment. The wireless communication system 1 (which may simply be referred to as system 1) may be a system that realizes communication using Long Term Evolution (LTE) specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), 5th generation mobile communication system New Radio (5G NR), or the like.

The wireless communication system 1 may also support dual connectivity between multiple Radio Access Technologies (RATs) (Multi-RAT Dual Connectivity (MR-DC)). MR-DC may include dual connectivity between LTE (Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA)) and NR (E-UTRA-NR Dual Connectivity (EN-DC)), dual connectivity between NR and LTE (NR-E-UTRA Dual Connectivity (NE-DC)), etc.

In EN-DC, the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the master node (MN), and the NR base station (gNB) is the secondary node (SN). In NE-DC, the NR base station (gNB) is the MN, and the LTE (E-UTRA) base station (eNB) is the SN.

The wireless communication system 1 may support dual connectivity between multiple base stations within the same RAT (e.g., dual connectivity in which both the MN and SN are NR base stations (gNBs) (NR-NR Dual Connectivity (NN-DC))).

The wireless communication system 1 may include a base station 11 that forms a macrocell C1 with a relatively wide coverage, and base stations 12 (12a-12c) that are arranged within the macrocell C1 and form a small cell C2 that is narrower than the macrocell C1. A user terminal 20 may be located within at least one of the cells. The arrangement and number of each cell and user terminal 20 are not limited to the embodiment shown in the figure. Hereinafter, when there is no need to distinguish between the base stations 11 and 12, they will be collectively referred to as base station 10.

The user terminal 20 may be connected to at least one of the multiple base stations 10. The user terminal 20 may utilize at least one of carrier aggregation (CA) using multiple component carriers (CC) and dual connectivity (DC).

Each CC may be included in at least one of a first frequency band (Frequency Range 1 (FR1)) and a second frequency band (Frequency Range 2 (FR2)). Macro cell C1 may be included in FR1, and small cell C2 may be included in FR2. For example, FR1 may be a frequency band below 6 GHz (sub-6 GHz), and FR2 may be a frequency band above 24 GHz (above-24 GHz). Note that the frequency bands and definitions of FR1 and FR2 are not limited to these, and for example, FR1 may correspond to a higher frequency band than FR2.

In addition, the user terminal 20 may communicate using at least one of Time Division Duplex (TDD) and Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) in each CC.

The multiple base stations 10 may be connected by wire (e.g., optical fiber conforming to the Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI), X2 interface, etc.) or wirelessly (e.g., NR communication). For example, when NR communication is used as a backhaul between base stations 11 and 12, base station 11, which corresponds to the upper station, may be called an Integrated Access Backhaul (IAB) donor, and base station 12, which corresponds to a relay station, may be called an IAB node.

The base station 10 may be connected to the core network 30 via another base station 10 or directly. The core network 30 may include, for example, at least one of an Evolved Packet Core (EPC), a 5G Core Network (5GCN), a Next Generation Core (NGC), etc.

The core network 30 may include network functions (Network Functions (NF)) such as, for example, a User Plane Function (UPF), an Access and Mobility management Function (AMF), a Session Management Function (SMF), a Unified Data Management (UDM), an Application Function (AF), a Data Network (DN), a Location Management Function (LMF), and Operation, Administration and Maintenance (Management) (OAM). Note that multiple functions may be provided by one network node. In addition, communication with an external network (e.g., the Internet) may be performed via the DN.

The user terminal 20 may be a terminal that supports at least one of the communication methods such as LTE, LTE-A, and 5G.

In the wireless communication system 1, a wireless access method based on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) may be used. For example, in at least one of the downlink (DL) and uplink (UL), Cyclic Prefix OFDM (CP-OFDM), Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA), etc. may be used.

The radio access method may also be called a waveform. Note that in the wireless communication system 1, other radio access methods (e.g., other single-carrier transmission methods, other multi-carrier transmission methods) may be used for the UL and DL radio access methods.

In the wireless communication system 1, a downlink shared channel (Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, a broadcast channel (Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)), a downlink control channel (Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)), etc. may be used as the downlink channel.

In addition, in the wireless communication system 1, an uplink shared channel (Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)) shared by each user terminal 20, an uplink control channel (Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)), a random access channel (Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)), etc. may be used as an uplink channel.

User data, upper layer control information, System Information Block (SIB), etc. are transmitted via PDSCH. User data, upper layer control information, etc. may also be transmitted via PUSCH. Furthermore, Master Information Block (MIB) may also be transmitted via PBCH.

Lower layer control information may be transmitted by the PDCCH. The lower layer control information may include, for example, downlink control information (Downlink Control Information (DCI)) including scheduling information for at least one of the PDSCH and the PUSCH.

Note that the DCI for scheduling the PDSCH may be called a DL assignment or DL DCI, and the DCI for scheduling the PUSCH may be called a UL grant or UL DCI. Note that the PDSCH may be interpreted as DL data, and the PUSCH may be interpreted as UL data.

A control resource set (COntrol REsource SET (CORESET)) and a search space may be used to detect the PDCCH. The CORESET corresponds to the resources to search for DCI. The search space corresponds to the search region and search method of PDCCH candidates. One CORESET may be associated with one or multiple search spaces. The UE may monitor the CORESET associated with a certain search space based on the search space configuration.

A search space may correspond to PDCCH candidates corresponding to one or more aggregation levels. One or more search spaces may be referred to as a search space set. Note that the terms "search space," "search space set," "search space setting," "search space set setting," "CORESET," "CORESET setting," etc. in this disclosure may be read as interchangeable.

The PUCCH may transmit uplink control information (UCI) including at least one of channel state information (CSI), delivery confirmation information (which may be called, for example, Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest ACKnowledgement (HARQ-ACK), ACK/NACK, etc.), and a scheduling request (SR). The PRACH may transmit a random access preamble for establishing a connection with a cell.

Note that in this disclosure, downlink, uplink, etc. may be expressed without adding "link." Also, various channels may be expressed without adding "Physical" to the beginning.

In the wireless communication system 1, a synchronization signal (SS), a downlink reference signal (DL-RS), etc. may be transmitted. In the wireless communication system 1, as the DL-RS, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), a positioning reference signal (PRS), a phase tracking reference signal (PTRS), etc. may be transmitted.

The synchronization signal may be, for example, at least one of a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS). A signal block including an SS (PSS, SSS) and a PBCH (and a DMRS for PBCH) may be called an SS/PBCH block, an SS Block (SSB), etc. In addition, the SS, SSB, etc. may also be called a reference signal.

In addition, in the wireless communication system 1, a measurement reference signal (Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), etc. may be transmitted as an uplink reference signal (UL-RS). Note that the DMRS may also be called a user equipment-specific reference signal (UE-specific Reference Signal).

(Base station)
3 is a diagram showing an example of a configuration of a base station according to an embodiment. The base station 10 includes a control unit 110, a transceiver unit 120, a transceiver antenna 130, and a transmission line interface 140. Note that the control unit 110, the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission line interface 140 may each be provided in one or more units.

Note that this example mainly shows the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment, and the base station 10 may also be assumed to have other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

The control unit 110 controls the entire base station 10. The control unit 110 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

The control unit 110 may control signal generation, scheduling (e.g., resource allocation, mapping), etc. The control unit 110 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 120, the transceiver antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140, measurement, etc. The control unit 110 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 120. The control unit 110 may perform call processing of communication channels (setting, release, etc.), status management of the base station 10, management of radio resources, etc.

The transceiver unit 120 may include a baseband unit 121, a radio frequency (RF) unit 122, and a measurement unit 123. The baseband unit 121 may include a transmission processing unit 1211 and a reception processing unit 1212. The transceiver unit 120 may be composed of a transmitter/receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

The transceiver 120 may be configured as an integrated transceiver, or may be composed of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter may be composed of a transmission processing unit 1211 and an RF unit 122. The receiver may be composed of a reception processing unit 1212, an RF unit 122, and a measurement unit 123.

The transmitting/receiving antenna 130 can be configured as an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

The transceiver 120 may transmit the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 120 may receive the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

The transceiver 120 may form at least one of the transmit beam and receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc.

The transceiver 120 (transmission processing unit 1211) may perform Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer processing, Radio Link Control (RLC) layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), Medium Access Control (MAC) layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on data and control information obtained from the control unit 110 to generate a bit string to be transmitted.

The transceiver 120 (transmission processor 1211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) processing (if necessary), Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

The transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 130.

On the other hand, the transceiver unit 120 (RF unit 122) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 130.

The transceiver 120 (reception processing unit 1212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal, and acquire user data, etc.

The transceiver 120 (measurement unit 123) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 123 may perform Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements, Channel State Information (CSI) measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 123 may measure received power (e.g., Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)), received quality (e.g., Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ), Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)), signal strength (e.g., Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 110.

The transmission path interface 140 may transmit and receive signals (backhaul signaling) between devices included in the core network 30 (e.g., network nodes providing NF), other base stations 10, etc., and may acquire and transmit user data (user plane data), control plane data, etc. for the user terminal 20.

Note that the transmitting section and receiving section of the base station 10 in this disclosure may be configured with at least one of the transmitting/receiving section 120, the transmitting/receiving antenna 130, and the transmission path interface 140.

The transceiver 120 may transmit to the user terminal 20 configuration information for the reference signal resource (e.g., RRC information elements for configuring RS resources monitored for calculating predicted values in BFD/CBD (prediction BFD/CBD-RS resources), RS resources monitored for calculating measured values (measurement BFD/CBD-RS resources), etc.) and configuration information (e.g., RRC information elements) instructing the user terminal 20 to perform beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on predicted values calculated from the measurement results of the reference signal resources.

The transceiver unit 120 may also transmit to the user terminal 20 configuration information (e.g., RRC information elements) of different thresholds for evaluating the radio link quality at a first time instance to which the predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which the measured value is associated, and configuration information (e.g., RRC information elements) instructing the user terminal 20 to perform beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

(User terminal)
4 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a user terminal according to an embodiment. The user terminal 20 includes a control unit 210, a transceiver unit 220, and a transceiver antenna 230. Note that the control unit 210, the transceiver unit 220, and the transceiver antenna 230 may each include one or more.

Note that this example mainly shows the functional blocks of the characteristic parts of this embodiment, and the user terminal 20 may also be assumed to have other functional blocks necessary for wireless communication. Some of the processing of each part described below may be omitted.

The control unit 210 controls the entire user terminal 20. The control unit 210 can be configured from a controller, a control circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains.

The control unit 210 may control signal generation, mapping, etc. The control unit 210 may control transmission and reception using the transceiver unit 220 and the transceiver antenna 230, measurement, etc. The control unit 210 may generate data, control information, sequences, etc. to be transmitted as signals, and transfer them to the transceiver unit 220.

The transceiver unit 220 may include a baseband unit 221, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223. The baseband unit 221 may include a transmission processing unit 2211 and a reception processing unit 2212. The transceiver unit 220 may be composed of a transmitter/receiver, an RF circuit, a baseband circuit, a filter, a phase shifter, a measurement circuit, a transceiver circuit, etc., which are described based on a common understanding in the technical field to which the present disclosure relates.

The transceiver unit 220 may be configured as an integrated transceiver unit, or may be composed of a transmission unit and a reception unit. The transmission unit may be composed of a transmission processing unit 2211 and an RF unit 222. The reception unit may be composed of a reception processing unit 2212, an RF unit 222, and a measurement unit 223.

The transmitting/receiving antenna 230 can be configured as an antenna described based on common understanding in the technical field to which this disclosure pertains, such as an array antenna.

The transceiver 220 may receive the above-mentioned downlink channel, synchronization signal, downlink reference signal, etc. The transceiver 220 may transmit the above-mentioned uplink channel, uplink reference signal, etc.

The transceiver unit 220 may form at least one of the transmit beam and receive beam using digital beamforming (e.g., precoding), analog beamforming (e.g., phase rotation), etc.

The transceiver 220 (transmission processor 2211) may perform PDCP layer processing, RLC layer processing (e.g., RLC retransmission control), MAC layer processing (e.g., HARQ retransmission control), etc. on the data and control information acquired from the controller 210, and generate a bit string to be transmitted.

The transceiver 220 (transmission processor 2211) may perform transmission processing such as channel coding (which may include error correction coding), modulation, mapping, filtering, DFT processing (if necessary), IFFT processing, precoding, and digital-to-analog conversion on the bit string to be transmitted, and output a baseband signal.

Whether or not to apply DFT processing may be based on the settings of transform precoding. When transform precoding is enabled for a certain channel (e.g., PUSCH), the transceiver unit 220 (transmission processing unit 2211) may perform DFT processing as the above-mentioned transmission processing in order to transmit the channel using a DFT-s-OFDM waveform, and when transform precoding is not enabled, it is not necessary to perform DFT processing as the above-mentioned transmission processing.

The transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform modulation, filtering, amplification, etc., on the baseband signal to a radio frequency band, and transmit the radio frequency band signal via the transceiver antenna 230.

On the other hand, the transceiver unit 220 (RF unit 222) may perform amplification, filtering, demodulation to a baseband signal, etc. on the radio frequency band signal received by the transceiver antenna 230.

The transceiver 220 (reception processor 2212) may apply reception processing such as analog-to-digital conversion, FFT processing, IDFT processing (if necessary), filtering, demapping, demodulation, decoding (which may include error correction decoding), MAC layer processing, RLC layer processing, and PDCP layer processing to the acquired baseband signal to acquire user data, etc.

The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may perform measurements on the received signal. For example, the measurement unit 223 may perform RRM measurements, CSI measurements, etc. based on the received signal. The measurement unit 223 may measure received power (e.g., RSRP), received quality (e.g., RSRQ, SINR, SNR), signal strength (e.g., RSSI), propagation path information (e.g., CSI), etc. The measurement results may be output to the control unit 210.

The measurement unit 223 may derive channel measurements for CSI calculation based on channel measurement resources. The channel measurement resources may be, for example, non-zero power (NZP) CSI-RS resources. The measurement unit 223 may derive interference measurements for CSI calculation based on interference measurement resources. The interference measurement resources may be at least one of NZP CSI-RS resources for interference measurement, CSI-Interference Measurement (IM) resources, etc. CSI-IM may be called CSI-Interference Management (IM) or may be interchangeably read as Zero Power (ZP) CSI-RS. In this disclosure, CSI-RS, NZP CSI-RS, ZP CSI-RS, CSI-IM, CSI-SSB, etc. may be read as interchangeable.

In addition, the transmitting unit and receiving unit of the user terminal 20 in this disclosure may be configured by at least one of the transmitting/receiving unit 220 and the transmitting/receiving antenna 230.

The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may measure the reference signal resource. The control unit 210 may perform beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on a predicted value calculated from the measurement result of the reference signal resource.

The control unit 210 may calculate the predicted value associated with a time instance (predicted time instance) after a time offset from the reference signal resource.

The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may measure a reference signal resource different from the reference signal resource in order to calculate a measurement value in BFD or CBD.

The control unit 210 may separately instruct a beam failure instance indication based on the radio link quality associated with the predicted value and a beam failure instance indication based on the radio link quality associated with the measured value from the physical layer to a higher layer.

The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may also evaluate the radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which the predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which the measured value is associated. The control unit 210 may perform beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the radio link quality.

The transceiver 220 (measurement unit 223) may evaluate the radio link quality based on different physical downlink control channel parameters for the first time instance and the second time instance.

The control unit 210 may notify a higher layer from the physical layer of information indicating the predicted reliability of the BFD or CBD based on the evaluation of the wireless link quality.

The control unit 210 may perform the BFD or the CBD based on a counter that is incremented based on a beam failure instance indication based on the radio link quality associated with both the first time instance and the second time instance.

(Hardware configuration)
The block diagrams used in the description of the above embodiments show functional blocks. These functional blocks (components) are realized by any combination of at least one of hardware and software. The method of realizing each functional block is not particularly limited. That is, each functional block may be realized using one device that is physically or logically coupled, or may be realized using two or more devices that are physically or logically separated and directly or indirectly connected (for example, using wires, wirelessly, etc.). The functional blocks may be realized by combining the one device or the multiple devices with software.

Here, the functions include, but are not limited to, judgement, determination, judgment, calculation, computation, processing, derivation, investigation, search, confirmation, reception, transmission, output, access, resolution, selection, selection, establishment, comparison, assumption, expectation, deeming, broadcasting, notifying, communicating, forwarding, configuring, reconfiguring, allocating, mapping, and assignment. For example, a functional block (component) that performs the transmission function may be called a transmitting unit, a transmitter, and the like. In either case, as mentioned above, there are no particular limitations on the method of realization.

For example, a base station, a user terminal, etc. in one embodiment of the present disclosure may function as a computer that performs processing of the wireless communication method of the present disclosure. FIG. 5 is a diagram showing an example of the hardware configuration of a base station and a user terminal according to one embodiment. The above-mentioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 may be physically configured as a computer device including a processor 1001, a memory 1002, a storage 1003, a communication device 1004, an input device 1005, an output device 1006, a bus 1007, etc.

In addition, in this disclosure, terms such as apparatus, circuit, device, section, and unit may be interpreted as interchangeable. The hardware configurations of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include one or more of the devices shown in the figures, or may be configured to exclude some of the devices.

For example, although only one processor 1001 is shown, there may be multiple processors. Furthermore, processing may be performed by one processor, or processing may be performed by two or more processors simultaneously, sequentially, or using other techniques. Furthermore, the processor 1001 may be implemented by one or more chips.

The functions of the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 are realized, for example, by loading specific software (programs) onto hardware such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002, causing the processor 1001 to perform calculations, control communications via the communication device 1004, and control at least one of the reading and writing of data in the memory 1002 and storage 1003.

The processor 1001, for example, operates an operating system to control the entire computer. The processor 1001 may be configured as a central processing unit (CPU) including an interface with peripheral devices, a control device, an arithmetic unit, registers, etc. For example, at least a portion of the above-mentioned control unit 110 (210), transmission/reception unit 120 (220), etc. may be realized by the processor 1001.

The processor 1001 also reads out programs (program codes), software modules, data, etc. from at least one of the storage 1003 and the communication device 1004 into the memory 1002, and executes various processes according to these. The programs used are those that cause a computer to execute at least some of the operations described in the above embodiments. For example, the control unit 110 (210) may be realized by a control program stored in the memory 1002 and running on the processor 1001, and similar implementations may be made for other functional blocks.

Memory 1002 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of, for example, Read Only Memory (ROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically EPROM (EEPROM), Random Access Memory (RAM), and other suitable storage media. Memory 1002 may also be called a register, cache, main memory, etc. Memory 1002 can store executable programs (program codes), software modules, etc. for implementing a wireless communication method according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

Storage 1003 is a computer-readable recording medium and may be composed of at least one of a flexible disk, a floppy disk, a magneto-optical disk (e.g., a compact disk (Compact Disc ROM (CD-ROM)), a digital versatile disk, a Blu-ray disk), a removable disk, a hard disk drive, a smart card, a flash memory device (e.g., a card, a stick, a key drive), a magnetic stripe, a database, a server, or other suitable storage medium. Storage 1003 may also be referred to as an auxiliary storage device.

The communication device 1004 is hardware (transmitting/receiving device) for communicating between computers via at least one of a wired network and a wireless network, and is also called, for example, a network device, a network controller, a network card, a communication module, etc. The communication device 1004 may be configured to include a high-frequency switch, a duplexer, a filter, a frequency synthesizer, etc. to realize at least one of, for example, Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD). For example, the above-mentioned transmitting/receiving unit 120 (220), transmitting/receiving antenna 130 (230), etc. may be realized by the communication device 1004. The transmitting/receiving unit 120 (220) may be implemented as a transmitting unit 120a (220a) and a receiving unit 120b (220b) that are physically or logically separated.

The input device 1005 is an input device (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, etc.) that accepts input from the outside. The output device 1006 is an output device (e.g., a display, a speaker, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lamp, etc.) that performs output to the outside. Note that the input device 1005 and the output device 1006 may be integrated into one structure (e.g., a touch panel).

Furthermore, each device such as the processor 1001 and memory 1002 is connected by a bus 1007 for communicating information. The bus 1007 may be configured using a single bus, or may be configured using different buses between each device.

Furthermore, the base station 10 and the user terminal 20 may be configured to include hardware such as a microprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable logic device (PLD), or a field programmable gate array (FPGA), and some or all of the functional blocks may be realized using the hardware. For example, the processor 1001 may be implemented using at least one of these pieces of hardware.

(Modification)
In addition, the terms described in this disclosure and the terms necessary for understanding this disclosure may be replaced with terms having the same or similar meanings. For example, a channel, a symbol, and a signal (signal or signaling) may be read as mutually interchangeable. A signal may also be a message. A reference signal may be abbreviated as RS, and may be called a pilot, a pilot signal, or the like depending on the applied standard. A component carrier (CC) may also be called a cell, a frequency carrier, a carrier frequency, or the like.

A radio frame may be composed of one or more periods (frames) in the time domain. Each of the one or more periods (frames) constituting a radio frame may be called a subframe. Furthermore, a subframe may be composed of one or more slots in the time domain. A subframe may have a fixed time length (e.g., 1 ms) that is independent of numerology.

Here, the numerology may be a communication parameter that is applied to at least one of the transmission and reception of a signal or channel. The numerology may indicate, for example, at least one of the following: SubCarrier Spacing (SCS), bandwidth, symbol length, cyclic prefix length, Transmission Time Interval (TTI), number of symbols per TTI, radio frame configuration, a specific filtering process performed by the transceiver in the frequency domain, a specific windowing process performed by the transceiver in the time domain, etc.

A slot may consist of one or more symbols in the time domain (such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols, Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) symbols, etc.). A slot may also be a time unit based on numerology.

A slot may include multiple minislots. Each minislot may consist of one or multiple symbols in the time domain. A minislot may also be called a subslot. A minislot may consist of fewer symbols than a slot. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted in a time unit larger than a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type A. A PDSCH (or PUSCH) transmitted using a minislot may be called PDSCH (PUSCH) mapping type B.

A radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol all represent time units when transmitting a signal. A different name may be used for radio frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol. Note that the time units such as frame, subframe, slot, minislot, and symbol in this disclosure may be read as interchangeable.

For example, one subframe may be called a TTI, multiple consecutive subframes may be called a TTI, or one slot or one minislot may be called a TTI. In other words, at least one of the subframe and the TTI may be a subframe (1 ms) in existing LTE, a period shorter than 1 ms (e.g., 1-13 symbols), or a period longer than 1 ms. Note that the unit representing the TTI may be called a slot, minislot, etc., instead of a subframe.

Here, TTI refers to, for example, the smallest time unit for scheduling in wireless communication. For example, in an LTE system, a base station schedules each user terminal by allocating radio resources (such as frequency bandwidth and transmission power that can be used by each user terminal) in TTI units. Note that the definition of TTI is not limited to this.

The TTI may be a transmission time unit for a channel-coded data packet (transport block), a code block, a code word, etc., or may be a processing unit for scheduling, link adaptation, etc. When a TTI is given, the time interval (e.g., the number of symbols) in which a transport block, a code block, a code word, etc. is actually mapped may be shorter than the TTI.

Note that when one slot or one minislot is called a TTI, one or more TTIs (i.e., one or more slots or one or more minislots) may be the minimum time unit of scheduling. In addition, the number of slots (minislots) that constitute the minimum time unit of scheduling may be controlled.

A TTI having a time length of 1 ms may be called a normal TTI (TTI in 3GPP Rel. 8-12), normal TTI, long TTI, normal subframe, normal subframe, long subframe, slot, etc. A TTI shorter than a normal TTI may be called a shortened TTI, short TTI, partial or fractional TTI, shortened subframe, short subframe, minislot, subslot, slot, etc.

Note that a long TTI (e.g., a normal TTI, a subframe, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a time length of more than 1 ms, and a short TTI (e.g., a shortened TTI, etc.) may be interpreted as a TTI having a TTI length shorter than the TTI length of a long TTI and equal to or greater than 1 ms.

A resource block (RB) is a resource allocation unit in the time domain and frequency domain, and may include one or more consecutive subcarriers in the frequency domain. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be the same regardless of numerology, and may be, for example, 12. The number of subcarriers included in an RB may be determined based on numerology.

Furthermore, an RB may include one or more symbols in the time domain and may be one slot, one minislot, one subframe, or one TTI in length. One TTI, one subframe, etc. may each be composed of one or more resource blocks.

In addition, one or more RBs may be referred to as a physical resource block (PRB), a sub-carrier group (SCG), a resource element group (REG), a PRB pair, an RB pair, etc.

Furthermore, a resource block may be composed of one or more resource elements (REs). For example, one RE may be a radio resource area of one subcarrier and one symbol.

A Bandwidth Part (BWP), which may also be referred to as a partial bandwidth, may represent a subset of contiguous common resource blocks (RBs) for a given numerology on a given carrier, where the common RBs may be identified by an index of the RB relative to a common reference point of the carrier. PRBs may be defined in a BWP and numbered within the BWP.

The BWP may include a UL BWP (BWP for UL) and a DL BWP (BWP for DL). One or more BWPs may be configured for a UE within one carrier.

At least one of the configured BWPs may be active, and the UE may not expect to transmit or receive a given signal/channel outside the active BWP. Note that "cell," "carrier," etc. in this disclosure may be read as "BWP."

Note that the above-mentioned structures of radio frames, subframes, slots, minislots, and symbols are merely examples. For example, the number of subframes included in a radio frame, the number of slots per subframe or radio frame, the number of minislots included in a slot, the number of symbols and RBs included in a slot or minislot, the number of subcarriers included in an RB, as well as the number of symbols in a TTI, the symbol length, and the cyclic prefix (CP) length can be changed in various ways.

In addition, the information, parameters, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using absolute values, may be represented using relative values from a predetermined value, or may be represented using other corresponding information. For example, a radio resource may be indicated by a predetermined index.

The names used for parameters and the like in this disclosure are not limiting in any respect. Furthermore, the formulas and the like using these parameters may differ from those explicitly disclosed in this disclosure. The various channels (PUCCH, PDCCH, etc.) and information elements may be identified by any suitable names, and the various names assigned to these various channels and information elements are not limiting in any respect.

The information, signals, etc. described in this disclosure may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies. For example, the data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, chips, etc. that may be referred to throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or magnetic particles, optical fields or photons, or any combination thereof.

In addition, information, signals, etc. may be output from a higher layer to a lower layer and/or from a lower layer to a higher layer. Information, signals, etc. may be input/output via multiple network nodes.

Input/output information, signals, etc. may be stored in a specific location (e.g., memory) or may be managed using a management table. Input/output information, signals, etc. may be overwritten, updated, or added to. Output information, signals, etc. may be deleted. Input information, signals, etc. may be transmitted to another device.

The notification of information is not limited to the aspects/embodiments described in this disclosure, and may be performed using other methods. For example, the notification of information in this disclosure may be performed by physical layer signaling (e.g., Downlink Control Information (DCI), Uplink Control Information (UCI)), higher layer signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC) signaling, broadcast information (Master Information Block (MIB), System Information Block (SIB)), etc.), Medium Access Control (MAC) signaling), other signals, or a combination of these.

The physical layer signaling may be called Layer 1/Layer 2 (L1/L2) control information (L1/L2 control signal), L1 control information (L1 control signal), etc. The RRC signaling may be called an RRC message, for example, an RRC Connection Setup message, an RRC Connection Reconfiguration message, etc. The MAC signaling may be notified, for example, using a MAC Control Element (CE).

Furthermore, notification of specified information (e.g., notification that "X is the case") is not limited to explicit notification, but may be implicit (e.g., by not notifying the specified information or by notifying other information).

The determination may be based on a value represented by a single bit (0 or 1), a Boolean value represented by true or false, or a comparison of numerical values (e.g., with a predetermined value).

Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executable files, threads of execution, procedures, functions, etc., whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise.

Software, instructions, information, etc. may also be transmitted and received via a transmission medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using at least one of wired technologies (such as coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)), and/or wireless technologies (such as infrared, microwave, etc.), then at least one of these wired and wireless technologies is included within the definition of a transmission medium.

As used in this disclosure, the terms "system" and "network" may be used interchangeably. "Network" may refer to the devices included in the network (e.g., base stations).

In this disclosure, terms such as "precoding", "precoder", "weight (precoding weight)", "Quasi-Co-Location (QCL)", "Transmission Configuration Indication state (TCI state)", "spatial relation", "spatial domain filter", "transmit power", "phase rotation", "antenna port", "layer", "number of layers", "rank", "resource", "resource set", "beam", "beam width", "beam angle", "antenna", "antenna element", "panel", "UE panel", "transmitting entity", "receiving entity", etc. may be used interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, the antenna port may be interchangeably read as an antenna port for any signal/channel (e.g., a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) port). In the present disclosure, the resource may be interchangeably read as a resource for any signal/channel (e.g., a reference signal resource, an SRS resource, etc.). The resource may include time/frequency/code/space/power resources. The spatial domain transmission filter may include at least one of a spatial domain transmission filter and a spatial domain reception filter.

The above groups may include, for example, at least one of a spatial relationship group, a Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) group, a Reference Signal (RS) group, a Control Resource Set (CORESET) group, a PUCCH group, an antenna port group (e.g., a DMRS port group), a layer group, a resource group, a beam group, an antenna group, a panel group, etc.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, beam, SRS Resource Indicator (SRI), CORESET, CORESET pool, PDSCH, PUSCH, codeword (CW), transport block (TB), RS, etc. may be read as interchangeable.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, the terms TCI state, downlink TCI state (DL TCI state), uplink TCI state (UL TCI state), unified TCI state, common TCI state, joint TCI state, etc. may be interpreted as interchangeable.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, "QCL", "QCL assumptions", "QCL relationship", "QCL type information", "QCL property/properties", "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D) characteristics", "specific QCL type (e.g., Type A, Type D)", etc. may be read as interchangeable.

In this disclosure, the terms index, identifier (ID), indicator, indication, resource ID, etc. may be interchangeable. In this disclosure, the terms sequence, list, set, group, cluster, subset, etc. may be interchangeable.

Furthermore, the spatial relationship information identifier (ID) (TCI state ID) and the spatial relationship information (TCI state) may be interchangeable. "Spatial relationship information (TCI state)" may be interchangeable as "set of spatial relationship information (TCI state)", "one or more pieces of spatial relationship information", etc. TCI state and TCI may be interchangeable. Spatial relationship information and spatial relationship may be interchangeable.

In this disclosure, terms such as "Base Station (BS)", "Radio base station", "Fixed station", "NodeB", "eNB (eNodeB)", "gNB (gNodeB)", "Access point", "Transmission Point (TP)", "Reception Point (RP)", "Transmission/Reception Point (TRP)", "Panel", "Cell", "Sector", "Cell group", "Carrier", "Component carrier", etc. may be used interchangeably. Base stations may also be referred to by terms such as macrocell, small cell, femtocell, picocell, etc.

A base station can accommodate one or more (e.g., three) cells. When a base station accommodates multiple cells, the entire coverage area of the base station can be divided into multiple smaller areas, and each smaller area can also provide communication services by a base station subsystem (e.g., a small base station for indoor use (Remote Radio Head (RRH))). The term "cell" or "sector" refers to a part or the entire coverage area of at least one of the base station and base station subsystems that provide communication services in this coverage.

In this disclosure, a base station transmitting information to a terminal may be interpreted as the base station instructing the terminal to control/operate based on the information.

In this disclosure, the terms "Mobile Station (MS)", "user terminal", "User Equipment (UE)", "terminal", etc. may be used interchangeably.

A mobile station may also be referred to as a subscriber station, mobile unit, subscriber unit, wireless unit, remote unit, mobile device, wireless device, wireless communication device, remote device, mobile subscriber station, access terminal, mobile terminal, wireless terminal, remote terminal, handset, user agent, mobile client, client, or some other suitable terminology.

At least one of the base station and the mobile station may be called a transmitting device, a receiving device, a wireless communication device, etc. In addition, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be a device mounted on a moving object, the moving object itself, etc.

The moving body in question refers to an object that can move, and the moving speed is arbitrary, and of course includes the case where the moving body is stationary. The moving body in question includes, but is not limited to, vehicles, transport vehicles, automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, connected cars, excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, dump trucks, forklifts, trains, buses, handcarts, rickshaws, ships and other watercraft, airplanes, rockets, artificial satellites, drones, multicopters, quadcopters, balloons, and objects mounted on these. The moving body in question may also be a moving body that moves autonomously based on an operating command.

The moving object may be a vehicle (e.g., a car, an airplane, etc.), an unmanned moving object (e.g., a drone, an autonomous vehicle, etc.), or a robot (manned or unmanned). Note that at least one of the base station and the mobile station may also include devices that do not necessarily move during communication operations. For example, at least one of the base station and the mobile station may be an Internet of Things (IoT) device such as a sensor.

FIG. 6 is a diagram showing an example of a vehicle according to an embodiment. The vehicle 40 includes a drive unit 41, a steering unit 42, an accelerator pedal 43, a brake pedal 44, a shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, an axle 48, an electronic control unit 49, various sensors (including a current sensor 50, an RPM sensor 51, an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration sensor 54, an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a brake pedal sensor 56, a shift lever sensor 57, and an object detection sensor 58), an information service unit 59, and a communication module 60.

The drive unit 41 is composed of at least one of an engine, a motor, and a hybrid of an engine and a motor, for example. The steering unit 42 includes at least a steering wheel (also called a handlebar), and is configured to steer at least one of the front wheels 46 and the rear wheels 47 based on the operation of the steering wheel operated by the user.

The electronic control unit 49 is composed of a microprocessor 61, memory (ROM, RAM) 62, and a communication port (e.g., an Input/Output (IO) port) 63. Signals are input to the electronic control unit 49 from various sensors 50-58 provided in the vehicle. The electronic control unit 49 may also be called an Electronic Control Unit (ECU).

Signals from the various sensors 50-58 include a current signal from a current sensor 50 that senses the motor current, a rotation speed signal of the front wheels 46/rear wheels 47 acquired by a rotation speed sensor 51, an air pressure signal of the front wheels 46/rear wheels 47 acquired by an air pressure sensor 52, a vehicle speed signal acquired by a vehicle speed sensor 53, an acceleration signal acquired by an acceleration sensor 54, a depression amount signal of the accelerator pedal 43 acquired by an accelerator pedal sensor 55, a depression amount signal of the brake pedal 44 acquired by a brake pedal sensor 56, an operation signal of the shift lever 45 acquired by a shift lever sensor 57, and a detection signal for detecting obstacles, vehicles, pedestrians, etc. acquired by an object detection sensor 58.

The information service unit 59 is composed of various devices, such as a car navigation system, audio system, speakers, displays, televisions, and radios, for providing (outputting) various information such as driving information, traffic information, and entertainment information, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The information service unit 59 uses information acquired from external devices via the communication module 60, etc., to provide various information/services (e.g., multimedia information/multimedia services) to the occupants of the vehicle 40.

The information service unit 59 may include input devices (e.g., a keyboard, a mouse, a microphone, a switch, a button, a sensor, a touch panel, etc.) that accept input from the outside, and may also include output devices (e.g., a display, a speaker, an LED lamp, a touch panel, etc.) that perform output to the outside.

The driving assistance system unit 64 is composed of various devices that provide functions for preventing accidents and reducing the driver's driving load, such as a millimeter wave radar, a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), a camera, a positioning locator (e.g., a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)), map information (e.g., a High Definition (HD) map, an Autonomous Vehicle (AV) map, etc.), a gyro system (e.g., an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), an Inertial Navigation System (INS), etc.), an Artificial Intelligence (AI) chip, and an AI processor, and one or more ECUs that control these devices. The driving assistance system unit 64 also transmits and receives various information via the communication module 60 to realize a driving assistance function or an autonomous driving function.

The communication module 60 can communicate with the microprocessor 61 and components of the vehicle 40 via the communication port 63. For example, the communication module 60 transmits and receives data (information) via the communication port 63 between the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, the microprocessor 61 and memory (ROM, RAM) 62 in the electronic control unit 49, and the various sensors 50-58 that are provided on the vehicle 40.

The communication module 60 is a communication device that can be controlled by the microprocessor 61 of the electronic control unit 49 and can communicate with an external device. For example, it transmits and receives various information to and from the external device via wireless communication. The communication module 60 may be located either inside or outside the electronic control unit 49. The external device may be, for example, the above-mentioned base station 10 or user terminal 20. The communication module 60 may also be, for example, at least one of the above-mentioned base station 10 and user terminal 20 (it may function as at least one of the base station 10 and user terminal 20).

The communication module 60 may transmit at least one of the signals from the various sensors 50-58 described above input to the electronic control unit 49, information obtained based on the signals, and information based on input from the outside (user) obtained via the information service unit 59 to an external device via wireless communication. The electronic control unit 49, the various sensors 50-58, the information service unit 59, etc. may be referred to as input units that accept input. For example, the PUSCH transmitted by the communication module 60 may include information based on the above input.

The communication module 60 receives various information (traffic information, signal information, vehicle distance information, etc.) transmitted from an external device and displays it on an information service unit 59 provided in the vehicle. The information service unit 59 may also be called an output unit that outputs information (for example, outputs information to a device such as a display or speaker based on the PDSCH (or data/information decoded from the PDSCH) received by the communication module 60).

The communication module 60 also stores various information received from external devices in memory 62 that can be used by the microprocessor 61. Based on the information stored in memory 62, the microprocessor 61 may control the drive unit 41, steering unit 42, accelerator pedal 43, brake pedal 44, shift lever 45, left and right front wheels 46, left and right rear wheels 47, axles 48, various sensors 50-58, and the like provided on the vehicle 40.

Furthermore, the base station in the present disclosure may be read as a user terminal. For example, each aspect/embodiment of the present disclosure may be applied to a configuration in which communication between a base station and a user terminal is replaced with communication between multiple user terminals (which may be called, for example, Device-to-Device (D2D), Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X), etc.). In this case, the user terminal 20 may be configured to have the functions of the base station 10 described above. Furthermore, terms such as "uplink" and "downlink" may be read as terms corresponding to terminal-to-terminal communication (for example, "sidelink"). For example, the uplink channel, downlink channel, etc. may be read as the sidelink channel.

Similarly, the user terminal in this disclosure may be interpreted as a base station. In this case, the base station 10 may be configured to have the functions of the user terminal 20 described above.

In this disclosure, operations that are described as being performed by a base station may in some cases be performed by its upper node. In a network that includes one or more network nodes having base stations, it is clear that various operations performed for communication with terminals may be performed by the base station, one or more network nodes other than the base station (such as, but not limited to, a Mobility Management Entity (MME) or a Serving-Gateway (S-GW)), or a combination of these.

Each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be used alone, in combination, or switched between depending on the implementation. In addition, the processing procedures, sequences, flow charts, etc. of each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure may be rearranged as long as there is no inconsistency. For example, the methods described in this disclosure present elements of various steps in an exemplary order, and are not limited to the particular order presented.

Each aspect/embodiment described in this disclosure includes Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), LTE-Beyond (LTE-B), SUPER 3G, IMT-Advanced, 4th generation mobile communication system (4G), 5th generation mobile communication system (5G), 6th generation mobile communication system (6G), xth generation mobile communication system (xG (x is, for example, an integer or decimal)), Future Radio Access (FRA), New-Radio The present invention may be applied to systems that use Access Technology (RAT), New Radio (NR), New radio access (NX), Future generation radio access (FX), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM (registered trademark)), CDMA2000, Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX (registered trademark)), IEEE 802.20, Ultra-Wide Band (UWB), Bluetooth (registered trademark), and other appropriate wireless communication methods, as well as next-generation systems that are expanded, modified, created, or defined based on these. In addition, multiple systems may be combined (for example, a combination of LTE or LTE-A and 5G, etc.).

As used in this disclosure, the phrase "based on" does not mean "based only on," unless expressly stated otherwise. In other words, the phrase "based on" means both "based only on" and "based at least on."

Any reference to an element using a designation such as "first," "second," etc., used in this disclosure does not generally limit the quantity or order of those elements. These designations may be used in this disclosure as a convenient method of distinguishing between two or more elements. Thus, a reference to a first and second element does not imply that only two elements may be employed or that the first element must precede the second element in some way.

The term "determining" as used in this disclosure may encompass a wide variety of actions. For example, "determining" may be considered to be judging, calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up, search, inquiry (e.g., looking in a table, database, or other data structure), ascertaining, etc.

"Determining" may also be considered to mean "determining" receiving (e.g., receiving information), transmitting (e.g., sending information), input, output, accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory), etc.

Furthermore, "judgment (decision)" may be considered to mean "judging (deciding)" resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing, comparing, etc. In other words, "judgment (decision)" may be considered to mean "judging (deciding)" some kind of action. In this disclosure, "judgment (decision)" may be read as interchangeably with the actions described above.

Furthermore, in this disclosure, "determine/determining" may be interpreted interchangeably as "assume/assuming," "expect/expecting," "consider/considering," etc. Furthermore, in this disclosure, "does not expect to do..." may be interpreted interchangeably as "assumes not to do...."

In the present disclosure, "expect" may be read as "be expected". For example, "expect(s)..." (where "..." may be expressed, for example, as a that clause, a to-infinitive, etc.) may be read as "be expected...", "does... (if "..." above is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to" in it)", etc. "does not expect..." may be read as "be not expected...", "does not... (if "..." above is a to-infinitive, a verb with "to" in it)", etc. Also, "An apparatus A is not expected..." may be read as "An apparatus B other than apparatus A does not expect..." (for example, if apparatus A is a UE, apparatus B may be a base station).

The "maximum transmit power" referred to in this disclosure may mean the maximum value of transmit power, may mean the nominal UE maximum transmit power, or may mean the rated UE maximum transmit power.

As used in this disclosure, the terms "connected" and "coupled," or any variation thereof, refer to any direct or indirect connection or coupling between two or more elements, and may include the presence of one or more intermediate elements between two elements that are "connected" or "coupled" to each other. The coupling or connection between the elements may be physical, logical, or a combination thereof. For example, "connected" may be read as "access."

In this disclosure, when two elements are connected, they may be considered to be "connected" or "coupled" to one another using one or more wires, cables, printed electrical connections, and the like, as well as using electromagnetic energy having wavelengths in the radio frequency range, microwave range, light (both visible and invisible) range, and the like, as some non-limiting and non-exhaustive examples.

In this disclosure, the term "A and B are different" may mean "A and B are different from each other." The term may also mean "A and B are each different from C." Terms such as "separate" and "combined" may also be interpreted in the same way as "different."

When the terms "include," "including," and variations thereof are used in this disclosure, these terms are intended to be inclusive, similar to the term "comprising." Additionally, the term "or," as used in this disclosure, is not intended to be an exclusive or.

In this disclosure, where articles have been added through translation, such as a, an, and the in English, this disclosure may include that the nouns following these articles are plural.

In this disclosure, terms such as "less than", "less than", "greater than", "more than", "equal to", etc. may be read as interchangeable. In addition, in this disclosure, terms meaning "good", "bad", "big", "small", "high", "low", "fast", "slow", "wide", "narrow", etc. may be read as interchangeable, not limited to positive, comparative and superlative. In addition, in this disclosure, terms meaning "good", "bad", "big", "small", "high", "low", "fast", "slow", "wide", "narrow", etc. may be read as interchangeable, not limited to positive, comparative and superlative, as expressions with "ith" (i is any integer) (for example, "best" may be read as "ith best").

In this disclosure, the terms "of," "for," "regarding," "related to," "associated with," etc. may be read interchangeably.

In the present disclosure, "when A, B", "if A, (then) B", "B upon A", "B in response to A", "B based on A", "B during/while A", "B before A", "B at (the same time as)/on A", "B after A", "B since A", "B until A" and the like may be read as interchangeable. Note that A, B, etc. here may be replaced with appropriate expressions such as nouns, gerunds, and normal sentences depending on the context. Note that the time difference between A and B may be almost 0 (immediately after or immediately before). Also, a time offset may be applied to the time when A occurs. For example, "A" may be read interchangeably as "before/after the time offset at which A occurs." The time offset (e.g., one or more symbols/slots) may be predefined or may be identified by the UE based on signaled information.

In this disclosure, timing, time, duration, time instance, any time unit (e.g., slot, subslot, symbol, subframe), period, occasion, resource, etc. may be interpreted as interchangeable.

The invention disclosed herein has been described in detail above, but it is clear to those skilled in the art that the invention disclosed herein is not limited to the embodiments described herein. The description of the present disclosure is intended for illustrative purposes only and does not imply any limitations on the invention disclosed herein.

Claims (6)

a measurement unit for evaluating a radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which the predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which the measured value is associated;
A terminal having a control unit that performs Beam Failure Detection (BFD) or Candidate Beam Detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the wireless link quality. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the measurement unit evaluates the radio link quality based on physical downlink control channel parameters that differ between the first time instance and the second time instance. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit notifies a higher layer from the physical layer of information indicating the predicted reliability of the BFD or the CBD based on the evaluation of the wireless link quality. The terminal according to claim 1, wherein the control unit performs the BFD or the CBD based on a counter that is incremented based on a beam failure instance indication based on the radio link quality associated with both the first time instance and the second time instance. - evaluating the radio link quality based on different thresholds for a first time instance to which the predicted value is associated and a second time instance to which the measured value is associated;
and performing Beam Failure Detection (BFD) or Candidate Beam Detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the wireless link quality. A base station having a transmitter that transmits to a terminal configuration information of different thresholds for evaluating wireless link quality at a first time instance associated with a predicted value and a second time instance associated with a measured value, and configuration information instructing a terminal to perform beam failure detection (BFD) or candidate beam detection (CBD) based on the evaluation of the wireless link quality.

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