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WO2025073501A1 - Laminated pane comprising a photovoltaic module - Google Patents

Laminated pane comprising a photovoltaic module Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2025073501A1
WO2025073501A1 PCT/EP2024/076394 EP2024076394W WO2025073501A1 WO 2025073501 A1 WO2025073501 A1 WO 2025073501A1 EP 2024076394 W EP2024076394 W EP 2024076394W WO 2025073501 A1 WO2025073501 A1 WO 2025073501A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
pane
composite pane
photovoltaic
photovoltaic module
bypass element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
PCT/EP2024/076394
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Francois HERMANGE
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saint Gobain Sekurit France
Original Assignee
Saint Gobain Sekurit France
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint Gobain Sekurit France filed Critical Saint Gobain Sekurit France
Publication of WO2025073501A1 publication Critical patent/WO2025073501A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
    • B32B3/02—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions
    • B32B3/08—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by features of form at particular places, e.g. in edge regions characterised by added members at particular parts
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10247—Laminated safety glass or glazing containing decorations or patterns for aesthetic reasons
    • B32B17/10256—Laminated safety glass or glazing containing decorations or patterns for aesthetic reasons created by printing techniques
    • B32B17/10266—Laminated safety glass or glazing containing decorations or patterns for aesthetic reasons created by printing techniques on glass pane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10339—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted
    • B32B17/10348—Specific parts of the laminated safety glass or glazing being colored or tinted comprising an obscuration band
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10761—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing vinyl acetal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/1077—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing polyurethane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/30—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers
    • B32B27/306—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising vinyl (co)polymers; comprising acrylic (co)polymers comprising vinyl acetate or vinyl alcohol (co)polymers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/40—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyurethanes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/04—Interconnection of layers
    • B32B7/12—Interconnection of layers using interposed adhesives or interposed materials with bonding properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02S—GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER BY CONVERSION OF INFRARED RADIATION, VISIBLE LIGHT OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT, e.g. USING PHOTOVOLTAIC [PV] MODULES
    • H02S20/00—Supporting structures for PV modules
    • H02S20/30—Supporting structures being movable or adjustable, e.g. for angle adjustment
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
    • H10F19/70—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules comprising bypass diodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
    • H10F19/80—Encapsulations or containers for integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, having photovoltaic cells
    • H10F19/807—Double-glass encapsulation, e.g. photovoltaic cells arranged between front and rear glass sheets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/20—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • B32B2307/202—Conductive
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/402—Coloured
    • B32B2307/4023—Coloured on the layer surface, e.g. ink
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/41—Opaque
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/412—Transparent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/732—Dimensional properties
    • B32B2307/737—Dimensions, e.g. volume or area
    • B32B2307/7375—Linear, e.g. length, distance or width
    • B32B2307/7376—Thickness
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2457/00—Electrical equipment
    • B32B2457/12—Photovoltaic modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
    • B32B2605/08—Cars

Definitions

  • Laminated glass panels made of two or more glass or polymer panes are used in vehicles as windshields, rear windows, side windows, and roof windows. Individual sides of the panes can be coated with one or more functional coatings that exhibit infrared-reflecting, anti-reflective, or low-E properties.
  • WO 2013/182399 discloses a roof window with an integrated photovoltaic module.
  • the photovoltaic module is embedded in the intermediate layer that connects an outer pane and an inner pane of the composite pane.
  • the module can be laminated either between a flexible film and a glass pane or between two glass panes. Arrangement between two glass panes is preferred.
  • the photovoltaic module is arranged over a large area in the composite pane, particularly as a roof pane. Partial shading of individual photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module can occur repeatedly during operation. This shading can be caused by neighboring buildings or trees. Such shading can lead to performance losses of the photovoltaic module, especially if the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module are connected in series. Furthermore, the above solution has been shown to be disadvantageous in many areas, as the photovoltaic module connection must be installed in a separate junction box outside the composite pane. The junction box takes up a lot of space.
  • WO2018/209240 A1 discloses a solar module for installation in a motor vehicle, comprising a front panel with a curvature in at least two directions and at least one set of strings. Each string consists of a plurality of strips of a solar cell.
  • EP 2797121 A1 discloses a glass-glass solar module laminate with solar cells. The glass-glass solar module laminate has internal solar cells and several contacted switching elements with or without frames.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide an improved composite pane with a photovoltaic module, which is space-saving and reduces performance losses in the case of partial shading.
  • the composite pane according to the invention for a vehicle comprises an outer pane and an inner pane, which are bonded to one another via at least one thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • the composite pane further comprises a photovoltaic module with a number of individual photovoltaic cells electrically connected in series between two external terminals, and at least one bypass element.
  • the photovoltaic module is arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane, with the bridging bypass element being provided on at least one of the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module.
  • the bypass element is arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane. This arrangement makes it possible to minimize the space required for a junction box, since an additional junction box outside the composite pane is unnecessary.
  • the advantage of the invention lies in the inventive integration of the bypass element into the composite pane. This eliminates the need for a bulky junction box with a switching element outside the composite pane, and minimizes performance losses in the event of shading or malfunction of one or more photovoltaic cells.
  • the integration of the bypass element into the composite pane creates a compact and cost-effective solution.
  • the bypass element is connected in parallel to at least one photovoltaic cell, preferably in parallel to a series connection (engine string) of photovoltaic cells.
  • a current bypass is achieved for the shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell.
  • the bypass element can comprise a diode or other electronic components. In the case of a shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell, the bypass element can act as a current bypass for the shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell.
  • the photovoltaic module can have multiple bypass elements, each bypass element being provided to bridge a series connection of at least two photovoltaic cells. In the case of at least one shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell, the bypass element acts as a current bypass for the series connection containing the at least one shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell. Preferably, each bypass element is connected anti-parallel to a series connection of at least two photovoltaic cells.
  • the series connection preferably has 2 to 30, particularly preferably 12 to 24, series-connected photovoltaic cells.
  • the photovoltaic module comprises 1 to 10 series connections of at least two photovoltaic cells. This makes it possible to achieve a particularly large surface area and thus a high performance of the photovoltaic module.
  • Two photovoltaic cells can be electrically contacted with one another via a conductor made of copper, aluminum, gold, silver, tin or alloys thereof.
  • the conductors are preferably designed as ribbons, strips or wires.
  • the conductors preferably have a thickness of 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, with a width of 0.5 mm to 10 mm. Width refers, for example, to the dimension of the conductors along which the conductors are in contact with an electrode of the photovoltaic cell.
  • the length of the conductors depends on the distance between adjacent photovoltaic cells.
  • a stable connection between conductor and electrode or conductor and flat conductor can be achieved by soldering, welding, bonding, clamping, gluing using an electrically conductive adhesive or by suitable insertion into the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • a conductor can also be designed as a so-called busbar.
  • a conductor as a busbar is preferably located in the edge region of the photovoltaic module.
  • the busbar preferably contains at least one metal or a metal alloy. Suitable materials for the bus bar include aluminum, copper, tinned copper, gold, silver, or tin, and their alloys.
  • the bus bar has a thickness of 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m and a width of 5 mm to 10 mm, for example.
  • a photovoltaic cell can have a length of 5 cm to 30 cm, preferably 10 cm to 20 cm, and a width of 2 mm to 5 mm. Furthermore, the photovoltaic cells can be arranged parallel to one another. This advantageously saves space and allows the photovoltaic cells to be easily connected in series via the electrically conductive conductors. This advantageously achieves a large-area coverage of the composite pane with the photovoltaic cells.
  • the composite pane is typically intended to separate an interior space from the exterior environment in an opening, in particular a window opening, for example a window opening in a vehicle.
  • the inner pane refers to the pane facing the interior space.
  • the outer pane refers to the pane facing the exterior space and the sun.
  • the outer pane and the inner pane each have an exterior surface and an interior surface and a circumferential side edge surface running between them.
  • the exterior surface refers to the main surface which is intended to face the exterior space and the sun in the installed position.
  • the interior surface refers to the main surface which is intended to face the interior space in the installed position.
  • the interior-side surface of the outer pane and the exterior surface of the inner pane face one another and are connected to one another by the intermediate layer.
  • the two external connections of the photovoltaic module are preferably led out of the composite pane between the outer pane and the inner pane, whereby a current generated at least by the non-shaded or non-faulty photovoltaic cells can be tapped at the two external connections of the photovoltaic module.
  • the photovoltaic module and the at least one bypass element are embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer. This leads to a simplified, more cost-effective production of the composite pane. Because one or more bypass elements are not outside the composite pane in a separate junction box, but are embedded in the intermediate layer, the space requirement can be minimized.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer is preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU), or on mixtures or copolymers or derivatives thereof, particularly preferably based on PVB.
  • PVB polyvinyl butyral
  • EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate
  • PU polyurethane
  • the intermediate layer largely contains the said polymer (a proportion greater than 50% by weight).
  • the intermediate layer may contain further additives, for example, plasticizers, UV absorbers, or stabilizers.
  • Each thermoplastic layer serving as an intermediate layer is preferably formed from at least one thermoplastic film. The thickness of each film is preferably between 0.2 mm and 1 mm.
  • PVB films with standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm can be used.
  • the intermediate layer may also comprise multiple layers of thermoplastic material and, for example, be formed from multiple polymer films arranged flatly one above the other.
  • the outer pane, the inner pane, and the thermoplastic intermediate layer can be clear and colorless, but also tinted or colored.
  • the outer pane and the inner pane are preferably glass panes, particularly preferably made of soda-lime glass, as is common for window panes.
  • one or both of the panes can also be made of other types of glass, such as quartz glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, or of rigid, clear plastics, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate.
  • the thicknesses of the outer pane and the inner pane, independently of one another, are preferably between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, particularly preferably between 1 mm and 3 mm.
  • the composite pane can be flat or curved, in particular cylindrical or spherical.
  • the composite pane, as a roof pane has a radius of curvature of less than or equal to 800 mm, at least in one region.
  • the composite pane is particularly preferably used as a roof pane of a vehicle, in particular a passenger car or truck.
  • the outer pane is preferably transparent, particularly for applications where high light transmission is desired.
  • a pane is considered transparent within the meaning of the invention if it has a transmission in the visible spectral range of greater than 70%.
  • the transmission can also be much lower, for example, greater than 5%.
  • the area of the composite pane can vary widely and thus be perfectly adapted to the requirements of each individual case.
  • the area of the composite pane as a roof pane can range from 100 cm2 to 5 m2 , preferably from 0.5 m2 to 3 m2 .
  • the area of the photovoltaic module is preferably from 50% to 100% of the area of the composite pane, for example from 50% to 90%. This is particularly advantageous with regard to the performance of the integrated photovoltaic module and a uniform appearance of the composite pane.
  • the area of the photovoltaic module can be, for example, from 0.1 m2 to 5 m2 , preferably 0.5 m2 to 2 m2 .
  • a photovoltaic module is designed to generate electrical energy or electrical current using the photovoltaic effect.
  • the photovoltaic module preferably has only two external electrical connections, which form two electrical voltage poles of different polarity (positive and negative poles) for electrical contact.
  • the two external connections are preferably designed as suitable cables, preferably as flat conductors or foil conductors.
  • the external connections are connected to the conductors, preferably bus bars, preferably by gluing, soldering, welding, clamping, or bonding.
  • the photovoltaic module comprises at least one photovoltaic cell, preferably a plurality of interconnected photovoltaic cells.
  • the photovoltaic module can also be referred to as a photovoltaic module or solar module.
  • a photovoltaic cell can also be referred to as a solar cell and, within the meaning of the invention, is the smallest possible photovoltaic unit, comprising a single photovoltaically active absorber layer between a single front electrode and a single rear electrode.
  • each photovoltaic cell has a photovoltaically active absorber layer between a front electrode and a rear electrode.
  • the front electrode faces the outer pane of the composite pane, and the rear electrode faces the inner pane.
  • the electrodes are, in particular, surface electrodes that cover the entire absorber layer.
  • the absorber layer often contains dopants to optimize the transport of charge carriers to the electrodes.
  • the bypass element has two flat conductors as connecting lines.
  • the connecting lines protrude from the housing of the bypass element.
  • Each connecting line is preferably shorter than 10 mm.
  • the connecting lines of the bypass element preferably contain copper, iron, aluminum, steel, in particular spring steel, and alloys thereof, particularly preferably chromium-nickel alloys, copper-iron alloys, brass, or bronze.
  • the connecting lines can be coated with another metal or metal alloy.
  • the connecting lines are preferably silver-plated, gold-plated, tin-plated, galvanized, or nickel-plated.
  • the composite pane can additionally comprise a cover print, in particular made of a dark, preferably black, enamel.
  • the cover print is in particular a peripheral, i.e. frame-like, cover print, which is thus arranged in a circumferential edge region.
  • the peripheral cover print serves primarily as UV protection for the assembly adhesive of the composite pane.
  • the cover print can be opaque and full-surface.
  • the cover print can also be semi-transparent, at least in sections, for example as a dot matrix, striped matrix or checkered matrix. Alternatively, the cover print can also have a gradient, for example from an opaque covering to a semi-transparent covering.
  • the cover print can be on the second surface of the outer pane facing the intermediate layer (interior side). or be applied to the second surface of the inner pane facing away from the intermediate layer (interior side).
  • the object is further achieved by a method for operating a photovoltaic module in a composite pane according to the invention, wherein at least one of the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module is bridged by means of a bypass element in the composite pane in the event of shading or a defect in the photovoltaic cell, so that a current is diverted via the bypass element.
  • a further aspect of the invention comprises the use of the composite pane according to the invention as a vehicle pane in means of transport for traffic on land, in the air or on water, in particular in motor vehicles and in particular as a roof pane.
  • Figure 1 is a plan view of a composite pane according to the invention with a photovoltaic module
  • Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view along the section line A-A’ of Figure 1, and
  • Figure 3 is an enlarged view of a bypass element from Figure 1.
  • Figure 1 shows a composite pane 10 with a photovoltaic module 4.
  • the composite pane 10 is a roof pane, side window, or rear window of a vehicle.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 comprises, for example, 72 photovoltaic cells 5, which are individually electrically connected to one another between two external connections 7 in series circuit S. If, for example, all photovoltaic cells 5 are shaded because it is night, the photovoltaic module 4 does not generate any electrical voltage. Accordingly, no voltage is present at the external connections 7. However, if sunlight falls on the composite pane 10 and thus on the photovoltaic cells 5, the photovoltaic module 4 again generates electrical voltage, which can be tapped at the two external connections 7.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 can, for example, be connected to the vehicle's on-board electrical system via the external connections 7, for example to charge the vehicle battery.
  • a series circuit S can, for example, comprise up to 24 photovoltaic cells 5.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 can have multiple series circuits S.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 comprises a first series circuit S1, a second series circuit S2, and a third series circuit S3, each with 24 photovoltaic cells 5, wherein the three series circuits S1 to S3 are in turn connected in series.
  • the photovoltaic cells 5 are electrically connected to one another and to the two external connections via conductors 8.
  • the conductors 8 can be designed as so-called busbars.
  • Two photovoltaic cells 5 are electrically connected to one another via conductors 8 made of copper, aluminum, gold, silver, tin, or alloys thereof.
  • the conductors 8 between two photovoltaic cells 5 are designed as ribbons, strips, or wires.
  • the conductors 8 as ribbons have a thickness of 50 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, and a width of 0.5 mm to 10 mm. Width refers, for example, to the dimension of the conductors 8 along which the conductors 8 are in contact with an electrode of a photovoltaic cell 5.
  • the length of the conductors 8 depends on the distance between adjacent photovoltaic cells 5.
  • a stable connection between conductor 8 and electrode, or conductor 8 and flat conductor can be produced by soldering, welding, bonding, clamping, gluing using an electrically conductive adhesive, or by suitable insertion into the thermoplastic intermediate layer.
  • Two external connections 7 of the photovoltaic module 4 extend beyond a side edge of the composite pane 10.
  • the two external connections 7 protrude beyond the side edge of the composite pane 10 and are therefore easily accessible for additional connection elements.
  • FIG 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the composite pane 10 along the section line A-A' from Figure 1.
  • the composite pane 10 comprises an outer pane 1, a thermoplastic intermediate layer 3, the photovoltaic module 4 and an inner pane 2.
  • the thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 can be designed in multiple layers, with one layer in each case being made of a PVB film with a thickness of 0.76 mm or 0.38 mm.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 is arranged between the outer pane 2 and the inner pane 2, a first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 is arranged between the outer pane 1 and the photovoltaic module 4 and a second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 is arranged between the inner pane 2 and the photovoltaic module 4.
  • the outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 are made of soda-lime glass, for example.
  • the outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm, for example, and the inner pane 2 has a thickness of 2.1 mm or 1.6 mm.
  • the outer pane 1 faces the outside environment and thus the sunlight, while the inner pane 2 faces the vehicle interior.
  • the first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 and the second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 are made of PVB, for example, and each have a thickness of 0.76 mm.
  • the first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 and the second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 may, for example, consist of PVB and have a thickness of 0.38 mm.
  • the composite pane 10, the outer pane 1, and the inner pane 2 are each shown as flat. It is understood that the composite pane 10, the outer pane 1, and the inner pane 2 can be flat or curved. The composite pane 10, the outer pane 1, and the inner pane 2 are preferably each curved.
  • the outer pane 1 comprises an outer surface I and an interior surface II.
  • the inner pane 2 comprises an outer surface III and the interior surface IV.
  • the "outer surface” refers to the main surface intended to face the external environment in the installed position.
  • the “interior surface” refers to the main surface intended to face an interior in the installed position.
  • the outer pane 1 can have an opaque masking area arranged circumferentially in the edge region and surrounding a central transparent see-through area in a frame-like manner.
  • a black masking print is applied to the interior-side surface II of the outer pane 1 facing the intermediate layer 3.
  • the see-through area is arranged centrally and defines an area of the composite pane 10 in which electrical energy can be generated by the photovoltaic module 4.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 is embedded in the intermediate layer 3 with bypass elements 6.
  • the photovoltaic module 4 is opaque, completely covers the energy-generating area and extends from there into the masking area.
  • the composite pane 10 can be completely opaque, particularly as a roof pane.
  • An emissivity-reducing coating can be applied to the interior-side surface IV of the inner pane 2, facing away from the intermediate layer 3. Such coatings are also known as low-E coatings. The emissivity-reducing coating then exhibits reflective properties in the mid-IR range. The emissivity-reducing coating further reduces the interior-side emissivity of the composite pane 10. In particular, this shields the vehicle interior from the thermal radiation of the inner pane 2.
  • An IR-reflecting coating can be applied to the interior-side surface II of the outer pane 1 facing the intermediate layer 3. The IR-reflecting coating is then a so-called sun protection coating with IR-reflecting properties in the near IR range, which reflects infrared components of solar radiation.
  • the IR-reflecting coating therefore reduces the heating of the vehicle interior due to direct solar radiation as well as the heating of the underlying layers of the composite pane 10, which in turn cause indirect heat input due to thermal radiation. Since the photovoltaic module 4 absorbs and is sensitive at least primarily in the visible spectral range, the current yield of the photovoltaic module 4 is not significantly reduced by the IR-reflecting coating.
  • thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 can be tinted or colored.
  • the outer pane 1 and the first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 can be clear to improve the yield of the photovoltaic cells 5.
  • FIG 3 shows an enlarged view of the bypass element 6 from Figure 1.
  • the bypass element has a housing 6.1 with a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.8 mm.
  • the bypass element 6 can comprise a diode and/or other electronic components.
  • the bypass element 6, in particular the diode, is located in the housing 6.1.
  • the bypass element 6 can be electrically contacted at two points from outside the housing 6.1.
  • Housing 6.1 can have a rectangular basic shape with a length greater than 5.9 mm and a width greater than 5.8 mm.
  • the thickness (height) of housing 6.1 is, for example, 0.38 mm or 0.73 mm.
  • such a composite pane 10 according to the invention generates significantly improved energy and achieves improved efficiency compared to previously known composite panes in the case of partial shading. Furthermore, the composite pane according to the invention is space-saving, simple, and cost-effective to manufacture. This allows for greater design freedom in the vehicle interior.

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Abstract

The present invention relates to a laminated pane (10) for a vehicle, at least comprising: - an outer pane (1) and an inner pane (2) which are joined face to face via at least one thermoplastic intermediate layer (3), - a photovoltaic module (4) having a number of individual photovoltaic cells (5) which are electrically interconnected in a series circuit (S) between two external terminals (7), wherein the photovoltaic module (4) comprises a bypass element (6) bypassing at least one of the photovoltaic cells (5) and is located between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2), wherein the bypass element (6) comprises a diode, and wherein, if a photovoltaic cell (5) is shaded or defective, the bypass element (6) acts as a current bypass for the shaded or defective photovoltaic cell (5).

Description

Verbundscheibe mit Photovoltaikmodul Composite pane with photovoltaic module

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Verbundscheibe mit einem Photovoltaikmodul für Fahrzeuge, und ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Photovoltaikmoduls in der Verbundscheibe. The invention relates to a composite pane with a photovoltaic module for vehicles, and a method for operating a photovoltaic module in the composite pane.

Verbundscheiben aus zwei oder mehreren gläsernen oder polymeren Scheiben werden in Fahrzeugen als Windschutzscheiben, Heckscheiben, Seitenscheiben und Dachscheiben eingesetzt. Auf einzelnen Seiten der Scheiben können eine oder mehrere funktionelle Beschichtungen angeordnet sein, die infrarotreflektierende Eigenschaften, antireflex- Eigenschaften oder Low-E-Eigenschaften aufweisen. Laminated glass panels made of two or more glass or polymer panes are used in vehicles as windshields, rear windows, side windows, and roof windows. Individual sides of the panes can be coated with one or more functional coatings that exhibit infrared-reflecting, anti-reflective, or low-E properties.

Es ist bekannt, Dachscheiben von Fahrzeugen mit Photovoltaikmodulen auszustatten. WO 2013/182399 offenbart eine Dachscheibe mit einem integrierten Photovoltaikmodul. Das Photovoltaikmodul ist dabei in die Zwischenschicht, welche eine Außenscheibe und eine Innenscheibe der Verbundscheibe verbindet, eingelagert. Bei der Herstellung von Fahrzeug- Dachscheiben mit einem Photovoltaikmodul kann das Modul entweder zwischen einer flexiblen Folie und einer Glasscheibe oder zwischen zwei Glasscheiben laminiert werden. Die Anordnung zwischen zwei Glasscheiben wird bevorzugt. It is known to equip vehicle roof windows with photovoltaic modules. WO 2013/182399 discloses a roof window with an integrated photovoltaic module. The photovoltaic module is embedded in the intermediate layer that connects an outer pane and an inner pane of the composite pane. When manufacturing vehicle roof windows with a photovoltaic module, the module can be laminated either between a flexible film and a glass pane or between two glass panes. Arrangement between two glass panes is preferred.

Das Photovoltaikmodul ist großflächig in der Verbundscheibe, insbesondere als Dachscheibe, angeordnet. Dabei können im Betriebszustand immer wieder partielle Beschattungen einzelner Photovoltaikzellen des Photovoltaikmoduls auftreten. Die Beschattung könne durch benachbarte Bauten oder Bäume verursacht werden. Derartige Beschattungen können zu Leistungsverlusten des Photovoltaikmoduls führen, insbesondere wenn die Photovoltaikzellen des Photovoltaikmoduls in Reihe geschalten sind. Zudem hat es sich gezeigt, dass die vorstehende Lösung in vielen Bereichen nachteilig ist, da der Anschluss des Photovoltaikmoduls in einer separaten Anschlussdose außerhalb der Verbundscheibe angebracht werden muss. Die Anschlussdose nimmt viel Platz ein. The photovoltaic module is arranged over a large area in the composite pane, particularly as a roof pane. Partial shading of individual photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module can occur repeatedly during operation. This shading can be caused by neighboring buildings or trees. Such shading can lead to performance losses of the photovoltaic module, especially if the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module are connected in series. Furthermore, the above solution has been shown to be disadvantageous in many areas, as the photovoltaic module connection must be installed in a separate junction box outside the composite pane. The junction box takes up a lot of space.

WO2018/209240 A1 offenbart ein Solarmodul zum Einbau in ein Kraftfahrzeug, das eine Frontplatte mit einer Krümmung in mindestens zwei Richtungen und mindestens einen Satz von Strängen umfasst. Jeder Strang besteht aus einer Vielzahl von Streifen einer Solarzelle. EP 2797121 A1 offenbart ein Glas-Glas-Solarmodul-Laminat mit Solarzellen. Das Glas-Glas- Solarmodul-Laminat weist innen liegenden Solarzellen und mehrere kontaktierte Schaltelemente mit oder ohne Rahmen auf. WO2018/209240 A1 discloses a solar module for installation in a motor vehicle, comprising a front panel with a curvature in at least two directions and at least one set of strings. Each string consists of a plurality of strips of a solar cell. EP 2797121 A1 discloses a glass-glass solar module laminate with solar cells. The glass-glass solar module laminate has internal solar cells and several contacted switching elements with or without frames.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung besteht darin, eine verbesserte Verbundscheibe mit einem Photovoltaikmodul bereitzustellen, welche platzsparend ist und bei einer partieller Beschattung Leistungseinbußen reduziert. The object of the present invention is to provide an improved composite pane with a photovoltaic module, which is space-saving and reduces performance losses in the case of partial shading.

Die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine Verbundscheibe gemäß Anspruch 1 gelöst. Bevorzugte Ausführungen gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor. The object of the present invention is achieved by a composite pane according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments are evident from the subclaims.

Die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe für ein Fahrzeug umfasst eine Außenscheibe und eine Innenscheibe, die über mindestens eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht miteinander flächig verbunden sind. Ferner umfasst die Verbundscheibe ein Photovoltaikmodul mit einer Anzahl von einzelnen miteinander elektrisch zwischen zwei Außenanschlüssen in einer Reihenschaltung geschalteten Photovoltaikzellen und mindestens ein Bypasselement. Das Photovoltaikmodul ist zwischen der Außenscheibe und der Innenscheibe angeordnet, wobei wenigstens an einer der Photovoltaikzellen des Photovoltaikmoduls das überbrückende Bypasselement vorgesehen ist. Dadurch wird der Stromfluß der verschatteten oder fehlerhaften Photovoltaikzelle nicht unterbrochen, sondern durch das überbrückende Bypasselement vorbei an der Photovoltaikzelle geleitet. Das Bypasselement ist zwischen der Außenscheibe und Innenscheibe angeordnet. Durch diese Anordnung kann der Raumbedarf für eine Anschlussdose minimiert werden, da eine zusätzliche Anschlussdose außerhalb der Verbundscheibe überflüssig ist. The composite pane according to the invention for a vehicle comprises an outer pane and an inner pane, which are bonded to one another via at least one thermoplastic intermediate layer. The composite pane further comprises a photovoltaic module with a number of individual photovoltaic cells electrically connected in series between two external terminals, and at least one bypass element. The photovoltaic module is arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane, with the bridging bypass element being provided on at least one of the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module. As a result, the current flow of the shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell is not interrupted, but is guided past the photovoltaic cell by the bridging bypass element. The bypass element is arranged between the outer pane and the inner pane. This arrangement makes it possible to minimize the space required for a junction box, since an additional junction box outside the composite pane is unnecessary.

Der Vorteil der Erfindung liegt in der erfindungsgemäßen Integration des Bypasselements in der Verbundscheibe. Dadurch kann auf eine sperrige Anschlussdose mit Schaltelement außerhalb der Verbundscheibe verzichtet werden und die Leistungseinbußen bei einer Verschattung oder Fehlfunktion einer oder mehrerer Photovoltaikzellen minimiert werden. Durch die Integration des Bypasselements in der Verbundscheibe wird eine kompakte und kostgünstige Lösung realisiert. The advantage of the invention lies in the inventive integration of the bypass element into the composite pane. This eliminates the need for a bulky junction box with a switching element outside the composite pane, and minimizes performance losses in the event of shading or malfunction of one or more photovoltaic cells. The integration of the bypass element into the composite pane creates a compact and cost-effective solution.

Gemäß einer bevorzugten Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist dabei vorgesehen, dass das Bypasselement parallel zu wenigstens einer Photovoltaikzelle, vorzugsweise parallel zu einer Reihenschaltung (Engi. String) von Photovoltaikzellen, geschaltet ist. Im Fall einer Abschattung oder Fehlfunktion einer Photovoltaikzelle, zu der das Bypasselement parallel geschaltet ist, wird eine Strom-Bypass für die abgeschattete oder fehlerhafte Photvoltaikzelle erzielt. According to a preferred development of the invention, the bypass element is connected in parallel to at least one photovoltaic cell, preferably in parallel to a series connection (engine string) of photovoltaic cells. In the event of shading or malfunction of a photovoltaic cell to which the bypass element is connected in parallel switched on, a current bypass is achieved for the shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell.

Das Bypasselement kann eine Diode oder andere elektronische Bauelemente umfassen. Im Fall einer abgeschatteten oder einer fehlerhaften Photovoltaikzelle kann das Bypasselement als Strom-Bypass für die abgeschattete oder einer fehlerhafte Photovoltaikzelle wirken. Das Photovoltaikmodul kann mehrere Bypasselemente aufweisen, wobei jeweils ein Bypasselement zur Überbrückung von einer Reihenschaltung von mindestens zwei Photovoltaikzelle vorgesehen ist. Im Fall von mindestens einer abgeschatteten oder fehlerhaften Photovoltaikzelle wirkt das Bypasselement als Strom-Bypasss für die Reihenschaltung, welche die mindestens eine abgeschattete oder fehlerhafte Photovoltaikzelle enthält. Bevorzugt ist jeweils ein Bypasselement antiparallel zu einer Reihenschaltung von mindestens zwei Photovoltaikzellen geschaltet. Dadurch wird der Stromfluß in den in Reihe mit der verschatteten Photovoltaikzelle geschalteten (nicht verschatteten) Photovoltaikzellen nicht unterbrochen, so dass die aktuelle Leistung der nicht verschatteten Photovoltaikzellen verfügbar ist. Bevorzugt weist die Reihenschaltung 2 bis 30, besonders bevorzugt 12 bis 24, seriell geschaltete Photovoltaikzellen auf. Durch in Reihe (seriell) geschaltete Photovoltaikzellen erhält das Photovoltaikmodul eine Biegsamkeit, die vorteilhaft die Realisierung von Verbundscheiben mit starker Krümmung erlaubt. The bypass element can comprise a diode or other electronic components. In the case of a shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell, the bypass element can act as a current bypass for the shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell. The photovoltaic module can have multiple bypass elements, each bypass element being provided to bridge a series connection of at least two photovoltaic cells. In the case of at least one shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell, the bypass element acts as a current bypass for the series connection containing the at least one shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell. Preferably, each bypass element is connected anti-parallel to a series connection of at least two photovoltaic cells. As a result, the current flow in the (non-shaded) photovoltaic cells connected in series with the shaded photovoltaic cell is not interrupted, so that the current power of the non-shaded photovoltaic cells is available. The series connection preferably has 2 to 30, particularly preferably 12 to 24, series-connected photovoltaic cells. By connecting photovoltaic cells in series, the photovoltaic module acquires a flexibility that advantageously allows the realization of composite panes with a strong curvature.

In einer bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung umfasst das Photovoltaikmodul 1 bis 10 Reihenschaltungen von mindestes zwei Photovoltaikzellen. Dadurch kann eine besonders große Flächenausdehnung und damit eine hohe Leistung des Photovoltaikmoduls erzielt werden. Zwei Photovoltaikzellen können miteinander über einen Leiter aus Kupfer, Aluminium, Gold, Silber, Zinn oder Legierungen davon elektrisch kontaktiert sein. Die Leiter sind bevorzugt als Bänder, Streifen oder Drähten ausgebildet. Die Leiter weisen bevorzugt eine Dicke von 50 pm bis 100 pm auf, wobei sie eine Breite von 0,5 mm bis 10 mm aufweisen. Mit Breite wird beispielsweise diejenige Dimension der Leiter bezeichnet, entlang derer die Leiter mit einer Elektrode der Photovoltaikzelle in Kontakt stehen. Die Länge der Leiter richtet sich nach dem Abstand benachbarter Photovoltaikzellen. Eine stabile Verbindung zwischen Leiter und Elektrode oder Leiter und Flachleiter kann dabei durch Löten, Schweißen, Bonden, Klemmen, Kleben mittels eines elektrisch leitfähigen Klebers oder durch geeignetes Einlegen in die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht erzielt werden. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic module comprises 1 to 10 series connections of at least two photovoltaic cells. This makes it possible to achieve a particularly large surface area and thus a high performance of the photovoltaic module. Two photovoltaic cells can be electrically contacted with one another via a conductor made of copper, aluminum, gold, silver, tin or alloys thereof. The conductors are preferably designed as ribbons, strips or wires. The conductors preferably have a thickness of 50 μm to 100 μm, with a width of 0.5 mm to 10 mm. Width refers, for example, to the dimension of the conductors along which the conductors are in contact with an electrode of the photovoltaic cell. The length of the conductors depends on the distance between adjacent photovoltaic cells. A stable connection between conductor and electrode or conductor and flat conductor can be achieved by soldering, welding, bonding, clamping, gluing using an electrically conductive adhesive or by suitable insertion into the thermoplastic intermediate layer.

Ein Leiter kann auch als ein sogenannter Sammelleiter (Busbar) ausgebildet sein. Ein Leiter als Sammelleiter befindet sich bevorzugt im Randbereich des Photovoltaikmoduls. Der Sammelleiter enthält bevorzugt zumindest ein Metall oder eine Metalllegierung. Besonders geeignete Materialien für den Sammelleiter sind beispielsweise Aluminium, Kupfer, verzinntes Kupfer, Gold, Silber oder Zinn und Legierung davon. Der Sammelleiter hat beispielsweise eine Dicke von 50 pm bis 100 pm und eine Breite von 5 mm bis 10 mm. A conductor can also be designed as a so-called busbar. A conductor as a busbar is preferably located in the edge region of the photovoltaic module. The busbar preferably contains at least one metal or a metal alloy. Suitable materials for the bus bar include aluminum, copper, tinned copper, gold, silver, or tin, and their alloys. The bus bar has a thickness of 50 μm to 100 μm and a width of 5 mm to 10 mm, for example.

Eine Photovoltaikzelle kann eine Länge von 5 cm bis 30 cm, bevorzugt von 10 cm bis 20 cm und eine Breite von 2 mm bis 5 mm aufweisen. Ferner können die Photovoltaikzellen parallel zueinander angeordnet sein. Dadurch sind die Photovoltaikzellen vorteilhaft platzsparend angeordnet und können einfach über die elektrisch leitfähigen Leiter in Reihe (seriell) verschaltet werden. So wird vorteilhaft eine großflächige Belegung der Verbundscheibe mit den Photovoltaikzellen erreicht. A photovoltaic cell can have a length of 5 cm to 30 cm, preferably 10 cm to 20 cm, and a width of 2 mm to 5 mm. Furthermore, the photovoltaic cells can be arranged parallel to one another. This advantageously saves space and allows the photovoltaic cells to be easily connected in series via the electrically conductive conductors. This advantageously achieves a large-area coverage of the composite pane with the photovoltaic cells.

Die Verbundscheibe ist typischerweise dafür vorgesehen, in einer Öffnung, insbesondere Fensteröffnung, beispielsweise einer Fensteröffnung eines Fahrzeugs, einen Innenraum gegenüber der äußeren Umgebung abzutrennen. Mit Innenscheibe wird im Sinne der Erfindung die dem Innenraum zugewandte Scheibe bezeichnet. Mit Außenscheibe wird die der äußeren Umgebung und der Sonne zugewandte Scheibe bezeichnet. Die Außenscheibe und die Innenscheibe weisen jeweils eine außenseitige und eine innenraumseitige Oberfläche auf und eine dazwischen verlaufende, umlaufende Seitenkantenfläche. Mit außenseitiger Oberfläche wird im Sinne der Erfindung diejenige Hauptfläche bezeichnet, welche dafür vorgesehen ist, in Einbaulage der äußeren Umgebung und der Sonne zugewandt zu sein. Mit innenraumseitiger Oberfläche wird im Sinne der Erfindung diejenige Hauptfläche bezeichnet, welche dafür vorgesehen ist, in Einbaulage dem Innenraum zugewandt zu sein. Die innenraumseitige Oberfläche der Außenscheibe und die außenseitige Oberfläche der Innenscheibe sind einander zugewandt und durch die Zwischenschicht miteinander verbunden. The composite pane is typically intended to separate an interior space from the exterior environment in an opening, in particular a window opening, for example a window opening in a vehicle. In the context of the invention, the inner pane refers to the pane facing the interior space. The outer pane refers to the pane facing the exterior space and the sun. The outer pane and the inner pane each have an exterior surface and an interior surface and a circumferential side edge surface running between them. In the context of the invention, the exterior surface refers to the main surface which is intended to face the exterior space and the sun in the installed position. In the context of the invention, the interior surface refers to the main surface which is intended to face the interior space in the installed position. The interior-side surface of the outer pane and the exterior surface of the inner pane face one another and are connected to one another by the intermediate layer.

Die zwei Außenanschlüsse des Photovoltaikmoduls sind bevorzugt zwischen der Außenscheibe und der Innenscheibe aus der Verbundscheibe herausgeführt, wobei an den zwei Außenanschlüssen des Photovoltaikmoduls ein mindestens von den nicht abgeschatteten oder nicht fehlerhaften Photovoltaikzellen erzeugter Strom abgegriffen werden kann. The two external connections of the photovoltaic module are preferably led out of the composite pane between the outer pane and the inner pane, whereby a current generated at least by the non-shaded or non-faulty photovoltaic cells can be tapped at the two external connections of the photovoltaic module.

In einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind das Photovoltaikmodul und das mindestens eine Bypasselement in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht eingelagert. Dies führt zu einer vereinfachten, kostengünstigeren Herstellung der Verbundscheibe. Dadurch, dass eine oder die mehreren Bypasselemente nicht außerhalb der Verbundscheibe in einer separaten Anschlussdose (Engl, junction box') angeordnet werden müssen, sondern in der Zwischenschicht eingebettet sind, kann der Raumbedarf minimiert werden. In a further preferred embodiment of the invention, the photovoltaic module and the at least one bypass element are embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer. This leads to a simplified, more cost-effective production of the composite pane. Because one or more bypass elements are not outside the composite pane in a separate junction box, but are embedded in the intermediate layer, the space requirement can be minimized.

Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht ist bevorzugt auf Basis von Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Ethylen-Vinylacetat (EVA) oder Polyurethan (PU) ausgebildet oder aus Gemischen oder Copolymeren oder Derivaten davon, besonders bevorzugt auf Basis von PVB. Damit ist gemeint, dass die Zwischenschicht größtenteils das besagte Polymer enthält (Anteil größer als 50 Gew.-%). Die Zwischenschicht kann außer dem Polymer weitere Zusätze enthalten, beispielsweise Weichmacher, UV-Absorber oder Stabilisatoren. Jede thermoplastische Lage als Zwischenschicht ist bevorzugt aus mindestens einer thermoplastischen Folie ausgebildet. Die Dicke jeder Folie beträgt bevorzugt von 0,2 mm bis 1 mm. Beispielsweise können PVB- Folien mit den Standarddicken von 0,38 mm oder 0,76 mm verwendet werden. Die Zwischenschicht kann auch mehrere Lagen thermoplastischen Materials umfassen und beispielsweise aus mehreren flächig übereinander angeordneten Polymerfolien ausgebildet sein. Die Außenscheibe, die Innenscheibe und die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht können klar und farblos, aber auch getönt oder gefärbt sein. The thermoplastic intermediate layer is preferably based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), or polyurethane (PU), or on mixtures or copolymers or derivatives thereof, particularly preferably based on PVB. This means that the intermediate layer largely contains the said polymer (a proportion greater than 50% by weight). In addition to the polymer, the intermediate layer may contain further additives, for example, plasticizers, UV absorbers, or stabilizers. Each thermoplastic layer serving as an intermediate layer is preferably formed from at least one thermoplastic film. The thickness of each film is preferably between 0.2 mm and 1 mm. For example, PVB films with standard thicknesses of 0.38 mm or 0.76 mm can be used. The intermediate layer may also comprise multiple layers of thermoplastic material and, for example, be formed from multiple polymer films arranged flatly one above the other. The outer pane, the inner pane, and the thermoplastic intermediate layer can be clear and colorless, but also tinted or colored.

Die Außenscheibe und die Innenscheibe sind bevorzugt Glasscheiben, besonders bevorzugt gefertigt aus Kalk-Natron-Glas, wie es für Fensterscheiben üblich ist. Eine oder beide der Scheiben können grundsätzlich aber auch aus anderen Glassorten gefertigt sein, beispielsweise Quarzglas, Borosilikatglas oder Aluminosilikatglas, oder aus starren klaren Kunststoffen, beispielsweise Polycarbonat oder Polymethylmethacrylat. Die Dicken der Außenscheibe und der Innenscheibe betragen unabhängig voneinander bevorzugt von 0,5 mm bis 5 mm, besonders bevorzugt von 1 mm bis 3 mm. The outer pane and the inner pane are preferably glass panes, particularly preferably made of soda-lime glass, as is common for window panes. However, one or both of the panes can also be made of other types of glass, such as quartz glass, borosilicate glass, or aluminosilicate glass, or of rigid, clear plastics, such as polycarbonate or polymethyl methacrylate. The thicknesses of the outer pane and the inner pane, independently of one another, are preferably between 0.5 mm and 5 mm, particularly preferably between 1 mm and 3 mm.

Die Verbundscheibe kann plan sein oder auch, insbesondere zylindrisch oder sphärisch, gebogen sein. Bevorzugt weist die Verbundscheibe als Dachscheibe zumindest in einem Bereich einen Krümmungsradius von kleiner oder gleich 800 mm auf. Die Verbundscheibe wird besonders bevorzugt als eine Dachscheibe eines Fahrzeugs, insbesondere eines Personenkraftwagens oder Lastkraftwagens, verwendet. The composite pane can be flat or curved, in particular cylindrical or spherical. Preferably, the composite pane, as a roof pane, has a radius of curvature of less than or equal to 800 mm, at least in one region. The composite pane is particularly preferably used as a roof pane of a vehicle, in particular a passenger car or truck.

Die Außenscheibe ist bevorzugt transparent, insbesondere für die Verwendungen der Scheibe, bei denen eine hohe Lichttransmission erwünscht ist. Als transparent im Sinne der Erfindung wird dann eine Scheibe verstanden, die eine Transmission im sichtbaren Spektralbereich von größer 70 % aufweist. Für Scheiben, die nicht im verkehrsrelevanten Sichtfeld des Fahrers liegen, beispielsweise für Dachscheiben, kann die Transmission aber auch viel geringer sein, beispielsweise größer als 5 %. Die Fläche der Verbundscheibe kann breit variieren und so hervorragend den Erfordernissen im Einzelfall angepasst werden. Die Fläche der Verbundscheibe als Dachscheibe kann beispielsweise von 100 cm2 bis zu 5 m2 betragen, bevorzugt von 0,5 m2 bis 3 m2. The outer pane is preferably transparent, particularly for applications where high light transmission is desired. A pane is considered transparent within the meaning of the invention if it has a transmission in the visible spectral range of greater than 70%. However, for panes that are not in the driver's traffic-relevant field of vision, such as roof windows, the transmission can also be much lower, for example, greater than 5%. The area of the composite pane can vary widely and thus be perfectly adapted to the requirements of each individual case. For example, the area of the composite pane as a roof pane can range from 100 cm² to 5 m² , preferably from 0.5 m² to 3 m² .

Die Fläche des Photovoltaikmoduls beträgt bevorzugt von 50 % bis 100 % der Fläche der Verbundscheibe, beispielsweise von 50 % bis 90%. Das ist besonders vorteilhaft im Hinblick auf die Leistung des integrierten Photovoltaikmoduls sowie ein einheitliches Erscheinungsbild der Verbundscheibe. Die Fläche des Photovoltaikmoduls kann beispielsweise von 0,1 m2 bis 5 m2, bevorzugt 0,5 m2 bis 2 m2 betragen. The area of the photovoltaic module is preferably from 50% to 100% of the area of the composite pane, for example from 50% to 90%. This is particularly advantageous with regard to the performance of the integrated photovoltaic module and a uniform appearance of the composite pane. The area of the photovoltaic module can be, for example, from 0.1 m² to 5 m² , preferably 0.5 m² to 2 m² .

Ein Photovoltaikmodul ist zur Gewinnung von elektrischer Energie beziehungsweise elektrischem Strom mittels des photovoltaischen Effekts vorgesehen. Das Photovoltaikmodul verfügt bevorzugt über nur zwei elektrische Außenanschlüsse, die zwei elektrische Spannungspole unterschiedlicher Polarität (Plus- und Minus-Pol) zur elektrischen Kontaktierung bilden. Die zwei Außenanschlüsse sind bevorzugt als geeignete Kabel ausgebildet, bevorzugt als Flachleiter, Folienleiter. Die Außenanschlüsse sind mit den Leitern, bevorzugt Sammelleitern verbunden, bevorzugt durch Kleben, Löten, Scheißen, Klemmen oder Bonden. A photovoltaic module is designed to generate electrical energy or electrical current using the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic module preferably has only two external electrical connections, which form two electrical voltage poles of different polarity (positive and negative poles) for electrical contact. The two external connections are preferably designed as suitable cables, preferably as flat conductors or foil conductors. The external connections are connected to the conductors, preferably bus bars, preferably by gluing, soldering, welding, clamping, or bonding.

Das Photovoltaikmodul umfasst mindestens eine Photovoltaikzelle, bevorzugt eine Mehrzahl miteinander verschalteter Photovoltaikzellen. Das Photovoltaikmodul kann auch als photovoltaisches Modul oder Solarmodul bezeichnet werden. Eine Photovoltaikzelle kann auch als Solarzelle bezeichnet werden und ist im Sinne der Erfindung die kleinstmögliche photovoltaische Einheit, umfassend eine einzelne photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht zwischen einer einzelnen Frontelektrode und einer einzelnen Rückelektrode. The photovoltaic module comprises at least one photovoltaic cell, preferably a plurality of interconnected photovoltaic cells. The photovoltaic module can also be referred to as a photovoltaic module or solar module. A photovoltaic cell can also be referred to as a solar cell and, within the meaning of the invention, is the smallest possible photovoltaic unit, comprising a single photovoltaically active absorber layer between a single front electrode and a single rear electrode.

Die Photovoltaikzellen des Photovoltaikmoduls sind geeignet, Sonnenlicht direkt in elektrische Energie umzuwandeln. Dazu weist jede Photovoltaikzelle eine photovoltaisch aktive Absorberschicht auf zwischen einer Frontelektrode und einer Rückelektrode. Die Frontelektrode ist dabei der Außenscheibe der Verbundscheibe zugewandt, die Rückelektrode der Innenscheibe. Die Elektroden sind insbesondere Flächenelektroden, welche die gesamte Absorberschicht abdecken. Wird Sonnenlicht absorbiert, so werden in der Absorberschicht freie Ladungsträger erzeugt (photovoltaischer Effekt als Sonderfall des inneren photoelektrischen Effekts), welche über die Elektroden zur Gewinnung elektrischer Energie genutzt werden. Die Absorberschicht enthält häufig Dotierungen, um den Transport der Ladungsträger zu den Elektroden zu optimieren. The photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module are capable of converting sunlight directly into electrical energy. For this purpose, each photovoltaic cell has a photovoltaically active absorber layer between a front electrode and a rear electrode. The front electrode faces the outer pane of the composite pane, and the rear electrode faces the inner pane. The electrodes are, in particular, surface electrodes that cover the entire absorber layer. When sunlight is absorbed, free charge carriers are generated in the absorber layer (photovoltaic effect as a special case of the internal photoelectric effect), which are used via the electrodes to generate electrical energy. The absorber layer often contains dopants to optimize the transport of charge carriers to the electrodes.

In einer weiteren Weiterbildung der Erfindung weist das Bypasselement ein Gehäuse mit einer Dicke von 0,05 mm bis 0,8 mm auf. Das Bypasselement befindet sich im Gehäuse, wobei es an mindestens zwei Stellen elektrisch von außerhalb des Gehäuses kontaktierbar ist. Das Gehäuse kann eine viereckige Grundform aufweisen mit einer Länge von größer 5,9 mm und einer Breite von größer 5,8 mm. Die Dicke (Höhe) des Gehäuses ist bevorzugt zwischen 50 pm und 0,8 mm, besonders bevorzugt 0,38 mm. Derartige Bypasselemente weisen eine geringe Einbauhöhe auf und sind dadurch einfach und platzsparend in die Verbundscheibe eines Fahrzeugs zu integrieren. In a further development of the invention, the bypass element has a housing with a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.8 mm. The bypass element is located in the housing, wherein it can be electrically contacted from outside the housing at least two points. The housing can have a square basic shape with a length of greater than 5.9 mm and a width of greater than 5.8 mm. The thickness (height) of the housing is preferably between 50 μm and 0.8 mm, particularly preferably 0.38 mm. Bypass elements of this type have a low installation height and can therefore be easily and space-savingly integrated into the composite window of a vehicle.

Das Bypasselement weist zwei Flachleiter als Anschlussleitungen auf. Die Anschlussleitungen stehen aus dem Gehäuse des Bypasselements hervor. Eine Anschlussleitung ist vorzugsweise kürzer als 10 mm. Die Anschlussleitungen des Bypasselements enthalten bevorzugt Kupfer, Eisen, Aluminium, Stahl, insbesondere Federstahl, und Legierungen davon, besonders bevorzugt Chrom-Nickel-Legierungen, Kupfer-Eisen-Legierungen, Messing oder Bronze. Die Anschlussleitungen können mit einem weiteren Metall oder einer Metalllegierung beschichtet sein. Die Anschlussleitungen sind bevorzugt versilbert, vergoldet, verzinnt, verzinkt oder vernickelt. The bypass element has two flat conductors as connecting lines. The connecting lines protrude from the housing of the bypass element. Each connecting line is preferably shorter than 10 mm. The connecting lines of the bypass element preferably contain copper, iron, aluminum, steel, in particular spring steel, and alloys thereof, particularly preferably chromium-nickel alloys, copper-iron alloys, brass, or bronze. The connecting lines can be coated with another metal or metal alloy. The connecting lines are preferably silver-plated, gold-plated, tin-plated, galvanized, or nickel-plated.

Die Außenscheibe weist mindestens einen transparenten Bereich auf, in dem Sonnenlicht durch die Außenscheibe hindurchtreten und das Photovoltaikmodul anregen kann. Dieser transparente Bereich der Außenscheibe definiert daher einen aktiven Bereich der Verbundscheibe. Das Photovoltaikmodul ist (zumindest teilweise, insbesondere größtenteils oder sogar vollständig) im transparenten Bereich angeordnet. The outer pane has at least one transparent area through which sunlight can pass through the outer pane and excite the photovoltaic module. This transparent area of the outer pane therefore defines an active area of the composite pane. The photovoltaic module is arranged (at least partially, in particular largely or even entirely) in the transparent area.

Die Verbundscheibe kann zusätzlich einen Abdeckdruck, insbesondere aus einer dunklen, bevorzugt schwarzen, Emaille umfassen. Bei dem Abdeckdruck handelt es sich insbesondere um einen peripheren, d.h. rahmenartigen, Abdeckdruck, der somit in einem umlaufenden Randbereich angeordnet ist. Der periphere Abdeckdruck dient in erster Linie als UV-Schutz für den Montagekleber der Verbundscheibe. Der Abdeckdruck kann opak und vollflächig ausgebildet sein. Der Abdeckdruck kann zumindest abschnittsweise auch semitransparent, beispielsweise als Punktraster, Streifenraster oder kariertes Raster ausgebildet sein. Alternativ kann der Abdeckdruck auch einen Gradienten aufweisen, beispielsweise von einer opaken Bedeckung zu einer semitransparenten Bedeckung. Der Abdeckdruck kann auf der zweiten, zu der Zwischenschicht hingewandten (innenraumseitigen) Oberfläche der Außenscheibe oder auf der zweiten, von der Zwischenschicht abgewandten (innenraumseitigen) Oberfläche der Innenscheibe aufgebracht sein. The composite pane can additionally comprise a cover print, in particular made of a dark, preferably black, enamel. The cover print is in particular a peripheral, i.e. frame-like, cover print, which is thus arranged in a circumferential edge region. The peripheral cover print serves primarily as UV protection for the assembly adhesive of the composite pane. The cover print can be opaque and full-surface. The cover print can also be semi-transparent, at least in sections, for example as a dot matrix, striped matrix or checkered matrix. Alternatively, the cover print can also have a gradient, for example from an opaque covering to a semi-transparent covering. The cover print can be on the second surface of the outer pane facing the intermediate layer (interior side). or be applied to the second surface of the inner pane facing away from the intermediate layer (interior side).

Durch die mittels des Photovoltaikmoduls gewonnen elektrischen Energie kann beispielsweise die Batterie eines Elektro-Fahrzeugs gekühlt werden, die Fahrgastzelle währende des Parkens gekühlt werden, eine sekundäre Batterie des Fahrzeugs geladen werden odereine beheizbare Scheibe während des Parkens betrieben werden. The electrical energy generated by the photovoltaic module can, for example, be used to cool the battery of an electric vehicle, cool the passenger compartment while parked, charge a secondary battery of the vehicle, or operate a heated window while parked.

Die Aufgabe wird ferner durch ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Photovoltaikmoduls in einer erfindungsgemäßen Verbundscheibe gelöst, wobei mindestens eine der Photovoltaik-Zellen des Photovoltaikmoduls mittels eines Bypasselements in der Verbundscheibe im Falle einer Verschattung oder eines Defekts der Photovoltaikzelle überbrückt wird, so dass ein Strom über das Bypasselement umgeleitet wird. The object is further achieved by a method for operating a photovoltaic module in a composite pane according to the invention, wherein at least one of the photovoltaic cells of the photovoltaic module is bridged by means of a bypass element in the composite pane in the event of shading or a defect in the photovoltaic cell, so that a current is diverted via the bypass element.

Es versteht sich von selbst, dass die Merkmale und die damit jeweils erzielbaren Vorteile, die in Bezug auf die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe beschrieben wurden, auf das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren anwendbar bzw. übertragbar sind und umgekehrt. It goes without saying that the features and the advantages that can be achieved thereby, which have been described with reference to the composite pane according to the invention, are applicable or transferable to the method according to the invention and vice versa.

Ein weiterer Aspekt der Erfindung umfasst die Verwendung der erfindungsgemäßen Verbundscheibe als Fahrzeugscheibe in Fortbewegungsmitteln für den Verkehr auf dem Land, in der Luft oder zu Wasser, insbesondere in Kraftfahrzeugen und insbesondere als Dachscheibe. A further aspect of the invention comprises the use of the composite pane according to the invention as a vehicle pane in means of transport for traffic on land, in the air or on water, in particular in motor vehicles and in particular as a roof pane.

Im Folgenden wird die Erfindung anhand von Figuren und Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Die Figuren sind eine schematische Darstellung und nicht maßstabsgetreu. Die Figuren schränken die Erfindung in keiner Weise ein. Die in den Figuren gezeigten Merkmalskombinationen sind nicht beschränkend für die Erfindung. Andere vorgenannte und beschriebene Merkmale oder Merkmalskombinationen sind austauschbar oder können zu den gezeigten Ausgestaltungen ergänzt oder weggelassen werden. The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to figures and exemplary embodiments. The figures are schematic representations and not to scale. The figures do not limit the invention in any way. The combinations of features shown in the figures are not limiting the invention. Other features or combinations of features mentioned and described above are interchangeable or can be added to or omitted from the embodiments shown.

Es zeigen: They show:

Figur 1 eine Draufsicht auf eine erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe mit Photovoltaikmodul, Figure 1 is a plan view of a composite pane according to the invention with a photovoltaic module,

Figur 2 eine Querschnittdarstellung entlang der Schnittlinie A-A‘ aus Figur 1 , undFigure 2 is a cross-sectional view along the section line A-A’ of Figure 1, and

Figur 3 eine vergrößerte Darstellung eines Bypasselements aus Figur 1. Figur 1 zeigt eine Verbundscheibe 10 mit einem Photovoltaikmodul 4. Die Verbundscheibe 10 ist eine Dachscheibe, Seitenscheibe oder Rückscheibe eines Fahrzeugs. Das Photovoltaikmodul 4 umfasst beispielsweise 72 Photovoltaikzellen 5, die einzelnen miteinander elektrisch zwischen zwei Außenanschlüssen 7 in Reihenschaltung S geschaltet sind. Wenn beispielsweise alle Photovoltaikzellen 5 verschattet sind, weil es Nacht ist, erzeugt das Photovoltaikmodul 4 keine elektrische Spannung. Entsprechend liegt an den Außenanschlüssen 7 keine Spannung an. Wenn aber auf die Verbundscheibe 10 und somit auf die Photovoltaikzellen 5 Sonnenlicht fällt, erzeugt das Photovoltaikmodul 4 wieder elektrisch Spannung, die an den zwei Außenanschlüssen 7 abgegriffen werden kann. Über die Außenanschlüsse 7 kann beispielsweise das Photovoltaikmodul 4 mit der Bordelektrik des Fahrzeugs verschaltet werden, beispielsweise um die Fahrzeug-Batterie zu laden. Figure 3 is an enlarged view of a bypass element from Figure 1. Figure 1 shows a composite pane 10 with a photovoltaic module 4. The composite pane 10 is a roof pane, side window, or rear window of a vehicle. The photovoltaic module 4 comprises, for example, 72 photovoltaic cells 5, which are individually electrically connected to one another between two external connections 7 in series circuit S. If, for example, all photovoltaic cells 5 are shaded because it is night, the photovoltaic module 4 does not generate any electrical voltage. Accordingly, no voltage is present at the external connections 7. However, if sunlight falls on the composite pane 10 and thus on the photovoltaic cells 5, the photovoltaic module 4 again generates electrical voltage, which can be tapped at the two external connections 7. The photovoltaic module 4 can, for example, be connected to the vehicle's on-board electrical system via the external connections 7, for example to charge the vehicle battery.

Eine Reihenschaltung S kann beispielsweise bis zu 24 Photovoltaikzellen 5 umfassen. Das Photovoltaikmodul 4 kann mehrere Reihenschaltungen S aufweisen. In der Ausgestaltung gemäß Figur 1 umfasst das Photovoltaikmodul 4 eine erste Reihenschaltung S1 , eine zweite Reihenschaltung S2 und eine dritte Reihenschaltung S3 mit jeweils 24 Photovoltaikzellen 5, wobei die drei Reihenschaltungen S1 bis S3 wiederum in Reihe geschaltet sind. Die Photovoltaikzellen 5 sind miteinander und mit den zwei Außenanschlüsse über Leiter 8 elektrisch verbunden. Die Leiter 8 können als sogenannte Sammelleiter (Busbar) ausgebildet sein. A series circuit S can, for example, comprise up to 24 photovoltaic cells 5. The photovoltaic module 4 can have multiple series circuits S. In the embodiment according to Figure 1, the photovoltaic module 4 comprises a first series circuit S1, a second series circuit S2, and a third series circuit S3, each with 24 photovoltaic cells 5, wherein the three series circuits S1 to S3 are in turn connected in series. The photovoltaic cells 5 are electrically connected to one another and to the two external connections via conductors 8. The conductors 8 can be designed as so-called busbars.

Zwei Photovoltaikzellen 5 sind miteinander über den Leiter 8 aus Kupfer, Aluminium, Gold, Silber, Zinn oder Legierungen davon elektrisch kontaktiert. Die Leiter 8 zwischen zwei Photovoltaikzellen 5 sind als Bänder, Streifen oder Drähten ausgebildet. Die Leiter 8 als Bänder weisen eine Dicke von 50 pm bis 100 pm auf, wobei sie eine Breite von 0,5 mm bis 10 mm aufweisen. Mit Breite wird beispielsweise diejenige Dimension der Leiter 8 bezeichnet, entlang derer die Leiter 8 mit einer Elektrode einer Photovoltaikzelle 5 in Kontakt stehen. Die Länge der Leiter 8 richtet sich nach dem Abstand benachbarter Photovoltaikzellen 5. Eine stabile Verbindung zwischen Leiter 8 und Elektrode oder Leiter 8 und Flachleiter kann dabei durch Löten, Schweißen, Bonden, Klemmen, Kleben mittels eines elektrisch leitfähigen Klebers oder durch geeignetes Einlegen in die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht hergestellt sein. Two photovoltaic cells 5 are electrically connected to one another via conductors 8 made of copper, aluminum, gold, silver, tin, or alloys thereof. The conductors 8 between two photovoltaic cells 5 are designed as ribbons, strips, or wires. The conductors 8 as ribbons have a thickness of 50 μm to 100 μm, and a width of 0.5 mm to 10 mm. Width refers, for example, to the dimension of the conductors 8 along which the conductors 8 are in contact with an electrode of a photovoltaic cell 5. The length of the conductors 8 depends on the distance between adjacent photovoltaic cells 5. A stable connection between conductor 8 and electrode, or conductor 8 and flat conductor, can be produced by soldering, welding, bonding, clamping, gluing using an electrically conductive adhesive, or by suitable insertion into the thermoplastic intermediate layer.

Die Verbundscheibe 10 gemäß Figur 1 weist drei Bypasselemente 6 auf. Die drei Bypasselemente 6 sind in das Photovoltaikmodul 4 integriert. Ein Bypasselement 6 ist eine Diode und/oder ein anderes elektronische Bauelement. Das Photovoltaikmodul 4 kann mehrere Bypasselemente 6 aufweisen, wobei jeweils ein Bypasselement 6 zur Überbrückung von einer Reihenschaltung S von mindestens zwei Photovoltaikzelle 5 vorgesehen ist. In Figur 1 überbrückt jeweils ein Bypasselement 6 bis zu 24 Photovoltaikzellen 5. Wird eine Photovoltaikzelle 5 der ersten Reihenschaltung S1 verschattet, dann wird der Stromfluß in der Reihenschaltung S1 mit einer verschatteten Photovoltaikzelle 5 unterbrochen jedoch in den weiteren Reihenschaltungen S2 und S3 mit (nicht verschatteten) Photovoltaikzellen 5 nicht unterbrochen, so dass die aktuelle Leistung der nicht verschatteten Photovoltaikzellen 5 weiterhin verfügbar ist. Somit ist gewährleistet, dass bei Ausfall mindestens einer Photovoltaikzelle 5 in der ersten Reihenschaltung S1 der Stromfluss durch die zweite Reihenschaltung S2 und die dritte Reihenschaltung S3 weiter fließen kann. The composite pane 10 according to Figure 1 has three bypass elements 6. The three bypass elements 6 are integrated into the photovoltaic module 4. A bypass element 6 is a diode and/or another electronic component. The photovoltaic module 4 can have a plurality of bypass elements 6, wherein in each case one bypass element 6 is provided for bridging a series circuit S of at least two photovoltaic cells 5. In Figure 1, one bypass element 6 bridges up to 24 photovoltaic cells 5. If a photovoltaic cell 5 of the first series circuit S1 is shaded, the current flow in the series circuit S1 with a shaded photovoltaic cell 5 is interrupted, but in the other series circuits S2 and S3 with (non-shaded) photovoltaic cells 5 is not interrupted, so that the current output of the non-shaded photovoltaic cells 5 remains available. This ensures that if at least one photovoltaic cell 5 in the first series circuit S1 fails, the current flow can continue to flow through the second series circuit S2 and the third series circuit S3.

Über eine Seitenkante der Verbundscheibe 10 sind zwei Außenanschlüsse 7 des Photovoltaikmoduls 4 herausgeführt. Die zwei Außenanschlüsse 7 ragen über die Seitenkante der Verbundscheibe 10 hinaus und sind dadurch gut zugänglich für weitere Anschlusselemente. Two external connections 7 of the photovoltaic module 4 extend beyond a side edge of the composite pane 10. The two external connections 7 protrude beyond the side edge of the composite pane 10 and are therefore easily accessible for additional connection elements.

Figur 2 zeigt eine Querschnittdarstellung der Verbundscheibe 10 entlang der Schnittlinie A-A‘ aus Figur 1. Die Verbundscheibe 10 umfasst eine Außenscheiben 1 , eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3, das Photovoltaikmodul 4 und eine Innenscheibe 2. Die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3 kann mehrlagig ausgeführt sein, wobei jeweils eine Lage aus einer PVB- Folie mit einer Dicke von 0,76 mm oder 0,38 mm ausgebildet ist. Das Photovoltaikmodul 4 ist zwischen der Außenscheibe 2 und der Innenscheibe 2 angeordnet, eine erste thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht 3 ist zwischen der Außenscheibe 1 und dem Photovoltaikmodul 4 angeordnet und eine zweite thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht 3 ist zwischen der Innenscheibe 2 und dem Photovoltaikmodul 4 angeordnet. Figure 2 shows a cross-sectional view of the composite pane 10 along the section line A-A' from Figure 1. The composite pane 10 comprises an outer pane 1, a thermoplastic intermediate layer 3, the photovoltaic module 4 and an inner pane 2. The thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 can be designed in multiple layers, with one layer in each case being made of a PVB film with a thickness of 0.76 mm or 0.38 mm. The photovoltaic module 4 is arranged between the outer pane 2 and the inner pane 2, a first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 is arranged between the outer pane 1 and the photovoltaic module 4 and a second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 is arranged between the inner pane 2 and the photovoltaic module 4.

Die Außenscheibe 1 und die Innenscheibe 2 bestehen beispielsweise aus Kalk-Natron-Glas. Die Außenscheibe 1 weist beispielsweise eine Dicke von 2,1 mm auf, die Innenscheibe 2 eine Dicke von 2,1 mm oder 1 ,6 mm. Die Außenscheibe 1 ist in Einbaulage der äußeren Umgebung und somit dem Sonnenlicht, die Innenscheibe 2 dem Fahrzeug-Innenraum zugewandt. The outer pane 1 and the inner pane 2 are made of soda-lime glass, for example. The outer pane 1 has a thickness of 2.1 mm, for example, and the inner pane 2 has a thickness of 2.1 mm or 1.6 mm. When installed, the outer pane 1 faces the outside environment and thus the sunlight, while the inner pane 2 faces the vehicle interior.

Die erste thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3 und die zweite thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3 bestehen beispielsweise aus PVB und weisen jeweils eine Dicke von 0,76 mm auf. Alternativ können die erste thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3 und die zweite thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht 3 beispielsweise aus PVB bestehen und eine Dicke von 0,38 mm aufweisen. The first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 and the second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 are made of PVB, for example, and each have a thickness of 0.76 mm. Alternatively, the first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 and the second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 may, for example, consist of PVB and have a thickness of 0.38 mm.

In den Figuren sind die Verbundscheibe 10, die Außenscheibe 1 und die Innenscheibe 2 jeweils plan dargestellt. Es versteht sich, dass die Verbundscheibe 10, die Außenscheibe 1 und die Innenscheibe 2 plan oder gebogen sein können. Die Verbundscheibe 10, die Außenscheibe 1 und die Innenscheibe 2 sind bevorzugt jeweils gebogen. In the figures, the composite pane 10, the outer pane 1, and the inner pane 2 are each shown as flat. It is understood that the composite pane 10, the outer pane 1, and the inner pane 2 can be flat or curved. The composite pane 10, the outer pane 1, and the inner pane 2 are preferably each curved.

Die Außenscheibe 1 umfasst eine außenseitige Oberfläche I und eine innenraumseitige Oberfläche II. Die Innenscheibe 2 umfasst eine außenseitige Oberfläche III und die innenraumseitige Oberfläche IV. Mit außenseitiger Oberfläche wird diejenige Hauptfläche bezeichnet, welche dafür vorgesehen ist, in Einbaulage der äußeren Umgebung zugewandt zu sein. Mit innenraumseitiger Oberfläche wird diejenige Hauptfläche bezeichnet, welche dafür vorgesehen ist, in Einbaulage einem Innenraum zugewandt zu sein. The outer pane 1 comprises an outer surface I and an interior surface II. The inner pane 2 comprises an outer surface III and the interior surface IV. The "outer surface" refers to the main surface intended to face the external environment in the installed position. The "interior surface" refers to the main surface intended to face an interior in the installed position.

Zusätzlich kann die Außenscheibe 1 einen opaken Maskierungsbereich aufweisen, der umlaufend im Randbereich angeordnet ist und einen zentralen transparenten Durchsichtbereich rahmenartig umgibt. Im Maskierungsbereich ist ein schwarzer Abdeckdruck auf der innenraumseitigen, zur Zwischenschicht 3 hingewandten Oberfläche II der Außenscheibe 1 aufgebracht. Der Durchsichtbereich ist mittig angeordnet und definiert einen Bereich der Verbundscheibe 10, in dem elektrische Energie durch das Photovoltaikmodul 4 gewonnen werden kann. Dazu ist das Photovoltaikmodul 4 mit Bypasselementen 6 in die Zwischenschicht 3 eingelagert. Das Photovoltaikmodul 4 ist opak, deckt den Bereich zur Energiegewinnung vollständig ab und erstreckt sich von da aus bis in den Maskierungsbereich hinein. Die Verbundscheibe 10 kann insbesondere als Dachscheibe insgesamt vollständig opak sein. In addition, the outer pane 1 can have an opaque masking area arranged circumferentially in the edge region and surrounding a central transparent see-through area in a frame-like manner. In the masking area, a black masking print is applied to the interior-side surface II of the outer pane 1 facing the intermediate layer 3. The see-through area is arranged centrally and defines an area of the composite pane 10 in which electrical energy can be generated by the photovoltaic module 4. For this purpose, the photovoltaic module 4 is embedded in the intermediate layer 3 with bypass elements 6. The photovoltaic module 4 is opaque, completely covers the energy-generating area and extends from there into the masking area. The composite pane 10 can be completely opaque, particularly as a roof pane.

Auf der innenraumseitigen, von der Zwischenschicht 3 abgewandten Oberfläche IV der Innenscheibe 2 kann eine emissivitätsmindernde Beschichtung angeordnet sein. Solche Beschichtungen sind auch als Low-E-Beschichtungen bekannt. Die emissivitätsmindernde Beschichtung weist dann reflektierende Eigenschaften im mittleren IR-Bereich auf. Durch die emissivitätsmindernde Beschichtung wird die innenraumseitige Emissivität der Verbundscheibe 10 weiter verringert. Insbesondere wird dadurch der Fahrzeug-Innenraum gegenüber der thermischen Strahlung der Innenscheibe 2 abgeschirmt. Auf der innenraumseitigen, zur Zwischenschicht 3 hingewandten Oberfläche II der Außenscheibe 1 kann eine IR-reflektierende Beschichtung angeordnet sein. Die IR- reflektierende Beschichtung ist dann eine sogenannte Sonnenschutzbeschichtung mit IR- reflektierenden Eigenschaften im nahen IR-Bereich, welche infrarote Anteile der Sonnenstrahlung reflektiert. Die IR-reflektierende Beschichtung reduziert daher die Erwärmung des Fahrzeug-Innenraums durch direkte Sonneneinstrahlung sowie die Erwärmung der darunter befindlichen Lagen der Verbundscheibe 10, welche wiederum einen indirekten Wärmeeintrag durch thermische Strahlung verursachen. Da das Photovoltaikmodul 4 zumindest hauptsächlich im sichtbaren Spektralbereich absorbiert und empfindlich ist, wird die Stromausbeute des Photovoltaikmoduls 4 durch die IR-reflektierende Beschichtung nicht wesentlich herabgesetzt. An emissivity-reducing coating can be applied to the interior-side surface IV of the inner pane 2, facing away from the intermediate layer 3. Such coatings are also known as low-E coatings. The emissivity-reducing coating then exhibits reflective properties in the mid-IR range. The emissivity-reducing coating further reduces the interior-side emissivity of the composite pane 10. In particular, this shields the vehicle interior from the thermal radiation of the inner pane 2. An IR-reflecting coating can be applied to the interior-side surface II of the outer pane 1 facing the intermediate layer 3. The IR-reflecting coating is then a so-called sun protection coating with IR-reflecting properties in the near IR range, which reflects infrared components of solar radiation. The IR-reflecting coating therefore reduces the heating of the vehicle interior due to direct solar radiation as well as the heating of the underlying layers of the composite pane 10, which in turn cause indirect heat input due to thermal radiation. Since the photovoltaic module 4 absorbs and is sensitive at least primarily in the visible spectral range, the current yield of the photovoltaic module 4 is not significantly reduced by the IR-reflecting coating.

Zusätzlich kann die Lichteinstrahlung in den Fahrzeug-Innenraum verringert werden, wenn die Innenscheibe 2 und/oder die zweite thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3 getönt oder gefärbt ausgestaltet werden. Die Außenscheibe 1 und die erste thermoplastische Zwischenschicht 3 können klar sein, um die Ausbeute der Photovoltaikzellen 5 zu verbessern. Additionally, light irradiation into the vehicle interior can be reduced if the inner pane 2 and/or the second thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 are tinted or colored. The outer pane 1 and the first thermoplastic intermediate layer 3 can be clear to improve the yield of the photovoltaic cells 5.

Figur 3 zeigt eine vergrößerte Darstellung des Bypasselements 6 aus Figur 1. Das Bypasselement weist ein Gehäuse 6.1 mit einer Dicke von 0,05 mm bis 0,8 mm auf. Das Bypasselement 6 kann eine Diode und/oder andere elektronische Bauelemente umfassen. Das Bypasselement 6, insbesondere die Diode, befindet sich im Gehäuse 6.1. Ferner ist das Bypasselement 6 an zwei Stellen elektrisch von außerhalb des Gehäuses 6.1 kontaktierbar. Figure 3 shows an enlarged view of the bypass element 6 from Figure 1. The bypass element has a housing 6.1 with a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.8 mm. The bypass element 6 can comprise a diode and/or other electronic components. The bypass element 6, in particular the diode, is located in the housing 6.1. Furthermore, the bypass element 6 can be electrically contacted at two points from outside the housing 6.1.

Das Gehäuse 6.1 kann eine viereckige Grundform mit einer Länge von größer 5,9 mm und einer Breite von größer 5,8 mm aufweisen. Die Dicke (Höhe) des Gehäuses 6.1 ist beispielsweise 0,38 mm oder 0,73 mm. Housing 6.1 can have a rectangular basic shape with a length greater than 5.9 mm and a width greater than 5.8 mm. The thickness (height) of housing 6.1 is, for example, 0.38 mm or 0.73 mm.

Das Bypasselement 6 weist zwei Flachleiter als Anschlussleitungen 6.2 auf. Die Anschlussleitungen 6.2 stehen aus dem Gehäuse des Bypasselements 6.1 hervor. Eine Anschlussleitung 6.2 ist kürzer als 10 mm. Die Anschlussleitungen 6.2 des Bypasselements 6 enthalt bevorzugt Kupfer, Eisen, Aluminium, Stahl, insbesondere Federstahl, und Legierungen davon, besonders bevorzugt Chrom-Nickel-Legierungen, Kupfer-Eisen-Legierungen, Messing oder Bronze. Die Anschlussleitungen 6.2 können mit einem weiteren Metall oder einer Metalllegierung beschichtet sein. Beispielsweise können die Anschlussleitungen 6.2 vernickelt sein. Derartige Bypasselemente weisen eine geringe Einbauhöhe auf und sind dadurch einfach und platzsparend in die Verbundscheibe 10 integrierbar. The bypass element 6 has two flat conductors as connecting lines 6.2. The connecting lines 6.2 protrude from the housing of the bypass element 6.1. One connecting line 6.2 is shorter than 10 mm. The connecting lines 6.2 of the bypass element 6 preferably contain copper, iron, aluminum, steel, in particular spring steel, and alloys thereof, particularly preferably chromium-nickel alloys, copper-iron alloys, brass, or bronze. The connecting lines 6.2 can be coated with another metal or metal alloy. For example, the connecting lines 6.2 can be nickel-plated. Such bypass elements have a low installation height and can therefore be easily and space-savingly integrated into the composite pane 10.

Überraschend hat sich gezeigt, dass eine solche erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe 10 gegenüber den bisher bekannten Verbundscheiben im Fall einer partiellen Verschattung deutlich verbesserte Energie erzeugt und einen verbesserten Wirkungsgrad erzielt. Darüber hinaus ist die erfindungsgemäße Verbundscheibe platzsparend, einfach und kostengünstig herzustellen. Dies ermöglicht im Fahrzeuginnenraum eine größere Gestaltungs- und Designfreiheit. Surprisingly, it has been shown that such a composite pane 10 according to the invention generates significantly improved energy and achieves improved efficiency compared to previously known composite panes in the case of partial shading. Furthermore, the composite pane according to the invention is space-saving, simple, and cost-effective to manufacture. This allows for greater design freedom in the vehicle interior.

Bezugszeichenliste: List of reference symbols:

1 Außenscheibe 1 outer pane

2 Innenscheibe 2 inner pane

3 Zwischenschicht 3 Intermediate layer

4 Photovoltaikmodul 4 photovoltaic modules

5 Photovoltaikzelle 5 photovoltaic cells

6 Bypasselement 6 Bypass element

6.1 Gehäuse des Bypasselements 6.1 Bypass element housing

6.2 Anschlussleitung des Bypasselements 6.2 Connection cable of the bypass element

7 Außenanschluss 7 External connection

8 Leiter 8 conductors

S Reihenschaltung von Photovoltaikzellen S Series connection of photovoltaic cells

51 erste Reihenschaltung von Photovoltaikzellen 51 first series connection of photovoltaic cells

52 zweite Reihenschaltung von Photovoltaikzellen 52 second series connection of photovoltaic cells

53 dritte Reihenschaltung von Photovoltaikzellen 53 third series connection of photovoltaic cells

10 Verbundscheibe 10 Composite pane

(I) von der Zwischenschicht abgewandte Oberfläche der Außenscheibe(I) surface of the outer pane facing away from the intermediate layer

(II) zur Zwischenschicht hingewandte Oberfläche der Außenscheibe(II) surface of the outer pane facing the intermediate layer

(III) zur Zwischenschicht hingewandte Oberfläche der Innenscheibe(III) surface of the inner pane facing the intermediate layer

(IV) von der Zwischenschicht abgewandte Oberfläche der Innenscheibe (IV) Surface of the inner pane facing away from the intermediate layer

Claims

Patentansprüche Patent claims 1. Verbundscheibe (10) für ein Fahrzeug mindestens umfassend: 1. Composite pane (10) for a vehicle comprising at least: • eine Außenscheibe (1) und eine Innenscheibe (2), die über mindestens eine thermoplastische Zwischenschicht (3) miteinander flächig verbunden sind,• an outer pane (1) and an inner pane (2) which are connected to one another via at least one thermoplastic intermediate layer (3), • ein Photovoltaikmodul (4) mit einer Anzahl von einzelnen miteinander elektrisch zwischen zwei Außenanschlüssen (7) in einer Reihenschaltung (S) geschalteten Photovoltaikzellen (5), wobei das Photovoltaikmodul (4) ein mindestens eine der Photovoltaikzellen (5) überbrückendes Bypasselement (6) aufweist und zwischen der Außenscheibe (1) und der Innenscheibe (2) angeordnet ist, wobei das Bypasselement (6) eine Diode umfasst und wobei im Fall einer abgeschatteten oder einer fehlerhaften Photovoltaikzelle (5) das Bypasselement (6) als Strom-Bypass für die abgeschattete oder fehlerhafte Photovoltaikzelle (5) wirkt. • a photovoltaic module (4) with a number of individual photovoltaic cells (5) electrically connected to one another between two external connections (7) in a series circuit (S), wherein the photovoltaic module (4) has a bypass element (6) bridging at least one of the photovoltaic cells (5) and is arranged between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2), wherein the bypass element (6) comprises a diode and wherein, in the case of a shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell (5), the bypass element (6) acts as a current bypass for the shaded or faulty photovoltaic cell (5). 2. Verbundscheibe (10) nach Anspruch 1 , wobei das Photovoltaikmodul (4) mehrere Bypasselemente (6) aufweist und jeweils ein Bypasselement (6) zur Überbrückung von einer Reihenschaltung (S) von mindestens zwei Photovoltaikzelle (5) vorgesehen ist. 2. Composite pane (10) according to claim 1, wherein the photovoltaic module (4) has a plurality of bypass elements (6) and one bypass element (6) is provided in each case for bridging a series circuit (S) of at least two photovoltaic cells (5). 3. Verbundscheibe (10) nachAnspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die Reihenschaltung (S) zwei bis dreißig seriell geschalteten Photovoltaikzellen (5) umfasst. 3. Composite pane (10) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the series circuit (S) comprises two to thirty series-connected photovoltaic cells (5). 4. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei das Photovoltaikmodul (4) eine bis zehn Reihenschaltungen (S) von mindestes zwei Photovoltaikzellen (5) umfasst. 4. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the photovoltaic module (4) comprises one to ten series circuits (S) of at least two photovoltaic cells (5). 5. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei das Photovoltaikmodul (4) und das mindestens eine Bypasselement (6) in der thermoplastischen Zwischenschicht (3) eingelagert sind. 5. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the photovoltaic module (4) and the at least one bypass element (6) are embedded in the thermoplastic intermediate layer (3). 6. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei die zwei Außenanschlüsse (7) des Photovoltaikmoduls (4) zwischen der Außenscheibe (1) und der Innenscheibe (2) aus der Verbundscheibe (10) herausgeführt sind. 6. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the two external connections (7) of the photovoltaic module (4) are led out of the composite pane (10) between the outer pane (1) and the inner pane (2). 7. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei an den zwei Außenanschlüssen (7) des Photovoltaikmoduls (4) ein mindestens von den nicht abgeschatteten Photovoltaikzellen (5) erzeugter Strom abgegriffen werden kann. 7. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 6, wherein a current generated at least by the unshaded photovoltaic cells (5) can be tapped at the two external terminals (7) of the photovoltaic module (4). 8. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, wobei die thermoplastische Zwischenschicht (3) zumindest Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Ethylenvinylacetat (EVA), Polyurethan (PU) oder Gemische oder Copolymere oder Derivate davon, bevorzugt Polyvinylbutyral (PVB) enthalten oder daraus bestehen. 8. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the thermoplastic intermediate layer (3) contains or consists of at least polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyurethane (PU) or mixtures or copolymers or derivatives thereof, preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB). 9. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, wobei die Verbundscheibe (10) gebogen ist. 9. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the composite pane (10) is curved. 10. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, wobei die Verbundscheibe (10) eine Dachscheibe des Fahrzeugs ist. 10. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the composite pane (10) is a roof pane of the vehicle. 11. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10, wobei das Bypasselement (6) ein Gehäuse (6.1) mit einer Dicke von 0,05 mm bis 0,8 mm aufweist. 11. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the bypass element (6) has a housing (6.1) with a thickness of 0.05 mm to 0.8 mm. 12. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 11, wobei das Bypasselement (6) zwei Flachleiter als Anschlussleitungen (6.2), insbesondere hervorstehende Anschlussleitungen (6.2), umfasst. 12. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 11, wherein the bypass element (6) comprises two flat conductors as connecting lines (6.2), in particular protruding connecting lines (6.2). 13. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, wobei die Anschlusselemente (6.2) des Bypasselements (6) verzinkt sind. 13. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the connecting elements (6.2) of the bypass element (6) are galvanized. 14. Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 12, wobei an einer Oberfläche (I, II, III, IV) der Außenscheibe (1) und/oder der Innenscheibe (2) eine funktionelle Beschichtung angeordnet ist, die infrarotreflektierende Eigenschaften, antireflex- Eigenschaften oder Low-E-Eigenschaften aufweist. 14. Composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 12, wherein a functional coating having infrared-reflecting properties, anti-reflective properties or low-E properties is arranged on a surface (I, II, III, IV) of the outer pane (1) and/or the inner pane (2). 15. Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Photovoltaikmoduls (4) in einer Verbundscheibe (10) nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 14, wobei mindestens eine der Photovoltaikzellen (5) des Photovoltaikmoduls (4) mittels eines Bypasselements (6) in der Verbundscheibe (10) im Falle einer Verschattung oder eines Defekts der Photovoltaikzelle (5) überbrückt wird, so dass ein Strom über das Bypasselement (6) umgeleitet wird. 15. A method for operating a photovoltaic module (4) in a composite pane (10) according to one of claims 1 to 14, wherein at least one of the photovoltaic cells (5) of the photovoltaic module (4) is bridged by means of a bypass element (6) in the composite pane (10) in the event of shading or a defect in the photovoltaic cell (5), so that a current is diverted via the bypass element (6).
PCT/EP2024/076394 2023-10-02 2024-09-20 Laminated pane comprising a photovoltaic module Pending WO2025073501A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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EP23201162.7 2023-10-02
EP23201162 2023-10-02

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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WO2013182399A1 (en) 2012-06-05 2013-12-12 Saint-Gobain Glass France Sunroof comprising an integrated photovoltaic module
EP2797121A1 (en) 2013-04-23 2014-10-29 SOLARWATT GmbH Bypass arrangement in a glass-glass solar module laminate with solar cells
WO2018209240A1 (en) 2017-05-12 2018-11-15 Flex Ltd Shingled array module for vehicle solar roof

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN201478310U (en) * 2009-06-26 2010-05-19 比亚迪股份有限公司 A solar cell module
WO2013182399A1 (en) 2012-06-05 2013-12-12 Saint-Gobain Glass France Sunroof comprising an integrated photovoltaic module
EP2797121A1 (en) 2013-04-23 2014-10-29 SOLARWATT GmbH Bypass arrangement in a glass-glass solar module laminate with solar cells
WO2018209240A1 (en) 2017-05-12 2018-11-15 Flex Ltd Shingled array module for vehicle solar roof

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