WO2025063186A1 - Device, accelerator, decelerator, and nuclear transformation system - Google Patents

Abstract

[Problem] Here considered is a system for nuclear transformation of nuclei through use of muons. When a target using carbon atoms is used as a muon target, the problem arises that carbon atoms become radioactivated to a high degree by high-energy proton irradiation, and there is thus a need to devise a system in which the muon target is not readily radioactivated. There is also a need to devise a system in which the burden of target replacement is reduced. In addition, the muons may not readily react with the raw material atoms of the target due to high speed. [Solution] Provided is a system in which cosmic muons generated by cosmic rays or high-speed muons derived from intermediate particles generated from atomic collisions are decelerated using an electric field/deceleration means and used for nuclear transformation. Also provided are a decelerator using a laser wakefield and a decelerator using an element that forms an electric field. The muons are used for nuclear transformation by causing hydrogen to bond with carbon-12 or nitrogen, boron, or the like, for example.

Description

Devices, accelerators, decelerators, nuclear transmutation systems

<Incorporated by reference> The present invention,
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2023-150635, filed on September 18, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2023-151787, filed on September 19, 2023, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2023-174791, filed on October 6, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2023-174037, filed on October 6, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application is a Japanese patent application, patent application No. 2023-174, filed on October 6, 2023.
Benefit of priority to US Pat. No. 180, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2023-196029, filed on November 17, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2023-196327, filed on November 19, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application is a Japanese patent application filed on January 29, 2024, Patent Application No. 2024-011
Benefit of priority to US Pat. No. 380, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-058388, filed on March 31, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-065053, filed on April 14, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-072096, filed on April 26, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application claims the benefit of priority to International Application No. PCT Application No. PCT/JP2024/016620, filed April 28, 2024, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-082974, filed May 22, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
This application is a Japanese patent application, patent application No. 2024-122, filed on July 29, 2024.
Benefit of priority to US Pat. No. 912, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
This invention is an idea related to nuclear power. This invention is related to a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system. (This is an application based on an idea and requires demonstration.)

The muon catalyzed nuclear fusion method (muon catalyzed nuclear fusion) is well known, as shown in Non-Patent Document 1.

Hydrogen molecules containing deuterium D and tritium T are made into a liquid, and muons are introduced into it, where they act as a catalyst for nuclear fusion, causing a nuclear fusion reaction. However, with hydrogen molecules, the charge of the atomic nucleus after nuclear fusion increases from +1 for hydrogen atoms to +2 for helium atoms, and there is an issue that the muon is captured and trapped by the Coulomb force by nuclei with a charge of +2, helium nuclei, and alpha particle nuclei, causing the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion to stop (become more difficult to react).

According to Non-Patent Document 2, a thermonuclear fusion method using protons and boron is known. A problem with thermonuclear fusion reactors is the high-energy neutron rays that can activate the fusion reactor through D-T and D-D reactions, and as a solution, a system using protons and boron (P-11B system, proton-boron system) that does not or is unlikely to emit neutrons is being considered. When using the P-11B system in a thermonuclear fusion reactor, there is an issue that the temperature at which thermonuclear fusion occurs must be 10 times higher than the D-T system.

High Energy Accelerator Research Organization KEK, Muon catalyzed nuclear fusion [Internet, WEB page, URL: https://www2.kek.jp/imss/msl/muon-tour/fusion.html, accessed September 18, 2023]

National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS) demonstrates fusion reaction using advanced fusion fuel - First step towards a clean fusion reactor using hydrogen-boron reaction that does not produce neutrons - [Internet web page, URL: https://www. nifs. ac. jp/news/researches/230309-01. html, accessed September 18, 2023]

<Problem> In a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules, muons are captured and trapped by Coulomb force, causing the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion to stop (become difficult to react). In addition, in a system using deuterium D or tritium T in muon nuclear fusion, neutrons are generated that may radioactively activate the components of a nuclear fusion reactor or nuclear fusion system, but it may be possible to have a system that does not generate neutrons.
<0033><Problem> In the known muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, there was a problem that muons were attached, captured, or trapped by helium, which is a product of nuclear fusion, rather than by nuclear fusion fuel materials such as hydrogen, deuterium D, and tritium T, and catalytic nuclear fusion stopped. We wanted to solve the problem of muons being captured by the product of nuclear fusion rather than by the nuclear fusion fuel material, making it difficult for the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction to proceed. We also wanted to devise a system that is less likely to generate neutrons.
<0059><Problem> In known muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, there was a problem that muons (muons) attached to, captured, or trapped by helium, which is a product of nuclear fusion, in nuclear fusion fuel materials such as hydrogen, deuterium D, and tritium T, and catalytic nuclear fusion stopped. We wanted to solve the problem that muons are captured by the product of nuclear fusion, not by the nuclear fusion fuel material, and the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction is difficult to proceed.
<0060><Problem> We want to make it easier to replace the muon target without shutting down the muon fusion reactor. (We want to reduce the downtime when replacing the target. We want to extend the target life.) We also want to miniaturize the muon generation unit and accelerator.
<0061><Problem> Problems to be solved by the invention <Problem of activation of muon target and replacement, and reducing downtime when muons cannot be generated> When generating muons, an accelerated high-energy proton beam is irradiated onto a muon generation target made of carbon or lithium to generate pions, pions, and muons. During this process, the pion/muon generation target and muon target that are irradiated with the proton beam deteriorate and become activated with use, and require replacement. The target becomes highly activated to a level that makes it difficult for humans to approach. Replacing the muon target poses the problem of stopping the muon generator and muon fusion system. To address this issue, a rotating muon target has been developed in which the target rotates to distribute and average the irradiated time to other parts of a rotatable disk. In muon fusion systems, if replacement or maintenance of the muon target could be performed without stopping the muon generation unit while the muon fusion system is operating (and the downtime when muons cannot be generated could be reduced), this might be commercially advantageous (a muon fusion power plant would not have to stop generating power for a span of three weeks, for example, once every six months to replace the muon target).
<0066><Problems><Miniaturization of devices that generate muons, and the need for small accelerators and small muon generators> It is preferable to miniaturize systems that generate muons (accelerators, accelerating cavities, and bending magnets). When it is desired to mount the above-mentioned nuclear fusion system on transportation equipment, spacecraft, spaceships, aircraft, vehicles, ships, submarines, and various facilities and robots, it is preferable to be able to reduce the size of the system including the accelerator and muon generating device.
<0077><Problem> When using a carbon material or bulk carbon target using carbon atoms as a muon target, there is a problem that the carbon atoms become highly activated through high-energy proton irradiation. In addition, similar problems may occur when beryllium or lithium is used as the target. We would like to devise a system that makes the muon target less likely to be activated. In addition, when the muon target undergoes a knockout reaction, the atomic nuclei in the target are transformed and escape as alpha rays, etc., increasing the number of voids and making the target brittle and unusable, and it becomes necessary to replace the target, but we would like to devise a system that reduces the burden and labor required for target replacement.
<0082><Problem> We are considering a device to slow down muons. We want to slow down cosmic muons originating from natural cosmic rays in a large area. We want to slow down muons obtained from mesons obtained by artificial device means such as colliding particles accelerated by an accelerator.

In muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, we want to bring muons close to hydrogen atoms, which are the fuel material before nuclear fusion, to cause nuclear fusion, but the helium nuclei of the atomic nuclei after nuclear fusion have more charge than the hydrogen nuclei before nuclear fusion, making them easier to capture muons. Therefore, in this invention, as a system that reverses the change in charge, a system that uses protons and boron is disclosed as Example 1 in Figure 1. Also, an assumed example of a spacecraft 3 and transportation device 3 equipped with it is shown in Figure 5.
<0033><Problem><Solution> In muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, a nuclear fusion reaction system is used that has the characteristic that when atomic nuclei fuse in muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, the charge of the atomic nuclei of the material produced by nuclear fusion is smaller than the charge of the atomic nuclei of the atoms that serve as the nuclear fusion fuel. Specifically, a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system is proposed that uses diborane, which contains protons and boron, or protons as hydrogen molecules together with boron, as the nuclear fusion fuel.
<0027> In Fig. 1, protons are irradiated onto boron, but as shown in Fig. 6, borane, diborane B2H6, or boron hydride, which is a compound in which boron, protons, and hydrogen atoms are bonded to each other in advance, may be used for the target portion T1. For example, liquefied diborane may be used for the fusion fuel F1 or the target portion T1. In the system of Fig. 6, diborane containing hydrogen and protons is used, so there may be an advantage that the proton introduction portion P1 shown in Fig. 1 is not required. <0028> Fig. 7 shows a system 1F-SYS-RAM that pressurizes, compresses, and circulates diborane to irradiate it with muons and cause nuclear fusion. (Fig. 7 is one of the examples and embodiments of Fig. 6.) Fig. 7 is a hypothetical diagram of a case where a system using the diborane of the present invention is applied to a system in which a fusion fuel fluid having a known ramjet portion is circulated in a closed loop system.
<0029> The diborane in the 1F-SYS-RAM system in FIG. 7 is pressurized and compressed by the compressor PUMP and circulated. The pressurized fluid diborane is further compressed by the compression device section RAM to form a compressed BH1 section (PBH1 section). Muons are irradiated from the muon irradiation section M1 to PBH1 to promote nuclear fusion. (Because diborane is compressed, its density increases, and it is expected that it will come into contact, close to, and touch muons more easily, making it easier for the catalytic nuclear fusion reaction to occur.) <0030> The 1F-SYS-RAM system in FIG. 7 has the advantage that protons and boron can be supplied to the system together as diborane, which is a combination of hydrogen and boron. Not only is the proton introduction section P1 unnecessary, but it is also possible to add fuel to the system and remove He from the system (degassing). (The feed control section FEEDC is used for the helium He removal section, diborane fuel supply section, etc.)
<0031> Also, considering the tendency of impurities with atomic numbers larger than that of boron to be mixed in, diborane, which is a gas that can be purified, may be better than solid boron. (Solid boron needs to be produced, purified, and refined as solid crystals.) As mentioned in paragraph 0024 of this application using sodium borohydride NaBH4 as an example, this application does not favor the presence of atoms with atomic numbers larger than the atomic number of the fusion fuel, post-nuclear fusion products EX1, or impurities in the fuel.
* Although the proton-boron nuclear fusion system has been shown as an example, to disclose the conditions of the present invention more generally so as not to limit the scope of the invention, it may be sufficient if the charge of the substance generated when atomic nuclei fuse is smaller than the charge of the atoms that become the nuclear fusion fuel. (And there may also be a system that does not generate neutrons or does not generate neutrons easily.)

<0060><Problem><Solution> A movable target in the form of a wedge or thin disk or plate (insertable) is used in a circular accelerator (fixed magnetic field strong convergence accelerator FFAG accelerator, MERIT ring/MERIT accelerator *MERIT: Multiple Energy Recovery Internal Target). The movable target may be replaceable by a replacement device, or may be equipped with two or more movable target parts and muon capture solenoids/muon extraction parts, and the movable target part may be moved in and out and back and forth from the outer periphery to the inner periphery of the accelerator (the MOVE part in FIG. 12). Pions and muons may be generated by irradiating the movable target with a proton particle beam.
<0062><Solution>
<Means for solving the problems>
<Mode for Carrying Out the Invention>
<Extending muon target life and reducing downtime with rotating muon target MU-DISK-TGT> In the circular accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING (FFAG accelerator 2MU-FFAG, MERIT ring, MERIT accelerator 2MU-MERIT-RING), (particularly in the MERIT type ring) the muon target part is arranged to protrude in a wedge shape, and the rotating target part is a drug grinder type with a thin and sharp outer periphery (protruding in a sharp shape and wedge shape), or the outer periphery is thin and thin By using the rotating target part MU-DISK-TGT in the shape of a record or disk, resembling a sharp rotating saw (a thin, narrow disk with a sharp outer tip, or a wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, as shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12), we attempt to suppress and average out the activation of the MERIT-type wedge-shaped muon target (fixed muon target), extend the life of the muon target, delay activation, and increase the time that the muon target can be used. * For example, a rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT or MU-DISK-TGT shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12 may be configured as a wedge or triangle with one side of the cross section of the disk tapering toward the outer periphery (or a thin disk). A movable muon target unit (2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT) equipped with a rotation means such as a motor for rotating the rotating muon target and a rotation support means such as a bearing may be configured. The muon target units MU-MOVEABLE-TGT and MU-DISK-TGT may be capable of being inserted (and removed) into the orbit of the particle beam of the accelerator (2MU-FFAG, 2MU-ACC-RING, 2MU-MERIT-RING) toward the particle orbit on the outer periphery of the vessel, and a rotating muon target unit 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT may be provided in the target unit and pion muon generation unit of the muon generation device 2MU. (*If we think of the circular accelerator as a doughnut, the part on the outer periphery of the doughnut where the particles circulate, the part where the wedge of the MERIT ring protrudes, can be inserted, removed, and moved in the poloidal direction into the 2MU-MERIT-RING in Figures 10 and 12. A rotating target that can make cuts in the ring with a rotating saw or perform an operation like removing it can be inserted and removed.) *As shown in Figure 10, a wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, Or a rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT with a thin plate-shaped movable part (the target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT may be rotatable, and the shape of the target may be a wedge shape, a shape where the part protruding from the ring part is thin, or a thin plate shape so that the particles can recover their energy again inside the MERIT ring or circular accelerator after the MERIT method particle beam hits the target. * Figure 10 shows the circular and donut-shaped troughs of the evacuated particle accelerator, circular accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring. The rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT (wedge-shaped and thinned) is inserted into a part of the outer periphery of the accelerator cross section (so as to collide with the orbit of the accelerated particle beam circling the outer periphery) and can rotate, like a rotating saw that cuts the outer periphery where the particles pass so as to be perpendicular to the idal direction. In Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13, the particle accelerator can be operated while maintaining a vacuum, and the rotating or movable muon target can be inserted and moved (MOVE), and the movable muon target can be inserted and moved (MOVE). It is possible to easily exchange (EXCHANGE/SET) muon targets. A motor (MU-TGT-MOT) and bearings (MU-TGT-BRG) are used for rotation. The wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT attached to the axis (AXIS-TGT-BRG) rotates across the outer periphery of the circular accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring (a part of the outer periphery of the ring doughnut. *Cross-sectional view CS part of Figure 10, cross-sectional view CS from point CSP1 to CSP2.)

<Replacement of muon target when activated/removal of activated part> Also, when a wedge-shaped rotating muon target is activated, the activated tip can be cut, milled or cut off to remove the activated part, and the weakly activated part can be recycled and reused, as shown in the right diagram of Figure 11. Machines and robots can also be used for unmanned operation. In the case of a rotating muon target, the area near the wedge-shaped/thinned part is activated more than in a fixed target or a thick rotating target, and the thickness and volume of the area irradiated with the proton ion beam can be reduced, which is expected to lead to a reduction in activated radioactive waste.
<A system for cutting and maintaining the beam-irradiated portion of a rotating muon target that is about to become activated during muon generation operation and accelerator operation, and for grinding and removing the activated portion with a grindstone. A system for cutting, grinding and removing the target before it becomes highly activated during muon generation operation, accelerator operation and device operation.> Wedge-shaped rotating muon target As shown in the right diagram of Figure 11, the rotating target portion may be ground or removed by bringing a grindstone or a device capable of grinding and removing part of the target close to the irradiated portion of the disk while the muon generation unit, accelerator and MERIT ring are in operation. The activated portion may also be ground, cut or removed with a cutting and removing device. (If grinding is exhausted and it is not possible to grind it down, or if the surface of the disk cannot be ground and formed during operation, it may be replaced with a new disk using a disk changing machine or robot arm.)

<0063> <Automated replacement of movable muon targets> As an example of a system for replacing and exchanging a wedge-shaped rotating muon target for muon generation after activation by proton irradiation, and a system for replacing a target when the muon target removal port is fixed in one place, a system capable of replacing a muon target is disclosed in Fig. 10. <0064> For example, a device/robot unit (TGT EXCANGE ROBOT/ARM (JUKE BOX MACHINE LIKE)) that can replace records/disks (wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT) using a robot arm, etc., like a jukebox, and a device that can replace multiple wedge-shaped rotating muon targets MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT (multiple times) The wedge-shaped rotating muon target may be replaced by rotating an axis (2TGT-EXCHANGE-AXIS) that can be rotated by a motor or the like (2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT) and a magazine section, disk holder, and arm (2TGT-EXCHANGE-ARM) that can be rotated by a rotating means 2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT (like the revolving magazine of a revolver), and the arm may be rotated to replace the wedge-shaped rotating muon target. The replacement may be automated. <0065> Figure 12 shows a replacement and exchange system for a wedge-shaped rotating target for muon generation after activation by proton irradiation (when two muon extraction ports and solenoids are arranged, and one extraction port is stopped to replace the target). Although two systems are required for the muon extraction port and the solenoid/muon irradiation system for the fusion fuel, there is no need for the above-mentioned exchange rotation mechanism, and the irradiation system and the target T1 of the fusion reaction section can also be two systems, with the intention of reducing downtime when power cannot be generated. (There are two systems in Fig. 12, but multiple systems are also possible.) In Fig. 12, two or more wedge-shaped rotating targets and muon capture solenoids/muon extraction sections are provided, and the movable muon target section/wedge-shaped rotating target section MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT can be inserted/removed, moved back and forth, and inserted (at the MOVE position in Fig. 12) from the outer periphery to the inner periphery of the accelerator. By moving (MOVE), pushing out, inserting, withdrawing, and pulling back the movable target section into the MERIT ring, the proton beam can be controlled to collide with the wedge-shaped rotating target section or not by the above-mentioned MOVE step and insertion/removal step, and the pion/muon generation at one of the extraction ports can be controlled on/off. When replacing the target part in Figure 12, it is completely pulled out and pulled back from the MERIT ring for maintenance replacement. Replacement etc. can be automated using a machine or robot (TGT EXCANGE ROBOT/ARM).

<0082> <Solution> <Means for solving the problem> The present specification and Figures 18 to 20 describe ideas related to the solution. Figure 21 shows a transport device 3/structure 3 that slows down cosmic rays or cosmic muons and uses them for nuclear transmutation, and uses the energy from the nuclear transmutation as an energy source for propulsion and power generation.

<Ionization cooling> Negative muons may be decelerated using ionization cooling. Ionization cooling is based on the fact that a properly prepared muon beam passes through a suitable material (absorber) and loses momentum and decelerates due to ionization. It is preferable to use an absorber using hydrogen or lithium, which are atoms with low atomic number Z. Cooling using both liquid hydrogen and lithium hydride absorbers is known according to the following literature 1. (Literature 1: International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment MICE collaboration, Nature volume 578, pages 53-59 (2020)) A part of the solenoid cooling and deceleration channel is constructed and operated to perform ionization cooling and deceleration of muons using both liquid hydrogen and lithium hydride absorbers. *It may be possible to use the target part T1 for muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation, such as azan containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, which binds muons and promotes nuclear transmutation in this application, or borane containing boron and hydrogen (carbon-12, etc.), which is an atom with low atomic number Z, as the absorber. *The muon may be bonded to a hydrogen ion to form a muonic atom and decelerate it. The muon may be bonded to an atom such as boron or nitrogen that is heavier than hydrogen to form muonic boron atoms, muonic nitrogen atoms MP1, MA1, etc. (MP1, MA1 are decelerated), and then injected into the fuel material target part T1 containing hydrogen. (In the configuration of B in FIG. 16, a muonic atom MA1 of atom A may be formed, and MA1 may be decelerated by some means using an electric field (magnetic field), and then MA1 may be irradiated, thrown into, or collided with a target part T1-B that may contain an atom B for nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation, causing muonic nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation. <Frictional cooling> * A carbon film may be placed on the target part T1 that is irradiated with negative muons, and the muons may be decelerated by friction (frictional deceleration/frictional cooling) as they pass through the carbon film at a certain speed. The muons may be attenuated by a carbon film containing carbon-12 (or a carbon film for frictional cooling made of carbon-12) for frictional cooling (frictional deceleration), or the muons decelerated within the carbon film may be bonded to carbon-12, and then the carbon-12 may be muon nuclear transmuted. *In addition to carbon films, solid and liquid parts that can become T1・FEED with low Z such as boron hydride can also be considered. The ionization cooling effect can also be used with low Z elements such as hydrogen. <Decelerator using deceleration cavity> Particle accelerators and linear accelerators may be used for muon deceleration. The configuration using the pulse power supply and deceleration cell described in the following reference is publicly known and may be used in the muon deceleration part in this application. (Reference: Negative muon deceleration for physical properties research Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of Particle Accelerator Society of Japan July 31 - August 3, 2019, Kyoto, Japan, PASJ2019 FRPI008)

<Example of expected implementation><Muon decelerator using pulsed laser>
FIG. 18 shows a muon decelerator 2MUDECE and a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS using a laser wakefield using a pulsed laser. FIG. 18 is similar to the configuration of an inertial confinement fusion reactor using laser irradiation of an inertial confinement system. However, in FIG. 18, in order to receive and decelerate muons pouring down from space or muons originating from an accelerator or pion generator, instead of omnidirectional (symmetrical) laser irradiation as in the inertial confinement system, a laser may be irradiated to the target part in a direction that receives high-speed muons. For example, FIG. 18(A) shows a configuration in which, when high-speed cosmic muons enter the ground side from space, air, or the sky, a pulsed laser is irradiated from a hemispherical dome-shaped laser irradiation unit located on the ground to the central target part T1 to decelerate the muons in the laser wakefield (to face the incoming muons in (B)), and an attempt is made to form a laser wakefield and decelerate the muons. Also, the example in FIG. 18 is not limited to the use of cosmic muons. In FIG. 18, an artificial muon M1 generated using an accelerator/accelerated particle collision process may be decelerated and thrown into a target T1. A laser may be irradiated onto the target portion so that the artificial muon can be irradiated onto the target portion and the muon can be decelerated.) *In one embodiment of the present application, it is sufficient to implement a configuration in which a pulsed laser capable of forming a laser wake field or an electric field can be irradiated onto the target portion T1. The T1 may be a target capable of nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation. In one embodiment, the nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system may use an atom with a small atomic number Z, such as carbon, nitrogen, boron, or hydrogen, for T1. *For example, in a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction between hydrogen atoms (H, D, T), helium is produced and the muons are trapped by the helium, causing the catalytic nuclear fusion reaction to stop. However, if the energy produced by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms exceeds the energy obtained by slowing down natural cosmic rays/cosmic muons and utilizing it/if the balance is balanced, it may be possible to use it as an energy source, so this application may also attempt nuclear fusion between hydrogen atoms in a system 1EXP-SYS having a part that slows down cosmic muons, such as in Figure 18, or in a structure 3/transport equipment 3 that includes it. (*Although the configuration in which deceleration is performed using an electric field has been described, the trajectory of the high-speed muon may be changed if it can be changed using a magnetic field. A muon may be launched into the target section T1 by combining an electric field for deceleration and a magnetic field for deceleration and trajectory change.) Fig. 18(A): An explanatory diagram of the decelerator 2MUDECE, in which a pulsed laser is irradiated from a hemispherical dome-shaped laser irradiation section arranged on the ground to the central target section T1 on the space/air/sky side when a high-speed cosmic muon enters the ground from the space/air/sky side, turning the target section into plasma and generating a laser wakefield/electric field facing the space/air/sky side, and used to decelerate the muon. Also, a high-speed muon M1F generated by the muon generation device M1 may enter T1, where a laser wakefield/electric field is formed in T1, decelerating M1F to M1L, which is then bonded to an atom in T1. FIG. 18(B): An explanatory diagram of pulsed laser injection from the laser irradiation unit MDCL to the target unit T1 in FIG. 18(A), a diagram of muon injection and deceleration, and an explanatory diagram of the formation of plasma 2LASER-PLASMA and laser wake field LWF/electric field 2LASER-EF. FIG. 18(C): An explanatory diagram of the case where the decelerators 2MUDECE in FIG. 18(A) are arranged continuously in the horizontal direction and configured as an array of decelerators. *One space muon reaches the air/ground per second per 60 cm2, and for example, 1.6×108 muons can reach an area of 1 km×1 km per second. Therefore, a configuration in which the decelerators 2MUDECE are arranged to cover the area is assumed. *The array may be equipped on ground/sea, air/space transportation equipment 3. Muons can reach shallow areas, so it may be possible to mount it on a submarine or underwater 3. *In one embodiment of the present application, the system may be a system capable of irradiating a pulsed laser and irradiating cosmic muons or high-speed muons.

<Example of implementation><Muon decelerator using elements that generate electric fields>
As an example of using an electric field, an element capable of generating an electric field (which may include an electric double layer generating unit) composed of atoms with a small Z is shown in Fig. 20. The device in Fig. 20 may be capable of applying a pulse voltage/potential difference between the electrodes 2ER by a power supply unit so that the electric field can be generated in a pulsed manner. As one embodiment of the present application, the configuration in Fig. 19(A) may be performed using the device in Fig. 20.
*An example of an element that forms an electric field is shown in Figure 20. In the system described in Figure 20, when muons are incident on an electrode, an insulator layer, or the like, a decelerator or decelerating element made of atoms with a small atomic number Z that are difficult to trap or weakly interact with muons may be used at the point of incidence.

<Transportation equipment 3, spaceship 3, space structure, and habitat 3 capable of obtaining muons from cosmic rays> Fig. 21 shows an explanatory diagram of transportation equipment 3, spaceship 3, and space structure 3 that can generate and use mesons and muons by receiving cosmic rays. The equipment 3 and structure 3 may be equipped with a muon decelerator array as shown in Fig. 18 to Fig. 20. 1EXP-SYS assumes the operation of nuclear batteries, muon nuclear fusion batteries, and muon nuclear transmutation batteries that use cosmic rays (as a power source that can operate even in places where sunlight does not reach, such as the surface of the moon).
The cosmic rays (COSRAY1) are received by a cosmic ray receiving section in the transport equipment or structure 3, and mesons, pions, and muons are generated in the cosmic ray muon conversion section 2MU-COSRAY. The muons are then recovered (slowed down in a decelerator 2MUDECE), and transported to and irradiated with a target T1.
*The idea is that (similar to how natural sunlight is captured by large-area solar cells/photoelectric conversion elements in solar power generation and collected by electrical circuits to be used as electricity), for example a large space habitat could be equipped with a cosmic ray-muon conversion unit 2MU-COSRAY that captures natural cosmic rays over a large area, and a decelerator array unit that slows down the muons generated by the conversion unit, and (using something like a net to capture cosmic rays/muons over a large area, and something like a circuit to slow down and collect the muons) muons that are slower than cosmic rays can be harvested and irradiated onto target T1 for nuclear transmutation and power generation, which can be used to power and propel structure 3.
*The transportation device 3 may be equipped with an accelerator, and the accelerator may be used to accelerate and collide particles to generate mesons, pions, and muons, which may then be decelerated and used in a nuclear transmutation system using muons.
*The target part/muon target part (SMR1, 2MU-COSRAY) that collides with the cosmic rays may be provided on a transportation device 3 such as a cosmic ray, an artificial satellite, a space probe, or a space structure, and the target part may include a gas (including helium/hydrogen atoms, and atmospheric oxygen/nitrogen atoms). The target part may include a liquid such as water.

<Cosmic ray source> Cosmic rays coming from outside or within the solar system may be used as the source of cosmic rays (accelerated protons, helium ions, etc.).
*Muon generating devices using known accelerators can generate 100 to 100 million muons per second per beam of several centimeters. On the other hand, on the ground and in the sky, muons originating from cosmic rays rain down on the palm of your hand at one muon per second, and if a muon deceleration array, muon capture section, capture circuit, and muon injection section into a target could be configured over an area and zone equivalent to 1,000 palms, it may be possible to use 1,000 muons per second for nuclear transmutation without using an accelerator. Therefore, this application proposes a system for utilizing, decelerating, and capturing cosmic rays and cosmic muons over a large area. These muons may be used in the nuclear transmutation system of this application (for power generation by nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation, and for nuclear transmutation).

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using boron and protons. FIG. 2 shows an example of a nuclear fusion reaction system in which, when atomic nuclei fuse, the charge of the nuclei of the material produced by nuclear fusion is smaller than the charge of the nuclei of the atoms that serve as the fusion fuel. Figure 3 is an explanatory diagram of a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using lithium and protons. Figure 4 is a comparative explanatory diagram of the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion method using D or T and the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion method using protons and B or Li. (The upper part of Figure 4 shows the method using D and T, and the lower part of Figure 4 shows the method using protons and B and Li.) An explanatory diagram of the nuclear fusion reactor 1R and its application examples. Figure 6 is an explanatory diagram and a hypothetical diagram of a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using diborane, borohydride, and azan (a diagram of a system in which the target T1 is diborane-azane, excluding the part in Figure 1 where protons are irradiated). FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a muon catalyzed fusion system using a ramjet pressurized diborane-borohydride section. FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of a system in which boron hydride such as diborane and muonic hydrogen atoms are mixed and compressed in the compression section. FIG. 9 shows an example of a system having a compression section and a heating section. (A laser irradiation system may also be included.) This is an explanatory diagram of a case where a movable muon target for muon generation and a rotating muon target are inserted into a MERIT accelerator and MERIT ring, and the target is rotated and moved to expose the target to a particle beam to generate pions and muons. (The cross section of the rotating disk is thin, and it can also be a wedge-shaped one with a thin outer periphery.) An explanatory diagram of how the movable disk-shaped muon target is replaced by a machine. An explanatory diagram for the case where one of the extraction ports is stopped, the movable muon target part is removed and moved from the accelerator, and the muon target part is replaced with another muon target. An explanatory diagram of a device that uses a movable muon target to exchange muon targets and collide particles with the muon target to generate pions and muons in parallel, and a muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation system. An explanatory diagram of a meson/muon production system in which the movable muon target contains hydrogen atoms, protons or helium atoms. An explanatory diagram of a meson/muon production system that uses helium atoms (or hydrogen atoms, positively charged particles) moving through a circular accelerator as a muon target. An explanatory diagram of a nuclear fusion system, nuclear transmutation system, and atom production system that uses a meson production system. As one embodiment of the present application, an explanatory diagram of a method of decelerating cosmic muons or high-speed muons and irradiating, injecting, and bonding them into atoms in a target T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation or nuclear fusion. (A) An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons with a dome-shaped decelerator array covering the celestial sphere, space, and sky sides of a target T1 on the ground and irradiating T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation. (B) An example of directly irradiating a laser onto a target T1 of raw material atoms or molecules to form an electric field capable of decelerating the muons, decelerating the muons, and attempting muon nuclear fusion or muon nuclear transmutation of T1. An explanatory diagram of an example in which a pulsed laser is directly irradiated onto a target T1 (raw material atoms or molecules) to form an electric field capable of decelerating muons, decelerating the muons, and binding the muons to atoms in T1 to attempt muon nuclear fusion or muon nuclear transmutation. An explanatory diagram of a configuration in which an element that forms an electric field is used as a muon decelerator. (A) An explanatory diagram when decelerating muons using an element that forms an electric field. (A) A configuration in which muons incident on a target section T1 may rotate due to a magnetic field B and move within atoms in the target section. (B) An explanatory diagram when a decelerating electric field is formed using a pyroelectric body and an array of pyroelectric bodies, and muons are decelerated by the electric field. (B) A configuration in which the temperature of the end of a pyroelectric body is changed to generate an electric field in the pyroelectric body, and the electric field is used as a means for decelerating muons. An explanatory diagram of an element that generates an electric field. (A) When a capacitor element using electrodes and an insulator/dielectric is used. (B1) When an electric double layer capacitor type element is used. (B2) An explanatory diagram of an element including an electric double layer portion. An explanatory diagram of a transportation equipment/structure 3 equipped with a section that generates mesons and muons from cosmic rays. An explanatory diagram of a hypothetical nuclear transmutation and fusion system that uses muons, taking into account muon nuclear capture reactions. An explanatory diagram of an assumption of a nuclear transmutation and nuclear fusion system using muons, taking into account the muon nuclear capture reaction when ammonia containing nitrogen-15 is irradiated with muons. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a hypothetical nuclear transmutation and fusion system that uses muons, taking into account the muon nuclear capture reaction that occurs when boron hydride containing boron-11 (a system of boron hydride anions and lithium cations) is irradiated with muons. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a communication system 1NUT-COM and a communication system 1MU-COM. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a communication system 1NUT-COM. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which a muon M1 is irradiated onto a target T1 in a vessel 4D-MUCF/4T-MUCF equipped with a coil 2COIL, and is confined and moved by a magnetic field. FIG. 1 in the upper left of FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram of system 1 using a vacuum pump 4RFP using a deep eutectic solvent or the like as the working liquid. (An example in which a Sprengel pump type is used as pump embodiment 1) FIG. 2 in the upper right of FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram of system 1. (An explanatory diagram of system 1 used as a food pump as pump embodiment 2. Here, the type of pump may be a pump using a working liquid such as a liquid ring pump or a rotary pump.) FIG. 3 in the lower left of FIG. 28 is a comparison diagram of a vacuum exhaust system including a low vacuum pump RP and a high vacuum pump FP with the vacuum pump 4RFP of the present invention and an explanatory diagram of the combination. FIG. 4 in the lower right of FIG. 28 is an explanatory diagram of a general liquid ring pump and rotary pump. (For example, NADES and ionic liquid IL are used for the working liquid, liquid ring, liquid ring, and seal parts.) 29 is an explanatory diagram of one of the coils of the annular vacuum vessel 4D. (Annular vacuum vessel: doughnut-shaped, annular vacuum chamber, plasma vessel 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H. Coil 4C-EDL) 30 is an explanatory diagram of the annular vacuum vessel. (Means for rotating the annular vacuum vessel 4ROT may be provided.) Figure 31 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel using a motor and bearings as the rotating means 4ROT (4ROT is a motor rocket motor). FIG. 32 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel equipped with a thruster (thruster 4ROT-TH). Figure 33 (A) is an explanatory diagram of rotating a cylindrical tubular vacuum vessel (4T, 4T-IN) in the circumferential direction and theta direction of the cylinder (an example of rotating a cylindrical tubular vacuum vessel used in magnetic mirror type, magnetic field inverted configuration type, etc.), and (B) is an explanatory diagram of cylindrical vessels 4T and 4T-MUCF. Assumed examples of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation. (A) Assumed example of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of methane CD4, which is composed of carbon-12 and deuterium D. (B) Assumed example of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of deuterated carbon, a polymer/resin made by combining deuterium and carbon-12. Specific example: Assumed example of muon nuclear fusion in a deuterium carbon molecule (C2D4)n. A schematic diagram of a hypothetical example of muon nuclear fusion of H and F atoms in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resin. (In some embodiments, the PVDF part may serve as both the target part T1 and the muon decelerator 2 MUDECE.) An explanatory diagram of a hypothetical example of a muon fusion system. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. A diagram explaining how a muon fusion system could be used to explode and eject propellants from a threatening meteorite (MTO) to change its orbit, attitude, and motion. An explanatory diagram showing how the T1 muon fusion system, loaded into a hole inside the MTO meteorite, will be used to explode it from inside the meteorite, splitting and pulverizing it. An explanatory diagram of how to remotely explode an iron meteorite, which is difficult for radio waves to reach. FIG. An explanatory diagram of fuel T1 injection into an iron meteorite using a centrifugal gun, and blast ball 3 LOAD injection and excavation. An explanatory diagram of the centrifugal gun structure 2LPST. FIG. An explanatory diagram of Submarine 3SUBM. An explanatory diagram of the system for obtaining CT images of celestial bodies, satellites, and meteorites. An explanatory diagram of a muography system for obtaining muography and CT images of the human body and objects. An explanatory diagram of an aircraft/spacecraft 3. An explanatory diagram and conceptual diagram of the propulsion device. An illustration of one example of a rocket propulsion system. The top part of the figure is an example of a solid rocket. The bottom part is an example of a solid-type self-feeding rocket. FIG. An explanatory diagram of the muon generator. FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram of when laser recording is performed using an immersion exposure system that uses a liquid section NVLQ for immersion exposure. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of an example including a system for supplying liquid NVLQ when performing liquid immersion exposure. FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a recording apparatus including a maintenance unit 3 that may perform head maintenance and cleaning and replenishment of liquid NVLQ. An explanatory diagram for using liquid NVLQ for contact exposure in photolithography, etc. An explanatory diagram of immersion exposure using liquid NVLQ. An explanatory diagram of 1NET. (1PS: An example of a container that may be easy to sterilize and sanitary. 1NET-LSE. 1NET-LSE: 1NET with a surface, coating, or film LSEF that can reduce the surface free energy and surface tension of fluororesin, silicone resin, wax, etc.) Diagram of the NET package. May include IC and RFID chips. An explanatory diagram of how to obtain NET 1 NET packaging. An IC or RFID chip may be installed. An explanatory diagram of the process of using nets and 1NET. F100: 1NET with net-like parts, 1NET-LSE. 1NET-LSE: 1NET with a surface, coating, or membrane LSEF that can reduce the surface free energy and surface tension of fluororesin, silicone resin, wax, etc. F101: The process of opening the 1NET and removing the contents. F102: The process of washing the 1NET. F103: The process of washing the 1NET. The process of rubbing and washing the 1NET (twisting and rubbing and washing the 1NET that can be folded and twisted), or the process of washing the surface of the 1NET. F104: The process of drying the 1NET.

This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-065053, filed on April 14, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
<Fig. 1, Fig. 3> 1F-SYS: An explanatory diagram of a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system utilizing a nuclear fusion reaction using boron and protons. M1: Muon generating means, means for injecting and irradiating a nuclear fusion fuel target T1 with muons. Example: A system using a particle accelerator capable of generating muons. P1: Proton generating means, means for injecting and irradiating a nuclear fusion fuel target T1 with protons. Example: A particle accelerator capable of accelerating protons and bombarding and irradiating a target. Elements of nuclear fusion fuel in a boron-proton nuclear fusion reaction system. N1: Neutron generating means, means for injecting and irradiating a nuclear fusion fuel target T1 with neutrons. Example: A particle accelerator capable of accelerating neutrons and bombarding and irradiating a target. A1: Particle accelerator A1. T1: Target portion including nuclear fusion fuel. Nuclear fusion fuel T1, F1. B1: Part of T1 that uses boron. Boron target. Boron may be molten. L1: Part of T1 that uses lithium. Lithium target. Lithium may be molten liquid lithium. EX1: Product EX1 after nuclear fusion. In Figures 1 and 3, this is helium He/alpha ray produced after nuclear fusion.
<Fig. 5> 3: Transport equipment 1R: 1F-SYS, which is a nuclear fusion reactor. A nuclear fusion reactor including 1F-SYS. A power generation unit that converts the energy of alpha rays into electric energy may be provided. 1GENR: Power generation unit (a part that converts the energy obtained by the nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS and the nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS into electric power) * Although not specified in Fig. 5, the electric power derived from nuclear fusion generated by 1EXP-SYS, 1F-SYS, and 1R may be supplied to the muon generating unit M1 and the proton generating unit P1 and used to generate muons and protons. The electric power may be used to drive the system of the present invention and each part of the system. 1TH: A propulsion device and thrust generating unit for nuclear fusion applications including 1F-SYS. Propulsion means. Moving means. (If 3 is a spacecraft, 1TH may be a particle beam emission section for alpha rays, gamma rays, photons, particles, etc. If 3 is an aircraft, it may be a propellant ejection section that takes in propellant and air using the power obtained from 1GEN, heats and compresses it, and ejects it behind 3, or it may be an electrically powered propeller section. If 3 is a ship, it is a section that can rotate a propeller or generate a water current using the power obtained from 1GEN. If 3 is a robot with an arm or a vehicle that moves on land, it may be a wheel, tire, motor, or robot motor/arm section that can be driven by the power obtained from 1GEN.) 1TH-NZ: Nozzle section of 1TH. A nozzle section that emits alpha rays when the product EX1 after nuclear fusion is energetic helium or alpha rays. It may be a thrust deflection device/nozzle. The alpha rays may be irradiated to the propellant, causing it to heat and be ejected. *In addition to 1TH-NZ, the electricity generated by 1R may be used to operate an ion thruster or a propulsion device that uses the recoil of a photon laser to propel the vehicle.
<Fig. 6> System using diborane B2H6 BH1: B1, a substance containing boron, which is boron hydride, diborane, or borane. T1 and F1 are diborane. Diborane target. Diborane and BH1 may be gas, liquid, fluid, or (solid). (The configuration of Fig. 7 using a fluid is also possible.) In the system of Fig. 6, diborane containing hydrogen and protons is used, so the proton introduction part P1 shown in Fig. 1 is not required. <Fig. 7> 1F-SYS-RAM: Nuclear fusion system. (An assumed diagram of a system using diborane of the present application applied to a system in which a nuclear fusion fuel fluid having a known ramjet part circulates in a closed loop system.) RAM: Ram pressure generating device part when compressing in a ramjet system. PBH1: Compressed BH1 part. Muon target part with compressed diborane fluid part. FP: Nuclear fusion reaction part, muon irradiation part. FEEDC: The part that removes helium from the diborane fluid circulating within the system, removes excess materials, and adds necessary materials, diborane as fuel. Feed control part. Fuel supply system, fuel control system. Helium (He) removal part, diborane fuel supply part, etc. HX: Heat exchanger ENEX: Although not shown in the diagram, a device part that generates electricity based on alpha rays and nuclear fusion energy, a power generation part. It may be included within the system. PUMP: Compressor, pump. Pressurizes, compresses, and circulates the fluid within the system. Driven by a motor, etc. (Driven by electricity obtained from the power generation part) M1: Muon generation part, muon irradiation part. (Driven by electricity obtained from the power generation part) EX1: Helium generated after nuclear fusion (which needs to be removed).
Symbols etc. <Fig. 8> 1F-SYS-MP1, 1F-SYS-MP1-RAM: Nuclear fusion system using a mixture of muonic hydrogen atoms and fuel Muonic hydrogen atoms MP1: AMP1: Muonic hydrogen atom generating irradiation unit (particle accelerator A1, neutral particle beam irradiation device NBI, etc., which can generate MP1 and MP12 and inject/inject them.) S1: Route S1 (including a mixture of MP1 and boron hydride) MP1-XMB: A mixture of MP1 and boron hydride/diborane. Or a mixture of hydrogen and boron/(carbon/) nitrogen/oxygen/fluorine, etc. Or a part/mixture part containing a compound in which the raw atomic nuclei with the first atomic number ZA and the raw atomic nuclei with the second atomic number ZAA required for nuclear fusion are chemically bonded. PMP1-XMB: mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by a compression means such as RAM, or mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by a compression means such as RAM. RAM: compression means such as a RAM unit. Inertial confinement nuclear fusion is known in which a fuel pellet is irradiated and confined at the nuclear fusion site by laser irradiation (when the RAM unit is a laser confinement/inertial confinement type, the wavelength of the laser light may be a short wavelength on the blue, ultraviolet, X-ray, or gamma ray side so that the momentum of the photons can be larger), but in this application, the target part/mixture may be compressed by a laser in the compression unit RAM unit. (A muon injection process may be added to the laser confinement type inertial confinement nuclear fusion.) The RAM unit may irradiate a laser, an ion beam, or an ion beam containing raw material atoms from multiple emission units so as to converge on a part containing raw material atoms (FIG. 9). (It is also possible to use inertial types such as Z-pinch or magnetized target types that can compress the raw material atoms and trap them by inertia.) In the RAM section, a laser or ramjet mechanism is used to compress and heat the raw material atoms that serve as the fuel for nuclear fusion, or the compound or mixture in which the raw material atoms are chemically bonded together, with a laser or other means, while irradiating them with muons, thereby making it possible to increase the molecular and atomic motion within the compound molecules or of the compound or mixture by compression and heating. As a result, the particles that are bonded to the muon can approach each other more easily due to thermal motion, with the intention of making it easier to cause nuclear fusion by approach, muon nuclear fusion, and muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, as well as making it easier for the muons that act as catalysts after nuclear fusion to cause the next catalytic reaction (in which they are released and then brought close to the next raw material atoms and captured, repeatedly). (Even if muons are irradiated onto cryogenically cooled liquid hydrogen, DT, DD, or TT, the temperature is low and there is a risk that the effect of bringing the raw material atoms closer together due to thermal motion will be low, but if muons, muonic atoms, or muonic hydrogen are introduced into a part compressed and heated by a laser, ramjet, or the like, a proximity effect due to compression or thermal motion can be expected.) NZ: Nozzle section 1 PP: Steam turbine generator HX: Heat exchanger, steam generating section, steam pipe, cooling pipe 1 BKT: A section/blanket that receives flying particles that have energy due to nuclear fusion reactions such as neutrons and gamma rays and converts them into thermal energy, etc., and can be used as energy. When a RAM or reaction vessel section, a vessel section RAM where the FEED is packed and rammed, or a wall of the reaction vessel are located near the part where the nuclear reaction occurs, a blanket 1 BKT may be placed within the RAM section or vessel wall. AEC: Alpha ray energy conversion device (a device that receives alpha rays and converts them into electricity. The AEC may use alpha rays from titanium oxide or other materials to generate radicals, which decompose water (like in a photocatalytic reaction) to obtain hydrogen and oxygen, and then provide/output energy to the outside of the system in the form of hydrogen/chemical energy. *The AEC may be an alpha-voltaic cell. *The AEC part may receive the energy of alpha rays and generate photons of synchrotron radiation (of bremsstrahlung). The energy of the photons of this radiation may be used to cause chemical substances to undergo chemical or photochemical reactions. The photons may be irradiated onto the part to be heated to manufacture substances, or as a propellant or steam. Alternatively, the radiation may be converted into photons on the long wavelength side using a means for converting the wavelength of the photons to the long wavelength side, and the long wavelength photons may be received by a photoelectric conversion element and photoelectrically converted to obtain electricity, which may then be outputted outside the system, or if the long wavelength photons have energy capable of undergoing a photocatalytic reaction with a photocatalyst, a photocatalytic reaction may be caused to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water, and the electricity may be converted into hydrogen energy. If the long wavelength photons have a wavelength capable of dissociating the bonds within carbon dioxide and nitrogen molecules and causing a photochemical reaction, the carbon dioxide may be dissociated, and the carbon dioxide may be converted into energy for chemical substances such as carbon, carbon compounds, and nitrogen compounds, which may then be outputted outside the system.
<Fig. 9> PMP1-XMB: Mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by compression means such as RAM, or mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by compression means such as RAM. RAM: Compression means such as a RAM section. Inertial confinement type nuclear fusion is known in which a nuclear fusion fuel pellet is irradiated and confined by laser irradiation (when the RAM section is a laser confinement/inertial confinement type, the wavelength of the laser light may be a short wavelength on the blue, ultraviolet, X-ray, or gamma ray side so that the momentum of the photons can be larger), but in this application, the target section/mixture may be compressed by a laser in the compression section RAM section. (A muon injection process may be added to the laser confinement type inertial confinement nuclear fusion.) The RAM section may irradiate a laser, an ion beam, or an ion beam containing raw material atoms from multiple emission sections so as to converge on a portion containing raw material atoms (Fig. 9). (It is also possible to use inertial types such as Z-pinch or magnetized target types that can compress the raw material atoms and confine them by inertia.) In the RAM section, a laser or ramjet mechanism is used to compress and heat the raw material atoms that serve as the fuel for nuclear fusion, or the compound or mixture in which the raw material atoms are chemically bonded together, with a laser or other means, while irradiating them with muons, thereby making it possible to increase the molecular and atomic motion within the compound molecules or of the compound or mixture by compression and heating. As a result, the particles that are bonded to the muon can come closer to each other due to thermal motion, with the intention of making it easier to cause nuclear fusion by proximity, muon nuclear fusion, and muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, as well as making it easier for the muons that act as catalysts after nuclear fusion to cause the next catalytic reaction (in which they are released and then come close to the next raw material atoms and are captured, and this is repeated). (Even if muons are irradiated onto liquid hydrogen, DT, DD, or TT cooled to an extremely low temperature of several Kelvin, the temperature is low and there is a risk that the effect of bringing the raw material atoms closer together due to thermal motion is low, but if muons, muonic atoms, or muonic hydrogen are introduced into a part compressed and heated by a laser or ramjet section, etc., a proximity effect due to compression or thermal motion can be expected.) RAMH: Heating means. (May be included in the ram section. Means that can remotely irradiate a substance with electromagnetic waves or photons, such as lasers or microwaves, and can heat the substance. For example, in a system using water, hydrogen oxide, and muons, water can be heated by microwaves. Alternatively, the substance may be electromagnetically induced and heated.) For example, when using hydrocarbons as the raw material and using muons in the configurations of Figures 8 and 9 to promote nuclear fusion in carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms that are chemically bonded and close to each other in the hydrocarbon, Figure 9 is more suitable than Figure 8 for heating the raw material with a laser, etc., so the movement of atoms and particles in the raw material becomes more active as the temperature increases due to heating means such as a laser, which may have the effect of promoting muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion. (Heating means such as laser heating, ion beam or neutral particle beam NBI, ion beam or neutral particle beam NBI containing raw material atoms, particle beam combining muons and ions/raw material atoms, millimeter waves, microwaves, etc. may also be used.) RAM and RAMH may be capable of laser irradiation or ion beam irradiation. They may also be capable of laser compression. They may also be capable of laser heating. PUMP: Compressor, pump, motor FEED: Raw material (e.g. boron hydride, (hydrocarbon), hydrogen nitride, hydrogen oxide, etc.) (Liquid or solid targets such as lithium deuteride may also be used. Raw material for nuclear fusion reaction.) FEEDC: Feed control section. It may also include a feed/raw material supply section, a fuel supply section, etc., and a section for removing products after nuclear fusion such as helium. FP: Nuclear fusion (promotion) unit symbol, etc. <Fig. 10>MU-MOVEABLE-TGT: (muon) target unit with movable part receiving particle beamMU-DISK-TGT: Muon target unit, which may be disk-shaped, with rotatable part receiving particle beamMU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT: Muon target unit, which may be movable and disk-shaped, with the part receiving beam being thin, and the cross-sectional shape becoming thinner toward the outer periphery of the disk, and wedge-shaped.MU-TGT-BRG: Support means such as bearings for supporting the part that moves when moving and rotating, AXIS-TGT-BRG: Rotation axis when moving and rotating2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT: Means for moving the muon target unit and the muon target, and a target unit unit equipped with a motor and bearings.2MU: Example of muon generation unit M1. (It may include a target, accelerator, charge exchange beam injector, charge adjusting section, proton particle beam injector, proton particle beam accelerator section, muon capture solenoid, etc.) The muon at M1 may be bound to a proton or atomic nucleus to generate a (neutral particle beam) muonic atom MP1. 2MU-ACC-RING: Circular accelerator, particle accelerator 2MU-FFAG: FFAG accelerator 2MU-MERIT-RING: MERIT ring-type accelerator (The target at the wedge-shaped section may be movable and inserted. A movable muon target that becomes thinner toward the inserted tip may be inserted. The muon target section may be formed on the outer periphery of a rotatable disk or the tip of a chainsaw and made movable. A proton particle beam is irradiated to the inner circumference of the circle, and then the accelerator and the ring are inserted. The particles may be accelerated in a circular or spiral manner by the ring, and may transition to a high energy and high speed on the outer periphery side, and then may decelerate while colliding with the muon target, which may be movable, or may recover energy and be able to collide with the target again. (An accelerator in which the particles may decelerate due to the target collision and move in the inner periphery direction, or may accelerate again and transition to the outer periphery to collide again, and an accelerator in which the particles are stored, accumulated, and re-accelerated within the ring.) 2MU-FFAG-CS, 2MU-ACC-RING-CS, 2MU-MERIT-RING -CS: A cross section of the accelerator when the accelerator is likened to a doughnut, which is a cross section perpendicular to the toroidal direction and cut in the poloidal direction, between points CSP1 and CSP2. Circular accelerator - A movable target (e.g. a thin disk-shaped muon target) inserted into the cross section CS of the particle beam accelerated to high energy on the outer periphery of the MERIT ring can be inserted in the outer periphery of the circle of the accelerator cross section and moved. CS: Cross section CS between points CSP1 and CSP2 <Fig. 12> - Muon This is an explanatory diagram of a system for replacing and exchanging the rotating target for generation after proton irradiation activation. Two movable muon targets that can be inserted, removed, and moved inside the accelerator, muon extraction ports, and muon capture solenoids are arranged, and one of the extraction ports is stopped, the muon target is removed from the accelerator, and the muon target is replaced. 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT: A movable muon target unit system that can be moved, inserted, and ejected inside the accelerator. MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT SOLENOID: Muon capture and transport solenoid <Fig. 11> 2TGT-EXCHANGE: Device for exchanging movable muon target with mechanical robot, target exchange unit 2TGT-EXCHANGE-ARM: Arm unit of exchange unit, robot arm 2TGT-EXCHANGE-AXIS: Rotation axis of exchange unit 2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT: Motor of exchange unit *It may be a device like the record exchange unit of a jukebox. TGT EXCANGE ROBOT/ARM: (JUKE BOX MACHINE LIKE) <Fig. 13> Example of movable muon target, an example with a part that makes the chainsaw-like (or cableway-like, ropeway and lift-like) target movable. CHAIN-CATCHER: A part that is also the chain catcher part of the chainsaw and can replace the muon target part MU-MOVEABLE-TGT on the saw chain by a machine such as a robot arm. Chain-Saw-and-TGT: A guide bar part that guides the saw chain part to which the muon target TGT of the chainsaw is attached. (In FIG. 13, the muon may be decelerated by the muon decelerator MUDECE.) <Explanation of the figure><FIG.14> An explanatory diagram of a particle generation system characterized in that a proton beam and helium are accelerated and circulated in the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, hydrogen or helium is accelerated in a part that may be a particle accelerator in the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, and mesons and muons are generated by colliding at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING. Protons and protons, or protons and helium, or helium and helium may be collided. (Explanatory diagram of a particle generation system having a feature that a proton beam is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, hydrogen or helium is accelerated in a part that may be a particle accelerator in a second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, and collisions are made at an intersection 2CLP of particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. Protons and protons, or protons and helium, or helium and helium may be collided.) <Fig. 15>Explanatory diagram of a collision experiment system for meson generation with helium and protons as a target part, as one of the embodiments of the present application. A collision experiment system for meson generation equipped with two paths 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND looped in (B). *The two paths 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND may be FFAG or MERIT type accelerators or particle orbits in the accelerator. In the case of the MERIT type, even if the energy of helium and hydrogen atoms decreases after colliding in the paths of the two accelerators, the intention is to regenerate the energy and accelerate again in the accelerator, and generate mesons (or some kind of particle, elementary particle, atomic nucleus) again. <Fig. 16> An explanatory diagram of an example (A) used for muon nuclear fusion and nuclear species transmutation, and an example (B) used for manufacturing product atomic nuclei after element transmutation and nuclear transmutation, as one of the embodiments of the present application.
<Fig. 17> An example of an embodiment of the present application including a process of decelerating cosmic muons SM1 or high-speed muons and irradiating and bonding them to atoms in a target section. (A) An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons using a dome-shaped decelerator array/decelerator 2MUDECE that covers the celestial sphere/sky, capturing them in a capture section 2CAP, and irradiating the decelerated muons to T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation. (B) An example of directly irradiating a laser onto a target T1 of source atoms/molecules to form an electric field 2LASER-EF/laser wakefield with a strength for decelerating cosmic muons, decelerating the cosmic muons using the electric field, bonding the decelerated muons to source atoms, and attempting muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation.

<Explanation of symbols><Fig.13> (A) Example of a movable muon target (including a negative muon deceleration part) MU-MOVEABLE-TGT: movable muon target 2 MUCAP: device that captures and moves muons. Muon acceleration part, solenoid, etc. MUDECE-ELEMENT: deceleration part/deceleration element arranged in a direction to decelerate a negative muon having speed (a deceleration part using a laser wakefield accelerator may also be used.) MUDECE (MDC): decelerator including MUDECE-ELEMENT. Muon decelerator (Accelerator 2AC or Accelerator A1 may be used for deceleration, which may be an accelerator using a laser wake field) <Fig. 14> 2MU: Muon generator 2MESON: Meson generator 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER: Particle collision device, device for generating mesons and elementary particles by particle collision 2MU-ACC-RING: Accelerator that accelerates, circulates and moves protons and hydrogen (or helium) as an ion beam. First accelerator. 2MU-FFAG: FFAG type 2MU-ACC-RING. 2MU-MERIT-RING: MERIT ring type 2MU-ACC-RING. 2HE-ACC-RING: Accelerator that accelerates, circulates and moves helium (or protons and hydrogen) as an ion beam. And accelerator orbit. Second accelerator. 2HE-FFAG: 2HE-ACC-RING of FFAG formula. 2MU-FFAG-CS, 2MU-ACC-RING-CS, 2MU-MERIT-RING-CS: Cross-section of the first accelerator MU-MOVABLE-TGT: Movable target. The atoms of the muon target are movable. MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT: Movable muon target made of hydrogen or helium (orbit in the ion beam or accelerator). Target for generating mesons or elementary particles, muons, which are helium or hydrogen that accelerate, circulate, and move in the accelerator. 2CLP: Intersection or collision point, or intersection or collision part, of the orbits of accelerated particle ion beams. Part where helium and hydrogen, helium and helium, and hydrogen and hydrogen collide (2CCP). Place where mesons and elementary particles can be generated by collision. *The first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-FFAG-1ST accelerates and circulates proton beams and particle beams (helium), and the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING and 2HE-FFAG-2ND accelerates hydrogen or helium particle beams in a part which may be a particle accelerator, and collides them at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING (2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND) to generate mesons and muons (elementary particles).
<Fig. 15> 2AC: Acceleration cavity, acceleration means. *A laser wake field acceleration cavity may be used, and the laser may be a laser device, a particle accelerator, or a photon or laser of synchrotron radiation (synchronized light) using alpha rays. 2MGF: Magnet, ion beam, charged particle deflection means, focusing means. Bending magnets such as deflection electromagnets, focusing magnets such as quadrupole electromagnets that focus and focus the beam so that it does not scatter. 2ISRC: Ion source He (or, H/p). Ion injection section. It may include a device for ionization or a device for accelerating and injecting ions. 2EXTEJ: Ion removal section. It may be an ion intake section or an ion extraction section. EX-ION: An ion removed by 2EXTEJ among ions moving and circulating in 2HE-FFAG-2ND (accelerator orbit). A separation method based on the difference in mass of ions used in mass analysis may be used. Ions of different masses may be separated by utilizing the difference in mass relative to the charge of the ions due to the electric charge and magnetic field. 2HE-FFAG-1ST: First accelerator. FFAG type circular accelerator that accelerates and circulates helium, etc. 2HE-FFAG-2ND: Second accelerator. FFAG type circular accelerator that accelerates and circulates helium, etc. 2CLP: Part where two He particles and beams collide <Fig. 16> 2MU, 2MESON-GENERATOR, 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER: Muon generation means, meson generation means, particle collision means. MUON-CAPTURE-TRANSPORT-SOLENOID: Means for capturing and transporting muons from mesons such as pions and K-mesons. A solenoid that captures pions with a magnetic field, moves the pions, and transports the muons while the pions change into muons. MUDECE: Means for decelerating muons. Negative muon decelerator. Slow muon generation unit. MUDECE may be provided in the MUON-CAPTURE-TRANSPORT-SOLENOID unit. A decelerator for negative muons that combines a pulse power supply and a deceleration cell has been considered and is publicly known, and may be used. It is preferable to use a negative muon decelerator that can decelerate more slowly. The energy of the negative muons generated using the accelerator/meson generation unit is about 300 keV (=8 MeV/c) or more, and it is preferable to be able to decelerate it to 30 keV or less, for example. If it is possible to arrange the laser wakefield and the acceleration cavity/acceleration unit using it in the reverse/deceleration direction, they may be arranged and used to decelerate the negative muons. 1F-SYS: Nuclear fusion system using muons 1EXP-SYS: Experimental system using muons, nuclear transmutation system (LLFP/MA nuclear transmutation system) FP: Nuclear fusion section, muon nuclear fusion section, part of the nuclear fusion section core. NCTP: Nuclear transmutation section, muon nuclear transmutation section, part of the nuclear transmutation core. Muonic-Atom-Generator: Part that combines negative muons with atomic nucleus A (or B) to generate muonic atom A (or B). MA1: Muonic atom A (or B). (Atoms A/B irradiated to the target) FUSIONED-T1-AB-X: Atom X. Atom X generated by nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation of atomic nuclei A and B by muons. T1-AB: Muon target T1 part consisting of a compound/mixture of atomic nuclei A and B combined. Atoms A and B may have different Z. They may have the same Z. For example, atom A and atom B may be the same carbon-12. T1-AB is a compound or mixture of atomic nuclei A and B bonded together. T1-AB may be a mixture of atoms A and B by colliding atom A with atom B, or may be a mixture of atoms A and B arranged in close proximity. FUSIONED-T1-MA1B-X: Atom X. Atom X is generated by nuclear fusion or nuclear transformation of muonic atoms A and B by muons. Atom Y may be generated from atom X through a radioactive decay process. T1-B: A target of atomic nucleus B (or A). T1-B is a movable T1 or T1-B for the muon or muonic atom irradiation part. (T1-B may be a movable film surface or solid liquid surface of T1. Depending on the element, it may be a gas or plasma beam.) T1-B may be capable of removing the surface in the atom X removal process. (Just as the muon target MU-DISK-TGT, which may be a solid movable disk type in FIG. 11, is polished with a grinding wheel MU-DISK-GRINDING-DEVICE, atom X may be produced from atoms A and B on target T1 by muon nuclear transmutation, and then atom X may be removed and recovered with a grinding wheel or polishing/cutting means.) T1-IN: Atom supply process/means. Supply unit for atoms A and B. T1-OUT: Atom removal process/means. Unit for removing atom X.
<Fig. 17> (A) An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons with a dome-shaped decelerator array covering the celestial sphere and sky side as seen from T1 placed on the ground, and irradiating them to T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation. SM1: Cosmic muons (cosmic ray muons, cosmic ray muon particles) coming from the sky. High-speed cosmic muons SM1. Cosmic rays collide with the Earth's atmosphere (atmosphere), and the collisions between atmospheric molecules and spacecraft particles generate cosmic ray pions and mesons, which then generate cosmic ray muons. Cosmic ray pions can be generated at an altitude of about 20 km, and muons rain down at altitudes of 5 km or less. (The aircraft transportation device 3 with the system in Fig. 17 (A) is at an altitude that can receive cosmic muons. The aircraft 3 can use the cosmic muons for nuclear transmutation. In addition, transportation devices 3 near the ground and at sea can also receive cosmic muons.) Cosmic rays: Particles flying around in space with high energy. MDC-LASER: A laser light source/laser generating section of the accelerator when the muon decelerator uses an accelerator using a laser wake field as the decelerator. An existing laser device may be used as the light source. Synchrotron radiation may be used as the light source. MDC: Decelerator. 2MUDECE: Decelerator. Muon decelerator (accelerator may be used for deceleration) (accelerator 2AC or A1 may be used for deceleration, which may be an accelerator using a laser wake field) 2MUDECE-ARRAY: Array of 2MUDECE. Photons/lasers may be distributed to 2MUDECE. It may also include circuits such as electricity/power/signals and lasers for driving 2MUDECE. 2MUCAP: MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT Device, a device for capturing and moving muons. Solenoid, etc. T1: Target, FEED. According to one embodiment, the system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS may perform muon catalyzed nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation in a configuration in which muons decelerated by a decelerator 2MUDECE are combined with nuclear fuel atoms/raw material atoms for muon catalyzed nuclear fusion such as hydrogen H, deuterium D, tritium T, or lithium 6 (or raw material atoms themselves) for muon catalyzed nuclear fusion. Also, raw material atoms/fuel atoms for nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation such as hydrogen, boron, carbon, and nitrogen described in the present application may be used in the system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS shown in FIG. 13(B) or (A). The configuration/system/device for decelerating cosmic muons in FIG. 17 may be mounted on a transport device 3. If muon nuclear transmutation can be performed using cosmic muons, a large accelerator is not required, so there is an advantage that the size of the transport device 3 can be made compact when mounted on the transport device 3 if a large accelerator for generating muons can be eliminated. In order to compact the muon decelerator for space muons, accelerators 2AC and A1 that may use a laser wakefield may be used for deceleration. (The configuration of accelerating electrons and negatively charged particles to GeV level in a laser wakefield is known, and the present application assumes the deceleration of negative muons, which are particles of the same negative charge, as an application of this.) Also, for the purpose of compactly mounting a muon/meson generation unit and a high-speed muon deceleration unit on the transport device 3, accelerators 2AC and A1 that may use a laser wakefield may be used to configure a meson generation device 2MU, 2MESON-GENERATOR, or 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER. (B) An example of directly irradiating a laser on a target T1 of raw material atoms and molecules to decelerate muons and attempt muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation of T1 2LASER-PLASMA: A plasma portion generated by the laser and T1 when turning T1 into plasma and forming a laser wakefield. 2 LASER-EF: Electric field produced by the laser and T1, laser wakefield formed within T1. T1, FEED: Target atoms to be transmuted/fused, raw material atoms, and fuel atoms. 2 LASER: Laser source. MDC-LASER: Laser used in laser-based decelerators (in the figure, the laser may be generated by external energy, or photons/gamma rays may be generated using the energy of alpha rays and gamma rays produced by nuclear fusion/transmutation and used to generate lasers. AEC is the part that converts alpha ray energy, and in the figure, it is possible to extract the energy of photons produced by bremsstrahlung radiation of alpha rays rather than electricity)
<MUDEC1> A nuclear transmutation system for target atoms/raw material atoms, comprising a step of slowing down muons and characterized in that the muons can be bound to target atoms/raw material atoms for nuclear transmutation. <MUDEC2> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUDEC1, which performs nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of target atoms/raw material atoms, characterized in that a laser is irradiated onto the target atoms/raw material atoms to generate an electric field or laser wakefield. <MUDEC3> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUDEC2, capable of slowing down muons in the electric field or laser wakefield. <MUDEC4> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUDEC2, characterized in that a laser is irradiated onto the target atoms/raw material atoms to be nuclear transmuted to generate an electric field or laser wakefield, slowing down cosmic muons/cosmic ray muons or muons generated by cosmic rays flying from the space side to the ground side, and capable of binding the slowed down muons to the target atoms/raw material atoms to be nuclear transmuted. <DLAL1> A nuclear transmutation system for target atoms/raw material atoms, comprising a step or means for slowing down muons, and characterized in that muons can be bound to target atoms/raw material atoms for nuclear transmutation. <DLAL2> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, capable of slowing down muons in an electric field, a laser wake field, or an accelerator. <DLAL3> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, which performs nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of target atoms/raw material atoms, characterized in that a laser is irradiated onto the target atoms/raw material atoms to generate an electric field or a laser wake field. <DLAL4> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, characterized in that a laser is irradiated onto the target atoms/raw material atoms to be nuclear transmuted to generate an electric field or a laser wake field, to slow down cosmic muons or muons originating from cosmic rays flying from the space side to the ground side, and to bind the muons that have been slowed down to the target atoms/raw material atoms to be nuclear transmuted. <DLAL5> A nuclear transmutation system using muons, characterized in that the atomic number Z or effective nuclear charge (of 1S orbital) of atom A, which is a raw material for nuclear transmutation during nuclear transmutation, is greater than the atomic number Z or effective nuclear charge (of 1S orbital) of atom X, which is generated after nuclear transmutation of the atom. <DLAL6> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL2, characterized in that a muon is injected and irradiated onto a target atom containing carbon or carbon-12. <DLAL7> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL2, characterized in that a muon is injected and irradiated onto a target atom containing nitrogen or nitrogen-15. <DLAL8> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL2, characterized in that a muon is injected and irradiated onto a target atom containing boron. <DLAL9> A power generation system using energy generated by the nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL5. <DLAL10> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, in which hydrogen or helium is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator (2MU-ACC-RING), hydrogen or helium is accelerated and circulated in a second accelerator (2HE-ACC-RING), and muons are generated using a particle generation system having a feature of generating mesons by colliding hydrogen or helium at an intersection 2CLP of particle orbits of the first accelerator and the second accelerator, and used for the nuclear transmutation. <DLAL11> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1 (or DLAL2) having a feature of nuclear transmuting fission products. <DLAL12> A nuclear transmutation system according to 1.DLAL10, which nuclear transmutes fission products, and has a feature of irradiating a beam of muons toward a section of a building containing fission products.
<Brief description of the drawings><Explanation of symbols><Fig.18> * A configuration in which muon deceleration is combined with muon deceleration by a laser wakefield using a laser pulse for a laser inertial confinement fusion reactor (a system in which the target part of a pulsed laser inertial confinement fusion reactor is used as a small Z atomic nucleus such as B, C, or N) * MDC-LASER (MDCL) laser source, pulsed laser source * Publicly known laser source for laser wakefield accelerator (A) 1F-SYS: Nuclear fusion system. 1EXP-SYS: Nuclear transmutation system. MDCL: Laser irradiation part T1 for target part T1, FEED: Target part T1, raw material atoms. (In the case of Fig. 18, it may also serve as gas, molecules, and atoms that are the source of plasma for forming a laser wakefield) 2MUDECE: Muon decelerator, particle decelerator (B) 2LASER-EF: Laser wakefield LWF formed by laser, electric field 2LASER-EF formation. An electric field that slows down muons. 2 LASER-PLASMA: Plasma generated by irradiating T1 with a laser. T1 may be included, and muons may be bound to T1, which is also a plasma, after being slowed down. SM1: Cosmic muon, cosmic muon source M1: Muon, muon source M1F: High-speed muon M1L: Slowed-down muon (C) An explanatory diagram of how muons are slowed down (captured) and irradiated and bound to T1 by an array of decelerators using a laser wake field over a wide area. M1, SM1, M1F: High-speed muon source (When SM1 is used, it covers an area equivalent to 1,000 palms, etc.) 2 MUDECE-ARRAY: Array of decelerators. M1L: Slowed-down muon. T1: Target (When the target T1 part of a pulsed laser inertial confinement fusion reactor is a T1 part where muons can reach, an electric field that slows down muons is formed by a pulsed laser. When the muons are slowed down by the electric field, muon nuclear fusion between T1 part atoms may also occur as a result of the muon and T1 part atoms bonding together.)
<Fig. 19> (A) 2MDCE-2DFD: A surface-type element that forms an electric field as one form of 2MUDECE (large-area arrays are also possible). This part may be capable of forming an electric field or a magnetic field. 2MUDECE: Decelerator. Muon decelerator PWSP: Power supply unit. Applies voltage/potential difference to 2MDCE-2DFD. Or means for applying an electric field. (Power supply when forming an electric field or magnetic field) (Power supply for causing temperature even when an electric field is formed by temperature change as in the case of pyroelectric bodies. Source of temperature change) 2MUCAP: Muon capture unit. LM1Z: Section where muons have been attenuated/removed. Muons are attenuated by 2MUDECE and muons are captured, removed and collected by 2MUCAP, and this is a location where cosmic rays/muons do not reach or are difficult to reach. (LM1Z may be formed from a muon decelerator and a trap, or may be a section deep within the earth that naturally contains high Z atoms) T1: Target T1-2COIL B: A location where a magnetic field is applied to T1 using a coil. 2COIL: A means for applying a magnetic field B to the target part T1 and muons. Coil. T1-2BMU: T1-2BMU: A muon rotating (cyclotron motion) wrapped around a magnetic field B and the T1 where it comes into contact (in order to increase the reaction area between the muon and T1, the muon is stirred without rotating by applying a magnetic field B to the muon) (B) 2FDELE-PYR: Pyroelectric device (an element used when changing the temperature of a pyroelectric to generate an electric field in the pyroelectric and using the electric field to slow down the muon. In one embodiment, it may be one form of a capacitor element sandwiched between a pyroelectric and a dielectric by electrodes. The 2FDELE-PYR may be an element that can be arranged in a planar or large area.) VOLT-C: GND/voltage control unit T1: Target. FEED. (It may be the electrode part 2ER of the target T1 controlled by VOLT-C.) 2PYR-EF: Electric field by a pyroelectric. The muon may be slowed down in this part. 2PYR: Pyroelectric body. *2PYR may be the target T1 of the muon. P: Polarization. 2PYR-PEF: Electric field inside the pyroelectric body. The muon may be decelerated in this part. 2ER: Electrode part TEMP-C: Temperature change means, heater/cooler part -Z surface: Thickness and height of the pyroelectric body in the z direction, target direction, upward direction in the drawing. +Z surface: Z toward the heater side and downward direction in the drawing. <Figure 20> 2MUDECE: Muon decelerator configured using a capacitor element in this figure (A) Insulator A voltage is applied to the capacitor to form an electric field in the insulator (made of low Z atoms that are difficult to trap muons) 2ER: Electrode (example) Electrode made of low Z atoms. Carbon electrode, lithium metal electrode 2LZI: Insulator (example) Insulator made of low Z atoms. Carbon insulator, diamond, hydrocarbon solvent, etc. 2ER and 2LZI may be made of low Z atoms that are difficult to trap muons. In addition, 2ER and 2LZI can be capacitor elements and can also be the target T1 portion that bonds with the muon decelerated when an electric field is formed to decelerate the muon, so for example, raw material atoms that can cause muon nuclear transmutation or muon nuclear fusion, such as carbon-12, nitrogen-15, and hydrogen, may be included in 2ER or 2LZI. (For example, 2LZI is an insulator containing carbon-12, and 2ER is a carbon-based electrode made of carbon-12 that contains metallic lithium as a current collector, mesh electrode, bus bar, or bus bar.) *2ER may be connected to other circuits. For example, 2ER may be drawn out from the deceleration section and connected to copper or aluminum wires, circuits, or bus bars (away from the deceleration function section) so as not to interfere with muon deceleration or use. 2FDELE: A capacitor element formed by sandwiching an electric field-forming element, 2LZI, between 2ER. *When multiple capacitor elements are used, the elements may be connected in series in an electrical circuit. *Explanatory diagram of capacitor elements arranged over a large area to decelerate cosmic muons. The element is a capacitor-type sheet device, and is expected to become a solar cell-like planar element. 2FDELE-LAM: A stack of elements 2FDELE. (2FDELE are electrically connected in series in the height direction and stacking direction) PWSP: Power supply unit. A power supply unit that applies a potential difference/voltage to the capacitor element 2FDELE or 2FDELE-LAM to form an electric field within the capacitor element. (B1) An electric field is formed by applying a voltage to the electric double layer capacitor EDLC (made of low Z atoms that do not easily trap muons) 2ER: Electrode 2FDELE-EDL-MPI: A portion including an electric double layer portion. A portion that forms an electric double layer at the interface of a porous membrane, and makes the electric double layer portion an insulator/dielectric (part equivalent thereto). Porous electrode. PWSP: Power supply unit. Pulse power supply unit. 2ER and 2FDELE-EDL-MP may be made of low Z atoms that do not easily trap muons. In addition, 2ER and 2FDELE-EDL-MP can be a capacitor element and can also be a target T1 portion that bonds with the decelerated muon when an electric field is formed to decelerate the muon, so for example, raw material atoms that can cause muon nuclear transmutation or muon nuclear fusion, such as carbon-12 or nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, may be included in 2ER or 2FDELE-EDL-MP. 2FDELE-EDL: An element that forms an electric field, a capacitor element/electric double layer capacitor element formed by sandwiching 2FDELE-EDL-MPI between 2ER. 2FDELE-EDL-LAM: A stack of elements 2FDELE-EDL (2FDELE-EDL are electrically connected in series in the height direction and stacking direction). (B2) Enlarged view of EDLC part 2ER-MPI: Porous membrane, porous electrode (EG: porous carbon electrode), porous electrode of electric double layer capacitor. 2EDL: Electric double layer formed on the electrode part 2ER-MPI-MICRO: Enlarged part of 2ER-MPI, porous electrode part 2ELYT: Electrolyte (containing electrolyte)
<Fig. 21> An explanatory diagram of a spacecraft/space structure that generates muons from cosmic rays, slows them down, and uses them for nuclear transmutation and energy to drive transport equipment. 3: Transport equipment 3, energy supply target 3 (including aircraft, spacecraft, space structure, artificial satellite, space station, space habitat, lunar base/far side of the moon base, and structures in places where sunlight does not reach) COSRAY1: Cosmic rays 2MU-COSRAY: Part that receives cosmic rays and generates mesons, pions, and muons. Muon generation source. SMR1. It may be an array-shaped 2MU-COSRAY, or may be configured so that muons can be input to 2MUDECE. SM1: Cosmic muon. Muon generated by cosmic rays. A1: Particle accelerator. Particle generator/irradiator M1: Muon system, P1: Proton system. MA1: Muonic atom generator. Artificial muons (muonic atoms) may be made into muonic atoms and slowed down. M1F: Fast muon (SM1 or fast M1) 2MUDECE: *MUDECE muon decelerator, decelerator array 2MUDECE-ARRAY may be used. (2MUDECE may include 2MUCAP, a part that captures and moves muons.) M1L: Decelerated muon T1-HARVESTER: Means for harvesting T1 from other planets, moons, and celestial bodies, source of T1. Means for collecting fuel from outside (asteroids, natural celestial bodies) FEEDC1: Supply part of fuel F1 (FEED), target T1. *T1/F1 containment vessel/fuel storage part, automatic target exchange device, T1/fusion/transmutation fuel supply system. 1R: Transmutation/fusion reactor. 1F-SYS: Fusion system. 1EXP-SYS: Transmutation system. T1, F1: Target part of atoms to be transmuted. Feed section. Nuclear transmutation fuel section. Nuclear transmutation reaction section/core section. In the T1 section, muons and T1 are combined to promote muon nuclear transmutation. HE1: A product generated when nuclear transmutation occurs in T1. For example, high-energy helium alpha rays. AEC: Alpha ray energy conversion section. A section that converts the energy of alpha rays into other energy. The AEC may be a traveling-wave direct energy converter (TWDEC/Traveling-Wave Direct Energy Converter). The AEC may be a direct energy converter that converts the kinetic energy of the generated particles into electrical energy. Example: A section that bends the direction of travel of alpha rays with high energy (high kinetic energy) (by bending means, the magnetic field of coil 2COIL, etc.) to cause synchrotron radiation/bremsstrahlung, and converts them into synchrotron radiation, gamma rays, and photons (light energy). (*Alpha rays can be stopped even by thin paper. Therefore, alpha rays can be stopped by a part that stops them, such as a paper or sheet, to cause bremsstrahlung. Alpha rays can also be stopped by a sheet part made of low-Z atoms to generate photons. When alpha rays are stopped, gamma rays are generated, which can prevent the reactor from being activated, so atoms that are difficult to activate (low-Z atoms) can be used to stop the alpha rays.) *By mutually adopting alpha rays and material atoms, atoms can be excited by the excitation effect of alpha ray collisions, or atoms can be ionized by ejecting the electrons of the atoms through ionization (ionization). The phenomenon of alpha rays being scattered by atoms can also occur. *When the photon energy is 1.022 MeV or more due to the interaction between gamma rays and material, electron pair generation can occur (positron and electron pairs can be generated), so electron pair generation and positron generation can be performed in the AEC section. Energy conversion can be performed using the photoelectric effect in the AEC section, and high-speed electrons (photoelectrons) can be generated. Compton electrons may be generated by causing the Compton effect, whereby gamma rays collide with electrons in the material and scatter the electrons. *We want to avoid the nuclei of the materials that make up the AEC section and reaction path 1R being converted into radioactive elements by photonuclear reactions, but since high-Z nuclei can produce many paths that can turn into radioactive nuclei by emitting neutrons in photonuclear reactions, it may be possible to refrain from using them and use low-Z nuclei instead. (However, this does not mean that high-Z atoms are not used, as high-Z atoms have a higher ability to absorb and shield gamma rays.) *When nuclear transformation occurs at T1 and alpha rays are generated, the direction of the alpha rays may be bent by the magnetic field of coil 2COIL to promote the generation of synchrotron radiation, gamma rays, and photons. 1PRPLT: Propellant. Propellant ejected behind 3 during accelerated propulsion. Photons, alpha rays, etc. Also, when electric propulsion or rocket propulsion is performed, the propellant. (When propelling in the atmosphere, 1TH is the atmosphere or air ejected by the jet thruster or propeller motor.) 1TH: Propulsion means. (Thrusters that emit alpha rays, thrusters that eject photons, electric thrusters, etc. Propeller motors, jet engines, etc.) 1TH-NZ: Nozzle (1TH and 1TH-ZL may be able to change the direction of ejection when ejecting propellant. For example, when 3 accelerates, propellant is ejected behind 3, and when 3 decelerates, it is ejected in front of 3) 1GENR: Power generation unit. Part that generates electricity using the energy of helium in HE1. 3SYS: System of 3 (may include power electrical system, control system, and control unit of 3). May receive power supply from 1GENR. May supply power from 3SYS to devices and locations belonging to 3.
<Fig. 6> Fig. 6 shows an assumed diagram of a nuclear fusion reaction system (A) using diborane (B) and a nuclear transmutation system using carbon (C) or nitrogen (D). M1: Muon generation input/introduction means (negative muon at an appropriate speed) (A) irradiates diborane consisting of hydrogen and boron-11 with negative muons, muon-fusions the boron-11 and hydrogen in the diborane, and transmutes them into excited carbon-12 nuclei (12C*), after which carbon-12 is converted into three helium atoms. (C1) of (C) shows the process in which a muon bonds with carbon-12 in carbon materials such as graphite and diamond consisting of carbon-12 to generate excited carbon-12 nuclei (12C*), which are then converted into three helium atoms. In (D), azan-hydrazine containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen is irradiated with a negative muon, causing muon nuclear fusion of the nitrogen-15 and hydrogen in the azan, transmuting them into a carbon nucleus (12C*) and one alpha ray. (The remaining carbon-12C* is then converted into three helium atoms through nuclear transmutation of carbon and muons.) (C2) and (C3) are hypothetical diagrams of when a muon is irradiated inside an alkane molecule, and although it has not been confirmed how the reaction actually occurs, it is possible for carbon-12 and hydrogen in an alkane to undergo muon nuclear fusion. When a muon binds to a carbon-12 atom, it can be transmuted into three helium atoms. The effective nuclear charge, Z, of a carbon atom is greater than that of a hydrogen atom.
<Atom production by nuclear spallation>
One may attempt to convert atomic nuclei such as carbon C or oxygen O into other atomic nuclei by irradiating them with positive muons. In addition, one may irradiate a certain atomic nucleus A with accelerated high-energy positive muons and collide the atomic nucleus A with the positive muon to carry out a nuclear spallation reaction, thereby producing the product atomic nucleus X.
When protons accelerated to high energies of 100 MeV or more using an accelerator are irradiated onto a target atom (mercury, lead-bismuth, lead, tungsten, tantalum, uranium, carbon, etc.), the high-energy protons collide with the nuclei in the target, and the energy of the collision breaks the nuclei into pieces. The reaction in which secondary particles such as neutrons and mesons are released from the nuclei is called a nuclear spallation reaction.
In one embodiment of the present application, positive muons, instead of protons, may be accelerated, irradiated, and collided with a spallation target such as bismuth, lead, or mercury to cause a spallation reaction of atomic nucleus A and convert it into atomic nucleus X. *Compared to spallation caused by proton collisions, when spallation occurs due to positive muon collisions, it is expected that a nuclear fusion reaction (a reaction in which a proton for collision is added to or left behind in an atomic nucleus) will not occur due to a proton colliding with an atomic nucleus. When the protons and neutrons of atomic nucleus A collided with a positive muon are spalled and scattered by the collision and sent flying, even if a positive muon is added or left behind in said atomic nucleus A, the positive muon will only decay into a positron and a neutrino afterwards (the positron/lepton is left behind in the atomic nucleus A, and the positron then combines with an electron of the atom and annihilates by emitting a photon), and there is a characteristic/advantage that no protons or neutrons remain in the atomic nucleus A.
<Muon decelerator, muon attenuation section>
○Cosmic muons can be decelerated and irradiated on hydrogen molecules and hydrogen for muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion between hydrogen atoms. (Plasma containing hydrogen, D, and T can be confined in a magnetic field and irradiated with muons to promote magnetic confinement nuclear fusion.) If cosmic rays or cosmic muons can be used, even if the problem of helium being produced between hydrogen atoms and the reaction stops, no energy is required to generate muons, and if the energy balance of decelerating muons and irradiating them on hydrogen fuel to cause nuclear fusion pays off, they may be used for cosmic muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion power generation.

This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-082974, filed on May 26, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
FIG. 22 shows an explanatory diagram of a hypothetical nuclear transmutation and fusion system that uses muons, taking into account the muon nuclear capture reaction.
In this application, it is assumed that a carbon material made of carbon-12 is irradiated with muons to obtain excited carbon-12 nuclei, which are then nuclear-transformed into helium, and this is illustrated in Fig. 22. (A) A muon binds to carbon-12 in the carbon material, causing a muon nuclear capture reaction to change into boron-12 nuclei (12B*) with excitation energy of 10-20 MeV, and then excitation energy transfer occurs from 12B* to the neighboring carbon-12 nuclei, generating excited carbon-12 (12C*), which is then converted into helium, and the excitation energy transfer to the neighboring carbon-12 is repeated, and this is an explanatory diagram of the assumption that carbon-12 nuclei in the carbon-12 carbon material are converted into helium using muons. Since there may be a case where a muon binds to carbon-12 and undergoes a nuclear capture reaction to generate an excited boron-12 nucleus, which is then converted to helium while transmitting the excitation energy to adjacent carbon-12 atoms, a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS may be configured in which a carbon material containing carbon-12 is irradiated with muons and converted to helium. (B1) An explanatory diagram of a case in which a muon is bound to an azan containing nitrogen-15, which is subjected to a muon nuclear capture reaction to convert to carbon-15, and then nitrogen-15 is generated after the half-life of carbon-15 has elapsed. (B2) An explanatory diagram of muon nuclear fusion of nitrogen-15. (In B1, nitrogen-15 can be converted to carbon-15, but the effective nuclear charge/Z of carbon-15 is lower than that of nitrogen-15, and it is assumed that the nuclear fusion reaction will continue.) Note: In paragraph number 0076 of this specification, under the headings <Utilization of carbon>, <Perspective of irradiating carbon-12 with muons>, and <Perspective of nearby carbon atoms and excited carbon atoms>, it is described that the carbon-12 nucleus and muon combine to excite the carbon-12 atom, and the excitation energy is transferred to the neighboring carbon-12 atom by excitation energy transfer, converting carbon-12 to helium (FIG. 22). In FIG. 6 (C1), it is described that the excited carbon-12 state/excitation energy is transferred to the neighboring carbon-12, and FIG. 22 is described as a specific example. Although Fig. 6 does not show that a muon bonds with carbon-12 to become boron-12, Fig. 6 shows that at least a carbon-12 atom is excited by a muon, and then the excitation energy is transferred to the adjacent carbon-12 atom, exciting the adjacent carbon-12 atom and converting it into a helium atom. Fig. 22 shows an example of the mechanism described in Fig. 6 in (A).
In the case of muon nuclear fusion between nitrogen, boron, and hydrogen, taking into account the muon nuclear capture reaction as in FIG. 22, as one embodiment/assumed example of the present application, FIG. 23 shows an assumed diagram of muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation in a system in ammonia containing nitrogen-15, and FIG. 24 shows an assumed diagram of muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation in a system containing boron-11-containing boron hydride/borohydride anion (LiBH4).
(<Fig. 25> Explanation of the communication system using neutrinos. Symbol explanation: 1NUT-COM: Neutrino communication system 1NUT-TX: Neutrino transmitter. TX part of 1NUT-COM. 1NUT-High: High energy neutrinos 1NUT-Low: Low energy neutrinos 2MUDECE: Decelerator 2MUCAP: Muon capture part 2MUTRAP: Muon trap part. Cosmic ray trap and removal part. LM1Z: Muon attenuation and removal section. (Computers and control devices such as memory devices and processing devices are damaged by the intrusion of cosmic rays and muons inside the structure 3 or transport equipment 3.) A computer, memory device, and processing device may be placed in LM1Z within the transport equipment 3LM1Z with the intention of avoiding interference with, malfunctioning in, or destruction of the transport equipment 3LM1Z. Also, communication devices, input devices, output devices, sensors, detectors, radio wave detectors, particle detectors, and neutrino detectors may be placed in LM1Z of 3 to avoid the communication devices and detection devices of 3 malfunctioning, stopping, or being destroyed due to the influence of cosmic rays or muons. ) 1 COMPUTER: computer, calculator, electronic calculator, quantum computer 1 MEMORY: memory device 1 PROCESSOR: processing device 1 NETWORK: communication network 1 NUT-RX: new 1NUT-COM RX section 2PMT-HIE: High energy particle, high energy neutrino detector 2PMT-LOWE: Low energy particle, low energy neutrino detector 2SENSE: Sensor. Sensor for particle detection 2PMT-CNT: Signal counter, signal detector 2PMT-CON: PMT controller 2NUTDET-CON: Controller. Detector controller 1NUT: Neutrino, neutrino 1NUT-BEAM: Neutrino beam 1NUT-TX: Neutrino transmitter, which may be a beam 1NUT-RX: Neutrino receiver 2MU-BY-NUT: Detector for detecting neutrinos A part that converts the muon signal into an on signal. 2MU: Muon generation unit 1MU-TX: Muon transmission unit 1MU-RX: Muon reception unit. 2MUDECE: Muon decelerator 2PMT: Photomultiplier tube. 2SENSE: Sensor. Sensor for particle detection. T1: Target for muons and particles. Target unit that causes particles to collide or bind. (It may be possible to perform nuclear transmutation of atoms using muons. Energy generated by nuclear transmutation or particle decay may be detected by 2SENSE.) <Fig. 26> Symbol explanation, 3NTX-LEMT: Space structure equipped with a neutrino transmission unit 3NTX (neutrinos of different masses may be transmitted.) 2MS-NUT-GRAV or 3NRX may be able to transmit neutrinos of mass, energy, and type (or a group of multiple types of neutrinos) that are preferable for communication, taking into account the effects of neutrino oscillation and gravity/attraction. 3NRX can measure the mass and energy of neutrinos, taking into account that neutrinos transmitted from 3NTX are changing due to vibration and are also subjected to the gravity of 2MS-NUT-GRAV. (3NRX may measure neutrinos when they are subjected to gravity and gravitational forces and are vibrating.) Neutrinos emitted from 3NTX may be neutrino beam 1NUT-BEAM. Leptons and neutrinos may be emitted from 3NTX. 1NUT-EMT-MIX: Neutrino collective/orbital part that may contain neutrinos of different masses, several types, or three types. 1NUT-BEAM: 1NUT of beam. 1NUT-LEPTON: 1NUT of lepton. 2MS-NUT-GRAV: Part that separates neutrinos of different masses due to gravity and gravitational forces (forces). 1NUTE-ORBIT, 1NUTM-ORBIT, 1NUTT-ORBIT: The orbits of the electron (1NUTE), muon (1NUTM), and tau (1NUTT) neutrinos 1NUT, whose orbits have been changed due to gravity and attraction (force) at 2MS-NUT-GRAV. 3NRX-ELEN/-MUN/-TAUN: 3 space structures with neutrino detectors (-ELEN: electron, -MUN: muon, -TAUN: tau neutrino suffixes.) *The farther away from 2MS-NUT-GRAV is the neutrino's orbit and distance variation dEM/dET when it changes orbit and is separated at 2MS-NUT-GRAV, the larger the variation may be (distance difference dEM/tau neutrino's orbit 1NUTM-ORBIT compared to electron neutrino's orbit 1NUTT-ORBIT). (dET), and for the purpose of making the difference larger by using the vastness of space, a detector may be equipped on a transport device 3 capable of moving through space to become a neutrino observation spacecraft, artificial satellite, or structure 3NRX, which may gain distance differences and detect electron, mu, and tau neutrinos by resolving them (by making the difference in position distances larger).) In order to detect neutrinos, 3NRX may be equipped with a part LM1Z that attenuates cosmic rays and muons, and a particle decelerator, and a sensor/detector may be placed within LM1Z of 3NRX to attempt neutrino detection.)
<Fig. 27> 4D-MUCF: Torus-shaped/ring-shaped vessel (may be plasma vessel/vacuum vessel, or solid/liquid/gas vessel/pressure vessel), or doughnut-shaped vessel. 4T-MUCF: Tube-shaped/cylindrical vessel (may be plasma vessel/vacuum vessel, or solid/liquid/gas vessel/pressure vessel), or cylinder-shaped vessel/box-shaped vessel/tubular vessel. 1F-SYS: Nuclear fusion system, 1EXP-SYS: Nuclear transmutation system, 1R: Nuclear fusion reactor/nuclear transmutation reactor/furnace *In Fig. 27, the equipment necessary for the nuclear fusion reactor of ITER may be attached. For muon nuclear fusion reactor, the equipment necessary for the nuclear fusion reactor such as the T1/FEED supply system, power generation unit, heat exchanger, AEC, and fusion product/helium removal unit as shown in Figs. 10 to 7 and 21 may be attached to the vessel 4D-MUCF/4T-MUCF. (A) A view of the annular vessel from directly above T1-FEED: Target of raw material atoms to be transmuted, raw material for nuclear transmutation. M1: Muon, muon source, muon generation section, irradiation section, input section to T1 MA1: Muonic atom, muonic atom generation section, irradiation section, input section to T1 (4P-DEVICE: Device for inputting raw material to 4D-vessel-FEED section, fuel supply section, device to support fusion reactor 1R) (4D-DEVICE: Device for inputting raw material to 4D-vessel-FEED section, fuel supply section, device to support fusion reactor 1R, liquid gas, etc. to T1-FEED, fuel supply section, device to support 1R) 4D -IGNIS: Ignition device (a part that heats the FEED in a thermonuclear fusion reactor such as a CS coil and leads to the initial nuclear fusion, or a muon irradiation part that leads to the initial muon nuclear fusion in muon nuclear fusion. A device for initiating nuclear fusion, an ignition part. *In the case of muon nuclear fusion, the muon irradiation part, or a part that inertially confines or magnetically confines the FEED during muon irradiation and heats it. It may also be a neutral particle injection device or a FEED heating part using RF or photons) 4P-2MU: A part that irradiates muons to plasma. It may also be a part that inputs muonic atoms and particles that have been bound to muons to make them charge neutral, or a neutral particle injection device. (It may also include a muon decelerator) 4D-2MU: A part that irradiates muons to liquid, gas, or solid T1 FEED. It may also be a part that inputs muons or muonic atoms and particles, or a neutral particle injection device. (May include muon decelerator) LM14D: M1 introduction part, connection part to the vessel 4D-MUCF: Vessel. 4D-MUCF-ROT: Rotatable vessel. 4D-IN: Vessel wall/vessel surface. Part facing/opposing the FEED, T1, and fusion part inside the vessel. 4AXS: Rotation axis of the vessel in the toroidal direction. Vessel that rotates in the toroidal direction. In the case of 4D-MUCF-ROT, this is the central axis when rotating in the toroidal direction. 2COIL: Coil for forming a magnetic vessel. Stellarator or helical type may be used. A coil that forms a magnetic field in the toroidal direction. (May include a tokamak-type coil, a TF coil, and more broadly a magnetic field generating means for confining charged particles such as muons and plasma within a vessel) Stellarator/helical coil 2COIL-STR, tokamak-type coil 2COIL-TOK, TF coil, CS coil, PF coil, etc.) FEED-MF: FEED-T1 in the magnetic vessel T1-2BMU: Magnetic field, magnetic field passing through target T1. 4MFC-ORBIT: Magnetic vessel, magnetic vessel formed in a toroidal direction centered on 4AXS, orbit of the magnetic vessel. 4MU-ORBIT: A muon held in a magnetic vessel and rotating, or a magnetic vessel holding a muon, a muon held in a magnetic vessel. *4D-MUCF may rotate muons, charged particles, and plasma around 4AXIS in a magnetic vessel using 4MFC-ORBIT, T1-2BMU, and 4MU-ORBIT, or confine muons in the relevant section. (cf: Also, as shown in Figs. 10 to 15, a muon target section and particle target section may be inserted to form a section 2CLP for colliding plasma, particles, and muons orbiting around 4AXS with the target section of 4MU-ORBIT, and the particles may be collided with each other to generate particles.) (B) Annular vessel, horizontal view [cross-sectional view of A-A' section] (CS-COIL: CS-COIL if necessary) 4D-MUCF: Annular vessel. 4D-IN: Vessel wall. (May be a conductor) 2COIL: Coil, TF-COIL, Helical-COIL. T1-2BMU, 4MU-ORBIT (magnetic vessel, muon in magnetic vessel) 4D-MUCF-ROT: rotatable vessel. (C) Cylindrical vessel (cylindrical vessel) 1F-SYS, 1EXP-SYS, 1R4T-MUCF: vessel, cylindrical vessel 4T-MUCF-ROT: rotatable vessel. M1, MA1, M1F: high-speed muon or muonic atom 2MUDECE: muon decelerator, decelerator for muonic atoms M1L: decelerated muon (-muonic atom) 4STAT: support part of the container, fixed part (bearing 4B when rotating, container rotation part 4ROT) 2COILs-FOR-4T: coil group for forming a magnetic field container in a cylindrical container (note that the coils may be arranged in a cylindrical container and may be made of a material that can form a magnetic container in the cylindrical container.) (2ICF: inertial confinement means part when inertial confinement of T1 part is performed. Part that compresses T1 part by laser or ion beam) AEC: alpha ray energy conversion part, charged particle direct generator (converter) (if necessary, 1TH-NZ nozzle, 1TH: thruster) 1GENR: power generation part. It may be a part that generates electricity using light or electromagnetic waves generated by AEC such as a photoelectric conversion element. (Although the number of moving parts will increase, it may be a turbine-type power generation section that boils water to generate steam and rotate a turbine, like a thermal power generation section.) 1PRPLT: Propellant (propellant ejected using particles and alpha rays generated after nuclear fusion, or photons and particles generated by nuclear fusion energy and their energy input) (A*) Magnetic field and muon orbit of annular container 4MU-ORBIT: Magnetic field orbit that confines muons (magnetic container) 2MUDECE: Reducer (it may be possible to remotely and non-contact-inject a high-speed muon M1F into a rotating 4D-MUCF-ROT container, decelerate it in this section, and obtain the decelerated muon M1L) M1-CYCLB: Muon rotating, moving, circular, spiral, or cyclotron-moving due to a magnetic field within T1. 4D-MUCF-H: 4D-MUCF, a container capable of generating helical and stellarator-type magnetic containers. 4D-MUCF: A vessel capable of generating magnetic vessels such as helical type and tokamak type. (In the case of tokamak type, it may be possible to heat T1, FEED, and plasma parts using CS coils.)
<Fig. 33> (B) Explanatory diagram of cylindrical vessel 4T and 4T-MUCF 4T, 4T-MUCF, 4T-MUCF-ROT: vessel. (Cylinder vessel in this figure. * Pressure vessel that can be made of metal without any restrictions on shape, 4D, 4D-MUCF are also acceptable) 4T-IN: Wall surface that can be metal. In this figure, a thick pressure vessel with a metal wall surface is assumed. 2COILs-FOR-4T: Coil. For forming a magnetic vessel. 1NUT-TX: Neutrino transmitter, neutrino beam transmitter 2MU-BY-NUT: Part that generates muons from neutrinos (example: discharge box that receives neutrinos) 2MU: Muon generator, M1F: High-speed muon 2MUDECE: Muon decelerator T1・FEED: Nuclear transmutation raw material, target section <Figure 34> Figure 34 is an assumed diagram of an example reaction "CD4 + muon -> 12C + D -> 14N + D -> 16O* -> 12C + 4He" in which methane (deuterium carbide, CD4) consisting of deuterium D and carbon-12 is irradiated with a negative muon, binding the negative muon to the carbon-12 in the methane, D undergoes nuclear fusion with the carbon-12 in the methane CD4 to become nitrogen-14, after which deuterium D binds to the nitrogen-14 to become an excited oxygen nucleus 16O*, and the 16O* is transmuted into carbon-12 and alpha rays. In Fig. 34, an explanatory diagram of the case where "CD4 + muon -> 12C + D + muon -> 14N + D + muon -> 16O* -> 12C + 4He + muon" is repeated twice in CD4, and the overall reaction formula becomes CD4 + muon -> C (carbon-12) + 2 x He (helium 4) + muon". In CD4, two D are bonded to 12C, and the excited oxygen nucleus is passed through and the carbon-12 nucleus is returned to. Therefore, the reaction formula for bonding a negative muon to methane CD4 shown in Fig. 34 is "a nuclear transmutation system using muons, which has a step of bonding a muon to a raw material atom, obtaining an excited nucleus, and nuclear transmuting it into an atom having an effective nuclear charge or atomic number smaller than that of the raw material atom", and the raw material atom is carbon-12 and deuterium in a methane molecule consisting of carbon-12 and deuterium D.
<Figure 35><A system for nuclear fusing fluorine atoms and hydrogen atoms within a molecule, P-19F system when neighboring H and F in PVDF resin are nuclear fused> Figure 35 is an explanatory diagram of the case where polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF (PVDF consisting of hydrogen, fluorine-19 and carbon is sufficient) is used as the target part T1 and muon decelerator 2MUDECE in the dielectric 2LZI of the electric field forming element 2FDELE of the muon decelerator 2MUDECE in Figure 20, forming a target and decelerator part T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE. The target and decelerator part T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE contains carbon, fluorine and hydrogen in the resin and in the molecule, and the fluorine and hydrogen may have a part where the fluorine and hydrogen are close to each other between the chains of the PVDF molecules when the PVDF is polarized by applying an external potential difference and electric field (part T1-Hu19F where F and H in FIG. 35 are surrounded by a dashed line frame). (Or, the PVDF resin may have a bond between the fluorine and hydrogen due to the intermolecular force.) Electrodes 2ER (sheet A) may be attached to both ends of the dielectric part 2LZI using PVDF of the target and decelerator part T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE (sheet B). The target and decelerator unit T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE may be applied with a potential difference or voltage from the outside, and the muons irradiated from the muon source M1 may be decelerated by the electric field generated in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE, and the decelerated muons may be bound to the adjacent hydrogen and fluorine portions (T1-Hu19F) (or the fluorine/hydrogen atomic portions of the bonded portion due to the intermolecular force between fluorine and hydrogen) in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE to induce muon nuclear fusion between the hydrogen and fluorine, forming a nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS. The configuration of Fig. 35 is a configuration that can attempt to induce nuclear fusion between fluorine and hydrogen between adjacent fluorine and hydrogen in a solid PVDF resin that is not corrosive or toxic like hydrogen fluoride. When PVDF is used for the target section T1, the electric field generating element 2FDELE/capacitor element for the muon decelerator can serve as both the target and fuel section T1. *Note that in Fig. 35, a configuration is described in which PVDF is used as the insulating part, dielectric part, and piezoelectric part (or pyroelectric body) of the capacitor element/electric field forming element 2FDELE to form an electric field, but for example, in the case where the laser wake field LWF in Fig. 18 forms an electric field 2LASER-EF of the laser wake field in the material part, the muon is decelerated by the electric field 2LASER-EF, and then the muon is bound to T1, in the case where PVDF is used for T1, compared to the case where hydrogen fluoride HF is used for T1, PVDF is non-toxic like hydrogen fluoride, does not require pressure or gas pressure or container management, and solid PVDF that is easy to install, arrange, and hold as the target part T1 of the muon irradiation part and laser irradiation part for generating the laser wake field can be used. Therefore, in this application, a nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS or a nuclear transmutation system that uses muons to fuse fluorine and hydrogen in PVDF. (*In Figures 35 and 36, muons are decelerated in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE section, and then guided to H and F in the PVDF to combine and attempt muon nuclear fusion. *In Figure 36, coil 2COIL confines the muons decelerated in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE section in magnetic container 2MAGC. T1 is in magnetic container 2MAGC, and the muons are induced to continue diffusing the T1 inside magnetic container 2MAGC generated by coil 2COIL so that they do not escape from T1. The coil confines the muons in T1 section, encouraging them to remain in T1 section and continue diffusing. Coil 2COIL passes a current for generating a magnetic field through the coil using the coil power supply unit 2PWSP-COIL and its control unit.)
<In the case of placing in a coil, magnetic vessel, and magnetic field> * In Fig. 36, 2MUDECE, T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE, which is also T1 using PVDF, is stored in a magnetic vessel 2MAGC formed by a coil 2COIL. * In one embodiment, the magnetic vessel may be formed by a helical coil 2COIL, 2COIL-Helical, which may be a tube type. (For example, a tube type vessel 4T or a rotatable tube type vessel 4T-ROT may be provided with a helical coil 2COIL-Helical as shown in Fig. 36 to form vessels 4T-H, 4T-H-ROT, a twisted magnetic vessel portion, a helical type magnetic vessel, a target portion T1 may be stored, and muons may be irradiated to the T1 portion in the magnetic vessel to bind the muons to T1.) <Resin/compound containing fluorine, hydrogen, and carbon> In one embodiment of the present application, a resin/compound containing fluorine, hydrogen, and carbon may be used. (PVDF is one example. PVDF can also be used as a dielectric, insulator, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric material.) (Muon nuclear fusion may be attempted between molecules of substances or atomic molecular groups that contain hydrogen and fluorine.) Comparing VDF and PVDF, PVDF has the advantage that gaseous VDF can be polymerized to become a solid polymer or resin, and hydrogen and fluorine atoms can be brought into close proximity within the solid polymer, and it is not toxic like HF. *Fluoromethane and difluoromethane (gas at room temperature and pressure) may be used as liquids or solids, and the hydrogen and fluorine between the fluoromethane molecules may be brought into close proximity, with muons binding to the nearby parts to promote muon nuclear fusion. (For example, HFCs and hydrofluorocarbons, which are also used as refrigerants, and simple examples such as CH2F2 and CH3F. Note that it is fine if the hydrogen and fluorine between adjacent CH2F2 molecules in the liquid or solid CH2F2 can approach each other close enough to allow muon fusion, but if they are not close enough, muon fusion may not occur. *If CH2F2 is considered simply as a substance containing fluorine and hydrogen fuel (if considered as non-toxic hydrogen-fluorine fusion fuel gas CH2F2 such as hydrogen fluoride), for example, it may be used as the target T1 part to be irradiated with a laser for laser wake field generation or laser inertial confinement fusion reactor as shown in Figure 18, and the CH2F2 molecules may be laser-heated to move the molecules and atoms within the molecules while also slowing down and bonding muons to cause muon fusion or laser confinement fusion.)
*It is known from the following document PF1 that the dielectric strength of PVDF varies depending on the resin manufacturing method, thickness, temperature, and voltage application method/pulse. (See the priority document of this application.) PVDF may be used in the system/decelerator/target of this application because it may be possible to configure a capacitor-type muon decelerator 2MUDECE that contains fluorine and hydrogen in its molecules and also serves as a muon nuclear fusion target part of fluorine and hydrogen while maintaining a high dielectric strength when forming an electric field for decelerating muons. Electrodes (low-Z material metal lithium/carbon conductive material) may be attached by deposition or the like to PVDF with a thickness of submicron, 0.4 micrometers or less to form a PVDF capacitor 2FDELE-PVDF sandwiched between electrodes like a laminated film capacitor/capacitor, or a laminated PVDF film capacitor 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF, and an electric field may be applied to the/said capacitor to form a muon decelerator and muon coupling target part T1. *It is possible that a 1-meter capacitor laminate device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M made of laminated submicron PVDF film capacitors can be used to configure a capacitor, muon decelerator, and muon catalyst nuclear fusion fuel target section T1 with a 2 GV breakdown voltage. Cosmic muons have GeV-class kinetic energy and speed, but if the capacitor laminate device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M can form a 2 gigavolt electric field within the device, it may be possible to decelerate GeV-class negative muons. There is also a possibility that positive and negative muons in cosmic muons with different charges can be separated within the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. It is assumed that positive muons are accelerated within or pass through the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M, and negative muons are decelerated within the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. *Device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M may be cooled. (It may be immersed in a low-Z solvent (e.g. liquid helium). At low temperatures, even if you want to convert the alpha ray energy generated after nuclear fusion into electricity using a heat exchanger HX or steam turbine, heating liquid helium with alpha rays may not be suitable for high temperature, high pressure, and PVDF cooling, which may be undesirable. In that case, it may be preferable to convert the alpha rays into gamma ray or photon energy using AEC and convert it into electricity. A solvent with a smaller Z than the fluorine in PVDF, such as liquid nitrogen N2, may be considered. The atomic number Z of He is smaller than that of N2, so it is expected that muons will be less likely to be trapped. A cooling refrigerant made of low-Z atoms may also be envisioned.)
*In this application, it may be expressed that the atom proximity means for bringing atoms to be fused close to each other at T1 is performed in two stages. In the first stage of atom proximity means, it is possible to use atom proximity means for bonding atoms together like HF molecules or atom proximity means for bringing atoms close to each other like H and F between molecules of PVDF, and in the second stage of atom proximity means, muons are bonded to the atoms close to each other in the first stage instead of electrons, and since muons are about 200 times heavier than electrons, it is attempted to make the two atomic nuclei in the muon molecule easily approach each other and cause nuclear fusion.) *In another example of the expression of this application, in order to fuse atoms together, first, atoms are made to include atoms to be fused intramolecularly or intermolecularly in order to bring the atoms close to the molecular-molecular distance, and the atoms have an arrangement of atoms that are close to each other intramolecularly or intermolecularly, and muons are bonded to the arrangement of the atoms that are close to each other to attempt muon nuclear fusion between the atoms.
<Figure 36> Figure 36 is an explanatory diagram of a cylindrical container 4T-H (or a cylindrical container 4T-ROT-H that can rotate in the theta direction) in which the magnetic confinement coil 2COIL is a helical coil and a helical magnetic container 2MAGC can be formed inside the container. *The coil 2COIL and the reducer T1 may be stored in the cylindrical container 4T, for example. *2COIL may be a helical coil 2COIL-Helicals (Helical-COILs). *The solenoid coil may be oblique or tilted with respect to the longitudinal axis to form a helical or spiral coil (helical solenoid). In a normal solenoid coil, the coil loops are shown in Figure 33 (A) as perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (the length direction of the axis of 4AXS-4T-TH), and generally speaking, solenoids are wound so that they intersect perpendicularly as mentioned above, but the way the coil is wound relative to the longitudinal direction of the coil can be rough and can have an angle so that the solenoid is wound helically. (@A part of the toroidal loop of a doughnut/annular helical fusion reactor (LHC in Japan/W7-X in Germany) is cut out and cut into an open end/tube shape, and a means for closing both ends is combined.) (The helical doughnut-shaped vessel 4D-TH includes a combination of a magnetic field in the toroidal direction/longitudinal direction of the doughnut and a magnetic field twisting in the poloidal direction of the doughnut. In the tokamak type, a toroidal magnetic field is formed by a TF coil, and a magnetic field in the poloidal direction is generated by passing a plasma current through the plasma in the doughnut by a CS coil, forming a helical magnetic vessel.) *In this application, a helical coil or a helical magnetic field cage/magnetic vessel may be formed in the doughnut/annular vessel 4D or tube/cylindrical vessel 4T, and charged particles, positive and negative muons, and plasma may be confined therein, and T1 may be placed in the vessel. *The coil/magnetic vessel may be equipped with a rotating means such as a rotating means 4ROT, a bearing 4B, and a joint (e.g. slip ring) that supplies power to the rotating coil and reducer, so that the coil/vessel/magnetic vessel (and vessel wall) can rotate in the theta direction, as shown in Fig. 33. (*Both ends of the helical solenoid coil may be arranged so that the radius of the winding narrows toward both ends, like the ends of a conch shell, conch shell, or croissant, and then the solenoid wire is taken out to the external coil power circuit side.) *The helical solenoid coil may confine charged particles/muons with a magnetic field and an electric field, as in a tandem mirror type device. A cylindrical vessel 4T may be configured as a cylindrical vessel 4T-H (a cylindrical vessel 4T-MUCF-H for muon nuclear fusion/furnace including a helical solenoid coil/magnetic vessel/magnetic cage 2MAGC) in which a magnetic confinement coil 2COIL is a helical coil and a helical magnetic vessel 2MAGC can be formed inside the vessel.
<Fig. 37><Example of arrangement of reducer and fuel T1 using capacitor element made of material that may be PVDF> An example of the arrangement of the reducer is shown in Fig. 37. Fig. 37(A) is an explanatory diagram of a case where a voltage application power source 2PWSP is connected to a capacitor element/reduction element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M that may be 1m in size, and 2PWSP is connected to an electric circuit 2ELECIR and a computer/control unit 2CON, and is controlled by 2CON to generate a direct current (DC) or pulsed/alternating current (AC) voltage, and can apply a DC/pulse/AC voltage to the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. (2PWSP may be capable of generating and applying gigavolt voltages.) Muon M1, which may be a cosmic muon SM1, or high-speed muon M1F is incident on 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M to which voltage is applied, and M1F is decelerated by the electric field inside element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M to become decelerated muon M1L, which can be bonded to atoms, such as fluorine atoms, inside element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. Then, it may be attempted to cause muon nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation between the fluorine atom and an adjacent hydrogen atom.
<Fig. 38> As shown in Fig. 38, 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M may be used as a negative muon decelerator. Element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M may be used as a positive muon accelerator. The high-speed negative muon M1F may become a negative muon M1L decelerated by the element and may be guided to bind to the target T1. The high-speed positive muon M1F may become a positive muon M1FA accelerated by the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M and may be emitted outside the element through the element. The accelerated positive muon M1FA may then be made to collide with the TGT section/particle collision section 2CLP of the muon target 2MU to generate muons, leptons, and particles. The positive muon M1FA may collide with an electron in an atom, for example, to generate pairs of positive and negative electrons or positive and negative muons and leptons as are generated in a lepton collider. Also, when a positive muon collides with a proton, it can cause nuclear fragmentation or generate mesons, pions, kaons, etc. *The element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M, which is applied with a voltage to form an electric field, can be arranged to decelerate the negative muon with the speed of the incident, and in this arrangement, the positive muon can be accelerated in the opposite direction to the negative muon. The element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M is an accelerator/decelerator for positive and negative muons (electrons/positrons, positive and negative muons, positive and negative tauons, leptons, charged particles depending on the application). The element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M is also a separator for positive and negative muons (positive and negative leptons, positive and negative particles depending on the application). *The element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M can accelerate positive muons (charged particles) depending on the arrangement and how the electric field is formed. For example, it can also be operated as an accelerator in which negative muons of the positive and negative cosmic muons are decelerated by the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M and combined with T1, while positive muons are accelerated and collided with a particle collision target/muon target such as an electron, atom, or particle.
<Fig. 39> Fig. 39 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which multiple 2FDELE-LAM-PVDFs are installed as decelerators, and muons are decelerated each time they pass through each decelerator 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF, and the decelerated muons can be bound to a target part T1-FEED (T1, T1-H2O containing hydrogen and oxygen-18, T1-D2O containing deuterium and oxygen-16, T1-NH4 containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, T1-ND4 containing nitrogen-14 and deuterium, etc.) separate from the decelerator. In Fig. 39(A), high-speed muons are decelerated by multiple 2FDELE-LAM-PVDFs and then bound to T1. In addition, at that time, a muon capture unit 2MUCAP that captures muons may be placed between T1 and multiple 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF, and M1L decelerated by 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF may be captured and transported by 2MUCAP (2MUCAP may be capable of capturing and transporting muons by generating a magnetic field using a magnetic field generating means such as a coil 2COIL or a solenoid), and transported to T1 to combine T1 and M1L. Figure 39(B) is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which a target T1.FEED is inserted between the array of elements 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF (for example, T1 is not PVDF but another substance, such as ammonia NH4.ND4, water H2O.D2O, NaH.AlH3 described later, T1-NaH, T1-AlH3, etc.). In Figure 34F (B), for example, elements 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF and T1 are arranged alternately, and negative muons are incident on the alternating arrangement portion 2FDELE-T1-ARRAY of elements 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF and T1 from the left side and cross said arrangement portion, and the negative muons are decelerated as they cross the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF and are then coupled to the T1 portion (fuel such as T1, T1-NH4, T1-H2O, T1-NaH, T1-AlH3, etc.) which may be in the middle of being decelerated. In the figure, the alternating arrangement section 2FDELE-T1-ARRAY has a total of three T1s inserted between four elements, but the number of repetitions of the elements and T1s need not be limited to the representation in the figure. For example, submicron elements and 1 micron fuel T1 sections may be arranged alternately over a length of 2 meters (sets of 2 micron thick elements and T1s may be arranged in, for example, 10 to the power of 6/1 million layers over 2 meters) to obtain the alternating arrangement section 2FDELE-T1-ARRAY, and an electric field may be applied to each element of the alternating arrangement section to decelerate negative muons in the element section while coupling the decelerated muons to the T1 sections arranged next to the elements.
<Fig. 40> Fig. 40 is an explanatory diagram of the cube device 2MUDECE-R3D. A potential is applied to the electrodes to create a three-dimensional deceleration electric field in the XYZ directions to decelerate the cosmic muon, and muon deceleration is attempted. It can also be used to accelerate leptons such as muons and electrons with opposite electric charges.
<Figure 41><Device for changing meteorite trajectory using energy from muon fusion system> As shown in Figure 41, a transport machine 5 or a robot 5/5WKR for intercepting a meteorite may be configured to set and attach a container 4T-MUCF loaded with muon fusion fuel such as methane CD4, B2H6, ND3, etc. to the meteorite MTO that may fall to the Earth.
<Fig. 42><Configuration for drilling a meteorite and fusion inside it to generate energy inside the meteorite> It may be attempted to change the meteorite's orbit by striking it with a mass driver 3 or a centrifugal gun (a device for striking a mass). (The mission DART by NASA, which strikes a meteorite with a spacecraft to change the meteorite's orbit, is well known and has been carried out.) It is also being considered to blow up meteorites that fly to Earth using energy from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. If there is little time to avoid a collision (less than 10 years), it may be considered to blow up the meteorite with a nuclear weapon to split the mass and deflect the meteorite fragments away from Earth, or to reduce the mass of the meteorite fragments that fly to Earth to prevent fatal damage.
<Placement and driving of nuclear fuel deep inside> * A hammer or a nuclear fuel with a hammer part and a load with a muon generating part (3LOAD) may be projected and fired from a centrifugal gun (for example, a structure including a centrifugal gun part and a mass driver part such as 3.3 SPINFSAT) and the hammer is struck against the meteorite part, and a hole may be opened by hammering into the meteorite like a pile driver. After striking with the hammer, 3LOAD penetrates the inside of the meteorite and penetrates to the inside, and neutrinos or ignition particles are irradiated from the outside using a neutrino communication mechanism or the like toward the muon generating part and nuclear fuel left inside the iron meteorite, and the ignition particles generate muons, which bind to the fuel T1 and cause muon nuclear fusion, causing an explosion or detonation inside the meteorite. (In order to find out where the fuel is injected into the meteorite, it may be possible to obtain a CT scan of the meteorite after the fuel is injected using muography or particles such as neutrinos to confirm the distribution of the injected fuel.) *The muon generator, muon decelerator, and nuclear fuel T1 that constitute the muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS of this application may be mounted on a load 3LOAD (missile, rocket, warhead) projected by a projection means such as a centrifugal gun 3SPINFSAT. 3LOAD including a bullet (e.g., a long bullet like a stake or nail) that may have the penetrating properties of a tank gun, artillery shell, or armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot APFSDS (armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot) that can pierce metal or ceramic armor may be accelerated from the surface side of the meteorite into the inside of the meteorite by a centrifugal gun and then projected to penetrate. (The kinetic energy K of the bullet 3LOAD is K=1/2×the square of the bullet speed v.) Like a ground-penetrating bomb, 3LOAD, which is a penetrating bomb or penetrating warhead accelerated to high speed, may be equipped with a nuclear fusion fuel unit T1, muon generation unit 2MU/2MU-BY-NUT, muon deceleration unit, and a unit capable of decelerating and coupling muons to fuel, which constitute a nuclear fusion system. In the device of the present application, solid fusion fuel T1 (e.g., deuterium carbonate resin (C2D4)n, lithium borohydride LiBH4) is described. When a bullet 3LOAD, which may be penetrating, is fired into the iron meteorite MTO, the material of the bullet (accelerated by a centrifugal gun 3SPINFSAT, and if possible, may be described as X% of the speed of light, etc.) may be, for example, deuterium carbonate resin. A solid fusion fuel and a muon generator (an atomic nucleus that generates muons by neutrinos) are loaded inside the armor-piercing bullet, and the armor-piercing bullet is fired into the iron meteorite, and the inertia and pressure of the advancing armor-piercing bullet pushes the surface of the iron meteorite and pushes the armor-piercing bullet in. If the material of a bullet that penetrates the surface and armor of the MTO is used as fuel T1, and the bullet has a fusion fuel and a neutrino and muon generator, it may be possible to irradiate the T1 part of the bullet that remains in the metal with neutrinos to cause muon fusion. (As shown in Figure 45 (B), it is also possible to fire a T1 nuclear fuel bullet 3LOADT1 (balls) into a metallic meteorite, and then fire a bullet containing the muon generation part, atomic nucleus, and particle 2MU-GEN-ATOM.) At the very least, it may be possible to fire an accelerated fusion fuel bullet into the metal body of the meteorite, leaving the bullet and fusion fuel inside the metal and placing the fuel T1, and if it is possible to bind the muon to the placed fuel (because it is inside the metal, muon generation particles that can penetrate metal can be transmitted to the T1 part or muon generation part), it may be possible to cause muon fusion. *It is also envisaged that the surface may be surrounded by a case made of, for example, carbon-12 diamond, carbon fiber, or BN/BNNT to increase the strength of the bullet case. <Configuration in which balls or stakes fired from a centrifugal gun are struck against the surface of a meteorite to blast and excavate the surface> *It is also possible to attempt to use the bullets fired from the centrifugal gun/mass driver as a hammer or stake for driving piles (or as hammer balls instead of sand for sandblasting) to continuously strike and drive piles into a metal surface, destroying, crushing, and removing the metal surface, and then digging further.
<Fig. 43> Fig. 43 is an explanatory diagram of the transmission of neutrinos, muons, and particles from particle transmitters 5BTX (which may be multiple units) for detonation attached to the transport equipment 5SHIP or the iron meteorite MTO to particle receiver 5BRX in hole 5T-HOLE. The neutrino transmitters/particle transmitters 5BTX (which may be multiple units) for detonation attached to the iron meteorite MTO may be equipped with a radio/radio communication unit/radio receiver 5TX-RAD, and may transmit and receive signals for detonation from 5SHIP or the like by radio/radio using 5TX-RAD, and then operate neutrino transmitter 1NUT-TX of 5BTX from the radio-radio signal to transmit neutrinos to 5BRX (2MU-BY-NUT).
<Fig. 44> Fig. 44 is an explanatory diagram of how the meteorite's material part and iron part are formed (by supplying nuclear fusion fuel T1 such as methane or ammonia, injecting muons and slowing them down in the drilling body part 5REMV-BODY) in the vicinity of the iron of the drilling head part 5REMV-HEAD (FP part in Fig. 48, MLTFE).
<Fig. 45> Fig. 45 is an explanatory diagram of projecting and firing a nuclear fuel with a hammer or a hammer part and a baggage with a muon generator (3LOAD) from a centrifugal gun (for example, a structure including a centrifugal gun part and a mass driver part such as 3SPINFSAT), striking the hammer against the meteorite part and opening a hole in the meteorite like a pile driver. Also, an explanatory diagram of shooting nuclear fuel T1 (・2MU-GEN-ATOM) and a baggage with a muon generator (3LOAD) into an iron meteorite by an acceleration projection means of a baggage such as a centrifugal gun, irradiating the shot T1・2MU-GEN-ATOM with neutrinos to generate and bind muons to the T1 part, and causing muon nuclear fusion inside the meteorite.
<Fig. 46> @ In Fig. 46, for example, a plurality of fiber material parts 2NTLP such as carbon nanotubes CNT or boron nitride nanotubes BNNT with closed ends in the form of loops, rings, or annular shapes may be manufactured to form a chain 2LPST consisting of 2NTLP. 2LPST may be described as a pattern of "different corners, different corner cuts, different circles" in a family crest, combining multiple corners, circles, rings, and loops in a chain to form a single 2LPST by combining the loop 2LPST at the start point and the loop 2LPST at the end point, and the 2LPST may be used as a frame, cable, or structural part 2LPST that can withstand the centrifugal force when the 3SPINFSAT rotates. 2NTLP may contain a wire, tube, loop, or ring part 2NTLP-I2 made of another material (for example, a metal or alloy). 2NTLP and 2NTLP-CHAIN may contain wires/tubes 2NTLP-I2 or atomic/molecular parts made of other materials. 2NTLP may be a hybrid material that can withstand centrifugal force, including wires/tubes/loops/rings 2NTLP-I2 made of other materials. By using the above configuration, it is attempted to use it as a frame/structural material for parts that require strength, such as centrifugal guns and wire parts of orbital elevators. 2NTLP contains a continuous wire/tube/loop/ring 2NTLP-I2 made of another material (e.g., metal/alloy), and since the material is the wire/tube/loop/ring 2NTLP-I2, even if the tube part of the 2NTLP part containing 2NTLP-I2 breaks due to deterioration, the internal wire tube part remains, and the metal nanotube ring part remains, so that the connection can be maintained. For practical use in centrifugal guns, space elevators, etc., a chain 2NTLP-CHAIN made of 2NTLP is made up of a plurality of chain groups 2NTLP-CHAINs bundled together to form a (macroscopic) rope, cable, ribbon, string, or frame part 2LPST made of nanotube chains that can withstand centrifugal force, weight, and mechanical force; however, there is a possibility that the strength of the 2NTLP may decrease and the chain may break due to atoms being sputtered or undergoing a chemical reaction by cosmic rays or atomic oxygen AO, and therefore a hybrid loop 2NTLP or chain 2NTLP-CHAIN may be used in which a metal or alloy wire part is included in the 2NTLP to prevent the chain from separating from the wire, tube, loop, or loop part and to keep the chain entangled. Even if one ring 2NTLP(A) in a certain chain 2NTLP-CHAIN(C) breaks or the tube breaks, as long as the 2NTLP-I2(A) contained in the 2NTLP(A) does not break, the contained 2NTLP-I2(A) will combine with another adjacent/combined 2NTLP(B) as a chain, and the chain (C) containing them can be arranged in the chain group 2NTLP-CHAINs in a state where it does not immediately break or remain entangled or move, and there is also the advantage that, for example, the chain group can be wound up during maintenance, and if there is a camera unit/X-ray observation unit 2LPST-MEAS for observing the chain portion/chain group, the chain structure 2NTLP-I2-CHAIN of the metal portion 2NTLP-I2 is maintained, and it can be seen whether the high-strength tube portion 2NTLP, such as BNNT, is prone to breakage or damage in actual use. (When maintaining the chain 2NTLP-CHAIN, the metal wire 2NTLP-I2 is inserted inside the loop part 2NTLP, which is a component of the chain 2NTLP-CHAIN. By using the high Z of metal atoms in the 2NTLP-I2, the metal wire 2NTLP-I2 can absorb X-rays more strongly than BNNT or CNT, and the X-ray CE image shows shading, indicating whether the metal wire 2NTLP-I2 has broken or not, and whether the loop tube 2NTLP that contains it has broken. It can be used to check whether damage has occurred, and can be advantageous in grasping the guideline for maintenance, condition observation, quality check, and chain replacement of the chain portion and chain group portion 2NTLP-CHAINs, so in one embodiment of the present application, a metal wire may be included.) When obtaining a transmission image CT of BNNT or CNT consisting of low Z atoms to observe its structure and deterioration state, muography, muon microscope, and muon application measurement means using muons may be used in addition to X-rays, X-ray CT, and X-ray application measurement means. Gamma rays and X-rays of photons are easily absorbed by high Z elements such as metals, but are not easily absorbed by low Z atoms. On the other hand, muons, for example, positively charged muons, are leptons/particles with mass, and the muon lepton changes its orbit when it is irradiated with a low-Z or high-Z nucleus (and the protons and neutrons in that nucleus) of the object to be observed by muography, and the muon lepton can be detected by a detector to observe the object, so it may be used to observe the object (the above-mentioned ring part 2NTLP, chain part 2NTLP-CHAIN, chain group part 2NTLP-CHAINs, frame part 2LPST). *2NTLP-CHAIN and 2NTLP-CHAINs may be used for cables, chains, wires, ropes, and ribbons that require strength, such as centrifugal guns and orbital elevators. *It is preferable to synthesize a single seamless CNT or BNNT to form a loop for one rotation of the centrifugal gun (it is also preferable to construct a seamless tube over a large distance when used in orbital elevators, etc.). However, in case synthesis is not possible, if the tube/ring parts 2NTLP of seamless ring-shaped BNNTs can be combined in a chain to form a 2NTLP-CHAIN chain, each of the 2NTLPs constituting the chain can exhibit the strength of seamless CNTs or BNNTs, and the chain may also be able to exhibit the strength of CNTs or BNNTs as a chain device (although a straight tube that is not chain-shaped should be stronger, as a compromise). Therefore, in this application, a chain 2NTLP-CHAIN consisting of ring 2NTLPs as shown in Figure 46 may be constructed and used for the frame part of a structural material or system that requires strength, such as a centrifugal gun. *The 2NTLP-CHAIN may be encapsulated in another nanotube. *The 2NTLP-CHAIN and 2NTLP-CHAINs may be covered with another material to prevent reaction with atomic oxygen and to protect them from cosmic ray collisions. For example, it may be covered with a ceramic/insulating tube for insulation, or with a metal film/tube for protection against atomic oxygen and cosmic ray collisions. *2NTLP, 2NTLP-CHAIN, and 2NTLP-CHAINs may be components of electric wires (e.g., the power transmission wires of a space elevator).
[*If 2NTLP (2NTLP that may include 2NTLP-I2) can be made large over a macro length such as the size of a space elevator or a centrifugal gun 3SPINFSAT, a continuous ring part 2NTLP (2NTLP that may include 2NTLP-I2) may be included in the ring-shaped frame part 2LPST and used. *However, in case it is difficult to create a nanotube loop of a length over a macro length such as the size of a space elevator or a centrifugal gun (for example, the radius of the loop is not at the nano or micro level but at the macro level of meters, kilometers, or the length from the ground to outer space of 100 kilometers or more), a frame using 2NTLP-CHAIN may be considered.]

This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-082974, filed May 22, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.
<Document name> Patent application 2024-082974 specification <Name of invention> Nuclear transmutation system <Technical field><0001><Technicalfield> The present invention is an invention related to nuclear power. The present invention relates to a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system. (This is an application based on an idea, and demonstration is required.) <Background technology><0002> As shown in Non-Patent Document 1, a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion method (muon catalyzed nuclear fusion) is known. <0003> Hydrogen molecules containing deuterium D and tritium T are made into a liquid, and muons (muons) are introduced into it, so that the muons act as a catalyst for nuclear fusion and cause a nuclear fusion reaction. However, in hydrogen molecules, the charge of the atomic nucleus after nuclear fusion increases from +1 of a hydrogen atom to +2 of a helium atom, and the muons are captured and trapped by the nucleus, helium nucleus, and alpha particle nucleus with a charge of +2 in terms of Coulomb force, which causes the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion to stop (make it difficult to react). <0004> According to Non-Patent Document 2, a thermonuclear fusion method using protons and boron is known. In thermonuclear fusion reactors, the problem is high-energy neutron rays that can activate the fusion reactor through D-T and D-D reactions, and as an example of a solution, a system using protons and boron (P-11B system, proton-boron system) that does not emit neutrons or is unlikely to do so is being considered. When the P-11B system is used in a thermonuclear fusion reactor, there is a problem that the temperature at which thermonuclear fusion occurs must be 10 times higher than that of the D-T system. <Prior Art Literature><PatentLiterature><0005><Non-Patent Document 1> High Energy Accelerator Research Organization KEK, Muon Catalyzed Nuclear Fusion [Internet, WEB page, URL: https://www2.kek.jp/imss/msl/muon-tour/fusion.jp/, 2011/02/1 ... [0006] <Non-Patent Document 2> National Institute for Fusion Science (NIFS), Demonstration of Nuclear Fusion Reaction Using Advanced Fusion Fuel - First Step Toward a Clean Nuclear Fusion Reactor Using a Hydrogen-Boron Reaction That Does Not Produce Neutrons - [Internet Web Page, URL: https://www.nifs.ac.jp/news/researches/230309-01.html, accessed September 18, 2023] <Summary of the Invention><Problems That the Invention is Trying to Solve><0007> The problem that the invention is trying to solve is that in a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using hydrogen atoms and hydrogen molecules, muons are captured and trapped by Coulomb force, causing the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion to stop (to be difficult to react). In addition, in a system using deuterium D or tritium T in muon fusion, neutrons that may radioactively activate the components of a fusion reactor or fusion system are generated, but a system that does not generate neutrons may be acceptable. <Means for solving the problem><0008> In muon catalyzed fusion, it is desired to bring muons close to hydrogen atoms, which are fuel materials before fusion, to cause fusion, but the helium nuclei of the atomic nuclei after fusion have more charge than the hydrogen nuclei before fusion, making it easier to capture muons. Therefore, in the present invention, as a system that reverses the change in charge, a system using protons and boron is disclosed as 1 in FIG. 1. Also, an assumed example of a spaceship 3 and transportation equipment 3 equipped with it is shown in FIG. 5. <0009> As the intention of FIG. 5, a spaceship or space exploration robot 3 that travels between planets in an interstellar space may be required to generate electricity and propel itself using fuel installed in the spaceship even in interplanetary and interstellar spaces where sunlight and stellar light cannot reach. The background to this is the idea that it would be possible to use the vacuum environment of space as a power source, operate a particle accelerator to generate muons and protons, and configure a nuclear fusion reactor or nuclear fusion thruster. <0010> Although there is a possibility that neutrons will be generated, as another aspect of the present invention (2), a system using protons and lithium is also disclosed as an example that is not limited to a system using protons and boron. The intention of disclosing a lithium system is that lithium has a lower melting point than boron, and is easy to heat to liquid lithium. On the other hand, a system using boron needs to be heated to a high temperature exceeding 2000 degrees Celsius, which is the melting point of boron. <0011> The present invention focuses on the fact that in a nuclear fusion reaction system using protons and boron (P-11B system), the charge of the atomic nucleus of boron, which becomes the nuclear fusion fuel, is +5, and the charge of the helium generated after nuclear fusion is +3. The P-11B system is a system in which the charge of the atomic nucleus decreases when a nuclear fusion reaction occurs from boron to helium. (*On the other hand, as mentioned above, the D-T system is a system in which the charge increases after nuclear fusion, and trapping occurs.) <0012> Figure 1 of this application assumes the following reaction. (Not proven) 1. A proton with a charge of +1 is incident on a boron nucleus (muonic molecule containing boron) with a charge of +5 that has captured a muon with a charge of -1, causing/promoting a nuclear fusion reaction. 2. Nuclear fusion produces three helium alpha rays with a charge of +3 and energy from one proton and one boron. 3. It is believed that muons prefer (are electrically attracted to) being trapped by boron with a charge of +5 that exists in large quantities in the bulk around the muon, rather than being trapped by the +3 helium after it is generated. 4. Muons tend to stay near boron rather than helium, trapping the muons, and boron (which becomes a muon molecule and protons become electrically closer to each other, making it easier for nuclear fusion) repeats the process of nuclear fusion with the incident protons, with the muons catalyzing the nuclear fusion reaction between protons and boron. <0013> In this invention or idea, in a nuclear fusion reaction system (P-11B system) using protons and boron, the boron that serves as the nuclear fusion fuel has an electric charge of 5 (+5), and the helium that is generated after nuclear fusion has an electric charge of 3 (+3), so we propose a system (Figure 1) in which muons and protons are irradiated onto a boron target to cause muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion. *This application is at the idea stage and has not been demonstrated, but we are filing the application on the assumption that in the P-11B system, the fuel has the +5 electric charge of boron, which makes it easier to strongly capture and trap negatively charged muons than the +2 electric charge of helium after generation. *In the opposite system, known hydrogen-D-T muon catalyzed fusion system, negatively charged muons are easily captured by helium. <0014> *The present invention shows a proton-boron fusion system as an example, but to disclose the conditions of the present invention more generally so as not to limit the scope of the invention, it may be sufficient if the charge of the substance generated when atomic nuclei fuse is smaller than the charge of the atoms that become the fusion fuel. *For example, a reaction system such as that shown in Figure 2 is possible. As in the example of Figure 2, it may also be a system using boron B or lithium Li. <0015> *The boron and lithium of the present invention may be heated from room temperature and used as a liquid. For example, liquid lithium may be used. In the existing muon catalyzed fusion system, cooled liquid hydrogen (melting point is minus 250 degrees Celsius) is used, but liquid lithium has a melting point of about 180 degrees Celsius, so liquid lithium may have the advantage of being easier to liquefy when used as a muon target compared to liquid hydrogen. ●Boron has a melting point of 2070 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of 4000 degrees, which is higher than that of lithium, but it can be used as liquid boron in the target section where muons and protons are irradiated. In the target section, it is expected that muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion will occur using boron with a nuclear charge of +5 and lithium with a nuclear charge of +3 as the nuclear fusion fuel. After the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, helium alpha rays with a nuclear charge of +2 are generated and released from the system. (A system using boron and protons is shown in FIG. 1, and a system using protons, neutrons, and lithium is shown in FIG. 3.) <0016> The most important feature of the present invention is that a system in which the charge of the substance (He in FIG. 1, alpha rays) generated during the nuclear fusion of atomic nuclei is smaller than the charge of the atom (B in FIG. 1) that becomes the nuclear fusion fuel is used in the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system. <Effects of the invention><0017> The present invention is a nuclear fusion system that does not emit neutrons, which is the P-11B system, and has the advantage that it is less likely to produce radioactive substances during nuclear fusion. <Brief Description of the Drawings><0018><Figure1> Figure 1 is an explanatory diagram of the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS using boron and protons. <Figure 2> Figure 2 is an example of a nuclear fusion reaction system characterized in that when atomic nuclei fuse, the charge of the nuclei of the material produced by nuclear fusion is smaller than the charge of the nuclei of the atoms that become the nuclear fusion fuel. (Fig. 2 is an explanatory document, and not all examples shown in Fig. 2 are used in the present invention, but are shown as examples of reaction systems having the characteristics. For example, in group A of Fig. 2, reaction formulas of systems using protons and lithium, protons and boron-11, protons and nitrogen-15, protons and nitrogen-15, protons and oxygen-17 and oxygen-18, etc. are shown. In group B, reaction formulas of lithium-6, lithium-7, protons, D, neutrons, and helium-3 are shown. In group C, reaction formulas related to carbon are shown. For carbon, examples of carbon-carbon nuclear fusion reactions are also shown.) <Fig. 3> Fig. 3 is an explanatory diagram of the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS using lithium and protons. An example of irradiating and introducing protons, neutrons, and deuterium into lithium is shown in (A), and an example of using lithium deuteride 6, which is chemically bonded (ionically bonded) with lithium 6 and deuterium is shown in (B). <Fig. 4> Fig. 4 is a comparative explanatory diagram of the muon catalysis nuclear fusion method using existing D or T and the muon catalysis nuclear fusion method using protons and B or Li of the present invention. (The upper part of Fig. 4 shows the method using D and T, and the lower part of Fig. 4 shows the method using protons, B, and Li of the present invention.) <Fig. 5> Fig. 5 shows the nuclear fusion reactor 1R and nuclear fusion application thruster 1TH including the present invention's 1F-SYS and their application examples. *For example, the 1F-SYS may be mounted on a spaceship 3 or exploration robot 3 that propels and moves in the air, outer space, between planets, and between stars. The spaceship 3 may be a spaceship that generates muons, protons, and neutrons using an accelerator, collects and stores nuclear fuel B or Li, and propels the spaceship 3 by the reaction of the nuclear fusion reaction and the He alpha rays, etc., emitted behind 3. *3 is not limited to a spaceship, and may be various transportation equipment, aircraft, spacecraft, ships, submarines, vehicles, automobiles, robots, various industrial machines, and space exploration robots. <Fig. 6> Fig. 6 is an explanatory diagram and a hypothetical diagram of the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS using diborane, boron hydride, alkanes, and azanes. (An explanatory diagram of a system in which the target T1 is diborane, alkane, and azanes, excluding the part irradiated with protons in Fig. 1) <Fig. 7> Fig. 7 is an explanatory diagram of the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS using a diborane-borohydride part pressurized by the ramjet method. <Fig. 8> Fig. 8 is an explanatory diagram of the system 1F-SYS-MP1 in which boron hydride such as diborane and muonic hydrogen atoms are mixed and compressed in the compression section. <Fig. 9> Fig. 9 is an example of the system 1F-SYS having a compression section and a heating section. (A laser irradiation system may be provided.) <Fig. 10> An explanatory diagram of a case where a movable muon target for generating muons or a rotating muon target is inserted into a MERIT accelerator or MERIT ring, the target is rotated and made movable, and a particle beam is applied to the target to generate pions and muons. (The cross section of the rotating disk is thin, and it may be a wedge-shaped one with a thin outer periphery.) <Fig. 11> An explanatory diagram of replacing a disk-shaped movable muon target by machine. <Fig. 12> An explanatory diagram of a case where one of the extraction ports is stopped, the movable muon target part is removed and moved from the accelerator, and the muon target part is replaced with another muon target. <Fig. 13> An explanatory diagram of a device that uses a movable muon target to perform muon target replacement and particle collision with the muon target and pion-muon generation in parallel, and a muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation system. (Including the muon deceleration section) <Fig. 14> An explanatory diagram of a meson/muon production system in which the movable muon target includes hydrogen atoms, protons or helium atoms. <Fig. 15> An explanatory diagram of a meson/muon production system that uses helium atoms (or hydrogen atoms/positively charged particles) moving through a circular accelerator as the muon target. <Fig. 16> An explanatory diagram of a nuclear fusion system, nuclear transmutation system and atom production system that uses a meson production system. <Fig. 17> An explanatory diagram of one embodiment of the present application in which cosmic muons or high-speed muons are decelerated and irradiated, injected and bonded to atoms in the target section T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation and nuclear fusion. (A) For the target T1 on the ground side, on the celestial sphere side/space side
・An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons with a dome-shaped decelerator array covering the sky side and irradiating them to T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation. (B) An example of directly irradiating the raw material atomic/molecular target T1 with a laser to form an electric field capable of decelerating the muons, decelerating the muons, and attempting muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation of T1. <Fig. 18> An explanatory diagram of an example of directly irradiating the raw material atomic/molecular target T1 with a pulsed laser to form an electric field capable of decelerating the muons, decelerating the muons, and binding the muons to atoms in T1 to attempt muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation. <Fig. 19> An explanatory diagram of a configuration in which an element that forms an electric field is used as a muon decelerator. (A) An explanatory diagram when decelerating muons using an element that forms an electric field. (A) A configuration in which muons incident on the target part T1 may rotate due to a magnetic field B and move within the atoms of the target part. (B) An explanatory diagram when forming an electric field for deceleration using a pyroelectric body/pyroelectric body array to decelerate muons using the electric field. (B) is a configuration in which an electric field is generated in the pyroelectric body by changing the temperature of the end of the pyroelectric body, and this electric field is used as a means for slowing down muons. <Fig. 20> Explanatory diagram of an element that forms an electric field. (A) When a capacitor element using electrodes and an insulator/dielectric is used. (B1) When an electric double layer capacitor type element is used. (B2) Explanatory diagram of an element including an electric double layer portion. <Fig. 21> Explanatory diagram of a transportation device/structure 3 equipped with a part that generates mesons/muons from cosmic rays. <Fig. 22> Explanatory diagram of an assumed nuclear transmutation/nuclear fusion system that uses muons, taking into account muon nuclear capture reactions. (A) A muon binds to carbon-12 in a carbon material, undergoes a muon nuclear capture reaction, and is converted to boron-12 nuclei (12B*) with excitation energy of 10-20 MeV. The excitation energy is then transferred from 12B* to the adjacent carbon-12 nuclei, generating excited carbon-12 (12C*), which is then converted to helium, and the excitation energy is transferred to the adjacent carbon-12, and this process is repeated. (B1) An explanatory diagram of a case in which a muon is bound to an azan containing nitrogen-15, undergoes a muon nuclear capture reaction, and is converted to carbon-15, and then nitrogen-15 is generated after the half-life of carbon-15 has elapsed. (B2) An explanatory diagram of muon nuclear fusion of nitrogen-15. (In B1, nitrogen-15 can be converted to carbon-15, but the effective nuclear charge/Z of carbon-15 is lower than that of nitrogen-15, so it is assumed that the fusion reaction will continue.) <Fig. 23> An explanatory diagram of an assumed nuclear transmutation/nuclear fusion system using muons, taking into account the muon nuclear capture reaction when muons are irradiated and input into ammonia containing nitrogen-15. <Fig. 24> An explanatory diagram of an assumed nuclear transmutation/nuclear fusion system using muons, taking into account the muon nuclear capture reaction when muons are irradiated and input into boron-11-containing boron hydride (a system of boron hydride anion and lithium cation). <Fig. 25> An explanatory diagram of neutrino communication system 1NUT-COM and muon communication system 1MU-COM. <Fig. 26> An explanatory diagram of neutrino communication system 1NUT-COM, which has a section 2MS-NUT-GRAV that separates neutrinos of different masses. <Fig. 27> An explanatory diagram of a configuration in which a muon M1 is irradiated to a target T1 in a container 4D-MUCF/4T-MUCF equipped with a coil 2COIL, and the target T1 is confined and moved by a magnetic field. <Fig. 28> Fig. 1 in the upper left of Fig. 28 is an explanatory diagram of a system 1 using a vacuum pump 4RFP using a deep eutectic solvent or the like as the working liquid. (An example in which a Sprengel pump type is used as the pump 1) Fig. 2 in the upper right of Fig. 28 is an explanatory diagram of the system 1. (An explanatory diagram of the system 1 using a food pump as the pump 2. Here, the type of pump may be a pump using a working liquid such as a liquid ring pump or a rotary pump.) Fig. 3 in the lower left of Fig. 28 is a comparison diagram of a vacuum exhaust system including a low vacuum pump RP and a high vacuum pump FP, and a vacuum pump 4RFP/system 1 of the present invention, and is an explanatory diagram of the combination. Fig. 4 in the lower right of Fig. 28 is an explanatory diagram of a general liquid ring pump and a rotary pump. (For example, NADES and ionic liquid IL are used for the working liquid, liquid seal, liquid seal ring, and seal part) <Fig. 29> Fig. 29 is an explanatory diagram of one of the coils of the annular vacuum vessel 4D. (Annular vacuum vessel: doughnut, annular vacuum chamber, plasma vessel 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H included. Coil 4C-EDL) <Fig. 30> Fig. 30 is an explanatory diagram of the annular vacuum vessel. (A rotating means 4ROT of the annular vacuum vessel may be provided.) <Fig. 31> Fig. 31 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel using a motor and bearings as the rotating means 4ROT (4ROT is a motor/rocket motor) <Fig. 32> Fig. 32 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel equipped with a propulsion device (propulsion device 4ROT-TH) <Fig. 33> Fig. 33 (A) is an explanatory diagram of a cylindrical tubular vacuum vessel (4T, 4T-IN) rotating in the circumferential direction/theta direction of the cylinder (an example of rotating a cylindrical tubular vacuum vessel used for magnetic mirror type, magnetic field inversion configuration type, etc.), (B) is an explanatory diagram of a cylindrical vessel 4T/4T-MUCF. <Fig. 34> An assumed example of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation with deuterated carbon-12, which is a compound of deuterium and carbon-12. (A) An assumed example of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of methane CD4, which is composed of carbon-12 and deuterium D. (B) Assumed example of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of deuterated carbon, a polymer/resin made by combining deuterium and carbon-12. Specific example: Assumed example of muon nuclear fusion in deuterium carbide molecule (C2D4)n. <Fig. 35> Assumed example explanatory diagram of muon nuclear fusion of H and F atoms in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) resin. (In some forms, the PVDF part may serve as both the target part T1 and muon decelerator 2MUDECE) <Fig. 36> Assumed example explanatory diagram of a muon nuclear fusion system in which the target part T1 and decelerator 2MUDECE are arranged in the coil 2COIL, and muons may be confined in T1 in the magnetic container/magnetic field cage 2MAGC in the coil. (Here, T1/decelerator 2MUDECE is a capacitor element 2FDELE-PVDF using PVDF/decelerator using two electrodes/element 2FDELE-PVDF, which may contain atoms for the T1 portion for muon nuclear fusion (hydrogen and fluorine-19). Also, coil 2COIL and magnetic field cage 2MAGC may be helical coil 2COIL-Helical or helical magnetic field cage 2MAGC-Helical.) <Figure 37> An explanatory diagram of a system including a control unit, power supply, auxiliary equipment, etc. when driving the device of Figure 36. (Voltage may be applied to capacitor elements 2FDELE-PVDF and 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF from power supply 2PWSP.) <Figure 38> Negative muon decelerator/positive muon accelerator using capacitor elements. [Voltage may be applied to capacitor elements 2FDELE-PVDF and 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF from power supply 2PWSP. An explanatory diagram of a configuration capable of decelerating negative muons and accelerating positive muons (capable of separating positive and negative muons). In the diagram, the insulator/dielectric part is shown as PVDF, but other insulators such as diamond may be used.] <Fig. 39> Example of arrangement of decelerator/capacitor element and T1. <Fig. 40> An explanatory diagram of a device that uses electrodes attached to six faces of an insulator/dielectric cube to decelerate the velocity components in the three-dimensional XYZ directions, and is used as a capacitor element/muon decelerator/muon accelerator. <Fig. 41> An explanatory diagram of an attempt to change the orbit, attitude, and movement of a threatening meteorite MTO by detonating it and injecting propellant using a muon nuclear fusion system. A diagram to explain how to place a container 4T-MUCF loaded with muon fusion fuel T1 on a threatening meteorite MTO (using meteorite exploration robots 5 and 5WKR), irradiate the muon generator and muon decelerator installed in the container with muons or neutrinos/particles (from the installation location of 1NUT-TX) to ignite muon fusion in T1 in the container 4T-MUCF from a remote location (the installation location), and blast/explode the MTO with the explosive force, or change the meteorite's trajectory, direction, or attitude. <Fig. 42> A diagram to explain how to explode the meteorite from inside using a muon fusion system using T1 loaded in a hole opened inside the meteorite MTO, and split/pulverize it. A diagram of how to open a borehole/hole 5T-HOLE in the threatening meteorite MTO, load T1 into the hole and seal it, place a container 4T-MUCF loaded with muon fusion fuel T1 (using meteorite exploration robots 5 and 5WKR), ignite T1 with muon fusion, blast and explode it, and cause a muon fusion explosion from inside the MTO, blast and explode the MTO, and split and decompose the MTO with the explosive force. <Fig. 43> A diagram of how to irradiate T1 inside a hole inside an iron meteorite, where radio waves are difficult to reach, with neutrinos that can penetrate iron walls from multiple irradiation points toward one point on T1, generating muons through a charged current reaction, etc., and then remotely explode it. <Fig. 44> A diagram of the 5REMV-HEAD, a metal/material heating/evaporation/removal/ablation device with a nuclear fusion part and alpha ray irradiation part. <Fig. 45> Diagram of fuel T1 shot into iron meteorite with centrifugal gun, blast ball 3LOAD shot drilling, T1 ignition. <Fig. 46> Diagram of centrifugal gun structure 2LPST. <Fig. 47> Diagram of detonation destruction of muon nuclear fusion system with neutrino-muon conversion unit (atoms, neutrons, particles for conversion). <Fig. 48> Diagram of submarine 3SUBM including muon nuclear fusion reactor and muon/neutrino transmitter/receiver. <Fig. 49> Diagram of muography system for obtaining muography/CT of celestial bodies/satellites/meteorites MTO. (Diagram of CT system using muons and neutrinos. Diagram of spacecraft/spacecraft 3 for muon etc. to obtain transmission images of large meteorites/celestial bodies. 3 may communicate with each other via wireless communication network 1NETWORK.) <Fig. 50> Diagram of muography system for obtaining muography/CT of human body/object. <Fig. 51> An explanatory diagram of an aircraft/spacecraft 3 including a muon fusion reactor and a muon/neutrino transmitter/receiver. <Fig. 52> An explanatory diagram/assumed diagram of the case where the energy of charged alpha rays/particles/photons having kinetic energy generated in a muon fusion reactor is extracted as electric power or motive power and used in the propulsion device of a transport device 3. <Fig. 53> An explanatory diagram of an example of the case where the energy of charged alpha rays/particles/photons having kinetic energy generated in a muon fusion reactor is used in a rocket propulsion device. The upper part of the figure is an example of a solid rocket. The lower part of the figure is an example of a solid-type self-feeding rocket. <Fig. 54> An explanatory diagram of a device including a pressurizing part of the fuel T1 part of a reciprocating engine type. <Fig. 55> An explanatory diagram of a lepton collider type muon generation device. (Or an explanatory diagram of a particle collision type muon generation device. A particle accelerator using a laser/LWF for lepton acceleration may be used.) <Form for carrying out the invention><0019> Fig. 1 is 1. Focusing on the trap problem of muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion, we have devised a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system using boron, as shown in M1, T1, and B1 in Figure 1. As a form of actual use of Figure 1, the form of a spacecraft or exploration robot 3 that moves between planets or stars where sunlight does not reach is shown in Figure 5. <1><0020> Figure 1 is an explanatory diagram of the device/system of the present invention using boron for the fuel F1 and target part T1. *This system uses muons and protons, so some equipment such as an accelerator is required. A vacuum is required to drive the accelerator. If the accelerator is placed in outer space, the vacuum of outer space may be used. <2><0021> Figure 2 is an explanatory diagram of the device/system of the present invention using lithium for the fuel F1 and target part T1. Lithium has a lower melting point than boron. <Industrial Applicability><0022> Although it is necessary to secure resources such as boron and lithium, it may be possible to create a power source by nuclear fusion. The present invention uses an accelerator that requires a vacuum, and generates alpha rays that are expected to be ejected at a high speed.
, as shown in FIG. 5, may be used for the propulsion device of a spacecraft traveling in the vacuum of outer space. <Explanation of symbols><0023><FIG. 1, FIG. 3> 1F-SYS: An explanatory diagram of a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system utilizing a nuclear fusion reaction using boron and protons. M1: Muon generating means, a means for injecting and irradiating a nuclear fusion fuel target T1 with muons. Example: A system using a particle accelerator capable of generating muons. P1: Proton generating means, a means for injecting and irradiating a nuclear fusion fuel target T1 with protons. Example: A particle accelerator capable of accelerating protons and injecting and irradiating a target with them. Elements of nuclear fusion fuel in a boron-proton nuclear fusion reaction system. N1: Neutron generating means, a means for injecting and irradiating a nuclear fusion fuel target T1 with neutrons. Example: A particle accelerator capable of accelerating neutrons and injecting and irradiating a target with them. A1: Particle accelerator A1. T1: A target portion including a nuclear fusion fuel. Nuclear fusion fuel T1, F1. B1: A portion of T1 that uses boron. A boron target. The boron may be molten. L1: A portion of T1 that uses lithium. A lithium target. The lithium may be molten liquid lithium. EX1: A product EX1 after nuclear fusion. In FIG. 1, FIG. 3, etc., this is helium He and alpha rays that are generated after nuclear fusion. <FIG. 5> 3: Transport equipment 1R: 1F-SYS, which is a nuclear fusion reactor. A nuclear fusion reactor that includes 1F-SYS. A power generation unit that converts the energy of alpha rays into electric energy may be provided. 1GENR: Power generation unit (a part that converts the energy obtained by the nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS and the nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS into electric power) *Although not specified in FIG. 5, the electric power derived from nuclear fusion generated by 1EXP-SYS, 1F-SYS, and 1R may be supplied to the muon generation unit M1 and the proton generation unit P1 to generate muons and protons. The electric power may be used to drive the system of the present invention or each part of the system. 1TH: A nuclear fusion application propulsion device or thrust generating device including 1F-SYS. Propulsion means. Movement means. (1TH may be a particle beam emission part such as alpha rays, gamma rays, photons, or particles when 3 is a spacecraft. When 3 is an aircraft, 1TH may be a propellant ejection part that takes in propellant or air using the electric power obtained by 1GEN, heats and compresses it, and ejects it behind 3, or may be an electrically powered propeller part. When 3 is a ship, it may be a part that can rotate a propeller or generate a water flow using the electric power obtained by 1GEN. When 3 is a robot with an arm or a vehicle that moves on land, it may be a wheel, tire, motor, or a motor arm part of a robot that may be driven by the electric power obtained by 1GEN.) 1TH-NZ: A nozzle part of 1TH. A nozzle part that emits the alpha rays when the product EX1 after nuclear fusion is energetic helium or alpha rays. It may be a thrust deflection device or nozzle. The alpha rays may be irradiated onto the propellant, which may be heated and ejected. *Apart from 1TH-NZ, a propellant device may be operated that uses the power generated by 1R to propel an ion thruster or a photon laser by the recoil of the emitted light. <Fig. 6> System using diborane B2H6 BH1: B1 is a substance containing boron, and is boron hydride, diborane, or borane. T1 and F1 are diborane. Diborane target. Diborane and BH1 may be gas, liquid, fluid, or solid. (The configuration of Fig. 7 using a fluid is also possible.) The system of Fig. 6 uses diborane containing hydrogen and protons, so the proton introduction part P1 shown in Fig. 1 is not required. <Fig. 7> 1F-SYS-RAM: Nuclear fusion system. (An assumed diagram of a case where the system using the diborane of the present invention is applied to a system in which a nuclear fusion fuel fluid having a known ramjet part is circulated in a closed loop system.) RAM: Ram pressure generating device part when compressing in a ramjet system. PBH1: Compressed BH1 section. Muon target section with compressed diborane fluid section. FP: Nuclear fusion reaction section, muon irradiation section. FEEDC: Section that removes helium from the diborane fluid circulating within the system, removes excess material, and adds necessary material, diborane as fuel. Feed control section. Fuel supply system, fuel control system. Helium (He) removal section, diborane fuel supply section, etc. HX: Heat exchanger ENEX: Not shown in the diagram, but a device section that generates electricity based on alpha rays and nuclear fusion energy, power generation section. May be included within the system. PUMP: Compressor, pump. Pressurizes, compresses, and circulates the fluid within the system. Driven by a motor, etc. (Driven by power obtained from the power generation section) M1: Muon generation section, muon irradiation section. (Driven by power obtained from the power generation section) EX1: Helium generated after nuclear fusion (which needs to be removed). <0024><Other> In this application, we use a system in which the positive charge of the nucleus of the nuclear fuel material (e.g., B, Li) is greater than that of the fusion product (e.g., He) to keep the negatively charged muon in the nucleus of the nuclear fuel material. It is intended that the muon is more stable in terms of Coulomb force, charge, electric field, and electricity if it is located in the fusion fuel than in the fusion product. *For example, if there is an impurity with an atomic number Z greater than that of boron in a boron system, according to the idea of this application, the impurity with a Z greater than that of boron may trap the muon and stop the reaction. (For example, considering sodium borohydride NaBH4, which is used as a raw material for diborane, sodium has a Z greater than boron, and according to the idea of this application, the muon should be trapped by Na in NaBH4.) <0025> Although the invention of this application and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These new embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the invention. <0026><<Addendum from application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous application, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635. <0027> In FIG. 1, protons are irradiated to boron, but as shown in FIG. 6, borane, diborane B2H6, or boron hydride, which is previously bonded to boron, protons, and hydrogen atoms, may be used for the target portion T1. For example, liquefied liquid diborane may be used for the fusion fuel F1 or target T1. In the system of FIG. 6, diborane containing hydrogen and protons is used, so there may be an advantage that the proton introduction portion P1 shown in FIG. 1 is not required. <0028> FIG. 7 shows a system 1F-SYS-RAM in which diborane is pressurized, compressed, and circulated, and muons are irradiated to cause fusion. (FIG. 7 is one of the embodiments of FIG. 6.) FIG. 7 is an assumed diagram of a case where a system using diborane of the present invention is applied to a system in which a known fusion fuel fluid having a ramjet part is circulated in a closed loop system. <0029> The diborane in the 1F-SYS-RAM system of FIG. 7 is pressurized and compressed by the compressor PUMP and circulated. The pressurized fluid diborane is further compressed by the compression device part RAM to form a compressed BH1 part (PBH1 part). Muons are irradiated to the PBH1 from the muon irradiation part M1 to promote nuclear fusion. (Since diborane is compressed, its density is high, and it is expected that it will come into contact, come close to, and touch muons, and the catalytic nuclear fusion reaction will occur easily.) <0030> The 1F-SYS-RAM system of FIG. 7 has the advantage that protons and boron can be supplied to the system together as diborane, which is a bond between hydrogen and boron. Not only is the proton introduction section P1 unnecessary, but it is also possible to add fuel to the system and remove He from the system (degassing). (Helium He removal section, diborane fuel supply section, etc., feed control section FEEDC are used) <0031> Also, considering the ease of contamination with impurities with atomic numbers larger than that of boron, diborane, a gas that can be purified, may be better than solid boron. (Solid boron needs to be produced, purified, and refined as solid crystals.) As mentioned in paragraph 0024 of this application using sodium borohydride NaBH4 as an example, this application does not favor the presence of atoms with atomic numbers larger than that of the fusion fuel, post-nuclear fusion products EX1, or impurities in the fuel. <0032> Also, in the systems of Figures 1, 3, 6, 7, etc. of this application, the presence of atoms with atomic numbers larger than that of the fusion fuel, post-nuclear fusion products EX1, and impurities is not assumed to exist in the direction of the muon. For example, it is assumed that there are no atmospheric molecular atoms (e.g., nitrogen N and oxygen O) with atomic numbers larger than boron B. If nitrogen N exists, it may be trapped. In the configuration of the present application, it may be necessary to take care to avoid atoms with atomic numbers larger than that of the boron (or other candidate elements/atoms such as lithium) used as fuel. <0033><Documentname><1> A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using a nuclear fusion reaction system characterized in that the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles generated by a nuclear fusion reaction is smaller than the charge of the nuclei of atoms of a nuclear fuel material. <2> The muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to 1, in which the nuclear fusion fuel contains boron or lithium, and the atoms/particles generated by the nuclear fusion reaction are helium alpha rays. <3> The muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to 2, in which the fuel is in a liquid or fluid state. <4> A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to 1, characterized in that the system is characterized in that neutrons are not easily generated by the nuclear fusion reaction, the nuclear fusion fuel is boron or boron hydride, and the atoms or particles generated by the nuclear fusion reaction are helium or alpha rays. <Document name> Document <><Problem> In known muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, there was a problem that muons were attached to, captured, or trapped by helium, which is a product after nuclear fusion, rather than by nuclear fusion fuel materials such as hydrogen, deuterium D, or tritium T, and catalytic nuclear fusion stopped. We wanted to solve the problem that muons are captured by the product after nuclear fusion rather than by the nuclear fusion fuel material, making it difficult for the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction to proceed. We also wanted to devise a system that is characterized in that when atomic nuclei fuse in muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, the charge of the nucleus of the material generated by nuclear fusion is smaller than the charge of the nucleus of the atom that becomes the nuclear fusion fuel. Specifically, we propose a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system that uses diborane containing protons and boron, or protons as hydrogen molecules together with boron, as the nuclear fusion fuel. <0034><<Addendum for application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous application, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635 and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787. <0035><Figure 8: When P1 and M1 in Figure 5 are mixed and introduced as muonic hydrogen into the target part on the same ray/line> In this application, as shown in Figure 5, protons P1 and muons M1 can be mixed and irradiated onto the target part T1 on the same ray/line. As shown in Figure 5, using a particle accelerator A1, protons P1 of the fuel and muons M1 as the catalyst can be mixed and irradiated onto the target part T1 containing boron on the same ray/line. <0036> In addition, in the present application, as shown in Fig. 5, a particle accelerator A1 or a neutral beam injector NBI can be used to irradiate and inject electrically neutral muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 (or, in some cases, electrically neutral muonic hydrogen molecules MP12 consisting of two muonic hydrogen atoms) formed by combining fuel protons P1 and catalytic muons M1 (muons M1) into boron hydride in a target section T1. (Alternatively, MP1 or MP12 can be mixed with boron hydride and blown into the target section for compression.) Then, while irradiating and injecting muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 into pressurized boron hydride in the target section T1, the muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 and boron hydride are pressurized in the path during injection or in the vicinity of the target section T1, (MP1 and boron hydride, and MP12 and boron hydride can also be mixed by pressurization inside the gas fluid), and a mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atoms and boron hydride is formed. The mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atoms and boron hydride is pressurized and transported to the RAM section (RAM), where it is further pressurized and compressed to become a compressed mixture PMP1-XMB. The mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 and MP12 and boron hydride compressed in the RAM section (compressed mixture PMP1-XMB) has its temperature during the muon catalytic reaction and its density per volume of muons, protons, and boron increased, resulting in the muon
This leads to the promotion of catalytic nuclear fusion reactions. In addition, the mixture MP1-XMB can be pressurized and compressed to a high temperature using the ram part in a ramjet system, and the mixture MP1-XBH of muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 and MP12 and boron hydride can increase the temperature during the muon catalytic reaction and the density per volume of muons, protons, and boron, as well as cause the muon catalytic reaction to occur under conditions of high temperature and active molecular and particle movement. In the present application, muonic hydrogen atoms are used to increase the temperature during the muon catalytic reaction, the density per volume of muons, protons, and boron, and the thermal motion of muons, protons, and boron, thereby promoting muon catalytic nuclear fusion reactions. <0037> When a single muon (muon beam) is irradiated onto the surface of boron, the surface of lithium, or the surface of a gas or fluid of boron hydride, the muons become negatively charged and repel each other, which may make it impossible to gather or compress the muons at one point. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 8 of the present application, the muons are combined with the protons of the proton-boron fuel to convert the charge to neutrons, and the muons and the proton-boron fuel are compressed and densely gathered at one place, so that more muons and fuel are brought close to each other, promoting muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion. *Due to the problem of the negative charge of muons, muons may repel each other electrically and be difficult to compress at one place, but by combining muons with protons and hydrogen nuclei (which are also fuel in boron-proton nuclear fusion) and electrically neutralizing them as muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 (or MP12), it becomes possible to compress them without the electrical repulsion. <0038> Lithium hydride has a high melting point and usually exists as a solid or liquid. Lithium hydride is more difficult to gasify than boron hydride. As mentioned above, lithium hydride and solid boron are solid at room temperature and pressure, so they are more difficult to mix than boron hydride, which is gas at room temperature and pressure, and it may be difficult to compress them by pumping them to the ram section. On the other hand, MP1 and MP12, which are thought to be gases, and boron hydride, which is gas, can be mixed using means such as pressurization or mixing means, and then pressurized and pumped toward the ram section, where they can be further compressed and adiabatically heated. <0039> While a maximum of two muons are required in the known D-T reaction, four muons are required for lithium and protons, and six muons are required for boron, so it may be necessary to compress and confine the muons, protons, and boron in a limited space. Compared to the known D-T reaction system, the p-11B reaction system considered in this application may require mixing muons and fusion fuel, confining them in one place, increasing the density, and reacting with the fusion fuel. Therefore, in this application, we use the electrically neutral muonic hydrogen atom MP1 and boron hydride, mix them, compress them, confine them in one place, and increase the density to attempt to cause muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion (or nuclear fusion assisted by muons). <0040><Muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion in flight> Muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 have a smaller Bohr radius and a lower Coulomb barrier (or are easier to tunnel quantum mechanically) than hydrogen atoms consisting of normal protons and electrons, and are expected to fly toward other atoms and easily undergo nuclear fusion (muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion in flight) reactions when they collide with or come close to other atoms. Muonic hydrogen atoms collide with boron at high speed and generate alpha rays with energy, which are then used to heat boron hydride. When the boron hydride passes through the heat exchanger HX, it transfers thermal energy to an external steam generator or the like, and the thermal energy and kinetic energy are transferred from the steam generator supplied with water to the turbine generator 1PP, which rotates and operates the steam turbine generator 1PP to generate electricity. <0041> In Fig. 8, MP1 or a mixture MP1-XMB of MP1 and boron proceeds from the part MP1 that is the source of muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 or the neutral particle beam injector NBI/particle accelerator A1 through a path or route S1 filled with boron hydride (B2H6, etc.), through the nozzle part NZ, and toward the target part T1/RAM part RAM. At that time, the muonic hydrogen atoms MP1 may react with the boron hydride on the path S1. *When MP1 is incident on the surface of solid boron, molten boron, or solid or liquid lithium hydride, it is expected that a nuclear fusion reaction will occur on the surface and energy will be generated. As an example of this application, it may be possible to promote muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion when solid or liquid boron or lithium hydride/lithium is used as the target T1. (However, it may not be possible to promote nuclear fusion by compressing the mixture, mixed fluid, or mixed gas MP1-XMB of MP1/MP12 and boron hydride as shown in FIG. 8 or above to a high density and high temperature.) <0042> Symbols, etc. <FIG. 8> 1F-SYS-MP1, 1F-SYS-MP1-RAM: Nuclear fusion system using a mixture of muonic hydrogen atoms and fuel Muonic hydrogen atoms MP1: AMP1: Muonic hydrogen atom generating and irradiating unit (particle accelerator A1, neutral particle beam irradiating device NBI, etc., which can generate MP1 and MP12 and inject/inject them.) S1: Route S1 (mixture of MP1 and boron hydride) MP1-XMB: Mixture of MP1 and boron hydride/diborane. Or mixture of hydrogen and boron/(carbon/) nitrogen/oxygen/fluorine, etc. Or a part or mixture part containing a compound in which a raw material atomic nucleus with a first atomic number ZA and a raw material atomic nucleus with a second atomic number ZAA required for nuclear fusion are chemically bonded. PMP1-XMB: Mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by a compression means such as a RAM, or mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by a compression means such as a RAM. RAM: Compression means such as a RAM section. Inertial confinement type nuclear fusion is known in which a nuclear fusion fuel pellet is irradiated and confined by laser irradiation (when the RAM section is of the laser confinement/inertial confinement type, the wavelength of the light of the laser may be a short wavelength on the blue, ultraviolet, X-ray, or gamma ray side so that the momentum of the photon can be larger), and in the present application, the compression section RAM section may also compress the target part or mixture with a laser. (A muon injection process may be added to the inertial confinement nuclear fusion of the laser confinement type.) The RAM section may irradiate a laser, an ion beam, or an ion beam containing raw material atoms from multiple emission sections so as to converge on a part containing raw material atoms (FIG. 9). (It is also possible to use inertial types such as Z-pinch or magnetized target types that can compress the raw material atoms and trap them by inertia.) In the RAM section, a laser or ramjet mechanism is used to compress and heat the raw material atoms that serve as the fuel for nuclear fusion, or the compound or mixture in which the raw material atoms are chemically bonded together, with a laser or other means, while irradiating them with muons, thereby making it possible to increase the molecular and atomic motion within the compound molecules or of the compound or mixture by compression and heating. As a result, the particles that are bonded to the muon can approach each other more easily due to thermal motion, with the intention of making it easier to cause nuclear fusion by approach, muon nuclear fusion, and muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, as well as making it easier for the muons that act as catalysts after nuclear fusion to cause the next catalytic reaction (in which they are released and then brought close to the next raw material atoms and captured, repeatedly). (Even if muons are irradiated onto cryogenically cooled liquid hydrogen, DT, DD, or TT, the temperature is low and there is a risk that the effect of bringing the raw material atoms closer together due to thermal motion will be low, but if muons, muonic atoms, or muonic hydrogen are introduced into a part compressed and heated by a laser, ramjet, or the like, a proximity effect due to compression or thermal motion can be expected.) NZ: Nozzle section 1 PP: Steam turbine generator HX: Heat exchanger, steam generating section, steam pipe, cooling pipe 1 BKT: A section/blanket that receives flying particles that have energy due to nuclear fusion reactions such as neutrons and gamma rays and converts them into thermal energy, etc., and can be used as energy. When a RAM or reaction vessel section, a vessel section RAM where the FEED is packed and rammed, or a wall of the reaction vessel are located near the part where the nuclear reaction occurs, a blanket 1 BKT may be placed within the RAM section or vessel wall. AEC: Alpha ray energy conversion device (a device that receives alpha rays and converts them into electricity. The AEC may use alpha rays from titanium oxide or other materials to generate radicals, which decompose water (like in a photocatalytic reaction) to obtain hydrogen and oxygen, and then provide/output energy to the outside of the system in the form of hydrogen/chemical energy. *The AEC may be an alpha-voltaic cell. *The AEC part may receive the energy of alpha rays and generate photons of synchrotron radiation (of bremsstrahlung). The energy of the photons of this radiation may be used to cause chemical substances to undergo chemical or photochemical reactions. The photons may be irradiated onto the part to be heated to manufacture substances, or as a propellant or steam. Alternatively, the radiation may be converted into photons on the long wavelength side using a means for converting the wavelength of the photons to the long wavelength side, and the long wavelength photons may be received by a photoelectric conversion element and photoelectrically converted to obtain electricity, which may then be outputted outside the system, or if the long wavelength photons have energy capable of undergoing a photocatalytic reaction with a photocatalyst, a photocatalytic reaction may be caused to produce hydrogen and oxygen from water, and the electricity may be converted into hydrogen energy. If the long wavelength photons have a wavelength capable of dissociating the bonds within carbon dioxide and nitrogen molecules and causing a photochemical reaction, the carbon dioxide may be dissociated, and the carbon dioxide may be converted into energy for chemical substances such as carbon, carbon compounds, and nitrogen compounds, which may then be outputted outside the system. <0043><1> A muon catalyzed fusion system, in which the fusion fuel contains protons (P1) and boron (B1), and the atoms/particles generated after the fusion fuel is fused using a muon by a muon catalyzed fusion reaction or a muon-using fusion reaction are helium-alpha rays, and the fusion fuel uses boron hydride, and the muon catalyzed fusion system has the characteristic of inputting/injecting muonic hydrogen atoms, which are electrically neutralized by binding a muon (M1) and a proton (P1), into the boron hydride to form a mixture of muonic hydrogen atoms and boron hydride (MP1-XMB), and the muon catalyzed fusion system has a muonic hydrogen atom irradiation means. A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system having a feature of using a muonic hydrogen atom (NBI) to inject/inject muonic hydrogen atoms into the boron hydride, the mixture (MP1-XMB) being pressurized by a first pressurizing means (PUMP), the mixture (MP1-XMB) being mixed by the first pressurizing means (PUMP), the mixture (MP1-XMB) being compressed by a second pressurizing means (PUMP) to a pressure higher than the pressure by the first pressurizing means (becoming a compressed mixture PMP1-XMB) and being heated (FIG. 8, 1SYS-MP1). <2> The muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to 1, characterized in that the second pressurizing means is performed in a compression section using a ram section (RAM) of a ramjet (FIG. 8, 1SYS-MP1-RAM). <0044><<Addendum for application claiming priority>> The following items have been added to the previous application, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174791. <<<Examples of systems with decreasing atomic number Z>>> In addition to the system using boron-11, this application also discloses a system using nitrogen-15. (At the time of filing, it is necessary to confirm whether nuclear fusion using boron-11 or nitrogen-15 occurs using muons. The above system may be a nuclear fusion system, or an experimental system related to atomic nuclei in physics.) The following examples of boron-11 and nitrogen-15 are one example of the invention that this invention is intended to express. Considering elements with atomic numbers Z ranging from 3 (lithium) to 9 (fluorine) as in Group A in Figure 2 of this application,
<<Boron-11 System>> A fusion reaction is known in which protons and boron-11 are fused to produce three helium-4 (alpha rays) and energy. (p+11B->3×4He+8.7MeV) Molecules in which boron atoms and hydrogen atoms are chemically bonded may be used as the source material/fusion fuel before the fusion reaction. For example, boron hydride, borane, or diborane may be used. When using boron hydride, which is a compound of hydrogen and boron-11, the atoms are bonded within the molecule, so the atoms can be brought close to each other in advance. When boron and protons are brought close to each other and irradiated with muons, boron is a solid by itself (liquid even when heated to high temperatures), and even if hydrogen raw material is blown into boron, hydrogen comes into contact with the solid surface of boron, and muon-catalyzed fusion could also occur on the surface of solid boron. Therefore, in the present application, a bulk fluid, gas, or liquid of boron hydride in which protons and boron-15, the raw materials for the nuclear fusion reaction, are brought close to each other by chemical or covalent bonds is used as the raw material, so that the first raw material atom (proton) and the second raw material molecule (boron-11, the same applies to the case of nitrogen-15 described below) involved in the nuclear fusion reaction can be arranged in an arrangement that makes them easy to come close to each other, or the two raw material atoms are mixed in advance and arranged in close proximity to each other, so boron hydride B2H6, nitrogen hydride NH3, etc. are preferably used. Muons or muonic hydrogen may be irradiated and introduced. <0045><<System using nitrogen-15>> Nuclear fusion reaction is known in which protons and nitrogen-15 are fused to produce carbon-12, helium-4 (alpha rays) and energy (in nature, a reaction is known in stars in the CNO cycle reaction in which nitrogen-15 and protons produce carbon-12 and helium-4). (p+15N->12C+4He+5.0MeV) In this application, hydrogen molecules and nitrogen-15 molecules consisting of only nitrogen-15 are mixed to produce a liquid mixture, a gaseous mixture or a fluid mixture, and the mixture may be used for the nuclear fusion using the muon, and may be used in a nuclear fusion system. Also, as in the example of boron hydride, molecules in which nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms are chemically bonded, such as ammonia NH3, may be used as a source material/nuclear fusion fuel before the nuclear fusion reaction. For example, hydrogen nitride, azan, ammonia NH3 may be used. (Azan, diazane may be used.) Muon or muonic hydrogen may be irradiated and introduced. <Use of azan, ammonia molecules, and fluid/gas ammonia> For example, a muon may be irradiated onto ammonia 15NH3, which is made up of nitrogen 15 and hydrogen, and the muon may bond and replace the nitrogen 15 and hydrogen atoms (with respect to the electrons of these atoms) in the ammonia 15NH3 molecule, shortening the radius of the atom, bringing the nuclei of the nitrogen 15 and hydrogen atoms closer together and encouraging the two nuclei to fuse, thereby causing a nuclear fusion reaction. (A muon may be used in a gaseous, liquid, or fluid ammonia molecule containing 15N and P to cause a nuclear fusion reaction that produces 12C and 4He from p+15N.) <0046><Use of organic compounds and molecules containing nitrogen 15> For example, there is an organic compound CHN15, which is made up of carbon, nitrogen 15, and hydrogen, and this compound may be a compound CHN15 in which nitrogen 15 and hydrogen are bonded together. Or, it may be a compound CHN15 having a molecular structure characterized by the close proximity of the nitrogen 15 and hydrogen atoms of the nuclear fusion fuel/raw material atoms in the compound CHN15 molecule. When the organic compound CHN15 is irradiated with muons and the muons bring the nitrogen-15 and hydrogen in CHN15 into close proximity to each other, causing nuclear fusion, carbon-12 is produced within the compound, but the muon is intended to continue the catalytic reaction by the muon by binding to another nitrogen-15 present around the carbon-12 within the bulk of the compound. (For example, an example of a simple compound is methylamine CH3-15NH3, which becomes a liquid, gas, or fluid containing nitrogen-15 (15N).) Although boranes and ammonia are gases, they are toxic and corrosive, and the gas needs to be compressed in a tank, so they need to be handled with care. However, an organic compound that can place hydrogen close to nitrogen-15, such as the carbon-nitrogen-15-hydrogen compound CHN15, is less corrosive and toxic than borane or ammonia, and can be stored in a tank as a gaseous or liquid substance CHN15 (without compressing or liquefying it in a cylinder and sealing it), and the fuel substance CHN15 can be transported to areas and power generation systems where it is needed. Then, when it is supplied to a nuclear fusion system, reactor, or reaction furnace, the liquid compound CHN15 is heated, and the liquid that has changed its physical properties, such as viscosity, by being heated, or the substance CHN15 that has become gas or vapor by being heated, can be circulated or compressed inside a reactor with a compression section. By using the compound CHN15, which may be a liquid nuclear fusion fuel, if it can be transported in the city like volatile oil while reducing toxicity and corrosiveness compared to borane and ammonia, it may be easier to transport to the power generation system. Note that the compound CHN15 may have the following characteristics: the atomic number ZA of the raw material atom with the largest atomic number that undergoes nuclear fusion reaction, and the atomic number ZB of the atom with the largest atomic number among the atoms and particles generated by the nuclear fusion reaction, the atomic number ZB is equal to or smaller than the atomic number ZA. In the case of using nitrogen-15, the raw material atom nitrogen-15 has an atomic number of 7 (the atomic number ZA is 7), and the carbon-12 generated by the reaction of nitrogen-15 with protons has an atomic number of 6 (the atomic number ZB is 6), and the atomic number ZB is equal to or smaller than the atomic number ZA. In the case of using nitrogen-15, even if carbon-12 is generated by a nuclear fusion reaction, the carbon-12 contained in the original compound CHN15 (for example, as the carbon skeleton of an organic compound) and the positive charge of the atomic nucleus are the same, and it is assumed that the muon moves around toward another nitrogen-15 whose atomic nucleus has a more positive charge than the generated carbon-12, is captured by the nitrogen-15, produces carbon-12 and helium, and is recaptured by the nitrogen-15 repeatedly, and the nuclear fusion reaction catalyzed by the muon continues to occur. <0047><Cross-section> In terms of the cross-section of the reaction of atomic nuclei (*Reference B), *Hydrogen 1-H-1: 33.22 barns, *1-H-2: 4.70 *Lithium 6: 942.1 *Lithium 7: 1.22 *Beryllium 9: 7.33 *Boron 11: 5.96 *Nitrogen 15: 5.35 barns. Others are fluorine 9: 4.23 and carbon 12: 5.57. The cross section of nitrogen-15 and boron-11 is between 5 and 6 barns. On the other hand, the cross section of lithium-7 is about 1, which is smaller than the cross section of the nitrogen-boron case, so in terms of cross section, it may be preferable to use boron-11 or nitrogen-15. [*Reference B: Japan Atomic Energy Agency WEB page https://wwwndc.jaea.go.jp/jendl/j33/J33_J.html, Internet, accessed November 17, 2023. The neutrons in each table are quoted from the Maxwellian Average of MT1. Although the cross section may be different in a system using actual muons and atoms, it is described in order to consider the cross section during muon fusion by comparing the barn values under the same conditions between isotopes. Reference B: JENDL-3.3 - JAEA Nuclear Data Center K. Shibata, T. Kawano, T. Nakagawa, O. Iwamoto, J. Katakura, T. Fukahori, S. Chiba, A. Hasegawa, T. Murata, H. Matsunobu, T. Ohsawa, Y. Nakajima, T. Yoshida, A. Zukeran, M. Kawai, M. Baba, M. Ishikawa, T. Asami, T. Watanabe, Y. Watanabe, M. Igashira, N. Yamamuro, H. Kitazawa, N. Yamano and H. Takano: "Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library Version 3 Revision-3: JENDL-3.3," J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 39, 1125 (2002). (Eds.) T. Nakagawa, H. Kawasaki and K. Shibata: "Curves and Tables of Neutron Cross Sections in JENDL-3.3 (Part I and II)," JAERI-Data/Code 2002-020, Part I, Part II (2002). (Ed.) K. Shibata: "Descriptive Data of JENDL-3.3 (Part I and II)," JAERI-Data/Code 2002-026, Part I, Part II (2003). ］＜0048＞＜Systems using lithium＞＜Lithium 7＞ A system using lithium 7 and protons has a low cross-sectional area, is difficult to turn into gas molecules, and exists as a solid liquid. Although it is used as a material for lithium ion batteries and has a limited amount of resources, it is disclosed as one example in the present application. When lithium is used, lithium hydride consisting of lithium 7 and hydrogen can be used. Muons are irradiated onto the surface of liquid lithium hydride. p+7Li->2×4He+17.2MeV＜Lithium 6＞ When lithium 6 (represented as 6Li in this application) and deuterium D are used (when lithium deuterium 6, 6LiD is used), it is presumed that the cross-sectional area of the nuclear fusion reaction of lithium 6 is larger than that of lithium 7, which is advantageous for the nuclear fusion reaction. In this case, the compound of lithium 6 and deuterium D, which is the raw material FEED, may be heated by a heating means RAMH, and may be heated by, for example, a laser, radio wave, or electromagnetic wave. Alternatively, the mixture/FEED and/or its containment vessel (the vessel/part that holds the FEED in the reaction system) may be heated by a heating means such as an electric resistance heater or an electric heating means, and the mixture FEED may be in a bulk liquid state. *Lithium 6 deuteride (6LiD), which is a bulk liquid that can be irradiated with muons, may also be used. Note that when deuterium D and lithium 6 are used as shown below, a reaction may occur that produces alpha rays, helium 4, protons, neutrons, etc. (Reactions related to lithium are shown in Group B of FIG. 2.) D+6Li->2×4He (alpha rays)+22.4MeVD+6Li->7Li+p+5.0MeVD+6Li->4He (alpha rays)+p+2.6MeVD+6Li->3He (helium 3)+4He+n+1.8MeV* Lithium 6, which has a larger cross-sectional area than lithium 7, is chemically bonded (ionically bonded) with deuterium to form a source material FEED, which may be heated by heating means RAMH and placed in target sections T1, FP, PBH1, and PMP1-XMB, and muons (muonic atoms) are irradiated and injected into the FEED placed therein, thereby promoting nuclear fusion using muons (and connecting to a nuclear fusion system, nuclear fusion reactor, or nuclear fusion reactor). As described above, in the case of an invention or device in which lithium 6, which has a large cross section, is chemically bonded with deuterium to form the source material FEED, the cross section can be made larger than when lithium 7, boron 11, nitrogen 15, or oxygen 18 is used with hydrogen or deuterium for nuclear fusion or muon nuclear fusion, and this has the advantage of making nuclear fusion easier. <0049><System using beryllium> This is disclosed as one example of the present application. A system in which beryllium 9 and protons undergo a nuclear fusion reaction may be used. Beryllium hydride BeH2 may be used as the source material to be irradiated when irradiating muons. Beryllium hydride is a solid and separates near its melting point, making it difficult or impossible to use as a fluid in a nuclear fusion system. p+9Be->4He+6Li+2.1MeVp+9Be->d+2×4He+0.6MeV Beryllium 9 is a stable isotope of natural beryllium and accounts for 100% of beryllium, so the isotope separation process may be unnecessary. Beryllium 9 (which exists in large proportions in nature)
It has a large cross section compared to lithium-7 (the other lithium isotopes present) (as well as boron-11 and nitrogen-15), and may be advantageous in terms of cross section when used in the system of the present invention. Beryllium boron hydride Be(BH4)2 is a compound consisting of boron, beryllium, hydrogen, and protons, and is a compound, inorganic compound, or inorganic polymer compound that can be arranged in a state in which boron-11 or beryllium-9 and hydrogen atoms are chemically bonded and placed in close proximity, and can also be used as one form of the present invention. This substance can be used as a liquid or solid. The reaction of boron-11 (Z=5) produces helium (Z=2), and the reaction of beryllium-9 (Z=4) produces lithium (Z=3) and helium/deuterium. The final product ZB group (helium, lithium, deuterium, ZB is 3) produced by these two reactions is the fusion source atom ZA group (boron-11, beryllium-9, hydrogen, ZA is 11 or 9). Since the fusion source atom ZA group has a larger positive charge nucleus than the final product lithium-6 with a positive charge of 3, it can be assumed that negative muons are more likely to be captured by the fusion source atom and can be used. <0050><Resource amount, etc.> In terms of the amount of resources in the universe and the terrestrial sphere, oxygen-18 and oxygen-17, which are magic number 8 oxygen, may be dominant. Nitrogen-15 and boron-11 are also dominant. Oxygen-18 and nitrogen-15 are contained in atmospheric nitrogen, and can be separated from other isotopes from atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen by oxygen and nitrogen distillation processes. Carbon is also abundant in resources. The larger the atomic number, the more muons decay into electrons and neutrinos due to weak interactions (the lifetime of negative muons decreases), and since we want to take this effect into consideration for nitrogen-15 (Z=7), which has a larger Z than lithium (Z=3), this application does not restrict the use of lithium. (Since the lifetime of negative muons is close to microseconds for Z=1 to Z=10, if the time it acts as a catalyst in the nuclear fusion reaction can be kept to about microseconds, atoms up to Z=10 can be used as candidates for raw material atoms in the system of this application. Or up to Z=20, etc. The lifetime of negative muons can be taken into consideration.) In this application, elements with Z=9 to 3 are preferably considered, and lithium-6, oxygen-18, nitrogen-15, and boron-11 are disclosed as examples, and examples of using compounds in which they are chemically bonded with protons and deuterium as the second raw material are disclosed. <0051><System using fluorine> In an experimental system, a nuclear fusion system may be used that produces oxygen-16 (Z=8) and helium from fluorine-19 (Z=9) and protons. Muons may also be irradiated onto hydrogen fluoride, which is a combination of fluorine-19 and protons. (Hydrogen fluoride is highly toxic.) <0052><System using oxygen> A nuclear fusion system may be used that produces nitrogen-15 and helium from oxygen-18 and protons. Muons may also be irradiated onto hydrogen oxide, which is a combination of oxygen-18 and protons, and water H2O (liquid, gas, vapor, and fluid water H2O). In this case, nitrogen-15 is obtained (reaction formula is Group A in Figure 2 of this application), and this may then be used in a nuclear fusion reaction that produces carbon-12 and helium by reacting nitrogen-15 and protons as described above. Oxygen-18 is present at 0.2%. For example, oxygen exists as an atmosphere of carbon dioxide on Venus, and the rocks of the Moon, Mars, and Venus asteroids (which may contain silicon oxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, etc.) contain oxygen atoms combined with metal elements (silicon, aluminum, iron, etc.), which may be easy to obtain as a resource and may be collected during space travel. Regarding oxygen isotopes, the desired oxygen isotope may be separated from atmospheric oxygen or a substance combined with oxygen of a celestial body (oxygen obtained by reducing rocks containing silicon oxide, etc.) by a known separation process. Oxygen 17 and protons may also be used. <0053><<Example in which atomic number Z does not decrease but raw material atoms are chemically bonded to other raw material atoms>> As one example of the present application, the atomic number ZB that undergoes nuclear fusion reaction is equal to or greater than atomic number ZA, and an example is disclosed in which the first raw material atom ZA and the second raw material atom ZB are provided in the same compound molecule. <System using carbon> In an experimental system, a hydrocarbon containing protons and carbon may be irradiated with muons. Molecules in which carbon and hydrogen atoms are chemically bonded may be used as the source material/nuclear fusion fuel before the nuclear fusion reaction. For example, organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen such as hydrocarbons and methane may be used. Muons or muonic hydrogen may be irradiated and injected into organic compounds containing carbon and hydrogen such as methane. The system using carbon and the system using hydrocarbons and organic matter such as methane may compress the hydrocarbons and organic matter such as methane (gas/fluid) in the compression units PUMP/RAM as shown in Figures 7 and 8, and muons such as muonic hydrogen atoms may be injected into the compressed area (target units T1, FP, PBH1, PMP1-XMB) to promote muon nuclear fusion at the compressed area. When using hydrocarbon gas such as methane or propane, existing gas transportation, transport, and storage infrastructure can be used. Gas piping, pipelines, valves, pumps, etc. can be reused. (On the other hand, gases such as ammonia and boron hydride may require dedicated infrastructure, piping, and pumps.) (When a negative muon approaches an atomic nucleus, it weakly interacts with the protons in the nucleus, changing the protons in the nucleus into neutrons, transforming them into an atomic nucleus with an atomic number one smaller. When carbon-12 is irradiated with a muon, it becomes boron-11, and it is expected that the boron-11 will react with hydrogen atoms and protons when the muon arrives again.) <Carbon-carbon nuclear fusion, carbon combustion, and nuclear fusion reaction with atoms with Z equal to or greater than carbon> For a raw material FEED of an organic compound in which carbon atoms are bonded together as shown in FIG. 9, etc., the FEED may be heated (and compressed) using a heating and compression means such as RAM or RAMH, while muons and muonic atoms are irradiated and introduced into the FEED, and the carbon atoms may be urged to undergo the above-mentioned nuclear fusion reaction using muons. Also, for the purpose of experiments, or for the purpose of nuclear transmutation or artificial synthesis of elements with a higher atomic number Z, the muonic carbon atom may be collided with another atom to promote nuclear fusion. In addition to nuclear fusion between carbon atoms, nuclear fusion between oxygen atoms in an oxygen combustion process, silicon combustion process, and nuclear fusion reactions between elements with a higher atomic number Z may be attempted in the system of the present application. <0054><System capable of heating or compressing the source material FEED> As a configuration capable of compressing and heating in the RAM section (RAMH section) in addition to the configuration of FIG. 8, FIG. 9 discloses a system capable of irradiating the target section from the source of (multiple) lasers, ion beams, microwaves, etc., and heating the FEED in the target section. (It may be possible to compress it by a laser or ion beam.) FIG. 9 is an example of a system 1F-SYS having a compression section and heating section for the source material FEED. (The figures are examples, and are not limited to the experimental system, reaction system, apparatus, structure, and arrangement shown in the figures. For example, while the configuration in Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 shows a configuration in which the FEED circulates in a closed cycle, the FEED may be stored in a closed container or a batch-type container, and a heating unit RAMH may be provided in the container or reaction unit storing the FEED, and the FEED may be irradiated with muons or muonic atoms while being heated by the heating unit RAMH. As in laser confinement inertial confinement nuclear fusion, a container storing the FEED may be irradiated with a laser (from a light source unit that may be multiple light source units), and the FEED may be confined and heated by the laser. The FEED may be heated by irradiating a container storing the FEED with electromagnetic waves such as laser, millimeter waves, microwaves, electromagnetic induction, particle-based ion beams, and particle beams.) For example, the compression unit RAM in Fig. 9 may be capable of laser irradiation and ion beam irradiation. It may also be capable of laser compression. It may also be capable of heating by laser, photons, electromagnetic waves, electric field magnetic field, radio waves, and beams. <3><0055> As one embodiment of the present application, Fig. 7, Fig. 8 and Fig. 9 are explanatory diagrams of a nuclear fusion system using a source material FEED containing source atoms in its molecules, the nuclear fusion system having a process of irradiating and injecting muons into the source material, the source atoms containing two or more source atoms of the first atomic number ZA, or the source atoms containing one or more atoms of the first atomic number ZA and the second atomic number ZAA, the source atoms of the first atomic number ZA and the source atoms of the second atomic number ZAA to be fused are included in the source material by chemical bonds, covalent bonds or ionic bonds. <4><0056> As one embodiment of the present application, Fig. 9 is an explanatory diagram of a nuclear fusion system including a process of irradiating and injecting muons and muonic atoms into FEED, which is equipped with a heating means RAMH and a compression means RAM for the source material FEED. The heating means RAMH may be, for example, a heating means using laser heating, ion beam heating, microwaves, millimeter waves, electric fields, magnetic fields, or electromagnetic induction. Fig. 9 is an explanatory diagram of a nuclear fusion system that may be heated by a laser, such as an inertial confinement nuclear fusion system that irradiates a laser (from a light source unit that may be a plurality of light sources) and confines the laser, or a nuclear fusion system that may be heated by a laser, and includes a step of irradiating and injecting muon/muonic atoms into the FEED. Alternatively, Fig. 9 is an explanatory diagram of a nuclear fusion system that irradiates a vessel containing the FEED with electromagnetic waves such as laser, millimeter waves, microwaves, electromagnetic induction, particle-based ion beams, particle beams, and millimeter waves to heat the FEED (in some cases, for example, an ion beam is directed toward a single point, and multiple ion beams are irradiated toward a single point FP, T1 of the FEED, and the ion beam traveling toward the single point compresses, packs, or rams the FEED, thereby compressing, compressing, and heating), and includes a step of irradiating and injecting muon/muonic atoms into the FEED. <5><0057> As one embodiment of the present application, (B) in the lower part of Fig. 3 of the present application is an explanatory diagram of a system in which lithium deuteride 6 is placed in a source material FEED in a solid, liquid or molten state (preferably in a liquid or molten state when it is considered that the source atoms can move by heat and approach each other easily) in a target section T1, and muons (muonic atoms) are irradiated and introduced into the lithium deuteride 6. In (B) of Fig. 3, the lithium deuteride 6 may be heated by a heating means RAMH in the T1 FEED section. (The heating means RAMH may be used to melt the FEED and heat it to make it liquid.) * Lithium 6, which has a larger cross-sectional area than lithium 7, is chemically bonded with deuterium to form a source material FEED, and the source material FEED may be heated by the heating means RAMH. The intention is to promote nuclear fusion using muons by irradiating and injecting muons (muonic atoms) into the FEED, leading to a nuclear fusion system, nuclear fusion reactor, and nuclear fusion reactor. When lithium 6, which has a large cross-sectional area, is chemically bonded with deuterium to form a source material FEED, the cross-sectional area can be made larger than when lithium 7, boron 11, nitrogen 15, oxygen 18, and hydrogen/deuterium are used for nuclear fusion/muon nuclear fusion, which has the advantage of making it easier to carry out nuclear fusion. Between lithium 7 and lithium 6, lithium 6 is preferable in terms of cross-sectional area, and it is preferable to use lithium 6 and deuterium. When using lithium 7, there is a problem of small cross-sectional area, so in one example of the present application, the use may be limited to lithium 6 and deuterium to increase the cross-sectional area and try to solve the problem of small cross-sectional area. <0058> Symbols etc. <Fig. 9> PMP1-XMB: Mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by compression means such as RAM, or mixture MP1-XMB compressed (and/or heated) by compression means such as RAM. RAM: Compression means such as RAM. By laser irradiation
(If the RAM section is of the laser confinement/inertial confinement type, the wavelength of the laser light may be a short wavelength on the blue, ultraviolet, X-ray, or gamma ray side so that the momentum of the photons can be increased.) Inertial confinement nuclear fusion, which irradiates and confines a fuel pellet at the nuclear fusion site, is well known, and in this application, the target section/mixture may be compressed with a laser in the compression section RAM section. (A muon injection process may be added to the laser confinement type inertial confinement nuclear fusion.) The RAM section may irradiate lasers, ion beams, and ion beams containing raw material atoms from multiple emission sections so as to converge on the part containing the raw material atoms (Figure 9). (It is also possible to use inertial types such as Z-pinch or magnetized target types that can compress the raw material atoms and confine them by inertia.) In the RAM section, a laser or ramjet mechanism is used to compress and heat the raw material atoms that serve as the fuel for nuclear fusion, or the compound or mixture in which the raw material atoms are chemically bonded together, with a laser or other means, while irradiating them with muons, thereby making it possible to increase the molecular and atomic motion within the compound molecules or of the compound or mixture by compression and heating. As a result, the particles that are bonded to the muon can come closer to each other due to thermal motion, with the intention of making it easier to cause nuclear fusion by proximity, muon nuclear fusion, and muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, as well as making it easier for the muons that act as catalysts after nuclear fusion to cause the next catalytic reaction (in which they are released and then come close to the next raw material atoms and are captured, and this is repeated). (Even if muons are irradiated onto liquid hydrogen, DT, DD, or TT cooled to an extremely low temperature of several Kelvin, the temperature is low and there is a risk that the effect of bringing the raw material atoms closer together due to thermal motion is low, but if muons, muonic atoms, or muonic hydrogen are introduced into a part compressed and heated by a laser or ramjet section, etc., a proximity effect due to compression or thermal motion can be expected.) RAMH: Heating means. (May be included in the ram section. Means that can remotely irradiate a substance with electromagnetic waves or photons, such as lasers or microwaves, and can heat the substance. For example, in a system using water, hydrogen oxide, and muons, water can be heated by microwaves. Alternatively, the substance may be electromagnetically induced and heated.) For example, when using hydrocarbons as the raw material and using muons in the configurations of Figures 8 and 9 to promote nuclear fusion in carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms that are chemically bonded and close to each other in the hydrocarbon, Figure 9 is more suitable than Figure 8 for heating the raw material with a laser, etc., so the movement of atoms and particles in the raw material becomes more active as the temperature increases due to heating means such as a laser, which may have the effect of promoting muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion. (Heating means such as laser heating, ion beam or neutral particle beam NBI, ion beam or neutral particle beam NBI containing raw material atoms, particle beam combining muons and ions/raw material atoms, millimeter waves, microwaves, etc. may also be used.) RAM and RAMH may be capable of laser irradiation or ion beam irradiation. They may also be capable of laser compression. They may also be capable of laser heating. PUMP: Compressor, pump, motor FEED: Raw material (e.g. boron hydride, (hydrocarbon), hydrogen nitride, hydrogen oxide, etc.) (Liquid or solid targets such as lithium deuteride may also be used. Raw material for nuclear fusion reaction.) FEEDC: Feed control section. It may also include a feed/raw material supply section, a fuel supply section, etc., and a section for removing products after nuclear fusion such as helium. FP: Nuclear Fusion (Promotion) Section <0059><><NB1> A nuclear fusion system using a raw material containing raw material atoms, the raw material being a fluid, gas or liquid raw material, the nuclear fusion system having a process of irradiating and injecting muons into the raw material, the raw material atoms containing two or more raw material atoms with a first atomic number ZA, or the raw material atoms containing one or more atoms with a first atomic number ZA and one or more raw material atoms with a second atomic number ZAA, the atomic number ZA of the raw material atom with the largest atomic number that undergoes a nuclear fusion reaction, and the atomic number ZB of the atom with the largest atomic number among the atoms and particles generated by the nuclear fusion reaction, are the atomic number ZB of the generated atom, which is equal to or smaller than the atomic number ZA. <NB2> The nuclear fusion system according to NB1, characterized in that the atom with the first atomic number ZA and the raw material atom with the second atomic number ZAA that undergo nuclear fusion are chemically bonded, covalently bonded or ionically bonded to each other and are contained in the raw material. <NB3> The nuclear fusion system according to NB1, in which the atom with the first atomic number ZA is boron-11 and nitrogen-15, and the raw atom with the second atomic number ZAA is hydrogen and a proton. <NB4> A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system, characterized in that an atom or particle in which a muon is bonded to or attached to an atomic nucleus, or a muonic atom, is input or injected into the nuclear fusion fuel material. <NB5> A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system, characterized in that after input or injection of a muon or a muonic atom into the nuclear fusion fuel material, the nuclear fusion fuel material is pressurized by a pressurizing means. <NB6> A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system according to NB1, characterized in that after input or injection of a muon or a muonic atom into the nuclear fusion fuel material, the nuclear fusion fuel material is mixed by a pressurizing means. <MMF1> A nuclear fusion system using a source material containing a source atom, the nuclear fusion system having a process of irradiating and injecting muons into the source material, the source atoms (the source atoms contain two or more source atoms of the first atomic number ZA, or the source atoms contain one or more atoms of the first atomic number ZA and one or more source atoms of the second atomic number ZAA, and the source atoms to be fused (or the source atoms of the first atomic number ZA and the source atoms of the second atomic number ZAA) are chemically bonded, covalently bonded, or ionic bonded and contained in the source material. <MMF2> The nuclear fusion system described in MMF1, the atom of the first atomic number ZA is boron-11 and nitrogen-15, the source atoms of the second atomic number ZAA are hydrogen and protons, or the atom of the first atomic number ZA is lithium-6, and the source atoms of the second atomic number ZAA are deuterium. <MMF3> A nuclear fusion system as described in MMF1, in which the atom with the first atomic number ZA is carbon, and the raw material atom with the second atomic number ZAA is hydrogen or a proton (the raw material is methane, a hydrocarbon, or an organic compound containing a bond between carbon and hydrogen). <MMF4> A nuclear fusion system using a raw material containing raw material atoms, the nuclear fusion system having a process of irradiating and injecting muons into the raw material, the raw material being (liquid) lithium deuteride formed by chemically bonding lithium 6 and deuterium. <MHF1> A nuclear fusion system equipped with a heating means RAMH for the raw material FEED, the nuclear fusion system having a process of irradiating and injecting muons and muonic atoms into the raw material FEED. <MHF2> The heating means RAMH uses heating by irradiating the raw material FEED with a laser, ion beam, particle beam, neutral particle beam, ion beam containing raw material atoms, or neutral particle beam, particle beam combining muons and ions or raw material atoms, or uses heating by radio waves, millimeter waves, microwaves, electric fields, or electromagnetic induction for the raw material FEED. <Document name> Document <><Problem> In the known muon catalyzed nuclear fusion, there was a problem that muons (muons) are attached, captured, or trapped by helium, which is the product after nuclear fusion, in nuclear fusion fuel materials such as hydrogen, deuterium D, and tritium T, and catalytic nuclear fusion stops. We wanted to solve the problem that muons are captured by the product after nuclear fusion rather than the nuclear fusion fuel material, making it difficult for the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction to proceed. <Solution> A system is disclosed in which a fusion fuel material/raw material contains a chemically bonded raw material atom with a first atomic number ZA and a raw material atom with a second atomic number ZAA in a muon-based nuclear fusion. A muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion system is proposed that uses lithium hydride containing lithium-6 and deuterium, or diborane containing protons and boron-11, or ammonia containing protons and nitrogen-15. A muon-based nuclear fusion system equipped with a heating means and a compression means is also proposed. <0060><<Addendum from application claiming priority>> The following items have been added to the previous application, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174791, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-196029. <Document name> Document <><Problem> It is desired to make it easier to replace the muon target without stopping the muon nuclear fusion reactor. (We want to reduce the downtime when replacing the target. We want to increase the target life.) We also want to miniaturize the muon generation unit and accelerator. <Solution> A movable target in the form of a wedge or thin disk or plate (insertable) is used in a circular accelerator (fixed field strong convergence accelerator FFAG accelerator, MERIT ring/MERIT accelerator *MERIT: Multiple Energy Recovery Internal Target). The movable target may be replaceable by a replacement device, or may have two or more movable target parts and muon capture solenoids/muon extraction parts, and the movable target part may be moved in and out or back and forth from the outer periphery to the inner periphery of the accelerator (the MOVE part in FIG. 12). Pions and muons may be generated by irradiating the movable target with a proton particle beam. <Form for carrying out the invention><0061><Problem> Problems to be solved by the invention <Problem of activation of muon target and replacement, and reducing downtime when maintenance or muon generation is not possible> When generating muons, an accelerated high-energy proton beam is irradiated onto a muon generation target made of carbon or lithium to generate pions, pions, and muons. During this process, the pion/muon generation target and muon target that are irradiated with the proton beam deteriorate and become activated with use, and require replacement. The target becomes highly activated to a level that makes it difficult for humans to approach. Replacing the muon target poses the problem of stopping the muon generator and muon fusion system. To address this issue, a rotating muon target has been developed in which the target rotates to distribute and average the irradiated time to other parts of a rotatable disk. In a muon fusion system, if the replacement or maintenance of the muon target can be performed without stopping the muon generation unit while the muon fusion system is in operation (if the downtime when muons cannot be generated can be reduced), this may be commercially advantageous (a muon fusion power plant would not have to stop generating power for a span of three weeks, for example, once every six months to replace the muon target). <0062><Solution> Means for solving the problem, form for carrying out the invention <Extending muon target life and reducing downtime with rotating muon target MU-DISK-TGT> In the circular accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING (FFAG accelerator 2MU-FFAG, MERIT ring, MERIT accelerator 2MU-MERIT-RING), (particularly in the MERIT type ring) the muon target part is arranged to protrude in a wedge shape, and the rotating target part is a drug grinder type with a thin and sharp outer periphery (protruding in a sharp shape and wedge shape), or the outer periphery is thin and thin By using the rotating target part MU-DISK-TGT in the shape of a record or disk, resembling a sharp rotating saw (a thin, narrow disk with a sharp outer tip, or a wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, as shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12), we attempt to suppress and average out the activation of the MERIT-type wedge-shaped muon target (fixed muon target), extend the life of the muon target, delay activation, and increase the time that the muon target can be used. *For example, the rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT or MU-DISK-TGT may be a wedge or triangle with the cross section of one side of the disk becoming thinner toward the outer periphery (or a thin disk) as shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12. A movable muon target unit (2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT) may be configured with a rotating means such as a motor for rotating the rotating muon target and a rotating support means such as a bearing, and the muon target part MU-MOVABLE-TGT or MU-DISK-TGT may be inserted (or removed) from the particle beam orbit part of the accelerator (2MU-FFAG, 2MU-ACC-RING, 2MU-MERIT-RING) toward the particle orbit on the outer periphery of the accelerator. The rotating muon target part 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT may be a muon target.
The target section and pion-muon generating section of the pion-muon generating device 2MU may be equipped with the target section. (*If the circular accelerator is likened to a doughnut shape, a rotating target like a rotating saw that can be inserted, removed, and moved in the poloidal direction into the part where particles circulate on the outer periphery of the doughnut and the protruding wedge of the MERIT ring, and a rotating target that can perform an operation like making a cut in the ring with a rotating saw or removing it, may be inserted and removed into the 2MU-MERIT-RING in Figures 10 and 12.) *As shown in Figure 10, a wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, or a rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT with a thin, plate-shaped movable part (the target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT is a rotating target that can be inserted, removed, and moved in the poloidal direction into the wedge-shaped protruding part of the MERIT ring, and a rotating target that can perform an operation like making a cut in the ring with a rotating saw, or removing it, may be inserted and removed into the 2MU-MERIT-RING in Figures 10 and 12.) The shape of the target may be a wedge shape, a shape with a thin part protruding from the ring part, or a thin plate shape so that the particles can recover their energy again inside the MERIT ring or circular accelerator after the MERIT method particle beam hits the target. *In Figure 10, the rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT (wedge-shaped or with a thin part) is inserted into a part of the outer periphery of the accelerator cross section (so as to collide with the orbit of the particle beam that is accelerated and orbiting the outer periphery) like a rotating saw that cuts the outer periphery where the particles pass so as to be perpendicular to the circular or doughnut-shaped toroidal direction of the vacuumed particle accelerator, circular accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring. The muon target is inserted and can rotate. In Fig. 10, Fig. 11, Fig. 12, and Fig. 13, the particle accelerator may be operated and rotated, or the movable muon target may be inserted and moved (MOVE), and the movable muon target may be exchanged (EXCHANGE/SET) while maintaining the vacuum. A motor (MU-TGT-MOT) and bearings (MU-TGT-BRG) are used for rotation. The wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT attached to the axis (AXIS-TGT-BRG) rotates so as to cross the outer periphery of the circular accelerator FFAG MERIT ring (part of the outer periphery of the ring doughnut. *Cross-sectional view C of Fig. 10 S part, cross section CS from point CSP1 to CSP2.) <Replacement and removal of activated parts when muon target is activated> Also, when a wedge-shaped rotating muon target is activated, the activated tip can be cut, cut, or cut to remove the activated part, and the weakly activated part can be recycled and used again, as shown in the right figure of Figure 11. Machines and robots can also be used for unmanned operation. In the case of a rotating muon target, the area near the wedge-shaped and thin part is activated, compared to a fixed target or a rotating target with a thickness, and the thickness and volume of the area irradiated with the proton ion beam can be reduced, which is expected to lead to a reduction in activated radioactive waste. <A system for cutting and maintenance of the beam-irradiated part of the rotating muon target that is about to become activated during muon generation operation and accelerator operation, and for grinding and removing the activated part with a grindstone. A system for cutting, grinding, and removing the target before it becomes highly activated during muon generation operation, accelerator operation, and device operation. > Wedge-shaped rotating muon target As shown in the right diagram of FIG. 11, the rotating target part may be polished or cut by bringing a grindstone or a device capable of polishing or cutting a part of the target close to the irradiated part of the disk while the muon generating part, accelerator, and MERIT ring are in operation. The activated part may also be polished, cut, or removed by a cutting and removing device. (If the polishing is exhausted and the disk surface cannot be polished and formed during operation, the disk may be replaced with a new one by a disk replacement machine or robot arm.) <Use in space> This application also assumes use as the power unit of a spacecraft. For the accelerator system, the vacuum environment of space may be used for the parts that require a vacuum. <0063><Automation of replacement of movable muon target> As an example of a replacement or replacement system for a wedge-shaped rotating muon target for muon generation after proton irradiation activation, and a case where the target is replaced when the muon target extraction port is fixed at one location, a system capable of replacing a muon target is disclosed in FIG. 10. <0064> For example, a device that can replace records/disks (wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT) with a robot arm or the like, such as a jukebox, or a robot part (TGT EXCANGE ROBOT/ARM (JUKE BOX MACHINE A wedge-shaped rotating muon target MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT may be mounted on a rotatable axis (2TGT-EXCHANGE-AXIS) by a motor or the like (2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT) and a magazine section, disk holder, and arm (2TGT-EXCHANGE-ARM) that can be rotated by a rotating means 2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT (like the revolving magazine of a revolver or a revolver), and the wedge-shaped rotating muon target may be replaced by rotating the arm. The replacement may be automated. <0065> FIG. 12 shows a replacement and exchange system for a wedge-shaped rotating target for muon generation after activation by proton irradiation (when two muon extraction ports and solenoids are arranged, and one of the extraction ports is stopped and the target is replaced). Although two systems are required for the muon extraction port and the solenoid/muon irradiation system for the fusion fuel, there is no need for the above-mentioned exchange rotation mechanism, and the irradiation system and the target T1 of the fusion reaction section can also be two systems, with the intention of reducing downtime when power cannot be generated. (There are two systems in Fig. 12, but multiple systems are also possible.) In Fig. 12, two or more wedge-shaped rotating targets and muon capture solenoids/muon extraction sections are provided, and the movable muon target section/wedge-shaped rotating target section MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT can be inserted/removed, moved back and forth, and inserted (at the MOVE position in Fig. 12) from the outer periphery to the inner periphery of the accelerator. By moving (MOVE), pushing out, inserting, withdrawing, and pulling back the movable target section into the MERIT ring, the proton beam can be controlled to collide with the wedge-shaped rotating target section or not by the above-mentioned MOVE step and insertion/removal step, and the pion/muon generation at one of the extraction ports can be controlled on/off. When replacing the target part in Fig. 12, it is completely pulled out and pulled back from the MERIT ring for maintenance replacement. Replacement etc. may be automated using a machine or robot (TGT EXCANGE ROBOT/ARM). <0066><Problem><Miniaturization of the device that generates muons, and the need for a small accelerator and small muon generator> It is preferable to miniaturize the system that generates muons (accelerator, acceleration cavity, bending magnet). When it is desired to mount the above-mentioned nuclear fusion system on transportation equipment, spacecraft, spaceships, aircraft, vehicles, ships, submarines, various facilities, and robots, it is preferable to be able to reduce the size of the system including the accelerator and muon generation device. <0067><Solution> Means for solving the problems, forms for carrying out the invention For the muon generation unit, a multiple energy recovery internal target method (MERIT method) using a fixed field alternating gradient accelerator (FFAG accelerator, FFAG: Fixed Field Alternating Gradient, an accelerator with a constant magnetic field (static magnetic field) and a magnetic field shape that alternates the gradient direction) which is a circular accelerator as a high-intensity muon source is known. A wedge-shaped target such as a proton is placed on the beam orbit inside the ring, and the beam is circulated, stored, accumulated, and accelerated while the beam is irradiated onto the target to generate secondary particles. And, even for those beams that have been irradiated once on the target but have not reacted with the target, they can be (accelerated again) to recover their energy and continue to hit the target many times to generate secondary particles with high efficiency, and this method may be used in the muon generation unit M1 and particle accelerator of the present application. <0068> In the MERIT method, protons injected into the center of the MERIT ring transition to an outer orbit while accelerating and rotating inside, and are injected into the muon target part that protrudes outward in a wedge-like, thin plate-like shape to generate pions and muons, while being accelerated again and recovering energy, colliding with the target again to generate pions and muons. The generated pions and muons are introduced and injected into a muon capture and transport solenoid (MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT SOLENOID in FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13), and then from the above-mentioned part (which may pass through an acceleration part, a deflection part, or various devices as necessary, may remain muons, may become a neutral particle beam, or may become muonic atoms), those containing muons are irradiated and injected into the target part T1 (isotope-selected lithium hydride (lithium deuterium 6), boron hydride, hydrogen nitride, hydrogen oxide, hydrogen fluoride, etc., hydrocarbons, etc., raw material) and fusion reaction part FP of the muon fusion system 1F-SYS. As mentioned above, in this application, a movable muon target part MU-MOVEABLE-TGT and a wedge-shaped rotating target part MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT may be used as the muon target. By using a wedge-shaped rotating target, the target can have a longer life than a fixed wedge-shaped target. The configurations shown in Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 are intended to miniaturize the muon generating device and to extend the life of the target and device (by extending the radioactive time). <0069><AccelerationCavity> A synchrotron or circular accelerator that generates muons may include an acceleration cavity that accelerates the particles and a deflection magnet (such as a quadrupole magnet) that controls, focuses, or bends the trajectory of the accelerated particles or protons. As for the acceleration cavity, it is known that a copper cavity is plated or coated with niobium to make it a superconductor, and a superconducting acceleration cavity may be used because it can reduce power consumption. Furthermore, proton, ion, and particle acceleration methods using plasma with a high-intensity laser (ion and electron acceleration driven by laser plasma, laser wake field acceleration (LWFA), and those using the ponderomotive force of a laser) are known, and the acceleration cavity portion can be made small by using a cavity capable of laser particle acceleration, and since it is considered preferable when used in the acceleration cavity portion of the muon generation portion of a muon fusion reactor mounted on moving equipment such as transportation equipment, spacecraft, aircraft, vehicles, ships, submarines, and exploration robots, which are preferably small in size, a laser-based accelerator or muon generation portion may be configured using the proton acceleration method using plasma with a laser, LWFA, etc. <0070><Bendingmagnet><Muon capture transport solenoid, conductors and electric wires in the system of the present application> 〇 A superconductor may be used for the bending magnet, quadrupole electromagnet, and muon capture solenoid portion. A superconductor may be used in the bending magnet, quadrupole electromagnet, and muon capture solenoid. The present system is provided with a conductor 1WIRE in which a capacitor portion consisting of an insulator, a material portion, and a gate electrode of a transistor can be charged by a voltage applied to the gate electrode disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-123161 (for the purpose of avoiding problems such as increasing the conductivity of carbon materials, or making the conductor lighter by changing copper to a carbon-based material, reducing the amount of copper used, eliminating the cooling procedure and cooling equipment for superconductivity, and refraining from using substances with long half-lives when radioactive, such as niobium, for the conductor portion, bending magnet, quadrupole electromagnet, and muon capture solenoid portion of the system, and a voltage (VGS) is applied between a first electrode (106) and a second electrode (102) to form a carrier introduction portion (104) in a material portion (101), and the conductivity of the material portion (101) including the carrier introduction portion (104) can be changed, and the material portion (101) of the element includes a channel portion of a transistor, and the carrier introduction portion (104) is connected to the channel portion.
The muon generator/particle accelerator of the present application may include a conductor 1WIRE, the first electrode (106) of the element being the gate electrode (106) of a transistor, the second electrode (102) of the element being the source electrode (102) of a transistor, and the element being characterized in that a capacitor portion consisting of the insulator (105), the material portion (101), and the gate electrode (106) of the transistor can be charged by the voltage (VGS) applied to the gate electrode (106), or a conductor in which a capacitor portion consisting of the insulator, material portion, and gate electrode of the transistor can be charged by a voltage applied to the gate electrode, the material portion being a porous film or a conductor 1WIRE having a space that serves as a gap with respect to the total volume of the material portion, or a conductor 1WIRE in which the surface area of the interface where the material portion and the insulator are in contact is larger than the total area of the material portion. The particle accelerator/muon generator/nuclear fusion system of the present application may include an electric circuit including the 1WIRE. <0071><Magnetic levitation method of bearing> A known bearing or support means may be used as a part that supports the movable muon target part when it is moved. Alternatively, a magnetic levitation type bearing may be used to increase the lifespan. The system of the present application is also considered for use in outer space, spacecraft, and spaceship, and outer space may be a vacuum or weightless environment. In the weightless environment (or using the weightless environment of outer space while providing magnetic levitation, magnetic transport, movement, levitation control, and levitation mechanisms), a rotating muon target part that rotates in a vacuum may be configured in a spacecraft in outer space, and the rotating muon target part may be inserted so as to pass through a part of a cross section obtained by cutting the outer periphery of the MERIT ring in the poloidal direction as shown in FIG. 10, and rotate. <Utilization of the vacuum and zero gravity of outer space> The system of the present application, the muon generation unit of the present application, the MERIT ring-type particle accelerator and the movable muon target and muon capture solenoid of Figures 10 to 13, and the nuclear fusion system unit 1F-SYS may utilize the vacuum and zero gravity environment of outer space for their operation. For example, the inside of the accelerator's accelerating tube and cavity may be evacuated and constructed with strength to withstand the force of atmospheric pressure, which may result in a heavy accelerator using steel materials and the like to ensure strength. On the other hand, since outer space is already a high vacuum and there is no atmosphere or atmospheric pressure, there are fewer strength-ensuring parts and vacuum pumps to keep the accelerator in a vacuum, and the number of parts and launch weight can be reduced, which can reduce costs when lifting components from the earth to outer space. Therefore, devices and systems such as the nuclear fusion system, particle accelerator, and pion-muon generation system of the present application may be used in outer space. The system of the present invention may also be mounted on space transportation equipment, spacecraft, space station, spaceship, and exploration robots for use as a power source or power source for the movement and operation of the equipment, or for particle use in particle experiments. <0072><Another form of rotatable/movable muon target part> In Figs. 10-12, the rotating muon target is disk-shaped, but the shape is not limited thereto. For example, as shown in Fig. 13, a target part is attached to the rotating tip part/saw chain part of a chainsaw to form a movable muon target part, and the muon target part may rotate so that the saw chain part passes through a part of the cross section cut in the poloidal direction of the outer periphery of the MERIT ring as shown in Fig. 10, the saw chain part is inserted and circulated in the accelerator, and returns to the chain catcher part, and the muon target part on the tip may generate pions and muons by collision with energetic ions, protons, and particles. From the viewpoint of activation, the target part is preferably a light element, and an element with low Z such as lithium or carbon is used. (For elements with a large Z, the half-life is long when activated, and management costs are a concern.) The tip part may be removed when activated or before the degree of activation becomes strong, and replaced with a new wedge-shaped or thin tip-shaped muon target. The muon target may be movable and pass through the particle irradiation part in the particle accelerator, FFAG, and MERIT ring of the present invention. <6><0073><MT1> Figures 10, 11, 12, and 13 are explanatory diagrams of the particle accelerator and MERIT ring that generate and capture pion muons and irradiate and input muons to the muon utilization system and muon nuclear fusion system, the movable protruding and inserted wedge-shaped and thin movable muon target and rotating muon target, the pion muon generation part that is generated by the collision of energetic particles and particle beams with the target, the pion muon generation part, and the muon capture solenoid that captures the pion muons and transports them to the target part. ●In this application, we would like to miniaturize the size of the muon-based nuclear fusion system so that it can be mounted on the above-mentioned transportation equipment, and the acceleration cavity of the circular accelerator may be a superconductor, a laser wakefield acceleration type acceleration cavity, or an acceleration cavity using a laser. ●Moveable muon targets and rotating muon targets may be replaced unmanned or by machine, so that humans do not approach highly activated targets or components using a machine or robot arm. ●The muon target is movable so that the particle accelerator, nuclear fusion system, and power generation system do not have to be stopped (to reduce the above-mentioned downtime) due to the replacement of the muon target due to the activation and deterioration of the target, and the particle beam is not continuously irradiated on one point for a long period of time, and the particle beam is irradiated on other surfaces of the target, dispersing the irradiated area and making the target available for a long period of time. <MT2> Figure 12 shows an example of a system that has two movable targets, a muon capture solenoid, and two muon extraction ports, then injects muons toward two fusion systems and fusion reactors, and irradiates the target T1 and fusion reaction point FP in the fusion system to promote muon fusion (or irradiates various muon-related experiments and muons to nuclear transmutation of radioactive waste, nuclear fusion, and muon application experiments). One of the two extraction ports is stopped, and the movable target at that location is replaced and maintained. In Figure 13, the movable target can be replaced and maintained at the part that catches the movable target. <0074> Symbols, etc. <Fig. 10> MU-MOVEABLE-TGT: (muon) target part with movable part receiving particle beam MU-DISK-TGT: Muon target part, which may be disk-shaped, with rotatable part receiving particle beam MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT: Muon target part, which may be movable and disk-shaped, with the part receiving beam irradiation being thin, and the cross-sectional shape becoming thinner toward the outer periphery of the disk, and the muon target part being wedge-shaped. MU-TGT-BRG: Support means such as bearings for supporting the part that moves when moving and rotating, AXIS-TGT-BRG: Rotation axis when moving and rotating 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT: Means for moving the muon target part and the muon target, and a target unit part equipped with a motor and bearings. 2MU: An example of the muon generation part M1. (It may include a target, accelerator, charge exchange beam injector, charge adjusting section, proton particle beam injector, proton particle beam accelerator section, muon capture solenoid, etc.) The muon at M1 may be bound to a proton or atomic nucleus to generate a (neutral particle beam) muonic atom MP1. 2MU-ACC-RING: Circular accelerator, particle accelerator 2MU-FFAG: FFAG accelerator 2MU-MERIT-RING: MERIT ring-type accelerator (The target at the wedge-shaped section may be movable and inserted. A movable muon target that becomes thinner toward the inserted tip may be inserted. The muon target section may be formed on the outer periphery of a rotatable disk or the tip of a chainsaw and made movable. A proton particle beam is irradiated to the inner circumference of the circle, and then the accelerator and the ring are inserted. The particles may be accelerated in a circular or spiral manner by the ring, and may transition to a high energy and high speed on the outer periphery side, and then may decelerate while colliding with the muon target, which may be movable, or may recover energy and be able to collide with the target again. (An accelerator in which the particles may decelerate due to the target collision and move in the inner periphery direction, or may accelerate again and transition to the outer periphery to collide again, and an accelerator in which the particles are stored, accumulated, and re-accelerated within the ring.) 2MU-FFAG-CS, 2MU-ACC-RING-CS, 2MU-MERIT-RING -CS: A cross section of the accelerator when the accelerator is likened to a doughnut, which is a cross section perpendicular to the toroidal direction and cut in the poloidal direction, between points CSP1 and CSP2. Circular accelerator - A movable target (e.g. a thin disk-shaped muon target) inserted into the cross section CS of the particle beam accelerated to high energy on the outer periphery of the MERIT ring can be inserted in the outer periphery of the circle of the accelerator cross section and moved. CS: Cross section CS between points CSP1 and CSP2 <Fig. 12> - Muon This is an explanatory diagram of a system for replacing and exchanging the rotating target for generation after proton irradiation activation. Two movable muon targets that can be inserted, removed, and moved inside the accelerator, muon extraction ports, and muon capture solenoids are arranged, and one of the extraction ports is stopped, the muon target is removed from the accelerator, and the muon target is replaced. 2MU-GEN-ROT-TGT: A movable muon target unit system that can be moved, inserted, and ejected inside the accelerator. MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT SOLENOID: Muon capture and transport solenoid <Fig. 11> 2TGT-EXCHANGE: Device for exchanging movable muon target with mechanical robot, target exchange unit 2TGT-EXCHANGE-ARM: Arm unit of exchange unit, robot arm 2TGT-EXCHANGE-AXIS: Rotation axis of exchange unit 2TGT-EXCHANGE-MOT: Motor of exchange unit *It may be a device like the record exchange unit of a jukebox. TGT EXCANGE ROBOT/ARM: (JUKE BOX MACHINE LIKE) <Fig. 13> Example of movable muon target, an example with a part that makes the chainsaw-like (or cableway-like, ropeway and lift-like) target movable. CHAIN-CATCHER: The chain catcher of the chainsaw, which is also the part where the muon target part MU-MOVEABLE-TGT on the saw chain can be replaced by a machine such as a robot arm. Chain-Sow-and-TGT: The guide bar part that guides the saw chain part to which the muon target TGT of the chainsaw is attached. (In FIG. 13, the muon may be decelerated by the muon decelerator MUDECE.) <0075><><MT1> A rotatable disk-shaped muon target, or a rotatable/movable target part MU-MOVEABLE-TGT A muon generation unit having a MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT, a muon target unit, a muon target, and a target (for example, a muon generation unit having a disk-shaped muon target with a cross section from the inner circumference to the outer circumference that is thick/broad on the outer circumference and thin/narrow/sharp on the outer circumference, or a disk with a thick center and thin on the outer circumference (the outer circumference of the disk/wheel is thin/pointed/wedge-shaped pointed disk, or a grinding wheel, or a rotating saw shape) in which the disk-shaped muon target is irradiated with a proton beam/particle beam at a point on the outer circumference of the circle of the circular accelerator or its surrounding area, and is capable of generating pions, pions, and muons. <MT2> A muon generation unit according to MT1, having a target unit using lithium/carbon (a material with a low atomic number Z) capable of generating pions and muons. Muon generation unit. <MT3> A muon generation unit in which the muon target part is dynamic and movable, or a muon generation unit (-muon target) that can move the part to be activated as the muon target part and disperse the part to be activated on a disk or plate. <MTEX1> A muon generation unit in which the muon target can be replaced by a machine or tool, and a rotatable disk-shaped muon target or a rotatable/movable target part (MU-MOVEABLE-TGT/MU-WEDGE-DISK-TGT) is used as the exchangeable accelerator (-muon generation unit/muon nuclear fusion system). <MERMT1> The target part of the rotatable/movable target part MU-MOVEABLE-TGT described in MT1 is rotated so that the outer periphery is partially rotated so that it is perpendicular to the circumference of the circle in the circumferential direction/toroidal direction of the MERIT ring/FFAG ring/circular accelerator/donut-shaped accelerator.
An accelerator (target, muon generator, muon fusion system, transportation equipment equipped with a muon fusion system) that can insert/remove/position the muon target in the cross section to be cut (cross section cut in the poloidal direction, poloidal cross section) in the portion of the orbit through which a proton beam/particle beam passes. <MERLSR1> (For the purpose of miniaturizing the accelerator's accelerating cavity) A method of accelerating protons using plasma by a laser, laser plasma-driven ion/electron acceleration, laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA), an accelerator that uses the ponderomotive force of a laser (muon generator, muon fusion system, transportation equipment equipped with a muon fusion system). <0076><<Addendum from application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous application, Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Patent Application No. 2023-174791, Patent Application No. 2023-196029, and Patent Application No. 2023-196327. (This application is a device and requires demonstration) <<<Description of raw materials and fuel materials for muon nuclear fusion system and muon nuclear transmutation system>>><Form for carrying out the invention><Electronegativity: Perspective of the relative measure of the strength with which an atom attracts electrons> Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atomic nucleus to attract electrons and negative charges. According to Allen's electronegativity, fluorine electrons have a higher electronegativity than helium atoms, and it is expected that they will attract electrons and muons more easily. Therefore, according to Allen's electronegativity, when hydrogen fluoride is irradiated with muons to cause nuclear fusion and produce helium, the muons may be more likely to be attracted to the fluorine in the hydrogen fluoride than to the helium produced after nuclear fusion, in terms of electronegativity. From this perspective, the present invention can also be implemented by introducing muons into hydrogen fluoride (or hydrogen fluoride in the form of a liquid or gaseous fluid) to promote nuclear fusion. <From the perspective of effective nuclear charge> Regarding effective nuclear charge, the effective nuclear charge felt by the 1S orbital is [helium He: 1.688, hydrogen H: 1.000, lithium Li: 2.691, beryllium Be: 3.685, boron B: 4.680, carbon C: 5.673, nitrogen N: 6.665, oxygen: 7.658, fluorine F: 8.650, neon Ne: 9.642, sodium Na: 10.626, potassium K: 18.490, rubidium Rb: 36.208, cesium Cs: larger than Rb]. In terms of effective nuclear charge, when a fusion reaction occurs in which a muon is injected into a system containing boron or nitrogen (and hydrogen) to produce helium, the effective nuclear charge of the fusion fuel boron or nitrogen is greater than that of the fusion product helium, and muons are expected to be attracted to boron or nitrogen, which have a greater effective nuclear charge than helium, and may be used in the fusion system of the present application. Regarding the fusion reaction system, the present invention may use a fusion reaction system in which the effective nuclear charge of the fusion fuel nuclei is greater than that of the fusion product nuclei. (A fusion reaction system having raw material atoms used for fusion that have an effective nuclear charge greater than the effective nuclear charge of the nuclei produced by fusion may be used.) <Perspective of muon fusion in molecules with chain or polymer structure><Chain or polymer boron hydride> Boron atoms may take on a chain or polymer structure as a hydride. Also, as mentioned above, there are compounds of hydrogen, beryllium, and boron, and these may be used. Borane boron hydrides may be used as muon fusion fuel in the present invention. (Examples of borane boron hydrides: BH3, B2H6, B2H2, B2H4, B4H10, B5H9, B5H11, B6H10, B6H12, B10H14, B18H22) In muon catalyzed fusion, it is considered necessary to sustain the catalytic reaction and increase the number of muon catalyzed fusions of boron and hydrogen per muon, and it is considered advantageous to earn a large number of fusions within one molecule, so in the present invention, it is preferable to use chain-like or polymeric boron hydrides with a long number of boron connections for muon catalyzed fusion. *Boron has an anion of boron hydride (e.g. dodecaborate, chemical formula [B12H12]2-). On the other hand, the cation paired with the anion of the dodecaborate may be lithium, sodium, cesium, etc., but in terms of effective nuclear charge, if cesium or sodium cations larger than the effective nuclear charge of boron are used, they may be trapped by sodium instead of boron, causing the muon fusion to stop, so for example, lithium cations may be bonded to the boron hydride anion. The following reaction formulas for 2LiB3H8 and Li2[B12H12] are assumed for the production of this substance. 5NaBH4+BF3->2NaB3H8+3NaF+2H2, 2NaB3H8->NA2[B12H12] (existing manufacturing examples using Na) 5LiBH4+BF3->2LiB3H8+3LiF+2H2, 2LiB3H8->Li2[B12H12] (examples using Li. Demonstration and investigation required) Lithium borohydride LiBH4 may also be used as the muon nuclear fusion fuel of the present invention. <Chain-like or polymeric nitrogen hydrides and azanes> Nitrogen atoms may take on chain-like or polymeric structures as hydrides. In the present invention, azanes may be used as the fuel material for muon nuclear fusion. (Examples of azanes: NH3, N2H4, N3H5, N4H6, N5H7, N6H8, N7H9, N8H10, N9H11, N10H12, and azanes with more nitrogen atoms) *For hydrogen molecules H2 (H2 has a melting point of minus 259 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of minus 252.7 degrees Celsius) and nitrogen molecules N2 (N2 has a melting point of minus 209 degrees Celsius and a boiling point of minus 195 degrees Celsius), the nitrogen molecules are solid and the hydrogen molecules are gaseous at temperatures below 209 degrees Celsius, so N2 and H2 may not mix easily. (It may be difficult to have a configuration in which nitrogen molecules and hydrogen molecules are both in liquid state and close to each other to promote nuclear fusion.) On the other hand, in the present application, a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen can be used, and nitrogen atoms and hydrogen atoms are bonded and mixed within the compound molecule, so there is an advantage that it is possible to cause a nuclear fusion reaction using nitrogen atoms, hydrogen atoms, and muons within the compound/azane molecule. In the case of boron, the melting point of boron itself is 2076 degrees Celsius, so it cannot be mixed with hydrogen molecules, which are gaseous, at 2076 degrees Celsius. Therefore, in this application, hydrogen and boron are chemically bonded to form boron hydride, and muons are then introduced into the boron hydride to bring the hydrogen and boron closer together within the molecule, causing a nuclear fusion reaction. <From the perspective of muon nuclear fusion of hydrocarbons> When methane CH4, which is made up of 12C and 1H, is irradiated with muons, the hydrogen bonded to carbon 12 undergoes nuclear fusion to become nitrogen 13, and then hydrogen fuses to become oxygen 14, and then hydrogen fuses to become fluorine 15, which can decay to oxygen 14 after a short lifespan (1.1zsec, 10-21 seconds, zeptoseconds) by releasing one proton (proton emission). *If oxygen-14 can be fused with hydrogen again, it may be possible to fuse oxygen-14 with fluorine-15 as described above, and fluorine-15 may release a proton as described above and return to oxygen-14, so fusion fuel using carbon-12 and hydrogen may be used in the muon fusion system of the present invention. When methane consisting of 13C and 1H is irradiated with muons, hydrogen fuses with carbon-13 to form nitrogen-14, hydrogen then fuses with carbon-13 to form oxygen-15, and hydrogen then fuses with carbon-16 to form fluorine-16. Fluorine-16 releases a proton in its short lifespan (21 zsec, 10-21 seconds) to form oxygen-15, so it can be fused with hydrogen again to repeat the process of releasing protons and decaying. Methane can also be liquefied, and liquefying it allows methane molecules to come closer together than when they are gaseous, which is expected to make it easier to cause a muon catalytic reaction. For example, a fusion system in which muons are irradiated to liquefied methane CH4 consisting of 12C and 1H. (In the table of isotope nuclides, if hydrogen is bonded to carbon-12 and the type of element is changed in the horizontal direction (Z increasing by 1), it will reach fluorine-15, which is an unstable nuclide, and it is assumed that a system will be created in which fluorine-15 decays to oxygen-14 and then fuses with hydrogen repeatedly, and this system may be used for muon fusion.) * When hydrogen molecules are irradiated with muons, helium alpha rays are generated that are stable, have a long life, and have a larger effective nuclear charge than the hydrogen fuel, and the muon catalyzed fusion reaction stops when the muon is trapped in the helium. On the other hand, in this application, for example, when helium is generated by nuclear fusion from hydrogen and boron or nitrogen fuel, the effective nuclear charge of the boron or nitrogen fuel is larger than that of helium, and the intention is to trap the muon in the boron or nitrogen fuel to sustain the catalytic reaction. In the case of muon fusion using hydrogen and carbon-12 as fuel, hydrogen atoms are fused twice with carbon-12 to form oxygen-14, and oxygen-14 and hydrogen are fused with muon to generate fluorine-15, which decays and releases hydrogen, which has a smaller effective nuclear charge than oxygen-14, as protons, with the intention of sustaining the muon-catalyzed fusion reaction between oxygen-14 and hydrogen atoms. <Use of carbon> Carbon-12 may be irradiated with muons to promote nuclear fusion reactions, nuclear spallation reactions, and nuclear transmutation. Carbon-12 is produced from three alpha rays and helium nuclei (beryllium-8 and helium), but if it is possible to cause the reverse decomposition reaction of carbon-12 into three alpha rays by irradiating it with muons and elementary particles, the above reaction may be used. In the present application, a nuclear fusion system or a nuclear reactor system may be constructed using a nuclear fusion reaction using carbon and muons. In the present application, a chain or polymer carbon compound may be included in the muon fusion fuel. For example, graphite made of carbon-12. <Perspective on irradiating carbon-12 with muons> ○ When carbon-12 is irradiated with muons, the muons and the protons in carbon-12 may be replaced by neutrons through weak interactions, decreasing the atomic number Z by one, and becoming boron-12. Boron-12 has two decay modes, with the mainstream (99.4%) negative beta decay producing carbon-12, and the (0.6%) negative beta decay producing one alpha ray and beryllium-8, which produces two alpha rays with a short half-life. Therefore, when carbon-12 is irradiated with muons, it may emit energy while producing two alpha rays via beryllium-8 through positive beta decay, so in this application, a nuclear fusion system, nuclear transmutation system, or experimental system that injects muons into carbon-12 may be implemented or configured. ○ Beryllium-8 may have a structure of two helium particles in its atomic nucleus, and is stabilized by (decaying) into helium particles. Carbon-12 may have a structure of three helium particles in its nucleus, and may decay to stabilize it by adding some energy or means to release three helium particles and energy. (The image is that carbon decays and releases bond energy, just like the nuclear fusion of protons and boron releases helium and decays into helium, releasing energy.) *To produce carbon-12 from helium-3 (via beryllium-8), it is necessary to be in the Hoyle state. The Hoyle state is a state that exists at an excitation energy of 7.65 MeV in the carbon-12 nucleus. *Negative muons are captured by the Coulomb field of the nucleus to form muonic atoms. When a negative muon is captured by the nucleus in a nucleus N(Z,A) with atomic number Z and mass number A, the muon binds to a proton as an elementary process in the nucleus to form a neutron, neutrino, electron neutrino, and muon neutrino. *It is believed that most of the muon's rest mass energy of 106 MeV is carried away by the neutrino as kinetic energy, leaving about 10-20 MeV as nuclear excitation energy.
* In the capture reaction of a muonic nucleus of an atomic number Z, multiple neutrons are emitted from the compound nuclear excited state (20 to 10 MeV) of the Z-1 nucleus, and an isotope of the Z-1 nucleus is produced. When a muon is captured by a carbon-12 atom, it becomes boron-12 and can excite the boron-12 nucleus to 20 to 10 MeV. Or it can excite a carbon atom to 20 to 10 MeV. (Boron-12 becomes carbon-12 in 20 milliseconds or decays into two alpha rays via beryllium-8.) Here, when a muon is captured by carbon-12 and the carbon-12 is excited to 10 MeV or more based on the rest mass energy of the muon, energy exceeding 7.65 MeV, the excitation energy to the Hoyle state of carbon-12, is given to the carbon nucleus. And the excited carbon-12 (if it then proceeds to decompose into three helium atoms) may generate and output the energy of the carbon atom when it was bound to the nucleus, gamma rays, and three alpha rays and helium nuclei. * When boron-11 and a proton are fused, three helium-4 and an energy of 8.7 MeV can be generated through highly energized and excited carbon-12. In this application, carbon-12 is irradiated with muons to excite carbon-12 to the foil state, and the excited carbon can generate three helium-4 and an energy of 8.7 MeV (3.76 + 2 * 2.26 [MeV]). Based on the above assumption, in the present invention, a muon nuclear fusion system or muon nuclear transmutation system may be constructed and implemented in which three alpha rays and energy (gamma rays) can be generated when a muon is irradiated to a carbon nucleus (carbon-12) that is a nuclear fusion fuel or nuclear transmutation fuel. <From the perspective of carbon-13> Carbon in nature includes carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. When carbon-13 is irradiated with a muon, the proton in carbon-13 is replaced by a neutron through a weak interaction between the muon and the carbon-13, decreasing the atomic number Z by one, and it can become boron-13. Boron-13 has two decay modes, the mainstream (99.7%) negative beta decay produces carbon-13, and the (0.2%) positive beta decay produces carbon-12. Carbon-12 is as described above. * A hydrocarbon compound in which a proton is bound to carbon-13 can be irradiated with a muon to fuse the proton to the carbon-13, producing nitrogen-14, gamma rays, and 7.54 MeV of energy, so it can be used in the nuclear fusion system and nuclear transmutation system of the present application. * In the carbon-carbon nuclear fusion process, although it may be difficult to occur, muon nuclear fusion of two carbon-12 can produce magnesium-24, gamma rays, and 13.3 MeV of energy. And because 13.3 MeV exceeds the excitation energy of 7.65 MeV to the foil state of carbon-12, if that energy is used for excitation, carbon-12 can be put into a foil state with muons present, and the excited carbon-12 (if it subsequently proceeds to decompose into three heliums) may generate and output the energy of the carbon nucleus when it was bonded, gamma rays, and three alpha rays and helium nuclei. (However, in this carbon-carbon reaction, it seems that atoms with a larger Z than carbon, such as magnesium, are produced and may trap the muon. If it is difficult to produce atoms with a larger Z than carbon, such as magnesium, then the carbon-12 that has been excited by muon irradiation to become a muonic carbon atom (if it subsequently proceeds to decompose into three heliums) may generate and output the energy of the carbon nucleus when it was bonded, gamma rays, and three alpha rays and helium nuclei. Carbon allotropes, graphite, graphene, diamond, and hexagonal carbon nitride in which carbon-12 is replaced with nitrogen-14, and boron nitride, which does not contain carbon, are all made of carbon-12. When muons are irradiated onto each of the elemental BN atoms, there may be differences due to the presence or absence of carbon-12 and the presence or absence of nearby carbon-12.) <From the perspective of nearby carbon atoms and excited carbon atoms> When carbon-12 irradiated with a muon becomes an excited carbon atom 12C* and decays into three alpha rays, the excitation energy (or the muon and the excitation energy) can be transferred to the next or adjacent carbon-12 atom, successively exciting and generating excited carbon-12 atoms (12C*), and then the decay of 12C* into helium-4 can be repeated, making it possible to continue extracting energy from the nuclear transmutation of carbon-12 into helium. For example, if there is a polymer of hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes, paraffins, alkenes, olefins, polyacetylenes) containing carbon-12 carbon chains and hydrogen, and the polymer is irradiated with muons, the carbon-12 and the muons combine to generate muonic carbon-12 atoms excited from the ground state, which then have energy equal to or greater than the Hoyle state, generating three helium-4 atoms, which can be transmuted to generate energy, and may be used in the nuclear transmutation system of the present application and the energy generation system and power generation system to which it is applied. If the energy for muon or carbon atom excitation can be transferred to adjacent carbon-12 atoms in the polymer (using the muons as a catalyst for nuclear transmutation), a reaction (intramolecular muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation reaction) can be carried out in which adjacent carbon-12 atoms in the polymer are transmuted into helium one after another (using the muons as a catalyst for nuclear transmutation). For example, when the polymer is used instead of gas molecules such as borane or methane, the carbon atoms are bonded and close to each other in the polymer, so that the distance over which the muon (or the excitation energy of the muon and the carbon atom) is transferred to the next atom can be reduced, compared to transferring muons between other gas molecules or liquid molecules (such as methane) that are physically far away. In the present invention, it is considered to be advantageous to earn many nuclear transmutations within one molecule, so nuclear transmutation may be promoted by irradiating a polymer of hydrocarbon molecules containing carbon chains and hydrogen, including carbon-12, with muons. If excited carbon-12 (12C*) is something like an exciton, the excited state is transferred (quantum mechanically tunneled) between adjacent excited atoms and ground atoms by resonance and energy exchange (such as the inter- and intramolecular energy transfer of excitons in photosynthesis, or the excitation energy transfer of excitons in resonance energy transfer (Förster mechanism) or charge transfer (Dexter mechanism)), and the excitation energy and the excited state of carbon-12 may be transferred to adjacent carbon atoms, and carbon-12 may be transmuted into helium-4. (For example, in the Förster mechanism, the Förster resonance energy transfer efficiency/FRET efficiency changes inversely proportional to the sixth power of the distance between the atoms/molecules of the donor and the acceptor, and the smaller the distance, the higher the FRET efficiency. If the donor carbon-12 (12C*) excited by receiving the muon of the present application transfers the excitation energy to another acceptor carbon-12, the shorter the distance, the higher the efficiency is expected to be.) In one embodiment of the present application, in order to shorten the distance, carbon-12 may be bonded together to form a molecule to shorten the distance between the carbon-12, and the molecule may be irradiated with a muon. <Configuration using carbon and hydrogen> For example, (although it is unclear whether the reaction can be performed below, and it is assumed that nuclear fusion simply increases the number of neutrons and protons in the atomic nucleus), nitrogen-15 (15N7) may be produced when deuterium D (2H1) is bonded to carbon-13 (13C6) and muon nuclear fusion is achieved. Nitrogen-15 is also expected to react with hydrogen and undergo nuclear fusion, and may be used in the nuclear fusion system of the present invention. When carbon-12 (12C6) is combined with tritium T (3H1) and muon fusion is achieved, nitrogen-15 (15N7) is produced, and may be used. For example, the muon fusion fuel (aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon consisting of carbon-13 and deuterium) [(13C6)n(2H1)2n+2], [(13C6)n(2H1+1H1)2n+2], which uses carbon-13 for the carbon atom of methane/aliphatic saturated hydrocarbon (CnH2n+2, n is the carbon number) and deuterium for the hydrogen atom, may be used in the muon fusion system of the present invention. Methane and aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons consisting of carbon-13 and deuterium can be used in the muon nuclear fusion system of the present application because they can undergo muon nuclear fusion with n carbon-13s in the molecule to produce nitrogen-15, which can then be fused with hydrogen atoms remaining in the molecule. Nitrogen-15 and protons can be fused with carbon-12, helium-4, and energy. Methane and aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons [(14C6)n(1H1)2n+2] consisting of carbon-14 and hydrogen and protons can be used in the muon nuclear fusion system of the present application because they can undergo muon nuclear fusion with n carbon-14s in the molecule to produce nitrogen-15, which can then be fused with hydrogen atoms remaining in the molecule. <Examples><NCT1> A nuclear transmutation system characterized by introducing and irradiating muons into carbon-12 to convert it into helium-4. <NCT2> A power generation system using the energy generated by the nuclear transmutation system described in NCT1. <NCT3> A nuclear transmutation system characterized by introducing muons into carbon atoms. <NCT4> A nuclear transmutation system using muons, characterized in that the atomic number Z or effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom A, which is the raw material for nuclear transmutation during nuclear transmutation, is greater than the atomic number Z or effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom X generated after nuclear transmutation of the atom. <CMF1> A nuclear fusion system characterized in that a muon is injected into a carbon atom. <CMF2> A muon nuclear fusion system characterized in that a muon is injected into a compound or molecule of carbon and hydrogen. <CMF3> A muon nuclear transmutation system characterized in that a muon is injected into a compound or molecule of carbon and hydrogen to convert a carbon atom nucleus into another atomic nucleus. <ACM1> A muon nuclear transmutation system that uses a muon to fuse atoms A and B to produce atom X. <ACM2> A nuclear transmutation system according to ACM1, characterized in that gallium-68, copper-63, silver-107, gold-197, platinum-195 (and the like) are obtained from atom X after atom X is generated using atom A, atom B, and a muon, or from atom Y obtained by decaying atom X. <ACM3> An atom produced using the nuclear transmutation system according to ACM2. <0077><<< Description of muon target and meson generation device >>><Problem> When a carbon material using carbon atoms or a target made of bulk carbon is used as a muon target, there is a problem that the carbon atoms are highly activated through high-energy proton irradiation. In addition, there may be a similar problem when beryllium or lithium is used as the target. We would like to devise a system that makes the muon target less likely to be activated. In addition, when the muon target undergoes a knockout reaction, the atomic nuclei in the target are converted and become alpha rays, etc., and escape, increasing the number of voids, making the target brittle and unusable, and making it necessary to replace the target, but we would like to devise a system that reduces the burden and labor required for target replacement. <Solution 1><Form for carrying out the invention><Selection of isotopes constituting the muon target> To generate muons, a proton (or an atomic nucleus/particle such as alpha rays or helium) is injected into and collided with a target atomic nucleus with atomic number Z. At this time, the atomic nucleus is impacted and the constituent protons and neutrons should fly out of the atomic nucleus. After that, the target or the part containing the target atomic nucleus can be (highly) activated by becoming some kind of radioactive isotope. (Activation of muon target during muon generation, knockout reaction) For example, when carbon is used as a muon target, if a process for selecting a single isotope has not been performed, the target can contain carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14. Carbon-12 (natural abundance ratio approximately 98.9%) is knocked out by bombarding it with accelerated protons, and (alpha particles are knocked out by the knockout reaction of the atomic nucleus) beryllium-8 and alpha rays can be generated. Beryllium-8 can decay into two alpha rays with a half-life of 8.19 x 10 -17 seconds. Similarly, carbon-13 (natural abundance 1.1%) can be spalled by bombarding it with protons to produce beryllium-9 and alpha rays. When beryllium-9 is produced on a muon target, it can subsequently collide with protons irradiated onto the target, resulting in a knockout reaction. Furthermore, when carbon-14 is present, the nucleus can be spalled by bombarding it with protons to produce beryllium-10 and alpha rays. Beryllium-10 is an isotope with a half-life of over one million years. Muons containing carbon-14 can also be spalled by bombarding them with protons to produce beryllium-10 and alpha rays.
If a muon target is bombarded with protons to generate muons, and a carbon-14 nucleus is knocked out by the protons to generate one helium nucleus, an alpha ray, and beryllium-10, it is assumed that the muon target may be activated for a long period of time. If the above assumption actually occurs in a muon target, it is necessary to artificially control the ratio of isotopes constituting the muon target and the type of atomic nucleus so that a radioactive isotope such as beryllium-10 is not generated in a muon target using carbon. For example, if the above assumption actually occurs, the degree of activation of a muon target using carbon may be reduced by using only carbon-12 (or only carbon isotopes that do not generate radioactive isotopes after knockout). A muon target consisting of only carbon-12 may be activated to a different degree compared to a muon target containing carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14, so it may be necessary to select the isotope of the muon target so that it is a single type. *For example, the muon target using carbon may be a target made of graphite or carbon allotropes composed only of carbon-12. The muon target using carbon may be a muon target not containing carbon-14. *The target may have a movable portion where protons are irradiated, and may be a movable target such as a thin disk target portion where the portion where protons are irradiated can rotate along a circular orbit as shown in FIG. 10. (According to the above-mentioned invention of the present application, in order to prevent the generation of beryllium-10, which has a half-life of more than 1 million years, by a nuclear spallation reaction caused by proton collisions, it is presumed that it is useful to separate carbon-14 and use a muon target composed only of carbon-12, and the present invention can use a muon target using only carbon-12.) <Nuclear transmutation on a muon target> In addition to the knockout reaction, when a nuclear fusion reaction occurs due to the collision when high-energy protons (or alpha rays, or other atomic nuclei beam lines) capable of causing nuclear fusion are collided with atomic nuclei in the target portion, new nuclides and isotopes can be generated in the muon target portion by nuclear fusion. For example, beryllium-9 is produced from carbon-13 by a knockout reaction, and then beryllium-9 (with a large cross-sectional area) collides with the irradiated proton and undergoes nuclear fusion to produce alpha rays and lithium-6, or deuterium and alpha rays. Lithium-6 can then undergo homonuclear fusion with the next arriving proton. For example, carbon-12 can collides with the irradiated proton and undergoes nuclear fusion to produce nitrogen-13 or deuterium and alpha rays. Lithium-6 can then undergo homonuclear fusion with the next arriving proton. If a bulk solid target containing carbon, beryllium, boron, lithium, or the like is used, the knockout reaction may cause nuclear spallation, emitting alpha rays while the solid part falls off, making the target brittle. <Solution 2><Form for carrying out the invention><> In the case of a carbon target, the solid part may be knocked out by the collision of a proton and fall off. Therefore, a system is devised in which an atom with a smaller atomic number Z (hydrogen atoms and protons in one form of this application, helium atoms and alpha rays in another form) is used as the muon target, rather than carbon. <System using protons, proton beams, hydrogen atoms, or helium atoms as the muon target nucleus> In order to solve the problem of the solid parts falling off due to the knockout reaction of the solid target (which then becomes brittle and reduces the mechanical strength, making it necessary to replace the target) and to solve the problem of the target becoming radioactive, a system in which protons and hydrogen atoms (protons) or helium atoms collide at the collision point 2CLP, rather than protons and carbon atoms, is shown in Figure 14, etc. The MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT target is a particle collision system that is expected to avoid spallation reactions between light atoms with small atomic numbers Z, such as protons and helium, and in which protons become helium nuclei even when nuclear fusion occurs due to collisions (in the case of helium-helium collisions, protons fuse to beryllium-8, which decays with a short half-life and returns to helium), and in which a different atomic nucleus is not produced from the original atomic nucleus (carbon-12) through a knockout reaction or nuclear fusion due to collisions, as in the case of a muon target using carbon, and which is expected not to become mechanically and physically fragile and break due to voids caused by the knockout reaction of the target part. This is shown in Figure 14. Figure 14 shows the muon production system 2MU having a target MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT, in which the helium nuclei produced and remaining after the accelerated helium and protons collide with the helium target and proton target can be reused and recovered through the accelerator (in the case of the fixed magnetic field strong focusing FFAG method and the MERIT ring method, the energy can be recovered and re-accelerated). In Figure 14, the proton beam is accelerated and circulated in the first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, and (ionized) hydrogen or helium is accelerated, circulated, and looped in the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING within a part that may be a particle accelerator, and the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING are crossed at the intersection 2CLP, where they collide to produce muons. (In FIG. 14, protons (helium particles) are injected into the first accelerator (2MU-FFAG, 2MU-ACC-RING, 2MU-MERIT-RING, 2HE-FFAG-1ST in FIG. 15) and are accelerated and circulated on the outer periphery while drawing a circular or spiral orbit. Protons or helium ions are injected into the second accelerator (2HE-ACC-RING, 2HE-FFAG, 2HE-FFAG-2ND in FIG. 15) as the target MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT and accelerated and circulated while drawing a circular or looped orbit. It circulates in the second accelerator. Then, at the intersection point 2CLP where the orbits of the first and second accelerators cross, the protons of 2MU-ACC-RING collide with the protons and helium of 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons (pions, K mesons), and then muons are generated from the pions. ) ● In the system of Figure 14, proton beams (or helium particles) accelerated to a level that can generate muons are collided with hydrogen atoms or helium atoms. In Figure 14, nuclear fusion occurs due to the collision of protons with protons, or nuclear fusion occurs due to the collision of hydrogen and helium nuclei, and there is no need to generate new spallation-derived nuclei due to nuclear spallation reactions between hydrogen and helium, and there is also the expectation that helium nuclei are stable nuclei with magic number 2 and are less likely to be spalled, so there may be no need to generate new spallation-derived nuclei. (When hydrogen or helium is used as a muon target, it is expected that radioisotopes with long half-lives such as beryllium-10 produced after nuclear spallation reactions or nuclear fusion by protons are less likely to be produced, as in the case of using carbon as a muon target, and as a result, radioactivity is less likely to occur. Also, since it is not a solid target but a proton/helium beam accelerated by an accelerator, there is a possibility that the target knocked out by the knockout reaction will not become brittle.) ● In Figure 15, the ring 2HE-FFAG-2ND, which is the target, is equipped with an ion removal unit (ion extraction unit. It may also serve as an ion intake unit) 2EXTEJ. The ion removal unit 2EXTEJ is a part that removes ions of heavy elements that are not intended to be generated in the accelerator. For example, if atoms with a large atomic number Z such as carbon are generated in the orbit of the accelerator where hydrogen and helium should be, a device 2EXTEJ that can separate and remove them by atomic number Z, charge ZC, or mass MS may be installed. For example, an electric field or a magnetic field may be applied to ions moving along the orbit of 2HE-FFAG-2ND to separate the ions according to their mass or the magnitude of the positive charge Z. (2EXTEJ may have a mass separation function of a mass analyzer that ionizes and separates and analyzes the mass using an electric field and a magnetic field.) The device 2EXTEJ is intended to exchange particles in the accelerator and manage impurities, reduce the exchange process required for the solid disc muon target, and operate the meson generation device of the present application continuously.) <System using helium, helium beam, and helium-4 as the atomic nucleus of the muon target (an example of using a stable helium atomic nucleus that is expected to be unlikely to undergo a nuclear spallation reaction as the target)> Helium-4 (alpha particle) is a stable isotope with the magic number 2. In Figures 14 and 15, proton beams and particle beams are accelerated and circulated in the first accelerators 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-FFAG-1ST, and hydrogen or helium particle beams are accelerated in a portion which may be a particle accelerator in the second accelerators 2HE-ACC-RING and 2HE-FFAG-2ND, and collided at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING (2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND) to generate mesons and muons (elementary particles). In this case, 2MU-ACC-RING may use helium in addition to protons, and it may be attempted to generate muons by circulating helium 4 within the 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING and allowing it to cross and collide at the intersection 2CLP. (The angle at which the atoms intersect is not specified in this application, but it is also possible that the atoms may collide at a right angle or perpendicular to each other.) When two atoms of helium-4 collide, unstable beryllium-8 can be produced, but after a short half-life (10-17 seconds), this can become two pieces of helium-4 (alpha rays). Even if two atoms of helium-4 undergo nuclear fusion upon collision, (beryllium-8) will attempt to return to alpha rays again in a short time (10-17 seconds), so it is expected that new nuclear species will not be easily produced. From the viewpoint that helium-4 itself is a stable particle and that even if it is collided one-on-one, new nuclides are unlikely to be produced by nuclear spallation or nuclear fusion, in one embodiment of the present application, helium nuclei and helium-4 particles may be accelerated (using a particle accelerator) and collided to produce mesons, mesons, pions, and K-mesons, and then particles such as muons may be produced, and these muons may be used for muon nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of radioactive nuclides (nuclear transmutation of long-lived radioactive isotopes). According to one embodiment of the present application, helium 4 is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, which may be a MERIT type, and helium 4 is accelerated and circulated in a second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, which may be a MERIT type, and may be collided at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of the 2MU-ACC-RING and the 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. (The orbits of the two particles may cross. In one embodiment, the orbits of the two particles may be perpendicular.) In this case, even if helium 4 and helium 4 undergo collision-type nuclear fusion, the atom generated is beryllium 8, which has a short half-life and life span, and considering that beryllium 8 decays and becomes two helium 4 again, it is possible that a new element (a radioactive element) is unlikely to be generated, and this application proposes a meson/elementary particle generation device that uses helium 4 and a particle collision system that causes helium 4 to collide with each other to become beryllium 8. *A particle collision type device containing the 2CLP, 2HE-FFAG-1ST, and 2HE-FFAG-2ND of the present application, as well as protons and helium, may be used to generate elementary particles including mesons. (In addition to mesons, a device containing the collision system of the present application may be used in an experimental system that generates elementary particles of some kind by colliding particles with a target.) *In the configurations of Figures 14 and 15, helium particles are ionized in the accelerator and collided with each other, so it is expected that problems such as a decrease in the mechanical strength and dimensional changes of the target, which are seen in the case of targets made of solid material (problems with replacing the target, which were seen in the case of solid disk targets), will be less likely to occur. *Muon
In the case of producing helium after nuclear fusion in muon nuclear fusion, the helium may be used as the muon target atom. <<Target section with controlled lithium isotope>> Considering the short half-life of beryllium-8 produced by nuclear fusion of lithium-7 and protons, a system in which lithium-7 and protons collide may also be a candidate. For example, when lithium-7 and protons collide to produce beryllium-8 by collision-type nuclear fusion, beryllium-8 has a short half-life (10-17 seconds) and produces two alpha rays and helium-4, which has been reported by Cockcroft-Walton et al. Focusing on this reaction, a target section with an increased abundance of lithium-7 in natural lithium (92.5% lithium-7 and 7.5% lithium-6), or a target section consisting only of lithium-7 (or by removing lithium-6/taking out lithium-7) may be used in a muon/meson generation device. (For example, a movable disk-type MU-DISK-TGT as shown in FIG. 10 may be used. A muon target consisting of only lithium 7 may be used. The ions of the accelerators 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15 may be protons and lithium 7 ions, and the two may be collided by 2CLP.) * When only lithium 6 is used as a muon target and lithium 6 is irradiated with protons and fused by collision, beryllium 7, which has a long half-life of 53 days, may be produced. Beryllium 7 remains in the target within the time that the next proton can collide with it, so protons and beryllium 7 may collide. If a target containing beryllium 7 is irradiated with protons again, boron 8 may be produced, or radioactive products on the heavy element side may be produced, such as carbon 9 (the long-lived products gradually fuse with protons), and may accumulate in the target. On the other hand, in the case of a target containing only lithium-7, it fuses with protons to produce beryllium-8, which then becomes alpha rays in a short time (10-17 seconds), so (unless it volatilizes and leaves the lithium-7 muon target in the form of helium and is removed and remains), it may be difficult to produce products such as beryllium-7, which have a long lifespan. <<Use of muon target atoms with short lifespans (e.g., 10-17 seconds) of atomic nuclei produced by nuclear fusion due to collisions>> In one embodiment of the present application, patterns for producing beryllium-8 (8Be4), whose atomic number Z is 4, include the collision of two helium-4s (4He2+4He2->8Be4) and the collision of lithium-7 (7Li3) with a proton (1H1) (7Li3+1H1->8Be4). In this application, when focusing on the lifespan of beryllium-8, these two patterns can be used to collide two particles together and be used for muon production and nuclear fusion. In one embodiment of the present application, a system for colliding protons and helium may be used. If protons and helium 4 are collided and simply fused, lithium 5 is produced, but its half-life is short, and after decay, helium 4 and protons are produced, which can be recycled and used again for collisions in a meson/muon production device. If protons and helium 3 are used, lithium 4 is also produced, but its half-life is short, and after decay, helium 3 and protons are produced, which can be recycled and used again for collisions in a meson/muon production device. <Example><PHE1> A particle production system characterized in that a proton beam is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, hydrogen or helium is accelerated in a part that may be a particle accelerator in a second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, and collisions are made at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. <PHE2> A muon nuclear fusion system using the meson particle generation system described in PHE1, characterized in that a proton and a proton, or a proton and a helium, or a helium and a helium are collided to generate a muon, and the muon is used for muon nuclear fusion. <PHE3> A particle generation system characterized in that a muon target or a particle collision target made of lithium 7 is used to generate mesons and muons. <7><0078> Explanatory diagrams are shown in Figs. 14 to 17 as assumed diagrams of the embodiments of the present application. <Explanation of the Figures><Fig.14> An explanatory diagram of a particle generation system characterized in that a proton beam and helium are accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, and hydrogen or helium is accelerated in a part that may be a particle accelerator in a second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, and collisions are made at an intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. Protons and protons, or protons and helium, or helium and helium may be collided. (Explanatory diagram of a particle generation system having a feature that a proton beam is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING, hydrogen or helium is accelerated in a part that may be a particle accelerator in a second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING, and collisions are made at an intersection 2CLP of particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING to generate mesons and muons. Protons and protons, or protons and helium, or helium and helium may be collided.) <Fig. 15>Explanatory diagram of a collision experiment system for meson generation with helium and protons as a target part, as one of the embodiments of the present application. A collision experiment system for meson generation equipped with two paths 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND looped in (B). *The two paths 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND may be FFAG or MERIT type accelerators or particle orbits in the accelerator. In the case of the MERIT type, even if the energy of helium and hydrogen atoms is reduced after colliding in the paths of the two accelerators, the intention is to regenerate the energy in the accelerator again and accelerate it again to generate mesons (or some kind of particle, elementary particle, atomic nucleus) again. <Fig. 16> An explanatory diagram of an example (A) used for muon nuclear fusion and nuclear species transmutation as one of the embodiments of the present application, and an example (B) used for product atomic nuclei production after element transmutation and nuclear transmutation. <Fig. 17> An example including a process of decelerating the space muon SM1 or high-speed muon and irradiating and bonding with the target atoms as one of the embodiments of the present application. (A) An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons with a dome-shaped decelerator array/decelerator 2MUDECE covering the celestial sphere/sky, capturing them with a capture unit 2CAP, and irradiating the decelerated muons to T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation. (B) An example of directly irradiating a laser on a target T1 of source atoms/molecules to form an electric field 2LASER-EF/laser wake field with a strength for decelerating cosmic muons, decelerating cosmic muons using the electric field, and combining the decelerated muons with source atoms to attempt muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation. <0079><Explanation of symbols><Fig.13> (A) An example of a movable muon target (including a negative muon decelerator) MU-MOVEABLE-TGT: movable muon target 2MUCAP: a device for capturing and moving muons. Muon acceleration unit, solenoid, etc. MUDECE-ELEMENT: A deceleration section/deceleration element arranged in a direction to decelerate a negative muon with speed (a deceleration section using a laser wakefield accelerator may be used). MUDECE (MDC): A deceleration device including MUDECE-ELEMENT. A muon deceleration device (an accelerator using a laser wakefield may be used for deceleration, such as accelerator 2AC or accelerator A1). <Fig. 14> 2MU: Muon generation device 2MESON: Meson generation device 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER: Particle collision device, meson/elementary particle generation device using particle collisions 2MU-ACC-RING: An accelerator that accelerates, circulates, and moves protons and hydrogen (or helium) as an ion beam. The first accelerator. 2MU-FFAG: FFAG type 2MU-ACC-RING. 2MU-MERIT-RING: MERIT ring type 2MU-ACC-RING. 2HE-ACC-RING: Accelerator that accelerates, circulates and moves helium (or protons/hydrogen) as an ion beam. And the accelerator orbit. Second accelerator. 2HE-FFAG: FFAG type 2HE-ACC-RING. 2MU-FFAG-CS, 2MU-ACC-RING-CS, 2MU-MERIT-RING-CS: Cross section of the first accelerator MU-MOVABLE-TGT: Movable target. The atoms of the muon target are movable. MU-P-HE-ORBIT-TGT: Movable muon target made of hydrogen or helium (orbit in the ion beam/accelerator). A target for producing mesons and elementary particles called muons, which are helium or hydrogen that accelerate, circulate, and move through the accelerator. 2CLP: The intersection or collision point, or crossing or collision part, of the trajectories of accelerated particle ion beams. The part where helium and hydrogen, helium and helium, and hydrogen and hydrogen collide (2CCP). A place where mesons and elementary particles can be produced by collisions. *The first accelerator 2MU-ACC-RING/2HE-FFAG-1ST accelerates and circulates a proton beam/particle beam (helium), and the second accelerator 2HE-ACC-RING/2HE-FFAG-2ND accelerates hydrogen or helium/particle beams in a part that may be a particle accelerator, and collides them at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of 2MU-ACC-RING and 2HE-ACC-RING (2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND) to generate mesons/muons (elementary particles/particles). <Fig. 15> 2AC: Acceleration cavity, acceleration means. *A laser wakefield acceleration cavity may be used, and the laser may be a laser device or a photon/laser of synchrotron radiation (radiation light) using a particle accelerator/alpha rays. 2MGF: Magnet, deflection means and focusing means for ions, beams and charged particles. Deflection magnets such as deflection electromagnets, focusing magnets such as quadrupole electromagnets that focus and focus the beam so that it does not scatter. 2ISRC: Ion source He (or, H/p). Ion injection section. It may include a device for ionization and a device for accelerating and injecting ions. 2EXTEJ: Ion removal section. It may be an ion intake section or an ion extraction section. EX-ION: Ions removed by 2EXTEJ among ions moving and circulating in 2HE-FFAG-2ND (accelerator orbit). A separation method based on the difference in mass of ions used in mass analysis may be used. Ions of different masses may be separated by utilizing the difference in mass relative to the charge of the ions due to the charge and magnetic field. 2HE-FFAG-1ST: First accelerator. A circular accelerator that accelerates and circulates FFAG-type helium, etc. 2HE-FFAG-2ND: Second accelerator. A circular accelerator that accelerates and circulates FFAG-type helium. 2CLP: The part where two He particles and beams collide (Fig. 16). 2MU, 2MESON-GENERATOR, 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER: Muon generation means, meson generation means, particle collision means. MUON-CAPTURE-TRANSPORT-SOLENOID: A means for capturing and transporting muons from mesons such as pions and K-mesons. A solenoid that captures pions using a magnetic field, moves the pions, and transports the muons while the pions change to muons. MUDECE: A means for decelerating muons. Negative muon decelerator. Slow muon generation unit. MUDECE may be provided in the MUON-CAPTURE-TRANSPORT-SOLENOID section. A negative muon decelerator combining a pulse power supply and a decelerator cell has been considered and is known, and may be used. It is preferable to use a negative muon decelerator that can decelerate more slowly. The energy of the negative muon generated using the accelerator/meson production section is about 300 keV (=8 MeV/c) or more, and it is preferable to be able to decelerate it to 30 keV or less, for example. If it is possible to arrange the laser wakefield and the acceleration cavity/acceleration section using it in the reverse/decelerating direction, they may be arranged and used to decelerate the negative muon. 1F-SYS: Nuclear fusion system using muons 1EXP-SYS: Experimental system using muons, nuclear transmutation system (nuclear transmutation system of LLFP/MA) FP: Nuclear fusion section, muon nuclear fusion section, part of the nuclear fusion section core. NCTP: Nuclear transmutation section, muon nuclear transmutation section, part of the nuclear transmutation core. Muonic-Atom-Generator: A part that combines negative muons with atomic nuclei A (or B) to generate muonic atoms A (or B). MA1: Muonic atoms A (or B). (Atoms A/B irradiated to the target) FUSIONED
-T1-AB-X: Atom X. Atom X is generated by nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of atomic nuclei A and B by muons. T1-AB: Muon target T1 part consisting of a compound or mixture of atomic nuclei A and B. Atoms A and B may have different Z. They may also have the same Z. For example, atoms A and B may be the same carbon-12. T1-AB is a compound or mixture of atomic nuclei A and B. T1-AB may be a mixture of atoms A and B by colliding atom A with atom B, or A and B may be placed in close proximity. FUSIONED-T1-MA1B-X: Atom X. Atom X is generated by nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of muonic atoms A and B by muons. Atom Y may be generated from atom X through a radioactive decay process. T1-B: A target of atomic nucleus B (or A). T1-B is a muon/muonic atom irradiation part that is movable T1/T1-B. (T1-B may be a film surface or solid/liquid surface of the movable T1. Depending on the element, it may be a gas or plasma beam.) T1-B may be capable of removing the surface in the atom X removal step. (Just as the solid movable disk-shaped muon target MU-DISK-TGT in FIG. 11 is polished with a grinding wheel MU-DISK-GRINDING-DEVICE, atom X may be produced from atoms A and B on the target T1 by muon nuclear transmutation, and then atom X may be removed and collected with a grinding wheel or a grinding/cutting means.) T1-IN: Atom supply step/means. A supply part for atoms A and B. T1-OUT: Atom removal step/means. A part for removing atom X. <Fig. 17> (A) An example of decelerating high-speed cosmic muons with a dome-shaped decelerator array covering the celestial sphere and sky side as seen from T1 placed on the ground, and irradiating them to T1 to attempt nuclear transmutation. SM1: Cosmic muons (cosmic ray muons, cosmic ray muon particles) coming from the sky. High-speed cosmic muons SM1. Cosmic rays collide with the Earth's atmosphere (atmosphere), and the collisions between atmospheric molecules and spacecraft particles generate cosmic ray pions and mesons, which then generate cosmic ray muons. Cosmic ray pions can be generated at an altitude of about 20 km, and muons rain down at altitudes of 5 km or less. (The aircraft transportation device 3 with the system in Fig. 17 (A) is at an altitude that can receive cosmic muons. The aircraft 3 can use the cosmic muons for nuclear transmutation. In addition, transportation devices 3 near the ground and at sea can also receive cosmic muons.) Cosmic rays: Particles flying around in space with high energy. MDC-LASER: A laser light source/laser generating section of the accelerator when the muon decelerator uses an accelerator using a laser wake field as the decelerator. An existing laser device may be used as the light source. Synchrotron radiation may be used as the light source. MDC: Decelerator. 2MUDECE: Decelerator. Muon decelerator (accelerator may be used for deceleration) (accelerator 2AC or A1 may be used for deceleration, which may be an accelerator using a laser wake field) 2MUDECE-ARRAY: Array of 2MUDECE. Photons/lasers may be distributed to 2MUDECE. It may also include circuits such as electricity/power/signals and lasers for driving 2MUDECE. 2MUCAP: MUON CAPTURE TRANSPORT Device, a device for capturing and moving muons. Solenoid, etc. T1: Target, FEED. According to one embodiment, the system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS may perform muon catalyzed nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation in a configuration in which muons decelerated by a decelerator 2MUDECE are combined with nuclear fuel atoms/raw material atoms for muon catalyzed nuclear fusion such as hydrogen H, deuterium D, tritium T, or lithium 6 (or raw material atoms themselves) for muon catalyzed nuclear fusion. Also, raw material atoms/fuel atoms for nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation such as hydrogen, boron, carbon, and nitrogen described in the present application may be used in the system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS shown in FIG. 13(B) or (A). The configuration/system/device for decelerating cosmic muons in FIG. 17 may be mounted on a transport device 3. If muon nuclear transmutation can be performed using cosmic muons, a large accelerator is not required, so there is an advantage that the size of the transport device 3 can be made compact when mounted on the transport device 3 if a large accelerator for generating muons can be eliminated. In order to compact the muon decelerator for space muons, accelerators 2AC and A1 that may use a laser wakefield may be used for deceleration. (The configuration of accelerating electrons and negatively charged particles to GeV level in a laser wakefield is known, and the present application assumes the deceleration of negative muons, which are particles of the same negative charge, as an application of this.) Also, for the purpose of compactly mounting a muon/meson generation unit and a high-speed muon deceleration unit on the transport device 3, accelerators 2AC and A1 that may use a laser wakefield may be used to configure a meson generation device 2MU, 2MESON-GENERATOR, or 2PARTICLE-COLLIDER. (B) An example of directly irradiating a laser on a target T1 of raw material atoms and molecules to decelerate muons and attempt muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation of T1 2LASER-PLASMA: A plasma portion generated by the laser and T1 when turning T1 into plasma and forming a laser wakefield. 2 LASER-EF: Electric field created by laser and T1, laser wake field created within T1. T1, FEED: Target atoms to be transmuted or fused, raw material atoms, and fuel atoms. 2 LASER: Laser source. MDC-LASER: Laser used in laser-based decelerators (In the figure, the laser can be generated by external energy, or photons or gamma rays can be generated using the energy of alpha rays or gamma rays generated by nuclear fusion or transmutation and used to generate lasers. AEC is the conversion part of alpha ray energy, and in the figure, it can be extracted as photon energy by bremsstrahlung of alpha rays rather than electricity.) <0080><Speed of muons> Muons are contained in cosmic rays, and their energy is in the GeV range, and the speed of cosmic muons is high. (close to the speed of light) (Space muons are thought to be faster than muons generated on the ground in known accelerators and muon generators. If we simply calculate that a muon particle moves at the speed of light c, it will travel approximately 660 m in 2.2 microseconds. Space muons have too much energy and pass through matter.) Since the muons used in this application are to be bonded with the raw material atoms, it is preferable to use a configuration that bonds with the raw material atoms at a slow speed rather than a configuration that passes through the raw material atoms at high speed. For example, the muons used in this application may need to be slower than space muons. Muons may be irradiated and injected into atoms to be transmuted by irradiating and bonding with muons such as carbon-12 at a slow speed that allows them to bond. On the surface of the earth, approximately 170 high-speed muon particles originating from space pass through an area of 1 m2 per second. Even if high-speed muons (as expected) are used as a catalyst in muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion to transmute or fuse the atomic nuclei of the subject of nuclear transmutation of the present application, such as boron, carbon, or nitrogen, the muons pass through at high speed, so it may be difficult for muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion or muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation intended in the present application to occur with natural high-speed cosmic muons. Therefore, in the present application, muons that can be slowed down (obtained from mesons, pions, etc. that can be generated by known ground-based devices capable of generating mesons) that are slow enough to cause muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation or muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion may be used. <Muon nuclear transmutation system using a cosmic muon decelerator> In the present application, muons are obtained from a meson generating device, and then they may be decelerated using a device unit MUDECE (2MUDECE, 2MUDECE-ARRAY) that decelerates the muons, and then injected into atoms that are intended to undergo muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation or nuclear fusion. ) And if it is possible to decelerate cosmic muons, they may be used in the muon catalytic nuclear transmutation and nuclear fusion system of the present invention. A muon decelerator combining a pulse power supply and a decelerating cell for negative muons has been considered and is known. A huge aircraft or airship (where it is easy to obtain a physical distance for decelerating muons) such as an airship may be floated in the air, a large-scale muon decelerator may be constructed and installed in the aircraft to decelerate the muons, the muons may be captured and transported with a solenoid or the like, and irradiated on the target part of the muon catalytic nuclear transmutation to promote the nuclear transmutation, and the energy generated by the nuclear transmutation may be used to propel the aircraft, and the energy/electricity of the aircraft may be generated and supplied using a power generation unit (power generation unit 1PP, which converts the energy of alpha rays into heat to boil water and drive a steam turbine, or part AEC, which converts the energy of alpha rays into electric power/energy). <Requirements for the laser wakefield for muon deceleration and the acceleration cavity/acceleration section using it> Electrons (negative muons) can be accelerated using a laser wakefield and an acceleration cavity/acceleration section using it, but the acceleration section (if possible, arranged in the direction to decelerate the proceeding negative muon) may also be used for the deceleration section of the negative muon (MUDECE (2MUDECE, 2MUDECE-ARRAY). Accelerators using laser wakefields have a plasma device section that converts a helium laser target into plasma and generates an electric field by laser irradiation. The electric field strength of the laser wakefield accelerator is controlled by existing magnets and high frequency waves. It is expected that the accelerator will be higher than accelerators that generate electric and magnetic fields, and that it will be possible to make the accelerator smaller than existing accelerators that use high frequency waves or electromagnets for particle acceleration. (As shown in FIG. 17(A), by miniaturizing 2MUDECE, it may be possible to configure a space muon decelerator array 2MUDECE-ARRAY that covers all directions in the sky and the celestial sphere as seen from the ground. It may also be possible to configure a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS that includes 2MUDECE-ARRAY, and a transport device 3 that includes a power generation unit 1GENR that includes it. A muon decelerator array that covers the target unit T1 in a dome shape may be configured. By doing so, it becomes possible in the present invention to decelerate cosmic muons that fly/come randomly from the air toward the ground at various angles toward the 2MUDECE-ARRAY or T1 (e.g., the two cosmic muons in (A) of Figure 17) using the decelerator array that has been installed in advance, and to collect the decelerated muons and introduce/irradiate them into the target section T1.) ○ Since muons can be trapped by heavy elements/atoms with a large Z value through weak interactions and react with/disintegrate with nuclei, it is considered preferable that the atomic elements of the laser wake field and the plasma of the accelerating cavity/accelerator section using it have a low Z value, for example, helium. (If heavy elements such as iron are used in the plasma of an accelerator using a laser wakefield, the muon is trapped by a weak interaction with iron, which has a large Z, and the negative muons are consumed in the reaction that reduces the Z of heavy elements such as iron, so there is a risk that it cannot be decelerated and cannot be used for the intended nuclear transmutation purpose. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present application, a laser wakefield using a plasma of atoms that do not easily interact weakly with muons, such as helium, and an acceleration cavity/accelerating section using it, or a muon deceleration section 2MUDECE- may be used.) < Raw material atoms with low Z (e.g. Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne... From the viewpoint of generating a laser wake field by irradiating a laser to a laser target, slowing down the speed of fast cosmic muons or fast muons derived from accelerator atomic collisions at the site where the laser wake field is generated, and promoting muon nuclear transmutation reactions using the slowed-down muons> Instead of the helium laser target, a substance containing an atom of Z such as boron, carbon, or nitrogen that causes muon nuclear transmutation as claimed in this application and is expected to be unlikely to cause small/weak interactions (e.g., Z=B, C, N, O, F, Ne... or even H, He, Li, Be. For example, borane, azan, methane, carbon-12) may be used for the gas resource (plasma resource, plasma atoms) of the laser target to which the laser used in the laser wake field laser device is irradiated. Furthermore,
This creates a plasma of atoms (e.g., Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne...), which in turn creates plasma waves and a laser wakefield of high-intensity electric field. If this laser wakefield can slow down the high-speed cosmic muons traveling from space to the atmosphere and ground, it may be possible to bind the slowed-down muons to the atoms (e.g., Z = B, C, N, O, F, Ne...) of the plasma that creates the laser wakefield, thereby causing muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation. Therefore, a configuration having such characteristics may be used in the muon nuclear transmutation system of the present application. In FIG. 9, a laser may be irradiated onto a target T1 (T1 is an atom that causes muon nuclear transmutation, such as boron, carbon, or nitrogen, as claimed in the present application, and is a substance containing an atom of Z where Z is small and is expected to be unlikely to cause weak interactions, for example, Z=B, C, N, O, F, Ne... or even H, He, Li, Be. For example, borane, diborane, azan, methane, carbon-12) containing a laser target and raw material atoms for nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation. As shown in FIG. 9, a laser capable of generating a laser wake field is irradiated onto T1 from a laser source/laser generator (2LASER), and the cosmic muons arriving at T1 are decelerated (by an electric field produced by the laser, atoms, and plasma) to become slow muons, and the slow muons are bonded to the raw material atoms of the T1 portion to induce nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of the raw material atoms of T1. As shown in (B) of FIG. 17, a laser is irradiated from a laser source 2LASER/MDC-LASER to a target T1, plasma (2LASER-PLASMA) is generated in T1, and a high-intensity electric field 2LASER-EF and a laser wake field 2LASER-EF are generated/formed. The high-speed muons or high-speed cosmic muons SM1 that enter T1 and then the 2LASER-EF are decelerated by the electric field 2LASER-EF to become slow muons or decelerated muons (inside or near the 2LASER-EF of T1), and the decelerated muons are bonded to raw material atoms to which the muons contained in T1 are to be bonded. Since the binding of the muons can cause a muon nuclear transmutation reaction or muon nuclear fusion in the raw material atoms of T1, this configuration may be used in the present invention. A laser is irradiated onto the target atom T1 to form an electric field that decelerates the fast muon, fast cosmic muon SM1 or muon M1, and the fast muon is decelerated to convert it into a slow muon, which may be used for nuclear transmutation or nuclear fusion of the target atom T1. <Examples><MUDEC1> A nuclear transmutation system for target atoms and raw material atoms, comprising a step of decelerating muons and characterized in that the muon can be bonded to a target atom or raw material atom to be nuclear transmuted. <MUDEC2> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUDEC1 that performs nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of target atoms and raw material atoms, characterized in that an electric field or laser wake field is generated by irradiating a laser onto the target atom or raw material atom. <MUDEC3> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUDEC2 that can decelerate muons in the electric field or laser wake field. <MUDEC4> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUDEC2, characterized in that it irradiates a laser on a target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted to generate an electric field or laser wake field, decelerates cosmic muons, cosmic ray muons, or muons generated by cosmic rays flying from the space side to the ground, and can bind the decelerated muons to the target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted. <DLAL1> A nuclear transmutation system for target atoms and raw material atoms, characterized in that it comprises a process or deceleration means for decelerating muons and can bind the muons to the target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted. <DLAL2> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, characterized in that it can decelerate muons with an electric field, laser wake field, or accelerator. <DLAL3> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, characterized in that it irradiates a laser on a target atom or raw material atom to generate an electric field or laser wake field, and performs nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of a target atom or raw material atom. <DLAL4> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, characterized in that a laser is irradiated onto a target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted to generate an electric field or laser wake field, and muons originating from space muons or cosmic rays coming from space to the ground are decelerated, and the decelerated muons can be bonded to a target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted. <DLAL5> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1 (or DLAL2), characterized in that the atomic number Z or effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom A, which is a raw material for nuclear transmutation during nuclear transmutation, is greater than the atomic number Z or effective nuclear charge (of the 1S orbital) of atom X, which is generated after nuclear transmutation of the atom. <DLAL6> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL2, characterized in that a muon is injected and irradiated onto a target atom containing carbon or carbon-12. <DLAL7> The nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL2, characterized in that a muon is injected and irradiated onto a target atom containing nitrogen or nitrogen-15. <DLAL8> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL2, characterized in that a muon is injected and irradiated onto a target atom containing boron. <DLAL9> A power generation system using energy generated by the nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL5. <DLAL10> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1, characterized in that hydrogen or helium is accelerated and circulated in a first accelerator (2MU-ACC-RING), hydrogen or helium is accelerated and circulated in a second accelerator (2HE-ACC-RING), and muons are generated using a particle generation system characterized in that hydrogen or helium is collided at the intersection 2CLP of the particle orbits of the first accelerator and the second accelerator to generate mesons, and used for the nuclear transmutation. <DLAL11> A nuclear transmutation system according to DLAL1 (or DLAL2), characterized in that fission products are transmuted. <DLAL12> Transmutation of fission products 1. A transmutation system according to DLAL10, characterized in that it irradiates a muon beam toward a section of a building containing fission products. <0081><<Transmutation device for nuclear species/nuclei using muons>><Problem> When the resource of a certain atom X is limited, it may be desirable to artificially manufacture atom X (for example, an atom used in industry such as gallium or an atom of group 11). Nuclear fusion can be used to manufacture atom X, but in the case of magnetic confinement type nuclear fusion, it is necessary to confine atoms in high-temperature plasma and fuse them by heat, and it may be necessary to make the temperature more severe in order to fuse atomic nuclei with larger Z and heavier nuclei. <Solution> On the other hand, in muon nuclear fusion, even atomic nuclei with large Z may be more likely to undergo nuclear fusion due to muons binding to atomic nuclei and collisions or close proximity. Therefore, in this application, it is proposed to manufacture atom X by binding muons to a muon generating device, a muon deceleration means, atoms A and B, or a compound in which atoms A and B are bound, and muon nuclear fusion is performed. <Modes for Carrying Out the Invention><Examples of Creating a Desired Atomic Nucleus: Example of Attempting to Generate a Group 11 Atom in the Periodic Table or a Gallium Atomic Nucleus> Although not proven, it may be possible to generate a different atomic nucleus X by subjecting atoms A and B to a nuclear fusion reaction, as shown in Figure 16 (B), or to generate a different atomic nucleus Y by causing nucleus X to change and decay. (As mentioned above, if it becomes possible to make the target less radioactive when muons are generated, for example by using protons or helium as the target for meson generation, the muon target will be less likely to become nuclear waste, and the environmental burden and costs of muon generation can be reduced. As a result, in addition to muon nuclear fusion, it may become possible to conduct experiments in which radioactive waste is irradiated with muons to convert it into non-radioactive atoms, or to combine muons with existing elements to perform nuclear fusion, nuclear fission, nuclear spallation, etc. to convert atomic nuclei. * Electric energy is required to operate the muon generation device and accelerator, and it is assumed that this power will come from renewable energy (solar power plants) or electricity from nuclear fusion power plants. The following example is just an idea and has not been proven. <Gold Au> For example, tungsten-18 is added to carbon-12 or carbon-13. Muons may be irradiated onto tungsten carbide (specifically, a film-shaped tungsten carbide target in which the portion to be irradiated with muons is movable so that it can be moved like sending out a film sheet) that combines tungsten and carbon, and an experiment may be performed to see whether muon nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of tungsten and carbon occurs, and then an attempt may be made to generate mercury (mercury-196, mercury-197) atoms or gold atoms that may be produced by nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation. *Note that in addition to tungsten carbide, tantalum nitride using nitrogen-15 and tantalum-181 may also be used. *After that, mercury-196 may be irradiated with neutrons to turn it into mercury-197, and then an attempt may be made to synthesize gold-197 via a step of electron capture of mercury-197. *Or tungsten carbide consisting of tungsten-184 and carbon-13 (or tantalum nitride consisting of nitrogen-15 and tantalum-181, etc.) may be used as the target part T1-AB. A system (experimental system) may be carried out in which muons are irradiated onto the nucleus to generate mercury-197, and then mercury-197 is transformed into gold-197 by electron capture EC. (The reaction is as follows: 12C6: carbon-12, 13C6: carbon-13, 196Hg80: mercury-196, 197Hg80: mercury-197, 184W74: tungsten-184, 15N7: nitrogen-15, 181Ta73: tantalum-181, n: neutron, 197Au79: gold-197, EC: electron capture reaction process. EC is when a proton in the nucleus absorbs an orbital electron. (Reaction/phenomenon in which a muon is absorbed into a neutron, and at the same time releases an electron and muon neutrino) 12C6 + 184W74 -> 196Hg80 13C6 + 184W74 -> 197Hg80 15N7 + 181Ta73 -> 196Hg80 196Hg80 + n -> 197Hg80 197Hg80 -> EC -> 197Au79 + electron and muon neutrino ● Additionally, a muon can be bound to a carbon or nitrogen atom (atom A) to become a muonic carbon atom, which can then be accelerated and collided with a tungsten atom to promote nuclear fusion. (Alternatively, muons can be irradiated onto tungsten to create muonic tungsten atoms, which can then be accelerated and collided with carbon atoms. If carbon-12 can be irradiated with muons to cause it to decay, the muons can be irradiated onto the tungsten side. Nitrogen and tantalum can be used instead of carbon and tungsten.) (12C6 + negative muon) + 184W74 -> 196Hg8012C6 + (184W74 + negative muon) -> 196Hg8013C6 + (184W74 + negative muon )->197Hg80 196Hg80+n->197Hg80 197Hg80->EC->197Au+electrons and muon neutrinos ●To prevent the generation of atomic nucleus X after particle collision and subsequent collision of atoms B and A with atomic nucleus X to generate undesired atom D, the collision section may be configured as shown in FIG. 16B, in which particles containing muons are collided with the film material or liquid of the target atoms, so that the collision section is a movable/flow type raw material supply section/product atom recovery section. Atoms X generated on the target surface may be recovered using a process of removing them (heating the surface with a grindstone or laser irradiation, flicking it off, removal process, etc.). <Production of Silver Ag> As in the case of Au, carbon-12 (12C6) and molybdenum-95 (95Mo42) are fused with atoms A and B using muons to produce cadmium-107, which can then be held for a half-life of approximately 6.5 hours and electron-captured, or a muon-proton reaction can be used to reduce Z by one and convert cadmium to silver-107 (107Ag47). Similarly, carbon-12 and molybdenum-97 are fused with muons to produce cadmium-109, which can then be held for a half-life of approximately 6.5 hours and electron-captured, or a muon-proton reaction can be used to reduce Z by one and convert cadmium to silver-109. (When using carbon-12, the gold is treated with tungsten and mercury, but in the case of silver, molybdenum and cadmium, which are one period and group lower in the periodic table, are used. Niobium-93 (93Nb41) and nitrogen-14 (14N7) can also be used to try to produce cadmium-107 (107Cd48).) <Creating copper Cu> As in the case of Au, atoms A and B are fused with carbon-12 and chromium-53 using muons to produce zinc-65, which is then held for a half-life of approximately 243 days and emits a positron.
It is possible to make zinc undergo positive beta decay, or to reduce Z by one by a muon-proton reaction, turning it into copper-63. *As another example, it is possible to use muons to fuse boron-10 and manganese-55 to produce zinc-65, and then hold zinc-65 for its half-life and make positive beta decay, or to make zinc undergo a muon-proton reaction to reduce Z by one, turning zinc into copper. <Gallium Ga> It is possible to make atoms A and B undergo muon nuclear fusion with carbon-13 and iron-58 to produce germanium-71, and then convert germanium-71 into gallium-71 by an electron capture EC process (half-life of 270.8 days). (Gallium-71 is also used in neutrino detection.) One may attempt to perform muon nuclear fusion of atoms A and B with nitrogen-14 and manganese-55 to produce germanium-69, and then convert germanium-69 into gallium-71 through a positive beta decay process (with a half-life of 39.05 hours). <Production of platinum Pt> One may perform muon nuclear fusion of atoms A and B with boron-11 and tungsten-184 to produce gold-195, and then hold the gold-195 for a half-life of approximately 186.01 days and allow it to be electron-captured, or reduce Z by one through a muon-proton reaction to convert gold-195 into platinum-195 (195Pt78). (Note that platinum 195 (195Pt78) may be fused with hydrogen 2 and deuterium (2H1) by muon fusion to produce gold 197 (197Au79).) <Example of radioactive element conversion> In one embodiment of the system of the present application, it may be used to convert high-level waste and atoms generated by the operation of a nuclear fission reactor or the like into lower-level radioactive atoms. The system of the present application may be used to convert long-lived fission products (LLFPs) such as 79Se and 93Zr, which have a lifespan of several thousand years, and minor actinides (Min, Cr, and Np). Muons may be irradiated to a nuclear reactor or a nuclear fuel debris in a difficult-to-access area due to high-energy waste, inside a nuclear reactor undergoing decommissioning, or inside a nuclear reactor, to transmute atomic nuclei in the waste. This application and device are merely ideas and it is unclear whether they can actually be put into practice, but muons may be generated using a muon generation unit, and the muons may be irradiated (from a meson generation launch site, which may be located remotely from the aforementioned area) toward a nuclear reactor or a building area containing fuel debris (a nuclear fuel debris area within a nuclear reactor, or a building) that is inaccessible due to the accumulation of radioactive waste due to an accident or the like, to transmute the fuel debris. It may be possible to try to transmute LLFPs in yellowtail. *Muons are used when decommissioning nuclear power plants and lowering the radioactivity levels of LLFPs through nuclear transmutation, but there may be a problem with the muon target being activated by muon generation. Therefore, by targeting helium (as well as hydrogen and lithium 7), the muon target of the present invention's device is less likely to be activated, and this may solve the problem of muon target activation when performing muon-based LLFP/MA transmutation and muon nuclear fusion. In order to solve the problem of muon target activation, this application proposes a method of targeting hydrogen or helium during particle collision. It also proposes a method of targeting lithium 7. <0082><<Additional portion due to application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous application, Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Patent Application No. 2023-174791, Patent Application No. 2023-196029, Patent Application No. 2023-196327, and Patent Application No. 2024-058388. (This application is a device and requires demonstration.) <Problem><Problem to be solved by the invention> Consider a device for slowing down muons. We would like to slow down a large area of a configuration for slowing down cosmic muons originating from natural cosmic rays. We would like to slow down muons obtained from mesons obtained by artificial device means such as colliding particles accelerated by an accelerator. <Solution><Means for solving the problem> The invention regarding the solution is described in the present specification and in Figures 18 to 20. FIG. 21 also shows a transport device 3/structure 3 that slows down cosmic rays or cosmic muons for nuclear transmutation and uses the energy from the nuclear transmutation as an energy source for propulsion and power generation. <0083><Description of the form and drawings for implementing the invention><Expected implementation example 1><Ionizationcooling> Negative muons may be slowed down using ionization cooling. Ionization cooling is based on the fact that a properly prepared muon beam passes through a suitable material (absorber) and loses momentum and slows down due to ionization. The use of absorbers using hydrogen or lithium, which are atoms with low atomic number Z, is preferable. Cooling using absorbers of both liquid hydrogen and lithium hydride is known according to the following document 1. (Document 1: International Muon Ionization Cooling Experiment MICE collaboration, Nature volume 578, pages 53-59 (2020)) A part of a solenoid cooling/deceleration channel is constructed and operated to perform ionization cooling/deceleration of muons using both liquid hydrogen and lithium hydride absorbers. *The target part T1 for muon nuclear fusion/transmutation may be used, such as an azan containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, or a borane containing boron and hydrogen (carbon-12, etc.), which is an atom with a low atomic number Z and which is bound to the muon in the present application to promote nuclear transmutation. *The muon may be bound to a hydrogen ion to form a muonic atom and decelerate it. The muon may be bound to an atom such as boron or nitrogen, which is heavier than hydrogen, to form a muonic boron atom, muonic nitrogen atom MP1, MA1, etc. (MP1, MA1 are decelerated), and then injected into the fuel material target part T1 containing hydrogen. (In the configuration of B in FIG. 16, a muonic atom MA1 of atom A may be formed, and MA1 may be decelerated by some means using an electric field (magnetic field), and then MA1 may be irradiated, thrown into, or collided with a target part T1-B which may contain an atom B for nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation, causing muonic nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation. <Frictional cooling> * A carbon film may be placed on the target part T1 which is irradiated with negative muons, and the muons may be decelerated by friction (frictional deceleration/frictional cooling) as they pass through the carbon film at a certain speed. The muons may be attenuated by a carbon film containing carbon-12 (or a carbon film for frictional cooling made of carbon-12) for frictional cooling (frictional deceleration), or the muons decelerated within the carbon film may be bonded to carbon-12, and then the carbon-12 may be muon nuclear transmuted. * In addition to the carbon film, a solid or liquid part that can become T1-FEED at low Z such as boron hydride may also be considered. A carbon film containing an element such as hydrogen with a low Z may be used. The ionization cooling effect may also be used in combination. <Decelerator using decelerating cavity> A particle accelerator or linear accelerator may be used for muon deceleration. The configuration using a pulse power supply and deceleration cell described in the following reference is publicly known and may be used in the muon deceleration section in this application. (Reference: Negative muon decelerator for condensed matter research, Chihiro Omori, Koichiro Shimomura, Masashi Otani, Seiji Kawamura, Tomohiro Takayanagi Proceedings of the 16th Annual Meeting of Particle Accelerator Society of Japan July 31 - August 3, 2019, Kyoto, Japan, PASJ2019) FRPI008) <Muon decelerator using a pulsed laser> A muon decelerator 2MUDECE and a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS using a laser wakefield using a pulsed laser are shown in FIG. 18. FIG. 18 is similar to the configuration of an inertial confinement fusion reactor using laser irradiation of an inertial confinement method. However, in FIG. 18, in order to receive and decelerate muons pouring down from space and muons originating from an accelerator or pion generation unit, instead of irradiating lasers from all directions (symmetric directions) as in the inertial confinement method, a configuration in which a laser is irradiated to a target unit in a direction that receives high-speed muons may be used. For example, FIG. 18(A) shows a configuration in which, when high-speed cosmic muons enter the ground side from space, air, or the sky, a pulsed laser is irradiated to a central target unit T1 from a hemispherical dome-shaped laser irradiation unit arranged on the ground to decelerate the muons in a laser wakefield (to face the incoming muons in (B)), and an attempt is made to form a laser wakefield and decelerate the muons. Also, the example of FIG. 18 is not limited to the use of space muons. In FIG. 18, an artificial muon M1 generated using an accelerator/accelerated particle collision process may be decelerated and thrown into a target T1. A laser may be irradiated onto the target portion so that the artificial muon can be irradiated onto the target portion and the muon can be decelerated.) *In one embodiment of the present application, it is sufficient to implement a configuration in which a pulsed laser capable of forming a laser wake field or an electric field can be irradiated onto the target portion T1. The T1 may be a target capable of nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation. In one embodiment, the nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system may use an atom with a small atomic number Z, such as carbon, nitrogen, boron, or hydrogen, for T1. *For example, in a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction between hydrogen atoms (H, D, T), helium is produced and the muons are trapped by the helium, causing the catalytic nuclear fusion reaction to stop. However, if the energy produced by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms exceeds the energy required to obtain and utilize natural cosmic rays/cosmic muons/if the balance is balanced, then it may be possible to use them as an energy source. Therefore, in this application, it is permissible to attempt nuclear fusion between hydrogen atoms in a system 1EXP-SYS having a part that decelerates cosmic muons, such as in Figure 18, or in a structure 3/transport equipment 3 that includes such a system. (*Although the configuration in which deceleration is performed using an electric field has been described, the trajectory of the high-speed muon may be changed if it can be changed using a magnetic field. A muon may be launched into the target section T1 by combining an electric field for deceleration and a magnetic field for deceleration and trajectory change.) Fig. 18(A): An explanatory diagram of the decelerator 2MUDECE, in which a pulsed laser is irradiated from a hemispherical dome-shaped laser irradiation section arranged on the ground to the central target section T1 on the space/air/sky side when a high-speed cosmic muon enters the ground from the space/air/sky side, turning the target section into plasma and generating a laser wakefield/electric field facing the space/air/sky side, and used to decelerate the muon. Also, a high-speed muon M1F generated by the muon generation device M1 may enter T1, where a laser wakefield/electric field is formed in T1, decelerating M1F to M1L, which is then bonded to an atom in T1. FIG. 18(B): An explanatory diagram of pulsed laser injection from the laser irradiation unit MDCL to the target unit T1 in FIG. 18(A), a diagram of muon injection and deceleration, and an explanatory diagram of the formation of plasma 2LASER-PLASMA and laser wake field LWF/electric field 2LASER-EF. FIG. 18(C): An explanatory diagram of the case where the decelerators 2MUDECE in FIG. 18(A) are arranged continuously in the horizontal direction and configured as an array of decelerators. *One space muon reaches the air/ground per second per 60 cm2, and for example, 1.6×108 muons can reach an area of 1 km×1 km per second. Therefore, a configuration in which the decelerators 2MUDECE are arranged to cover the area is assumed. *The array may be equipped on ground/sea, air/space transportation equipment 3. Muons can reach shallow areas, so it may be possible to mount it on a submarine or underwater 3. *In one embodiment of the present application, the system may be a system capable of irradiating a pulsed laser and irradiating cosmic muons and high-speed muons. <Muon decelerator using an element that generates an electric field> As an example of using an electric field, an element capable of generating an electric field (which may include an electric double layer generating unit) made of atoms with a small Z is shown in Figure 20. The device in Figure 20 applies a pulse voltage between electrodes 2ER in a power supply unit so that an electric field can be generated in a pulsed manner.
A potential difference may be applied. As one embodiment of the present application, the configuration of FIG. 19(A) may be performed using the device of FIG. 20. *FIG. 20 shows an example of an element that forms an electric field. In the system described in FIG. 20, when muons are incident on an electrode or an insulator layer, a decelerator or deceleration element made of atoms with a small atomic number Z that are difficult to trap or weakly interact with muons may be used at the point of incidence. A: As one form, a deceleration element 2FDELE configured by alternately stacking highly insulating insulators such as diamond 2LZI and carbon electrodes 2ER (or metallic lithium, or a combination of a mesh-like or grid-like electrode of metallic lithium, a metallic lithium current collector, and a carbon electrode) and applying a voltage. Or a configuration using a pulse power source and a sheet-type deceleration cell element. (Example 1: Carbon electrodes or lithium metal electrodes may be used for the electrodes, and diamond with high insulating pressure (deposited to a thickness of several hundred nanometers or several micrometers) may be used for the insulator. Then, an element 2FDELE-LAM (series-connected capacitor parts, series-connected laminated capacitor) may be configured in which capacitor parts made of the electrodes sandwiching the insulator are connected in series. A pulse voltage may be applied to the upper and lower electrodes of the element 2FDELE-LAM. Alternatively, a voltage may be applied individually to the electrodes of each element 2FDELE of the element 2FDELE-LAM. Example 2: Insulator 2LZI is a gas or liquid, and is an insulating solvent or fluid made of atoms such as carbon and hydrogen with low Z (an example of such a liquid is benzene, which is made of carbon and hydrogen and has a higher dielectric strength than helium or air). Example 3: The insulator is a polymer made of atoms with low Z such as polyethylene. ) (Example: Insulator is vacuum. *The insulating strength is lower than that of diamond, and there is a risk that the element will become large) The 2FDELE and the element 2FDELE-LAM may be a deceleration section, or may be a muon deceleration section that also serves as a target section for binding the decelerated muons M1 and M1L. The 2FDELE and the element 2FDELE-LAM may contain atoms or compound molecules that become the target T1 and FEED to be transmuted so that the muons can bind while decelerating the muons, and for example, the layer of the insulator may contain atoms that can cause the nuclear fusion and transmutation claimed in this application, such as carbon-12, hydrogen, and nitrogen-15. (Furthermore, in the following, in B, a capacitor element using an electric double layer and an electric double layer electric field is used in order to use a solvent such as azan or a solvent such as azan containing an electrolyte as the insulating part, decelerator and target T1·FEED, and the atomic molecules constituting the electric double layer part of the element and the electrolyte/electrodes may serve as T1·FEED.) B: As one embodiment, a capacitor element 2FDELE-EDL using an electric double layer such as the electric double layer capacitor shown in (B1) of Figure 20 may be used. (In the ionization cooling portion, muons are absorbed and passed by the absorber, but in item B, muons are absorbed or passed by the ion portion and electric field portion that form the electric double layer to decelerate the muons. In item B, the absorber is a device that forms an electric double layer, or ions or atomic molecules around the electric double layer.) For example, a porous film 2ER-MPI obtained by applying a paste in which porous carbon particles such as activated carbon are dispersed and forming a film may be formed on an electrode 2ER, and the porous film 2ER-MPI may be impregnated with an electrolyte 2ELYT to constitute an electric double layer capacitor type element 2FDELE-EDL as shown in FIG. 20 (B2). A potential difference is applied between the two electrodes 2ER of the element 2FDELE-EDL to form an electric double layer 2EDL in the porous film 2ER-MPI. The electric double layer portion is an insulator and corresponds to the dielectric layer of a capacitor. Since an electric field can be formed in the electric double layer portion 2EDL, it may be attempted to use it as an electric field for muon deceleration. <Electrolyte> 2EDL has electrolyte ions contained in the electrolyte 2ELYT arranged therein, and (assuming that muons can be decelerated by the electric field of 2EDL), the atoms of the ions and the muons decelerated by the electric field are bound to each other, and the atoms of the ions can undergo nuclear transmutation or nuclear fusion, so the ions of the electrolyte may be composed of atoms and molecules that are assumed to perform muon nuclear fusion or muon nuclear transmutation as described in this application. For example, the electrolyte may be an ion containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, or an ion containing boron and hydrogen. Ammonia containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, or an ammonium cation containing nitrogen-15, hydrogen, and carbon-12, and a salt containing a fluorine anion may also be used as the electrolyte. (When using tetrafluoroborate BF4 anion consisting of fluorine and boron, if the boron and fluorine of the anion are fused to form an atom with a larger Z than fluorine, the muon may be trapped by the atom with a larger Z, so raw material atoms and molecules with a smaller Z may be used for the anion. Raw material atoms and molecules with a smaller Z may also be used for the cation. On the other hand, it is assumed that even if BF4 anion is used, muons are not easily trapped by the negative ion BF4 anion. In that case, the BF4 anion is an anion consisting of B and F with a small Z and may not easily trap muons, and may be used as an anion of the electrolyte, so it may be used in this application. A salt consisting of an anion and a cation with a low Z, e.g., tetraethylammonium and tetrafluoroborate BF4, may be used for the electrolyte.) *The electrolyte 2ELYT may contain cations and ions used in ionic liquids. *Lithium fluoride LiF may be used as a simple salt for the electrolyte of 2ELYT. Lithium hydride LiH can be dissolved in a solvent that dissolves lithium hydride and used as an electrolyte. * Considering a system in which the atomic number Z of the generated atom decreases compared to the raw atom before and after nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation (the opposite of a system in which Z increases to produce helium by nuclear fusion between hydrogen atoms, a system in which nitrogen-15 and hydrogen or boron and hydrogen fuse to produce helium, and a system in which carbon-12 is nuclear transmuted to helium), the element 2FDELE-EDL is assumed to use carbon-12 for the porous electrode 2ER-MPI, and a system in which LiF is dissolved in an azan solvent containing hydrogen and nitrogen-15 on the electrolyte 2ELYT side. (Lithium and fluorine are dispersed in the azan solvent in the form of ions, and fluorine can fuse with hydrogen in the azan to become alpha rays.) In the case of diethyl ether or the like in which lithium hydride can be dissolved in an electrolyte, it can exist as ions in the solvent in the form of lithium cations and hydride anions. Reacting lithium hydride with ammonia produces lithium amide. *Lithium amide LiNH2 is soluble in liquid ammonia, and LiNH2 consists of lithium cation Li+ and amino anion NH2-. Lithium amide LiNH2 dissolved in liquid ammonia (or liquid azan) may be used as the insulator/electrolyte 2ELYT. For element systems (2FDELE-EDL) using carbon electrodes and azan solvent, when LiF is used as the electrolyte for the azan solvent (when using metallic lithium or carbon current collectors), the fluorine atoms in the electrolyte LiF have a larger Z and effective nuclear charge than the carbon of the carbon electrode or the hydrogen and nitrogen atoms on the azan solvent side, so there is a risk that muons will be trapped (the atom with the largest Z in the element system becomes fluorine, and if fluorine does not fuse with hydrogen and convert to helium, the muon will remain in fluorine and the nuclear transmutation reaction will stop). On the other hand, in one embodiment of the present application, when LiNH2 is used in place of LiF as the electrolyte, it is expected that muons are less likely to be trapped and nuclear transmutation will continue to occur because no atoms with a Z greater than that of nitrogen are used in the element system. (Even if a muon binds to the N of the anion part NH2 of the LiNH2, it is expected that nuclear fusion will occur between N and H.) <Electrode> 2EDL is in contact with the porous film 2ER-MPI and the electrolyte 2ELYT, and if the muon reaches the porous film 2ER-MPI made of carbon-12 after being decelerated by 2EDL, it may be possible to muon-transmute carbon-12, so in this application, the porous film 2ER-MPI may use a carbon electrode made of carbon-12. The electrode 2ER may include a metallic lithium grid electrode or a highly conductive carbon material (e.g., carbon nanotubes) for the purpose of operating as a current collector. (There is a risk that it is difficult to use iron, copper, silver, gold, etc., which have a large Z and are likely to trap muons due to weak interactions, in 2ER. In one embodiment of the present application, metallic lithium and carbon materials are used as current collectors with low Z. However, if the electrodes are provided in a thin wire and grid shape and have a structure that is unlikely to stochastically come into contact with and trap the space muons SM1 and muons M1 and M1F, which may be fast, flying and entering the element, it may be possible to use copper, silver, etc. for the current collectors of 2ER, so in another embodiment of the present application, the current collector and grid electrode part are not limited to metallic lithium and carbon materials.) <Electrolyte> 2EDL is in contact with the electrolyte 2ELYT, and if the muon M1L, which has been decelerated by the 2EDL, can reach and bind to the atoms of the electrolyte or molecular atoms in the vicinity of the 2EDL, it may be possible to perform muon nuclear transmutation and nuclear fusion of the atoms or atoms themselves. Therefore, for example, the electrolyte 2ELYT may contain azan hydrazine containing nitrogen-15 or hydrogen. The electrolyte 2ELYT may also be an organic solvent made of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen or carbon-12. *If muon nuclear fusion of hydrogen and oxygen atoms can occur, 2ELYT may be water, or a solvent containing oxygen. (2ELYT may be a solvent that is expected to easily cause nuclear fusion reactions, such as azan) (Another example is an organic electrolyte/organic solvent using organic molecules made of atoms with small Z) The functional part of 2ER-MPI is a moderator element configured by placing electrodes above and below the porous membrane and applying a voltage between the electrodes. The element is configured from a material in which the product after nuclear transmutation has a smaller Z than the product before nuclear transmutation. (Example: In the device of (B), H, Li, B, C, N, O, F, Ne. A voltage is applied to a carbon electrode, an azan solvent, a solvent in which LiF electrolyte is dissolved, and a porous membrane electrode immersed in a solvent in which an electrolyte is dissolved to generate an electric double layer. The porous membrane in which the electric double layer is generated is further stacked on top of another layer to form a muon deceleration section.) (Insulator 2FDELE-EDL-MPI. Porous carbon electrodes 2ER and 2ER-MPI with electrolyte added. As an example of 2FDELE-EDL-MPI, nitrogen, nitrogen-15, hydrogen, and other raw material atoms for the muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation are used. The electrolyte 2ELYT may contain an atom such as. ) Example: An electrolyte 2ELYT consisting of small atomic molecules of Z such as water and azan in which electrolytes such as LiF and LiNH2 are dissolved is sandwiched between two carbon-12 porous electrode parts 2ER-MPI, the electrolyte is immersed in the porous electrodes, and a capacitor element 2FDELE-EDL is constructed, and a voltage is applied between the two porous electrodes of the element 2FDELE-EDL using a power supply part, an electric double layer is formed at the interface between the porous electrode film and the electrolyte, and the electric field generated in the electric double layer part is used as an electric field for muon deceleration. The elements 2FDELE-EDL may be stacked and connected in series in a layered and multi-stage manner to construct an element stack 2FDELE-EDL-LAM. It may be configured or attempted to decelerate the high-speed muon M1 that crosses, traverses, or is incident on the element stack 2FDELE-EDL-LAM in the stacking direction when it crosses the element stack 2FDELE-EDL-LAM. *The electric double layer type element 2FDELE-EDL-LAM is one example, and if an electric field for deceleration can be simply formed by a deceleration cell or element, it may be used. Figure 20 shows an example of an element that generates an electric field (an example of a solar cell-like surface element). (The porous electrode 2ER-MPI in Figure 20 may be an electrode made of solidified carbon particles. 2ER-MPI is an electrode with a large surface area and a porous structure such as activated carbon. 2ER-MPI is similar to the electrode of an electric double-layer capacitor.) ●C: In addition, in relation to pyroelectric fusion, which changes the temperature of a pyroelectric body to generate an electric field and accelerates fusion fuel atoms and ions to a target for collision nuclear fusion (or in relation to an X-ray source device that can accelerate electrons (negative muons) in a pyroelectric body to obtain X-rays and collide them with a target for X-ray generation to generate X-rays or particle beams by bremsstrahlung), a voltage difference and polarization (and electric field) is generated between the high-temperature side and the low-temperature side by heating and cooling the pyroelectric body, and this polarization P and electric field 2PYR-EF are used as a muon deceleration electric field to generate a decelerator 2M.
It is also possible to try to obtain UDECE. (The pyroelectric device 2FDELE-PYR part in FIG. 19(B).) (In a known example, polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF is a pyroelectric material that can be composed of carbon, hydrogen, and fluorine with a small Z.) FIG. 19(B): When cooled, the -Z surface is negatively charged and accelerates electrons and muons to the T1 part. *An electric field due to temperature change is formed between +Z and -Z inside the pyroelectric material 2PYR, and it may be attempted to decelerate the muons entering 2PYR using the electric field inside 2PYR, and at that time, 2PYR can become T1, FEED, which combines with the decelerated muons. *2PYR may be a pyroelectric material made of a material with a low Z. (Example: polyvinylidene fluoride) FIG. 19(A): A configuration using an element that forms an electric field. A decelerator using a pulse laser and a plasma laser wake field may be arranged in an array or surface type. Alternatively, the accelerators may be arranged in an array or surface type in the direction in which the muons are decelerated to form a decelerator array. The element that forms the electric field may have a deceleration cell that generates an electric field, an insulator, a dielectric, a pyroelectric (ferroelectric, piezoelectric), and a means for generating an electric field (a means for controlling the change in the insulator, dielectric, and electrode potential in the case of an insulator or dielectric capacitor element, a means for controlling the change in temperature in the case of a pyroelectric device, and a means for controlling the change in electrode potential). T1-2BMU: A muon that rotates (cyclotron motion) so as to wrap around a magnetic field B and a portion of T1 where it comes into contact with the muon (to increase the reaction area between the muon and T1, a magnetic field B is applied to the muon to rotate it and stir the muon within T1). For example, when a muon enters a certain portion and stops (then by thermal motion so that electrons move by thermal motion), and the muon diffuses to convert the surrounding nuclear conversion material, if the muon reacts with the surrounding raw material, it will not be able to contact the atoms that can react, and the nuclear conversion may stop or slow down. Therefore, the magnetic field B is applied to the target T1 or the muon being irradiated to T1 by the 2COIL to cause the muon to perform cyclotron motion (rotational motion), and by rotating the muon in T1 by the magnetic field (it may be rotated before being irradiated to T1), the muon rotates and moves in T1 like the T1-2BMU section, and bonds with the atoms that are the raw material for nuclear transmutation, and continues the nuclear transmutation reaction. <0084><Transportation equipment 3, spacecraft 3, space structure, and living area 3 capable of obtaining muons from cosmic rays> Figure 21 shows an explanatory diagram of a transportation equipment 3, spacecraft 3, and space structure 3 that can receive cosmic rays, generate mesons and muons, and can be used. The equipment 3 and structure 3 may be equipped with a muon decelerator array as shown in Figures 18 to 20. *An accelerator may be installed in the transportation equipment 3, and the accelerator may be used to accelerate and collide particles to generate mesons, pions, and muons, which may be used in a nuclear transmutation system using muons. *On the other hand, when the accelerator is constructed in space, it may be costly to transport (from the ground to space) precise accelerator components while protecting their precise structure when launching them. Therefore, in one embodiment of the present application, it may be attempted to configure a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS that generates muons in a spacecraft using cosmic rays, decelerates and collects the muons, and injects them into the target T1. In this case, the 1EXP-SYS is assumed to operate as a nuclear battery, muon nuclear fusion battery, or muon nuclear transmutation battery using cosmic rays (for example, as a power source that can operate even in places on the moon where sunlight does not reach). The cosmic rays (COSRAY1) are received by a cosmic ray receiving unit in a transportation device or structure 3, and mesons, pions, and muons are generated by a cosmic ray muon conversion unit 2MU-COSRAY, and the muons are collected (by decelerating them by a decelerator 2MUDECE), and the muons may be transported to and irradiated on the target T1. *The idea is that, for example, a large space habitat would be equipped with a cosmic ray muon conversion unit 2MU-COSRAY that receives natural cosmic rays over a large area, and a decelerator array unit that slows down the muons generated by the conversion unit (using something like a large-area net to capture cosmic rays and muons, and something like a circuit to slow down and collect the muons), and muons that are slower than cosmic rays would be harvested and irradiated onto target T1 for nuclear transmutation and power generation, and for use in power supply and propulsion of structure 3. *A muon generation device that uses a known accelerator can generate 100 to 100 million muons per second in a beam of several centimeters. On the other hand, on the ground and in the sky, one muon originating from cosmic rays falls on the palm of the hand every second. If a muon deceleration array, a muon capture section, a capture circuit, and a muon injection section into a target could be constructed over an area/zone equivalent to 1,000 palms, 1,000 muons per second may be used for nuclear transmutation without using an accelerator. Therefore, this application proposes a system for utilizing, decelerating, and capturing cosmic rays and cosmic muons over a large area. The muons may be used in the nuclear transmutation system of this application (for power generation by nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation, and for nuclear transmutation of LLFP). *The target section/muon target section (SMR1, 2MU-COSRAY) that collides with cosmic rays may be provided on a transportation device 3 such as a cosmic ray, artificial satellite, space probe, or space structure, and the target section may include a gas (including helium/hydrogen atoms, and atmospheric oxygen/nitrogen atoms). The target section may include a liquid such as water. <Cosmic ray source> Cosmic rays coming from outside or within the solar system may be used as the source of cosmic rays (accelerated protons, helium ions, etc.). (Currently, the origin of some of the high-energy, high-speed cosmic rays is thought to be due to supernova shock waves, supernova explosions, supernova remnants, etc. Cosmic rays generated and traveling due to celestial activity such as supernovae outside the solar system may be used.) If high-energy natural cosmic rays capable of generating muons and mesons can be obtained even outside the solar system, a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS/nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS may be configured and implemented in which an exploration robot/exploration ship 3 capable of navigating outside the solar system receives the cosmic rays COSRAY1 shown in FIG. 21 at a cosmic-ray meson pion muon generation unit SMR1, causes particle collisions to generate meson muons, the muons M1/M1F, which may be at high speed, are slowed down by a decelerator 2MUDECE to obtain muons M1/M1L, which may also be slowed down, and the muons M1/M1L are irradiated and injected into a target unit T1 for muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation to perform muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation of atoms and molecules in the target unit. At this time, even in outer space outside the solar system where sunlight from the sun or stars does not reach, the nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS and nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS are assumed to operate as a nuclear battery, muon nuclear fusion battery, and muon nuclear transmutation battery using cosmic rays. The operation time of the exploration robot 3 traveling outside the solar system equipped with the system 1EXP-SYS can be extended. The exploration robot 3 may collect atoms, T1, and FEED, such as nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon, and boron, which are fuels, from natural celestial bodies such as terrestrial planets, Uranus-type planets, ice planets, and gas planets that contain carbon and nitrogen, or asteroids, as shown in Figures 21 and 5. (The energy required to generate one negative muon using the MERIT ring is said to be 5 GeV/1 negative muon or more. * If there are protons or cosmic rays accelerated to 5 GeV or more in the Van Allen belt, they can be used to generate cosmic muons. A computer and control unit equipped with some kind of proton collision muon target in the inner proton-rich zone of the Van Allen belt (Van Allen belt) is placed in a satellite-like structure shielded against radiation, and the cosmic muon SM1 obtained by colliding protons inside the Van Allen belt as cosmic rays is sent to the satellite. The muons may be used for muon nuclear transmutation and nuclear fusion in stars, or the spacecraft may irradiate and utilize the space muons in the form of a beam or the like toward other outer space or the ground.) * If there are many protons inside the Van Allen belt, an artificial satellite or space structure equipped with an accelerator part capable of accelerating and colliding protons or helium artificially accelerated with protons in the Van Allen belt may be placed in outer space in the Van Allen belt, and mesons and muons may be generated by particle collisions using protons in the Van Allen belt as a muon target. <0085><Use of container from which muons and cosmic rays have been removed> Computers, processing devices, and storage devices may be operated in the area where cosmic rays and muons have been removed or attenuated using the decelerator 2MUDECE (LM1Z: muon attenuation and removal section). Computers, processing devices, and storage devices may be operated in the area where cosmic rays and muons have been decelerated and reduced or removed (LM1Z: muon attenuation and removal section). (*Muons can be trapped by atoms in the ground to prevent them from reaching the Earth, and the effect of muons on computer elements may be reduced by placing the computer underground or more than 660 meters underground. The ground surrounding the Earth contains high-Z atoms (such as silicon and iron) and can attenuate muons, so computers, electronic computers, and quantum computers may be installed and operated in underground sections made of high-Z material/ground.) Processing units and memory units made of semiconductor elements such as transistors, and electronic computers may be affected by muons, so it is possible to reduce muons. (Quantum computers that use computing circuits including quantum state elements and quantum gates for calculations can also be affected by muons, so muons may be reduced.) By arranging the computing, processing, and storage units in the area LM1Z where muons and cosmic rays have been removed, muons are prevented from interfering with or destroying the computing elements, computing, processing, and storage units.) <Use of LM1Z for three-dimensional or large-sized processing and computing units> When semiconductor elements and quantum gate elements are stacked in three dimensions, the area in which the semiconductor and quantum gate devices become the collision target of muons increases in the height direction, and there is a risk that the computer system (server) including the three-dimensional stacked elements may be susceptible to errors caused by cosmic rays such as muons. Therefore, in order to shield and reduce muons, a computer system including a processing unit and storage unit with elements stacked in three dimensions may be placed and operated in LM1Z where muons have been reduced. <Experimental environment without muons> (*It is expected that laser-based inertial fusion power generation units installed at great depths, such as Kamiokande, 660m or less underground to prevent the arrival of cosmic muons will be difficult to use because cosmic muons will find it difficult to reach them. On the other hand, laser-based inertial fusion power generation units installed on the ground or in the air can be reached by cosmic muons and may be able to use muons for nuclear fusion. Computers, electronic computers, and quantum computers may be installed and operated 660m underground in the ground composed of atoms with large Z, or underground in the crust of celestial bodies such as the Earth and the Moon, to slow down and attenuate muons and prevent them from reaching the Earth.) <0086><Additional information on the transmutation of carbon-12, reaction slowdown due to atomic nuclei such as carbon-13 that can inhibit the transmutation of carbon-12> *Natural carbon on Earth contains approximately 98.9% carbon-12, 1.07% carbon-13, and trace amounts of carbon-14. In one embodiment of the present application, a target T1 may be used in which the abundance ratio of one isotope is higher than that of the isotope abundance ratio contained in natural carbon, and the abundance ratio of another isotope is lower. (Example: A carbon material T1 with a higher abundance ratio of carbon-12 and carbon-13 and a lower abundance ratio of carbon-12 and carbon-13. A carbon material containing carbon-13 at a ratio higher or lower than its natural abundance of 1.07%, etc.) <When a proton in a carbon nucleus is replaced by a neutron through a weak interaction with a muon> Carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14 weakly interact with each other, and the proton in the nucleus is replaced by a neutron, and the proton in the nucleus is replaced by a muon, and the proton in the nucleus is replaced by a neutron ...
It is possible to produce uranium-14 (14B, half-life 12.36 milliseconds). Boron-13 decays to carbon-13 in 17.16 milliseconds with a probability of about 99.74% and to carbon-12 with a probability of about 0.26%. Boron-14 decays to carbon-13 in 12.36 milliseconds with a probability of about 99.74% and to carbon-12 with a probability of about 0.26%. For carbon-12, the muon can combine with a proton in the carbon-12 nucleus to form a neutron and a neutrino, and the carbon-12 nucleus can become a boron-12 nucleus. Boron-12 decays and transforms to carbon-12 with a probability of about 99.4% and to beryllium-8 (and then two helium-4) with a half-life of 20.20 milliseconds with a probability of about 0.60%. When an excited carbon nucleus binds to a muon and decays, the muon binds to a carbon-12 nucleus and becomes excited carbon-12C*, which can then be transmuted into three helium atoms. In one embodiment of the present application, a carbon material consisting of carbon-12 atoms may be irradiated with a muon and bound to it to attempt to convert the carbon-12 nucleus into a muon. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are stable atomic nuclei in the ground state. Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 atoms by beta decay with a half-life of about 5,700 years. When a muon binds to a carbon-12 nucleus, the carbon-12 nucleus is converted into a boron-12 nucleus by a muon nuclear capture reaction, and when the muon reaches the end of its life, the muon's rest mass energy of 106 MeV (or a part of the rest mass energy, 10-20 MeV) is given to the boron-12 nucleus and the carbon-12 nucleus (the excitation energy is also transferred to the carbon nucleus adjacent to the excited nucleus), and the carbon-12 nucleus is excited and converted into helium (or other atomic nuclei), so the muon may be irradiated and bonded to the carbon-12 nucleus to perform muon nuclear transmutation of the carbon-12 nucleus. In this application, it is assumed that the carbon atom is excited and nuclear transmuted into multiple helium nuclei (three atomic nuclei). *The carbon-12 nucleus is a boson with a spin integer multiple consisting of three boson alpha particles, and the carbon-12 nucleus is said to have a Hoyle state at around 7.5 MeV from the ground state. The Hoyle state (which also has an excited state at 9.93 MeV from the ground state) is considered to be a state in which three alpha particles are Bose-Einstein condensed. *In this application, it is assumed that the excited carbon-12 nucleus (12C*) bound to a muon is excited to the Hoyle state or an excited state with higher energy, and is then nuclear transmuted into three helium atoms after the excitation. *The carbon-13 nucleus contains three alpha particles with spin 0 and one neutron of a fermion with spin 1/2 as an impurity, and the excitation energy required to excite the carbon-13 nucleus to the Hoyle state or an excited state with higher energy may be larger than that of carbon-12. However, carbon-13 may generate more energy than carbon-12 when converting carbon to alpha rays, so this application is not limited to not using carbon-13. In one form of this application, a muon may be irradiated and bound to a carbon material consisting of a specific carbon isotope atom, and an attempt may be made to convert the specific carbon isotope nucleus to a muon. The amount of carbon-13 in nature is less than that of carbon-12. If carbon-13 could be divided into helium units, it would be two helium-4s and one helium-5. (Helium-5 emits neutrons and decays into helium-4.) Neutrons can be slowed down by a moderator such as carbon, and the neutrons undergo beta decay. When conducting an experiment to bind muons to carbon-13, a carbon material with a higher carbon-13 content than that in natural carbon materials may be used as T1. *Carbon-14 nuclei are particles that contain three alpha particles and two neutrons with a spin of 1/2. This application is not limited to not using carbon-14. For example, if carbon-14 is included in radioactive atoms in activated carbon materials, if the carbon-14 can be irradiated with muons to excite the carbon-14 and convert it into alpha rays and particles, the amount of radioactive carbon-14 atoms in the carbon material can be reduced, and it may be possible to try to reduce the amount of radioactive carbon-14 waste. Therefore, in one embodiment of this application, muons may be irradiated to carbon-14. In the present application, muons may be irradiated onto carbon or carbon isotopes. *In one embodiment of the present application, a target T1 of nuclear transmutation raw material atoms, which may be made of carbon-12 (carbon isotopes such as carbon-12 and carbon-13), may be doped with a very small amount of atoms that act as a catalytic poison for the muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion and muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation reactions. For example, a target made of carbon isotopes (a carbon material target T1 made of carbon isotopes) may be intentionally doped with a very small amount of nuclei with a large Z, such as iron Fe, tungsten W, lead Pb, or bismuth Bi, which have a large effective nuclear charge, as a trap point with a large Z. *A carbon material may be manufactured by increasing the proportion of any of the (easily transmuted) isotope atoms of carbon isotopes (carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14) in the carbon material target T1, while blending with the above-mentioned catalytic poison-like atoms (which may be carbon isotopes that are difficult to be transmuted by muon irradiation). *The carbon material target T1 may be configured to reduce the proportion of carbon isotopes that are difficult to be transmuted by muon irradiation (while leaving the amount that acts as a catalyst poison, or by doping with high-Z atoms that act as a catalyst poison) and increase the proportion of isotopes that are easy to be transmuted by muon irradiation. **In one embodiment/supposition of the present application, a reaction in which a muon binds to carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) alone and is converted into helium may be chained, but the reaction may be slowed down or stopped by blending carbon-13 (a carbon isotope B that is difficult to be transmuted with the specified carbon isotope). Even if carbon-13 (said isotope B) and a muon bind, conversion from carbon to helium may be difficult from the viewpoint of high excitation energy, etc. For example, when a muon is irradiated onto a carbon target T1 that is 99% carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) and 1% carbon-13 (said isotope B), there are 99 carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) and 1 carbon-13 (said isotope B) in T1, and (for a total of 100 groups of 99 carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) and 1 carbon-13 (said isotope B)), the muon catalyzed nuclear transmutation reaction can decay 99 carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) into helium when it finally reaches carbon-13 (said isotope B). Similarly, if carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) is 99.9% and carbon-13 (said isotope B) is 0.1%, a muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation reaction may be lucky enough to decay 999 carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) into helium when the muon finally reaches carbon-13 (said isotope B). (Similarly, when carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) is 99.99% and carbon-13 is 0.01%, only 9999 pieces of carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) can be decayed into helium.) By controlling the ratio of carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A), which is the raw material atom/transformation fuel atom of muon nuclear transmutation (muon catalyzed nuclear transmutation) contained in the carbon target T1, and carbon-13 (said isotope B), which is the catalytic poison atom of muon nuclear transmutation (muon catalyzed nuclear transmutation), contained in the carbon target T1, it may be possible to change the number of catalytic reactions/reaction cycles of muon nuclear transmutation (muon catalyzed nuclear transmutation) in the carbon T1, so in this application, the ratio of carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) and the ratio of carbon-13 (said isotope B) contained in the carbon target may be controlled. A carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) with an increased abundance ratio compared to the abundance ratio of natural carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) and carbon-13 (said isotope B) may be used for the target portion T1. For example, a target T1 containing 98.9% or more of carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A) (e.g., containing 99.9% or more, 99.99% or more of carbon-12 (or carbon isotope A)) may be used. When carbon-12 is split with helium, three helium-4s are obtained. When carbon-13 is split with helium, two helium-4s and one helium-5 are obtained, and the helium-5 decays into a neutron and helium-4 in a very short time. When carbon-14 is split with helium, two helium-4s and one helium-6 (or two helium-4s and two helium-5s are obtained), and after 806 milliseconds, the helium-6 decays into 99.999% lithium-6, and the remaining % decays into helium-4. ** In one embodiment and assumption of the present application, carbon-14 decays and changes to nitrogen-14 with a large Z, and since nitrogen-14 can trap muons, it is preferable that it is not contained or that the amount of nitrogen-14 contained is small in the target portion T1 using carbon. Carbon-14 exists in the natural world on Earth in extremely small amounts, with its abundance ratio being only about one billionth of that of carbon-12. However, if carbon-14 undergoes beta decay in some way after being trapped by a muon, it becomes the stable isotope nitrogen-14, and since nitrogen-14 has a larger effective nuclear charge than carbon, it can trap muons and stop muon-catalyzed nuclear transmutation and nuclear fusion reactions. Therefore, it is preferable to use a target part T1 containing carbon-12 from which carbon-14 has been removed. *On the other hand, if carbon-14 is completely removed from carbon, it is possible that nuclear transmutation reactions (muon nuclear transmutation reactions) using muons of carbon-12 (said isotope A) will occur too much. Therefore, the target part T1 may be configured by intentionally including a very small amount (amount smaller than the abundance ratio in nature) of carbon-13 (said isotope B) or carbon-14 in carbon-12 (said isotope A). The T1 portion containing carbon-12 (said isotope A) may contain a very small amount of carbon-13 (said isotope B) or carbon-14, and may be used as an atom for stopping the chain reaction of the catalytic reaction (catalytic poison atom) to stop the nuclear transmutation reaction of carbon-13 (said isotope B) or carbon-14 from proceeding too far. If the target T1 is composed only of carbon-12 (said isotope A), (if carbon-12 (said isotope A) is combined with a muon and converted to helium), all of the carbon-12 (said isotope A) in T1 may undergo a nuclear transmutation reaction and release energy. On the other hand, it may be possible to control the number of cycles of the nuclear transmutation reaction from becoming too large by blending a predetermined ratio of carbon-13 (said isotope B) and carbon-14 into the carbon-12 (said isotope A) of T1. <0087><Combination with other nuclear fusion methods> *Nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation may be performed by combining other nuclear fusion methods such as laser-based inertial confinement nuclear fusion reactors and magnetic confinement nuclear fusion reactors with a configuration in which muons are decelerated using the electric field (laser wake field, laser) described in this application and can be injected into the nuclear fusion fuel atom part. <When used for nuclear transmutation of materials such as LLFP> When generating energy through nuclear transmutation, as described above, one muon reaches the palm of the hand every second, and nuclear transmutation is attempted using this. On the other hand, when nuclear transmutation of waste LLFP from nuclear fission pathways or when using muons to fuse some atomic nuclei together and convert them into other atomic nuclei, the number of muons required increases. Nuclear transmutation may be performed in space or on the ground by installing a nuclear transmutation plant over a vast land area using cosmic rays or cosmic muons. On the other hand, there is a concern that the amount of atomic nuclei to be transmuted is too small if natural cosmic rays and cosmic muons are obtained on the ground or in space. For example, even if 10^8 muons are obtained per second using a space muon capture device with a size of 1 km on the ground, even if it is taken for one year (365*24*3600 seconds), the number of muons obtained will not reach the number required to transmute one mole of atoms (6.02*10^23). Therefore, it is preferable to have a muon generation device on the ground or in space that can generate more muons per unit time and area than space muons without relying on space muons. For example, in the configuration of Figure 15, in addition to the circular accelerator, a particle accelerator/acceleration cavity using a laser wake field may be used to accelerate protons and helium and collide them with a muon target to generate mesons and muons. <0088><Effects of the invention> In addition to the above, the following is described. *When a muon binds to carbon-12 and a nuclear transmutation reaction can occur, if there is only carbon-12, the nuclear transmutation reaction of carbon-12 can occur efficiently (explosively, like a chain reaction). However, according to the invention of this application, when it is desired to prevent explosive nuclear transmutation and control the reaction for power generation, an atom that becomes the control stopping point of the reaction is introduced or doped.
It will be possible to introduce atoms that stop the reaction (atoms that are difficult to transmute or can trap muons at high Z) as a means of controlling the reaction in case a muon is injected into carbon-12 or nitrogen-15 and hydrogen atoms and the reaction goes too far, and the nuclear transmutation system can be operated safely. (Similar to the relationship between nuclear fuel and control rods in a nuclear fission reactor, the nuclear transmutation of the raw material atoms for nuclear transmutation can be controlled by doping with atoms that inhibit nuclear transmutation.) *We propose a muon decelerator using a laser wakefield/laser or a laser and plasma, and a nuclear transmutation system using the same. *When it is desired to operate a muon nuclear transmutation system using cosmic muons, we focus on electronic components over a two-dimensional surface, such as solar cells that receive sunlight over a large area and obtain electricity, as a decelerating element that decelerates and captures cosmic muons over a large area and irradiates them on the target part. With the intention of producing a surface-type device that can decelerate cosmic muons over a large area, we propose an insulator capacitor element, a capacitor element with an electric double layer, and an element that forms a muon decelerating electric field using a pyroelectric or dielectric material. *Spacecraft, aircraft, and transportation equipment that use cosmic rays and cosmic muons may be able to use muons without equipping them with accelerators. If cosmic muons could be slowed down and used without consuming the energy of artificially generating muons with an accelerator, the energy balance of muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation may be significantly improved. *On the other hand, an artificial muon generator is necessary for the purpose of nuclear transmutation of radioactive waste such as LLFP, and for example, the MERIT ring method that can generate 10^16 muons per second has been developed. This application is not an invention that uses only cosmic muons. This application may use artificially generated muons. It is also important to use a muon generator to operate a nuclear transmutation system in cases where cosmic muons increase and decrease due to natural phenomena and cannot be used, or in places where cosmic muons cannot reach. And both cosmic muons and muons from a muon generator are high-speed muons, so in order to slow down the muons and bind them to target atoms in a thin region or a limited target T1 region, it may be possible to try using the decelerator invented in this application to slow down the muons and use them for muon nuclear transmutation. <Industrial Applicability> In addition to the above, the following is stated. The muon nuclear transmutation system using carbon-12 and the muon nuclear fusion/transmutation system using nitrogen-15 and hydrogen using the invention of this application can obtain energy by muon nuclear transmutation by obtaining muons from a spacecraft in outer space, even in the darkness between stars where the sunlight of stars such as the sun or stars does not reach, or by using a muon generator and muon decelerator installed inside the spacecraft, and may be used as a power source for spacecraft and exploration robots traveling between stars. (It may be an energy source in places where it is difficult to obtain energy from sunlight using space solar power generation.) It may also be possible to find resources of low-Z atoms such as carbon and nitrogen, which may be present in relatively large amounts on celestial bodies in outer space, collect and recover the atoms, and perform nuclear transmutation of the atoms to use them as a power source/electricity for spacecraft/structures or a power source for propulsion devices. The spacecraft 3 may be propelled using alpha rays as a propellant. In addition, alpha rays may be used to generate gamma rays and photons using the AEC unit (the AEC unit in FIG. 21 that converts the energy of alpha rays into photon gamma ray energy), and the photons may be emitted to the rear of the spaceship 3, and the spaceship 3 may be propelled by the reaction and recoil, so that the spaceship 3 may be accelerated and propelled to a speed or high speed when photons are used as a propellant, and may be used as a power source and propulsion power for the spaceship. Assuming that the spaceship 3 travels between stars, it propels and moves to the target space using alpha rays or photons as a propellant and arrives. When the spaceship 3 approaches the target space and needs to decelerate, the propulsion device unit that emits alpha rays and photons of the spaceship 3 may be emitted forward of the spaceship 3, and the spaceship 3 is propelled to decelerate by the reaction and recoil, so that the system of the present application may be used as a power or propulsion power when decelerating and braking the spaceship 3. A spaceship or exploration robot may be assumed that calculates the nuclear transmutation raw material and fuel required for accelerating and decelerating the spaceship 3 to the destination, decelerates once near a relay point at the destination, collects the raw material atoms for nuclear transmutation from the local celestial body, and then accelerates again, repeating this process to propel the spaceship or exploration robot to the target space. <0089><Brief explanation of the drawings><Explanation of symbols><Fig.18> * A configuration in which muon deceleration is combined with muon deceleration by a laser wakefield using a laser pulse for an inertial confinement fusion reactor using a laser (a system in which the target part of a pulsed laser inertial confinement fusion reactor is used as a small atomic nucleus of Z such as B, C, or N) * MDC-LASER (MDCL) laser source, pulsed laser source * Publicly known laser source for laser wakefield accelerator (A) 1F-SYS: Nuclear fusion system. 1EXP-SYS: Nuclear transmutation system. MDCL: Laser irradiation part T1 to target part T1, FEED: target part T1, raw material atoms. (In the case of Figure 18, it may also serve as the gas, molecules, and atoms that are the source of the plasma for forming the laser wakefield) 2MUDECE: Muon decelerator, particle decelerator (B) 2LASER-EF: Laser wakefield formed by laser LWF, electric field 2LASER-EF formation. Electric field that decelerates muons. 2LASER-PLASMA: Plasma generated by irradiating T1 with a laser. It may include T1, and muons may bind to T1, which is also plasma, after being decelerated. SM1: Cosmic muon, cosmic muon source M1: Muon, muon source M1F: High-speed muon M1L: Slowed-down muon (C) An explanatory diagram showing how muons are slowed down (captured) and irradiated and bound to T1 by an array of decelerators using a laser wakefield over a wide area. M1, SM1, M1F: High-speed muon source (When SM1 is used, it covers an area equivalent to 1,000 palms) 2MUDECE-ARRAY: Array of decelerators. M1L: Decelerated muon. T1: Target (When the target T1 part of a pulsed laser inertial confinement fusion reactor is the T1 part where muons can reach, an electric field is formed by the pulsed laser to decelerate the muon, and when the muon is decelerated by the electric field, muon fusion between T1 part atoms may also occur by binding the muon and T1 part atoms) <Fig. 19> (A) 2MDCE-2DFD: Planar element (large area array is also possible) that forms an electric field as one form of 2MUDECE. This part may be able to form an electric field or a magnetic field. 2MUDECE: Decelerator. Muon decelerator PWSP: Power supply unit. Apply voltage/potential difference to 2MDCE-2DFD. Or means for applying an electric field. (Power source for forming electric or magnetic fields) (Power source for generating temperature even when an electric field is formed by temperature change as in the case of pyroelectric bodies. Source of temperature change) 2MUCAP: Muon capture section. LM1Z: Section where muons are attenuated and removed. Muons are attenuated in 2MUDECE and captured, removed and collected in 2MUCAP, a section where cosmic rays and muons do not reach or are difficult to reach. (LM1Z may be formed from a muon decelerator and capture section, or it may be a section deep underground inside the ground that naturally contains high Z atoms) T1: Target T1-2COILB: Section when a magnetic field is applied to T1 with a coil. 2COIL: Means for applying magnetic field B to target section T1 and muons. Coil. T1-2BMU: T1-2BMU: A muon rotating (cyclotron motion) wrapped around a magnetic field B and the T1 where it comes into contact (in order to increase the reaction area between the muon and T1, the muon is stirred without rotating by applying a magnetic field B to the muon) (B) 2FDELE-PYR: Pyroelectric device (an element used when changing the temperature of a pyroelectric to generate an electric field in the pyroelectric and using the electric field to slow down the muon. In one embodiment, it may be one form of a capacitor element sandwiched between a pyroelectric and a dielectric by electrodes. The 2FDELE-PYR may be an element that can be arranged in a planar or large area.) VOLT-C: GND/voltage control unit T1: Target. FEED. (It may be the electrode part 2ER of the target T1 controlled by VOLT-C.) 2PYR-EF: Electric field by a pyroelectric. The muon may be slowed down in this part. 2PYR: Pyroelectric body. *2PYR may be the target T1 of the muon. P: Polarization. 2PYR-PEF: Electric field inside the pyroelectric body. The muon may be decelerated in this part. 2ER: Electrode part TEMP-C: Temperature change means, heater/cooler part -Z surface: Thickness and height of the pyroelectric body in the z direction, target direction, upward direction in the drawing. +Z surface: Z toward the heater side and downward direction in the drawing. <Figure 20> 2MUDECE: Muon decelerator configured using a capacitor element in this figure (A) Insulator A voltage is applied to the capacitor to form an electric field in the insulator (made of low Z atoms that are difficult to trap muons) 2ER: Electrode (example) Electrode made of low Z atoms. Carbon electrode, lithium metal electrode 2LZI: Insulator (example) Insulator made of low Z atoms. Carbon insulator, diamond, hydrocarbon solvent, etc. 2ER and 2LZI may be made of low Z atoms that are difficult to trap muons. In addition, 2ER and 2LZI can be capacitor elements and can also be the target T1 portion that bonds with the muon decelerated when an electric field is formed to decelerate the muon, so for example, raw material atoms that can cause muon nuclear transmutation or muon nuclear fusion, such as carbon-12, nitrogen-15, and hydrogen, may be included in 2ER or 2LZI. (For example, 2LZI is an insulator containing carbon-12, and 2ER is a carbon-based electrode made of carbon-12 that contains metallic lithium as a current collector, mesh electrode, bus bar, or bus bar.) *2ER may be connected to other circuits. For example, 2ER may be drawn out from the deceleration section and connected to copper or aluminum wires, circuits, or bus bars (away from the deceleration function section) so as not to interfere with muon deceleration or use. 2FDELE: A capacitor element formed by sandwiching an electric field-forming element, 2LZI, between 2ER. *When multiple capacitor elements are used, the elements may be connected in series in an electrical circuit. *Explanatory diagram of capacitor elements arranged over a large area to decelerate cosmic muons. The element is a capacitor-type sheet device, and is expected to become a solar cell-like planar element. 2FDELE-LAM: A stack of elements 2FDELE. (2FDELE are electrically connected in series in the height direction and stacking direction) PWSP: Power supply unit. A power supply unit that applies a potential difference/voltage to the capacitor element 2FDELE or 2FDELE-LAM to form an electric field within the capacitor element. (B1) An electric field is formed by applying a voltage to the electric double layer capacitor EDLC (made of low Z atoms that do not easily trap muons) 2ER: Electrode 2FDELE-EDL-MPI: A portion including an electric double layer portion. A portion that forms an electric double layer at the interface of a porous membrane, and makes the electric double layer portion an insulator/dielectric (part equivalent thereto). Porous electrode. PWSP: Power supply unit. Pulse power supply unit. 2ER and 2FDELE-EDL-MP may be made of low Z atoms that do not easily trap muons. Furthermore, 2ER and 2FDELE-EDL-MP can also serve as a capacitor element and as a target T1 portion that bonds with the decelerated muon when an electric field is formed to decelerate the muon, so 2ER and 2FDELE-EDL-MP may contain source atoms capable of muon nuclear transmutation or muon nuclear fusion, such as carbon-12 or nitrogen-15 and hydrogen. 2FDELE-EDL: An element that forms an electric field, a capacitor element or electric double layer capacitor element formed by sandwiching 2FDELE-EDL-MPI between 2ER. 2FDELE-EDL-LAM: A stack of elements 2FDELE-EDL (2FDELE-EDL is electrically
(B2) Enlarged view of EDLC part 2ER-MPI: Porous membrane, porous electrode (EG: porous carbon electrode), porous electrode of electric double layer capacitor. 2EDL: Electric double layer formed on electrode part 2ER-MPI-MICRO: Enlarged part of 2ER-MPI, porous electrode part. 2ELYT: Electrolyte (including electrolyte) <Fig. 21> Explanation of spacecraft and space structure that generates muons from cosmic rays, decelerates the muons, and uses them for nuclear transmutation and energy to drive transportation equipment. 3: Transportation equipment 3, energy supply target 3 (including aircraft, spacecraft, space structure, artificial satellite, space station, space habitat, lunar base, lunar far side base, and structures in places where sunlight does not reach) COSRAY1: Cosmic ray 2MU-COSRAY: Part that receives cosmic rays and generates mesons, pions, and muons. Muon generation source. SMR1. It may be an array-shaped 2MU-COSRAY, or a configuration in which muons can be input to 2MUDECE. SM1: Cosmic muon. Muons generated by cosmic rays. A1: Particle accelerator. Particle generator/irradiator M1: Muon system, P1: Proton system. MA1: Muonic atom generator. Artificial muons (muonic atoms) may be made into muonic atoms and slowed down. M1F: High-speed muons (SM1 or high-speed M1) 2MUDECE: *MUDECE muon decelerator, decelerator array 2MUDECE-ARRAY may be used. (2MUDECE may include a part 2MUCAP that captures and moves muons.) M1L: Decelerated muon T1-HARVESTER: A means of harvesting T1 from other planets, moons, and celestial bodies, a source of T1 acquisition. Means of collecting fuel from outside (asteroids, natural celestial bodies) FEEDC1: Supply section of fuel F1 (FEED) and target T1. *T1, F1 containment vessel, fuel storage section, automatic target exchange device, T1, fusion/transmutation fuel supply system. 1R: Transmutation/fusion reactor. 1F-SYS: Fusion system. 1EXP-SYS: Transmutation system. T1, F1: Target section for atoms to be transmuted. Feed section. Transmutation fuel section. Transmutation reaction section/core section. In the T1 section, muons and T1 are combined to promote muon transmutation. HE1: Product generated when transmutation occurs in T1. An example is high-energy helium alpha rays. AEC: Alpha ray energy conversion section. Part that converts the energy of alpha rays into other energy. The AEC may be a traveling-wave direct energy converter (TWDEC/Traveling-Wave Direct Energy Converter). The AEC may be a direct energy converter that converts the kinetic energy of the generated particles into electrical energy. Example: A part that bends the direction of high-energy (high kinetic energy) alpha rays (using bending means, the magnetic field of coil 2COIL, etc.) to cause synchrotron radiation and bremsstrahlung, and converts them into synchrotron radiation, gamma rays, and photons (light energy). (*Alpha rays can be stopped even by thin paper. Therefore, alpha rays can be stopped by a part that stops them, such as a paper or sheet, to cause bremsstrahlung. Alpha rays can also be stopped by a sheet part made of low-Z atoms to generate photons. When alpha rays are stopped, gamma rays are generated, which can prevent the reactor from being activated, so atoms that are difficult to activate (low-Z atoms) can be used to stop the alpha rays.) *By mutually adopting alpha rays and material atoms, atoms can be excited by the excitation effect of alpha ray collisions, or atoms can be ionized by ejecting the electrons of the atoms through ionization (ionization). The phenomenon of alpha rays being scattered by atoms can also occur. *When the photon energy is 1.022 MeV or more due to the interaction between gamma rays and material, electron pair generation can occur (positron and electron pairs can be generated), so electron pair generation and positron generation can be performed in the AEC section. Energy conversion can be performed using the photoelectric effect in the AEC section, and high-speed electrons (photoelectrons) can be generated. Compton electrons may be generated by causing the Compton effect, whereby gamma rays collide with electrons in the material and scatter the electrons. *We want to avoid the nuclei of the materials that make up the AEC section and reaction path 1R being converted into radioactive elements by photonuclear reactions, but since high-Z nuclei can produce many paths that can turn into radioactive nuclei by emitting neutrons in photonuclear reactions, it may be possible to refrain from using them and use low-Z nuclei instead. (However, this does not mean that high-Z atoms are not used, as high-Z atoms have a higher ability to absorb and shield gamma rays.) *When nuclear transformation occurs at T1 and alpha rays are generated, the direction of the alpha rays may be bent by the magnetic field of coil 2COIL to promote the generation of synchrotron radiation, gamma rays, and photons. 1PRPLT: Propellant. Propellant ejected behind 3 during accelerated propulsion. Photons, alpha rays, etc. Also, when electric propulsion or rocket propulsion is performed, the propellant. (When propelling in the atmosphere, 1TH is the atmosphere or air ejected by the jet thruster or propeller motor.) 1TH: Propulsion means. (Thrusters that emit alpha rays, thrusters that eject photons, electric thrusters, etc. Propeller motors, jet engines, etc.) 1TH-NZ: Nozzle (1TH and 1TH-ZL may be able to change the direction of ejection of propellant. For example, when 3 accelerates, propellant is ejected behind 3, and when 3 decelerates, it is ejected in front of 3) 1GENR: Power generation unit. Part that generates electricity using the energy of helium in HE1. 3SYS: System of 3 (may include the power electrical system, control system, and control unit of 3). It may receive power from 1GENR. It may supply power to devices and locations belonging to 3 from 3SYS. <Figure 6> Figure 6 shows an assumed diagram of a nuclear fusion reaction system (A) using diborane (B) and a nuclear transmutation system using carbon (C) or nitrogen (D). M1: Muon generation/introduction means (negative muons at an appropriate speed) In (A), diborane consisting of hydrogen and boron-11 is irradiated with negative muons, and the boron-11 and hydrogen in the diborane undergo muon nuclear fusion to be converted into excited carbon-12 nuclei (12C*), after which carbon-12 is converted into three heliums. In (C1) of (C), a process is shown in which a muon bonds with carbon-12 in carbon materials such as graphite and diamond consisting of carbon-12 to generate excited carbon-12 nuclei (12C*), which are then converted into three heliums. In (D), azan hydrazine containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen is irradiated with negative muons, and the nitrogen-15 and hydrogen in the azan undergo muon nuclear fusion to be converted into carbon nuclei (12C*) and one alpha ray. (The remaining carbon-12C* is then converted into three helium atoms through nuclear transmutation of carbon and muons.) (C2) and (C3) are hypothetical diagrams of what happens when a muon is irradiated inside an alkane molecule, and although it has not been confirmed how the reaction actually occurs, it is possible for the carbon-12 and hydrogen in the alkane to undergo muonic nuclear fusion. When a muon bonds with a carbon-12 atom, it can be nuclear transmuted into three helium atoms. Between a hydrogen atom and a carbon atom, the effective nuclear charge/Z is greater for the carbon atom. *In the example of a carbon-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction in methane, gamma rays and nitrogen-13 or nitrogen-14 can be produced, and nitrogen-13 and nitrogen-14 have a greater effective nuclear charge/Z than carbon, making it easier for nitrogen-13 and nitrogen-14 to trap muons than carbon, and in the example of a carbon-hydrogen nuclear fusion reaction, there is a risk that this may hinder the muonic nuclear fusion reaction. *On the other hand, in the case of muon fusion of boron-11 and hydrogen or nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, or muon transmutation of carbon-12 nuclei into three excited helium atoms, the reaction formula does not emit gamma rays, but has the characteristic of generating and releasing helium (in the case of nitrogen-15, carbon-12 is generated, but if carbon-12 is excited and converted into three helium atoms), and there is a possibility that muon fusion and transmutation reactions will continue, and may be used in this application. <0090><<Examples>><12C1> A muon-based nuclear transmutation system having a process of converting excited carbon-12 nuclei into helium. <12C2> A muon-based nuclear transmutation system according to 12C1, characterized in that a carbon-12 nucleus and a muon are bonded to generate an excited carbon-12 nucleus. <12C3> A muon-based nuclear transmutation system according to 12C1, characterized in that an excited carbon-12 nucleus is generated after muon fusion of boron and hydrogen. <12C4> A muon fusion system using the muon-based nuclear transmutation system described in 12C3, which uses a nuclear fusion reaction system characterized in that the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles produced by the nuclear fusion reaction is smaller than the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles of a fusion fuel material, and the fusion fuel material is a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system using non-solid boron hydride or gaseous boron hydride, and the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system has a step of irradiating and injecting muons into the boron hydride. <12C5> The muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system described in 12C4, which has a step of compressing the boron hydride irradiated and injected with the muons. <DECE1> A nuclear transmutation system for target atoms/raw material atoms, which has a step or means for decelerating muons and is characterized in that the muons can be bound to target atoms/raw material atoms to be transmuted. <DECE2> The nuclear transmutation system according to DECE1, capable of decelerating muons with an electric field, a magnetic field or an electromagnetic field, a photon, a laser wakefield or an accelerator. <DECE3> The nuclear transmutation system according to DECE1, which performs nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation of target atoms or raw material atoms, characterized in that a pulse laser is irradiated onto the target atoms or raw material atoms to generate an electric field or a laser wakefield. <DECE4> The nuclear transmutation system according to DECE1, which uses a pyroelectric body as a means for decelerating muons. <DECE5> The nuclear transmutation system according to DECE1, which uses a capacitor or an electric field within the capacitor as a means for decelerating muons. <DECE6> The nuclear transmutation system according to DECE1, which uses an electric field within an electric double layer portion, an electric double layer capacitor or an electric double layer as a means for decelerating muons. <DECE7> The nuclear transmutation system according to 1, characterized in that it is capable of decelerating cosmic muons or muons originating from cosmic rays flying from the space side to the ground side, and binding the decelerated muons to a target atom or raw material atom to be transmuted. <MUCYCB1> A nuclear transmutation system characterized by causing decelerated muons to rotate and cyclotronically move in a magnetic field in the target section T1, and moving and mixing the muons and atoms in the T1 section in the T1 section. <MULCP1> A computer system characterized by operating electronic computers, quantum computers, processing devices, and storage devices at the location where muons are decelerated and attenuated. <MULCP2> A computer system characterized by operating electronic computers, quantum computers, processing devices, and storage devices at the location where muons are decelerated, removed, and attenuated using a muon decelerator or an array of muon decelerators. <MULCP3> A computer system characterized by operating electronic computers, quantum computers, processing devices, and storage devices in an underground space where muons are shielded using ground containing atoms with high Z and high effective nuclear charge, including iron and silicon. <CSMUSP1> A transport device equipped with a nuclear transmutation system having a feature of generating muons from cosmic rays, decelerating the muons, and injecting them into a target section T1, the transport device having a feature of generating muons from cosmic rays by receiving cosmic rays with the transport device. <MTPSP1> A transport device that obtains photons from alpha rays generated by nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation using muons, and accelerates and decelerates the space transport device using the photons as a propellant. <1> A nuclear transmutation system using muons, comprising a step of combining muons with source atoms to obtain excited nuclei, and nuclear transmuting the nuclei into atoms having an effective nuclear charge or atomic number smaller than that of the source atoms. <2> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 1, comprising a step of converting excited carbon-12 nuclei into helium. <3> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 2, which uses carbon-12 as a source atom, the nuclear transmutation system having a feature of combining muons with carbon-12 nuclei of a carbon material containing carbon-12 to generate excited carbon-12 nuclei. <4> The muon-based nuclear transmutation system according to 2, characterized in that an excited carbon-12 nucleus is generated after muon nuclear fusion of boron/boron-11 and hydrogen. <5> A muon nuclear fusion system using the muon-based nuclear transmutation system according to 4,
A muon catalyzed fusion system using a fusion reaction system characterized in that the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles generated by the muon fusion reaction is smaller than the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles of a fusion fuel material, the fusion fuel material being a non-solid boron hydride or a gaseous boron hydride, the muon catalyzed fusion system having a step of irradiating and injecting muons into the boron hydride. <6> The muon catalyzed fusion system according to 5, having a step of compressing the boron hydride irradiated and injected with muons. <7> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 1, characterized in that after muon nuclear fusion of nitrogen/nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, excited atomic nuclei are generated and then helium is generated. <8> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 7, having a step of irradiating and injecting muons into an azan in which nitrogen/nitrogen-15 and hydrogen are bonded. <9> The nuclear transmutation system according to 1, using muons, comprising a step of decelerating muons using an accelerator or muon decelerator capable of decelerating muons, and then injecting and bonding the muons into atoms of a source material for nuclear transmutation. <10> A transport device having the nuclear transmutation system according to 9. <11> A power generation device having the nuclear transmutation system according to 10. <12> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, characterized in that an electric field or a laser wake field can be generated as a deceleration means for decelerating muons, the nuclear transmutation system according to 9, characterized in that the electric field or the laser wake field can be generated by irradiating a target atom or a source atom with a pulsed laser. <13> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, using a pyroelectric as a means for decelerating muons. <14> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, using a capacitor or an electric field within a capacitor as a means for decelerating muons. <15> The nuclear transmutation system according to 15, using an electric double layer section, an electric double layer capacitor, or an electric field within an electric double layer as a means for decelerating muons. <16> A space structure equipped with the nuclear transmutation system according to 9, further comprising a cosmic muon generator that receives cosmic rays and generates muons derived from cosmic rays, and a means for decelerating the muons obtained from the cosmic muon generator, irradiating and introducing the muons into raw material atoms, and bonding them with the raw material atoms. <17> The nuclear transmutation system according to 3, characterized in that when muons are bonded to a carbon material made of carbon-12, the muons act as a catalyst to generate a chain reaction of nuclear transmutation reactions, and the carbon material is doped with an atom in which a nuclear transmutation reaction using a muon is less likely to occur than with carbon-12, or a carbon-13 atom, or an atom that has a higher effective nuclear charge/atomic number Z than carbon and is capable of trapping a muon. <0091><<Additional portion due to application claiming priority>> The following items were added to the previous application, Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Patent Application No. 2023-174791, Patent Application No. 2023-196029, Patent Application No. 2023-196327, Patent Application No. 2024-058388, and Patent Application No. 2024-065053. (This application is a device and requires demonstration.) Figure 22 shows an explanatory diagram of the assumption of a nuclear transmutation/nuclear fusion system using muons taking into account the muon nucleus capture reaction. In this application, it is assumed that a carbon material made of carbon-12 is irradiated with muons, excited carbon-12 nuclei are obtained, and nuclear transmuted into helium, and Figure 22 is an explanatory diagram of this. (A) A muon binds to carbon-12 in a carbon material, undergoes a muon nuclear capture reaction, and is converted to a boron-12 nucleus (12B*) with an excitation energy of 10-20 MeV, and then the excitation energy is transferred from 12B* to the adjacent carbon-12 nucleus, generating excited carbon-12 (12C*), which is then converted to helium, and the excitation energy is transferred to the adjacent carbon-12, and this is repeated, and an explanatory diagram of the assumption that a carbon-12 nucleus in a carbon material of carbon-12 is converted to helium using a muon. Since there may be cases where a muon binds to carbon-12, undergoes a nuclear capture reaction to generate an excited boron-12 nucleus, and then converts to helium while transmitting the excitation energy to the adjacent carbon-12 atom, a nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS may be configured to irradiate and input muons into a carbon material containing carbon-12 to convert it to helium. (B1) An explanatory diagram of a case where a muon is bound to an azan containing nitrogen-15, muon nuclear capture reaction is carried out to convert it to carbon-15, and then nitrogen-15 is generated after the half-life of carbon-15 has elapsed. (B2) An explanatory diagram of muon nuclear fusion of nitrogen-15. (In B1, nitrogen-15 can be converted to carbon-15, but the effective nuclear charge/Z of carbon-15 is lower than that of nitrogen-15, and it is considered that the nuclear fusion reaction will continue.) Note: In paragraph number 0076 of the present specification, in the sections <Use of carbon>, <Perspective when muon is irradiated to carbon-12>, and <Perspective of adjacent carbon atoms and excited carbon atoms>, it is described that a carbon-12 nucleus and a muon are bound to each other, the carbon-12 atom is excited, and the excitation energy is transferred to the adjacent carbon-12 atom by excitation energy transfer, and carbon-12 is converted to helium (FIG. 22). In FIG. 6 (C1), it is described that the state/excitation energy of excited carbon-12 is transferred to the adjacent carbon-12, and FIG. 22 is described as a specific example. Although Fig. 6 does not show that a muon binds to carbon-12 to become boron-12, Fig. 6 shows that at least a carbon-12 atom is excited by a muon, and then the excitation energy is transferred to the adjacent carbon-12 atom, exciting the adjacent carbon-12 atom and converting it to a helium atom. Fig. 22 shows an example of one of the mechanisms described in Fig. 6 in (A). ) <Example><MUFRET1> A nuclear transmutation system that binds a muon to a carbon material consisting of carbon-12 atoms and converts carbon-12 into helium alpha rays. <MUFRET2> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUFRET1, in which a carbon-12 atom is bonded with a muon to cause a muon nuclear capture reaction, converting a proton in the carbon-12 atom into a neutron while obtaining an excited boron-12 nucleus using a part of the muon's rest energy as nuclear excitation energy, and transferring the excitation energy of the excited boron-12 nucleus to a carbon-12 nucleus in the carbon material located next to the excited boron-12 atom, exciting the carbon-12 nucleus and converting it to helium. <MUFRET3> A nuclear transmutation system according to MUFRET1, which involves the transfer of excitation energy from the excited carbon-12 nucleus to an adjacent carbon-12 nucleus or the transfer or linkage of the excited state. In the case of muon nuclear fusion of nitrogen, boron, and hydrogen, as in Fig. 22, a muon atomic nucleus capture reaction is taken into consideration, and Fig. 23 shows an assumed diagram of muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation in a system in ammonia containing nitrogen-15 as one embodiment and assumed example of the present application, and Fig. 24 shows an assumed diagram of muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation in a system containing boron hydride and boron hydride anion (LiBH4) containing boron-11. <0092><Neutrino/Neutrino Detector Using Muon Removal Unit LM1Z> A neutrino detector 2NUTDET may be placed at a location where cosmic rays and muons are slowed down and reduced/removed using the decelerator 2MUDECE (LM1Z: muon attenuation/removal section). In the case where mesons and pions that are the source of muons are generated near the system, the muon-using nuclear fusion/transmutation system of the present application may generate muon neutrinos due to pion generation/decay. The pion decays immediately into a muon and a muon neutrino. In addition, the nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system can generate neutrinos by injecting a muon into an atom in the target section T1, and then the atom in T1 undergoes a muon nucleus capture reaction. The rest mass energy of the muon, 106 MeV, can be given to the nucleus that captures the muon. Generally, 10-20 MeV is used as the excitation energy of the nucleus, and high-energy neutrinos with the remaining energy (about 80 MeV) can be generated.) Systems that use muons, including the system of the present application, artificially generate neutrinos. When the muon generator/meson generator of the present application or the target section T1 capable of binding muons and atomic nuclei are in operation, they can be a source of electron neutrinos and muon neutrinos that are biased compared to the natural environment, and the structure 3 including the transport equipment and power generation section including T1 can be a source of neutrinos. *In this application, a space exploration robot 3 capable of moving through the darkness between stars is assumed as an application example of a system including T1, and communication with the robot is necessary for space exploration. The farther away one is, the more radio waves may attenuate due to electromagnetic waves and photons. On the other hand, neutrinos are particles that should be detected by large-scale detectors because they attenuate when they interact with weak forces and gravity, but the neutrino-generating 3 may be able to communicate with remote locations using neutrinos, so a neutrino communication device unit 3 will be described. A communication system 1NUT-COM using neutrinos may be configured between a distant space structure/exploration robot 3 and the Earth (or a structure in the solar system). Regarding the communication 1NUT-COM using neutrinos, the neutrino transmitting unit 1NUT-TX of 1NUT-COM may be a neutrino generating unit that generates and decays mesons or muons, and if neutrinos are particles with an oscillating mass, 1NUT-TX may incorporate information in the oscillation of neutrinos or the on/off of neutrino particles, just as waves are made to oscillate. The neutrino receiving unit 1NUT-RX of 1NUT-COM may detect neutrinos using a neutrino detector 2NUTDET placed in LM1Z, which has been slowed down by a muon decelerator 2MUDECE and has removed and attenuated muons. <Publicly Known Example 1: Cherenkov Detector> As in Kamiokande and Super-Kamiokande, the world's largest water Cherenkov astrophysical particle observation devices, a detector including an ultra-pure water tank and a photomultiplier tube may be placed underground or in a place where cosmic rays and muons have been attenuated and removed, and used as a target for neutrino collisions, and the Cherenkov light generated by the target may be detected by a photomultiplier tube. (It may also be possible to equip the pure water target with gadolinium salt from Super-Kamiokande, a mechanism for separating high-energy neutrinos resulting from a supernova explosion, or a neutrino energy filter mechanism (similar to a filter circuit in radio wave communication). For example, the energy of the neutrinos generated by the transmitter 1NUT-TX may be specified in advance, and the energy level of the neutrinos received by the receiver 1NUT-RX may be limited, selected, and filtered (so that the energy level received can be limited by the gadolinium doping), and neutrinos of the energy level set by the transmitter may be received by the receiver. Having energy level resolution may be used to increase the number of communication information channels. In optical fiber communication, light of different wavelengths may be transmitted through a single optical fiber. In a communication method using neutrinos, similar to the wavelength division multiplexing transmission method using optical fiber, neutrinos of different energy levels are transmitted along the same neutrino flight/communication path, and the different energy levels (for example, as shown in FIG. 25, the gadolinium-doped pure water detector 2NUDET-HIE on the outer shell that detects high-energy neutrinos detects light/Cherenkov light with the photomultiplier tube PMT 2PMT-HIE, and the low-energy neutrinos that are left behind and fly after that are detected by the pure water detector 2NUDET-LOWE with the PMT 2PMT-LOWE) <Publicly known example 2: Radiochemical method> Neutrino detector 2NUTDET using gallium (GALLEX, GNO: Gallium Neutrino Observatory using a large-volume tank of gallium chloride solution, SAGE: Sovie using liquid gallium)
The 2NUT-American Gallium Experiment) is known, and the gallium-based 2NUT DET may be placed in LM1Z (cosmic rays or muons may be decelerated by a decelerator, or may be a location that prevents the incidence of king-energy particles on semiconductor elements or detectors) to detect them. 71Ge is obtained by the reaction of 71Ga + antineutrino -> 71Ge + electrons, and 71Ge is detected by a separate chemical analyzer or the like to detect neutrinos. (However, since atoms are converted and the number of converted atoms is counted, there is a risk that the processing speed will be slow if the known example 2 is used as is when handling a lot of information in information communication, and known example 1 may be better in terms of information processing speed) *In FIG. 25, the communication system 1NUT-COM using neutrinos is a transmitting unit, and 1NUT-TX may be a spaceship/exploration robot 3 or a submarine 3. The transmitter 1NUT-TX may be a part of a submarine 3 traveling deep under the sea that generates muons, decays them, and produces neutrinos (a part that generates mesons and muons using an accelerator), or a part equipped with a muon nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system that generates muons, decays them, and produces neutrinos. When the submarine 3 (submersible robot 3) travels deep in places such as the Japan Trench, information from the submarine can be obtained by receiving neutrinos including information/signals (which may be encrypted) emitted from the submarine at a nearby receiver 1NUT-RX. *The transmitter 1NUT-TX and receiver 1NUT-RX of the present application may be placed in space, in the air, on the sea, underwater, on land, or underground. Furthermore, if a neutrino transmitter 1NUT-TX and a receiver 1NUT-RX could be mounted on a submarine 3, transportation equipment 3, or structure 3 underwater inside the earth (LM1Z's), it would become possible to communicate using neutrinos with the transmitter and receiver on the ground, making it possible to communicate far into space, underwater, or underground. <Figure 25> Explanation of symbols for the neutrino-using communication system 1NUT-COM, 1NUT-COM: neutrino communication system 1NUT-TX: neutrino transmitter. TX section of 1NUT-COM. 1NUT-High: high energy neutrinos 1NUT-Low: low energy neutrinos 2MUDECE: decelerator 2MUCAP: muon capture section 2MUTRAP: muon trap section. Cosmic ray trap and removal section. LM1Z: muon attenuation and removal section. (Computers, memory devices, and processing devices may be placed in LM1Z within transport equipment 3LM1Z with the intention of preventing cosmic rays or muons from interfering with, malfunctioning, or destroying computers and control units such as memory devices and processing devices within structure 3 or transport equipment 3. Also, communication devices, input devices, output devices, sensors, detectors, radio wave detectors, particle detectors, and neutrino detectors may be placed in LM1Z of 3 to prevent communication devices and detection devices of 3 from malfunctioning, stopping, or being destroyed due to the influence of cosmic rays and muons.) 1 COMPUTER: computer, calculator, electronic computer, quantum computer 1 MEMORY: memory device 1 PROCESSOR: processing device 1 NETWORK: communications network 1 NUT-RX: neutrino receiving unit. RX unit of 1 NUT-COM. 2 PMT-HIE: high energy particle, high energy neutrino detection unit 2 PMT-LOWE: low energy particle, low energy neutrino detection unit 2 SENSE: sensor. Particle detection sensor 2PMT-CNT: signal counter section, signal detection section 2PMT-CON: PMT control section 2NUTDET-CON: control section. Detector control section 1NUT: neutrino, neutrino 1NUT-BEAM: neutrino beam 1NUT-TX: neutrino transmitter, which may be a beam 1NUT-RX: neutrino receiver 2MU-BY-NUT: section that converts neutrinos into muons. 2MU: muon generator 1MU-TX: muon transmitter 1MU-RX: muon receiver. 2MUDECE: muon decelerator 2PMT: photomultiplier tube. 2SENSE: sensor. Particle detection sensor. T1: target for muons and particles. A target section that causes particles to collide or bind. (It may be possible to perform nuclear transmutation of atoms using muons. Energy produced by nuclear transmutation or particle decay may be detected by 2SENSE.) *Neutrinosynchronization is not taken into account in Fig. 25, but taking said oscillations into account, neutrino detectors 2NUDET-ELEN, 2NUDET-MUN, and 2NUDET-TAUN that can detect neutrinos by dividing them into the types of electron, muon, and tau neutrinos (with swapped flavors) that are produced by muon oscillation in addition to neutrino energy may be provided at the 2NUDET-HIE and 2NUDET-LOWE locations. For example, a neutrino detector at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) in Canada that uses water containing deuterium as a target for colliding with neutrinos is well known, and by converting deuterium neutrons into protons by neutrinos and detecting these, it may be possible to selectively detect electron neutrinos, so this may be used in the electron neutrino detection section. [*For example, in the charged current interaction, the neutrons in the deuterium nuclei are replaced by protons. The neutrinos are absorbed by the reaction and electrons are generated. For example, the energy of solar neutrinos is smaller than the mass of muons and tau leptons, so only electron neutrinos contribute to this reaction. The electrons emitted carry most of the neutrino's energy, about 5-15 MeV, and can be detected by the detector. (The charged current interaction can be used in 2NUDET-ELEN and 2NUDET-LOWE.) *On the other hand, in the neutral current interaction, the deuterium nuclei of deuterium are broken down into protons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons are detected. The neutrinos are maintained while losing some energy, and all three flavors of neutrinos (electron, muon, tau) contribute equally to this interaction. The reaction cross section of heavy water with neutrons is small, and when a neutron is captured by a deuterium nucleus, gamma rays and photons with energies of about 6 MeV are generated. Some neutrons pass through the SNO acrylic container and enter the light water, where they are immediately captured because the neutron capture cross section of light water is very large. This reaction produces gamma rays with an energy of about 2 MeV, which cannot be observed because they are below the energy threshold of the detector. Compton scattered and accelerated electrons can be detected through Cherenkov radiation. (Neutral current interactions can be used in 2NUDET-MUN, 2NUDET-TAUN, and 2NUDET-HIE.) (The neutrons produced by the reaction of heavy water with neutrinos in neutral current interactions can be detected with a light water Cherenkov detector such as Kamiokande.) *According to public literature, in elastic scattering interactions, neutrinos collide with electrons in atoms and impart energy to the electrons. All three types of neutrinos can contribute to this interaction through the exchange of neutral Z bosons, and electron neutrinos can also contribute through the exchange of charged W bosons. For this reason, the elastic scattering interaction is dominated by electron neutrinos, and the Super-Kamiokande detector is able to observe solar neutrinos through this channel. The elastic scattering interaction is equivalent to a relativistic billiard game, and for this reason the electrons produced usually point in the direction from which the neutrino came (from the Sun or the source of the neutrinos). This interaction occurs with electrons in atoms, so it occurs in equal proportions in both heavy water and light water. In this application, a nuclear transmutation system that combines muons with target T1 is used as the source of neutrinos, but the elastic scattering interaction can be used to detect the direction from which neutrinos came in space or on Earth, so it may be used in neutrino detectors and neutrino communication devices. <Scintillator in the SNO+ system> A neutrino detector section that uses linear alkylbenzene tellurium 130 (a nucleus that undergoes double beta decay) as a target or scintillator instead of deuterium may be used. <Communication system using muons> In the above 1NUT-COM, neutrinos are used for communication, but instead, a muon communication system 1MU-COM may be configured using muons, a muon receiving unit 1MU-RX (muon decelerator 2MUDECE, muon capture unit 2MUCAP, target unit T1), and a muon transmitting unit 1MU-TX (muon generator 2MU). <Detector/trap unit using heavy elements> Currently, perovskite semiconductor materials that may contain lead Pb or iodine I, which have a higher Z than silicon Si or iron Fe, are being researched and developed in the field of perovskite solar cells (photoelectric conversion elements). The high-Z lead atoms of the perovskite semiconductor may strongly trap negative muons, may collide with neutrinos, high-mass neutrinos, particles, etc., and may be more likely to absorb photons such as gamma rays by the high-Z atoms, and in one form of the present application, may be used in a detector that traps and absorbs muons, neutrinos, and particle photons to detect them. In one embodiment of the present application, a muon capture blocker 2MUTRAP (which may have an insulator, semiconductor, or metal portion) may be used, which may be composed of high-Z atoms (for the purpose of preventing the intrusion of muons and cosmic rays) in order to form LM1Z. <Neutrino detector using mass, gravity, and gravitational force when neutrinos and neutrinos have mass> As shown in Figure 26, a neutrino detector using the mass and gravity interaction between a point with a large mass and a neutrino particle may be configured (if possible). It is considered that the three types of neutrinos, electron, muon, and tau, can be separated (changed in some way) by gravity, and this application also describes a device in which, when a neutrino beam containing a mixture of electron, muon, and tau travels straight near a celestial body such as the sun, a neutron star, or a black hole, the neutrino orbit/beam orbit changes step by step depending on the weight of the mass near the celestial body (just like a mass spectrometer), and the neutrino orbit/beam orbit changes step by step depending on the weight of the mass near the celestial body, and the device separates (two or more types of) neutrinos based on the change in orbit. (The detectors described below are similar to neutrinos, and are also applicable to experiments to detect particles such as the hypothetical particle neutralino, which interacts weakly with gravity and does not interact with electromagnetic forces.) Tau neutrinos (which may be produced by vibration) are predicted to have a larger mass than electron or muon neutrinos. Of the gravitational and weak forces that can act on neutrinos, it is possible to focus on the effect of gravity and detect the gravity due to the mass of a tau neutrino and use this in a neutrino communication system. (It is necessary to demonstrate whether the mass and gravity of a tau neutrino can be detected.) *1The NUT-RX-GRAV may be used to configure a device or system that performs neutrino communications (receiving exploration signals and neutrino broadcasts) with a distant space exploration robot 3. As shown in FIG. 26, neutrinos are transmitted from the neutrino transmitter 1NUT-TX of the space structure/exploration robot 3 (which may be an artificial mixture of electrons, muons, and tau neutrinos with a higher intensity than that occurring in nature), and at the receiver, the neutrinos are separated by mass using a separation unit 2MS-NUT-GRAV that uses gravity, and the neutrinos are detected and received by individual detectors arranged along the expected trajectory along which the neutrinos are expected to travel after separation. *Neutrino communication requires moving and placing the 3NRX in the vastness of space, and detecting neutrinos and particles with the neutrino detection unit 2NUDET-TAUN of the 3NRX. It may be difficult to detect neutrinos sent from the distant 3 in the vastness of space without any hints. Therefore, the 3 may be able to transmit information that may be a hint for neutrino detection (information estimating the approximate location where the neutrinos will arrive) to the 3NRX, Earth, or a space base via radio waves. For example, 3 may be equipped with a radio wave transmitting unit and communication unit in addition to a neutrino transmitting unit and communication unit, and 3NRX, 3NRX-ELEN, 3NRX-MUN, and 3NRX-TAUN may be able to receive radio waves from the radio wave communication unit of 3 or information from 3. 3 may be able to transmit, communicate, and broadcast information such as the attitude and navigation status of 3, the direction in which the neutrino transmitting unit is pointing, the coordinates of 3, and the orbit of 3 to 3NRX. *It may be able to transmit, communicate, and broadcast information that is useful when the receiving unit 3NRX detects the communication neutrinos emitted by 3. 1MSSTAR (a point with mass, 1MASS-PO) A large mass part such as the sun, star, neutron star, or black hole
It is also possible to detect electron, mu, and tau neutrinos by using a detector (2NUDET-ELEN, 2NUDET-MUN, 2NUDET-TAUN) to separate neutrinos of each mass into three types of neutrinos with different masses, which are the differences in their trajectories due to the difference in the magnitude of gravity acting over a 1 MSSTAR distance (dEM, dET), separating the neutrinos by mass, and detecting the neutrinos with detectors (2NUDET-ELEN, 2NUDET-MUN, 2NUDET-TAUN) positioned at the end of the trajectory of the separated neutrinos. *For example, as shown in FIG. 26, a neutrino transmitter (1NUT-TX) capable of artificially generating three types of neutrinos is installed in outer space so that they pass near the sun (1MSSTAR), which has the largest mass in the solar system, and the three types of neutrinos with mass pass from the transmitter 1NUT-TX near the sun, and are subjected to gravity and attraction by the neutrino separator 2MS-NUT-GRAV, which changes their trajectory according to the difference in mass (producing trajectory differences dET and dEM), allowing the neutrinos to be separated into different types, so that neutrinos with different masses can be detected using this mechanism. *An electron is a fermion with a negative charge of 1 and a spin of 1/2, and when the trajectory of an accelerated electron is bent, bremsstrahlung light and photons are generated. Neutrinos are fermions with spin 1/2. Neutrinos can be detected by using the fact that the trajectory of accelerated neutrinos can be bent. Neutrinos are fermions with spin 1/2. When neutrinos behave like billiard balls that can be influenced by gravity, they are attracted toward points where gravity is stronger, and the neutrino's orbit may change. A detector may be positioned to detect neutrinos that have changed their orbit. Instead of using a massive celestial body or star (1MSSTAR), if possible, a point (1MASS-POINT) with high density and mass may be created (like creating the center of the sun or the center of a neutron star) in order to compress matter to a single point in inertial confinement laser nuclear fusion (the point (1MASS-POINT) may be created by inertial confinement using a laser or accelerated particles, or by using the collision point of accelerated particles), and a gravitational force may be generated between the 1MASS-POINT and the mass of the neutrino, which may be used for neutrino detection (neutrino separation, generation and detection of physical responses that differ depending on the mass of the neutrino). The neutrino transmitter may be equipped with a nuclear fusion reactor, nuclear transmutation system, or space solar power generation system as a power source to drive devices such as accelerators for generating neutrinos. <Fig. 26> Symbol explanation: 3NTX-LEMT: Space structure 3NTX equipped with a neutrino transmitter (neutrinos of different masses may be transmitted). 2MS-NUT-GRAV or 3NRX may be capable of transmitting neutrinos of a mass, energy, and type (or a group of multiple types) that are favorable for communication, taking into account the effects of neutrino oscillation and gravity/attraction. 3NRX may measure the mass and energy of neutrinos, taking into account that neutrinos transmitted from 3NTX change due to oscillation and are subjected to the gravity of 2MS-NUT-GRAV. (Neutrinos subjected to gravity/attraction and vibrating may be measured by 3NRX.) Neutrinos emitted from 3NTX may be a neutrino beam 1NUT-BEAM. Leptons and mutrinos may be emitted from 3NTX. 1NUT-EMT-MIX: Neutrino mass and orbital section that may contain neutrinos of different masses, several types, and three types. 1NUT-BEAM: 1 NUT of beam. 1NUT-LEPTON: 1 NUT of lepton. 2MS-NUT-GRAV: Section that separates neutrinos of different masses due to gravity and gravitational force (force). 1NUTE-ORBIT, 1NUTM-ORBIT, 1NUTT-ORBIT: Orbits of 1NUT of electron (1NUTE), muon (1NUTM), and tau (1NUTT) neutrinos whose orbits have changed due to gravity and gravitational force (force) in 2MS-NUT-GRAV. 3NRX-ELEN/-MUN/-TAUN: 3 space structures with neutrino detectors (-ELEN: electron, -MUN: muon, -TAUN: tau neutrino suffixes.) *The farther away from 2MS-NUT-GRAV is the neutrino's orbit and distance variation dEM/dET when it changes orbit and is separated at 2MS-NUT-GRAV, the larger the variation may be (distance difference dEM/tau neutrino's orbit 1NUTM-ORBIT compared to electron neutrino's orbit 1NUTT-ORBIT). (dET), and in order to make the difference large by using the vastness of space, a detector may be equipped on a transport device 3 capable of moving through space to make a neutrino observation spacecraft, artificial satellite, or structure 3NRX, and the distance difference may be obtained to resolve and detect electron, mu, and tau neutrinos (by making the difference in position distance large). ) In order to detect neutrinos, 3NRX may be equipped with a portion LM1Z that attenuates cosmic rays and muons and a particle decelerator, and a sensor or detector may be placed in LM1Z of 3NRX to attempt neutrino detection. <Example> A neutrino communication system that uses a neutrino detector that has the characteristic of detecting neutrinos with different masses due to gravity (or attraction or force). <A device for generating mesons and particles that has the characteristic of colliding particles> A positive muon is a particle with a positive charge. In one form of the present application, a positive muon may be used as the particle to be collided with the muon target or as the muon target. The intention is to reduce the risk of radioactive muon targets, which is a problem with carbon muon targets, by using positive muons (which may decay due to their lifetime after particle collisions in 2CLP) as the muon target. (Positive muons, muons, or leptons may be used as particles or targets to be collided in the particle collision section 2CLP, which may be the intersection of the trajectories of the accelerated particles of 2HE-FFAG-1ST and 2HE-FFAG-2ND in Figures 14 and 15.) Positively charged particles may be collided with each other. For example, high-energy positrons may be collided with the protons or atomic nuclei of the target. (During the nuclear fusion of boron-11 or nitrogen-15 with hydrogen or the nuclear transmutation of excited carbon-12 nuclei into helium, helium alpha rays have energy and emit gamma rays at a level that can generate positrons and electron pairs from alpha rays, so the alpha rays may be used to generate positrons. Positrons and electrons are accelerated by an accelerator or acceleration means, and particle collisions are performed to generate quark mesons and muons. Accelerated electrons in a laser wake field may be collided with accelerated positrons to generate mesons and muons. For example, particles, mesons, and muons may be generated using a muon collider that accelerates and collides positive and negative muons. High-energy particles, Z/W bosons, bosons, and mesons may be generated by accelerating and colliding leptons. *The inverse kinematics method may be used to irradiate colliding atoms and particles on hydrogen, muons, and positive muons as targets to generate mesons and particles by causing particle collisions, or to cause nuclear spallation reactions. A hydrogen target may be used as a muon target for muon meson generation. <Nuclear transmutation by nuclear spallation with positive muons> Nuclear nuclei from radioactive waste or LLFPs may be irradiated with accelerated positive muons (or positrons or positive particles) to promote nuclear spallation and produce nuclei with smaller masses, atomic numbers Z, and number of neutrons N than the LLFPs. Positively charged particles may be irradiated with accelerated positrons to promote nuclear spallation and produce nuclei with smaller masses, atomic numbers Z, and number of neutrons N than the LLFPs. Examples of positively charged particles include protons, alpha rays, positrons, and positive muons. The rest masses are 938 MeV for protons, 3.72 GeV for alpha rays, 0.511 MeV for positrons, and 105.6 MeV for positive muons, which have a larger mass than positrons, and by accelerating a positive muon before it reaches the end of its life and injecting it into a target such as a carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen nucleus and colliding with it, the nucleus may be spalled, producing atoms with a reduced number of neutrons or reduced Z (such as lithium), while producing mesons and muons. *For example, nitrogen and oxygen atoms are spalled by cosmic rays and transmuted into beryllium-7 (7Be, 7Be becomes lithium-7 after a half-life of 53 days through electron capture EC) or beryllium-10 (10Be, 10Be becomes boron-10 after a half-life of 10 to the power of 6). (* Negative and positive muons can be found in equal proportions in accelerator particle collisions and cosmic muons from cosmic rays, but it is considered preferable to use not only negative muons but also positive muons if there are some applications. Therefore, for example, positive muons may be used as collision particles or target particles for nuclear spallation or muon pion production. * When accelerated positive muons are injected into and collided with an activated carbon material muon target (which may contain radioactive waste nuclei in addition to carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14), the positive muons may spall the radioactive waste nuclei, thereby reducing the radioactive nuclei in the activated target. For example, the number of beryllium-containing radioisotopes with long life spans may be reduced. If one were to collide a positively charged proton with beryllium-10, the proton and beryllium might undergo collision-type nuclear fusion to form a heavier atomic nucleus, producing carbon-14, etc. On the other hand, one could attempt to physically spall a long-lived radioactive isotope such as beryllium-10 into a low-Z, stable, non-radioactive atomic nucleus by accelerating a positive muon, which is thought not to undergo nuclear fusion when colliding with a beryllium-10 nucleus, and colliding it with the atomic nucleus. *For example, if a positive muon is collided with a radioisotope of carbon-14 beryllium-10 nucleus (which may have been produced in a carbon muon target) and one neutron is emitted from the nucleus, it would be possible to spall the stable isotope carbon-14. It is possible to convert the muon target into a stable isotope by irradiating it with a muon (exciting the nucleus). * It may be possible to convert the muon target into a stable isotope by irradiating a carbon-12 nucleus with a muon (exciting the nucleus). <Splitting oxygen nuclei> In addition to carbon nuclei, it is also possible to irradiate oxygen nuclei with particles, such as muons, to perform nuclear transmutation to produce helium (or particles such as protons and neutrons). By irradiating an oxygen nucleus with a muon, a negative muon is bound to the oxygen nucleus, and the rest mass energy of the negative muon is transferred to the oxygen nucleus (and Z is reduced after the negative muon capture reaction). A nuclear transmutation system may be constructed in which a positive muon, which may be accelerated, is applied to oxygen nuclei (nitrogen nuclei) to excite the nuclei and produce helium from the excited nuclei. A nuclear transmutation system may be constructed in which a particle, positive muon, which may be accelerated, is irradiated to oxygen nuclei, collided with them (to excite the oxygen nuclei) to cause a nuclear spallation reaction and produce helium (and particles such as protons and neutrons, and electrons and mesons may also be produced) from the oxygen nuclei. (The X-process is a well-known element production process in which particles such as protons from cosmic rays collide with oxygen atoms O and nitrogen atoms N of oxygen molecules and nitrogen molecules in the atmosphere to cause a nuclear spallation reaction and produce lithium Li, beryllium, boron, helium, etc. Boron beryllium is said to be derived from the X-process. In this application, boron, beryllium, and lithium may be produced by a nuclear spallation reaction. ) In addition to the oxygen contained in the atmosphere and oxide rocks (celestial bodies such as the Earth, Moon, satellites, Venus, planets, and asteroids), nitrogen also contained in the atmosphere can be irradiated with particles or muons to spall and transmute it into helium, boron, beryllium, and lithium. When oxygen (O) or nitrogen (N) is used for the spallation target, there is the advantage that O and N can be obtained from the atmosphere. <Muon target and muon transmutation system containing O and N in addition to C> *As mentioned above, a muon transmutation system can be constructed in which muons are irradiated, bonded, and collided with the atomic nuclei of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen to obtain helium. *Negative muons bind and decay to produce the rest mass energy of a negative muon of 1
Since oxygen atoms that have been given 0.5 MeV may be excited and converted into helium, it may be possible to combine negative muons with oxygen atoms and convert them into helium. *If possible, oxygen atoms or nitrogen atoms may be used as muon targets. For example, boron nitride (BN) is a compound that contains N (although B may be valuable), and has excellent heat resistance and thermal conductivity. It may be able to withstand being heated by being irradiated with a proton beam or a positive muon beam and may be easy to dissipate heat, so it may be suitable for use as a muon target, and may be used. <Nitrogen-containing muon target> *When N in BN collides with a positive muon or proton and nuclear spallation occurs, carbon-14 and protons may be produced by collisions between nitrogen-14 and neutrons. Alternatively, nitrogen-14 can be spalled to produce Z=2 helium-4 and helium-3 and Z=5 boron-10 and boron-11, or nitrogen-14 can be spalled to produce Z=2 helium, Z=4 beryllium-9, and Z=1 protons and possibly neutrons, or nitrogen-14 can be spalled to produce Z=2 helium, Z=3 lithium, and Z=1 protons and neutrons. In this way, nitrogen atoms can be used to obtain low-Z atoms He, Li, Be, and B using muons and spallation reactions, so nitrogen atoms can be irradiated with positive muons (protons) to be transmuted into low-Z atoms such as He, Li, Be, and B. (In one idea of this application, when muonium, which is a bond between nitrogen-14, a positive muon, and an electron, is collided with a neutral neutron, carbon-14, a positive muon, and helium may be produced. Carbon-14 collides with a positive muon and undergoes nuclear spallation, which can produce helium and lithium. (The nuclear spallation reaction in which carbon-14 and protons are produced when nitrogen-14 is collided with a neutron from cosmic rays may be well known, but similarly, a nuclear spallation reaction may be attempted by bombarding the nucleus of nitrogen-14 or the like with electrically neutral muonium, which may even be accelerated.) <Oxygen-containing muon target> Boron oxide B2O3 (which has a low melting point) It is a solid that contains oxygen and boron (although this may be problematic), and it may be possible to consider using it as a muon target for a solid that contains oxygen. Oxygen-16 can be spalled to produce Z=2 helium-4 and helium-3, or helium and Z=6 carbon, Z=4 beryllium, Z=3 lithium, and Z=1 protons and neutrons (or mesons under certain conditions) (as with nitrogen atoms), and low-Z atoms such as He, Li, Be, and B can be obtained from oxygen atoms, so oxygen atoms may be irradiated with positive muons (protons) for nuclear transmutation. Oxygen is found in moons and planets, such as lunar rocks and metal oxides, and is an atom/element with the magic number 8, and is found throughout the universe. It is expected that the abundance ratio of oxygen in the atmosphere will be high, and that the resource is expected to be large. This oxygen can be spalled and transformed with muons or positive muons to obtain atoms with lower Z than oxygen (He, Li, Be, B, etc.), and these atoms can be used as fuel T1, or Li and the like can be used as raw materials for lithium-ion batteries (or in some cases as candidate materials for nuclear fuel/atoms for the T1 part) for nuclear fuel or lithium-ion batteries. A muon target can be constructed using a BN substrate and target substrate for heat dissipation, with a boron oxide target plate and particle collision part 2CLP on the BN surface. Boron oxide has a melting point of around 450 degrees Celsius, which is lower than that of BN and graphite carbon materials. Positive It depends on how much the temperature of the particle collision part 2CLP rises when a positive muon is collided with the particle instead of a proton, but in case the temperature rise is high and there is a possibility that the boron oxide melts in a target of boron oxide alone, a layer of boron oxide that also serves as the 2CLP part may be coated, deposited, laminated, or arranged on the muon target part and muon target base part made of BN, and protons or muons are collided with the 2CLP of boron oxide to generate mesons and muons, while the boron and oxygen in the boron oxide part are subjected to the above-mentioned nuclear transmutation and nuclear spallation reaction using muons (and protons) to produce mesons, muons, and low-Z atoms (He, Li, Be, B). In this way, low-Z atoms He, Li, Be, and B can be obtained from oxygen atoms using muons and nuclear spallation reactions, so oxygen atoms may be irradiated with positive muons (protons) to perform nuclear transmutation into low-Z atoms such as He, Li, Be, and B. In addition to boron oxide, lithium oxide Li2O may also be used. Lithium oxide has a melting point of about 1438 degrees Celsius, which is higher than that of boron oxide, and may be used because, like boron oxide, if a lithium oxide layer is placed on the surface of a BN target substrate and the lithium oxide layer is used as the particle collision part 2CLP, oxygen can be used as the muon target atom. Lithium oxide may be placed on the surface of a carbon muon target or a BN muon target to serve as a heat sink for cooling the lithium oxide part that has become the 2CLP part. (If there are no problems with mechanical strength or heat dissipation, it may be possible to try using lithium oxide as a muon target, if possible.) <Nuclear transmutation cycle of fuel atoms that breed mesons, muons, and boron, nuclear fuel breeding cycle> By combining a 2CLP layer of B2O3 or Li2O with a carbon muon target or a BN muon target, it is possible to obtain mesons, boron, lithium, and helium by spalling O, and by obtaining N and O from planets, moons, and asteroids, it is possible to increase the production of boron and lithium, and if boron can be used for muon nuclear fusion of hydrogen and boron, it may be possible to obtain boron fuel from the oxygen of celestial bodies (a nuclear fuel breeding cycle from nitrogen and oxygen resources of boron nuclear fuel will be possible). *In addition to O and N, carbon C can also be spalled to obtain low-Z atoms such as He, Li, Be, and B. <Spalling of carbon and carbon compounds> It may be possible to collide carbon with a positive muon to spall the carbon and transmute it into low-Z atoms such as helium (proton H, He, Li, Be, and B). (When oxygen or nitrogen are combined with carbon to spall them, the carbon oxides become gaseous carbon dioxide (CO2) or CO, making them difficult to use as solid muon targets. Nitrogen oxides, such as NO, NO2, and NOx, do not exist as solids unless they are gaseous or at low temperatures, dissociate to produce NO, NO2, and O2, are oxidizers, and are unstable, so they may be difficult to use as solid muon targets that are heated. *In addition, carbon nitride anion CN (LiCN combined with low-Z Li has a melting point of 160 degrees Celsius and melts when heated) is toxic (CN compounds such as NaCN). Beryllium oxide BeO has a high melting point of 2570 degrees Celsius, but is toxic. *On the other hand, it is possible to incorporate oxygen or nitrogen into carbon-based resins, polymers, and molecules. There are also carbon-based resins that contain oxygen and nitrogen, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) resin and polyimide (PI) resin, and if they can solve the problem of heat dissipation, they may be used as muon targets and may be used. For example, polyimide (PI) is stable up to 300 degrees and has a heat resistance of 450 degrees Celsius or higher, and is used in vacuum environments and as protective films for spacecraft. Although it is stable for space applications, it can deteriorate due to collisions and reactions with atomic oxygen (AO) (and polyimide may also react and deteriorate when bombarded with atomic hydrogen, hydrogen atoms, and protons). On the other hand, (hoping that there is a possibility that deterioration will be less when irradiated with positive muons and muonium) Particles for muon spallation may be used in the target portion of a collidable muon target. For heat dissipation, a polyimide layer may be placed on the surface of a carbon muon target or a BN muon target, and the heat of the polyimide heated by particle collisions may be transferred to the BN/carbon muon target substrate for dissipation, while C, N, and O inside the polyimide polymer may be collided with positive muon particles for the nuclear transmutation into atoms of helium, Li, B, etc. <Atom production by spallation> Positive muons may be irradiated onto atomic nuclei of carbon C, oxygen O, etc., to produce atoms of helium, Li, B, etc. It may be attempted to convert the nucleus A into another atomic nucleus. It may also be attempted to irradiate accelerated high-energy positive muons to a certain atomic nucleus A, collide the nucleus A with the positive muons, and perform a spallation reaction to produce the product atomic nucleus X. When protons accelerated to a high energy of 100 MeV or more using an accelerator or the like are irradiated onto a target atom (mercury, lead-bismuth, lead, tungsten, tantalum, uranium, carbon, etc.), the high-energy protons collide with the atomic nuclei in the target, and the energy of the protons causes the target atomic nuclei to fragment. A reaction in which secondary particles such as neutrons and mesons are emitted from the nucleus is called a spallation reaction. In one embodiment of the present application, it may be attempted to convert the nucleus A into the atomic nucleus X by accelerating, irradiating, and colliding the nucleus A with a spallation target such as bismuth, lead, or mercury, instead of the protons, to cause a spallation reaction. *Compared to nuclear spallation caused by proton collisions, nuclear spallation caused by positive muon collisions is expected to prevent nuclear fusion reactions (reactions in which protons collide with an atomic nucleus and protons are added to or left behind) from occurring. When the protons and neutrons of atomic nucleus A collided with a positive muon are spalled and scattered by the collision, even if a positive muon is added or left behind within said atomic nucleus A, the positive muon will then simply decay into a positron and a neutrino (the positron/lepton is left behind in the atomic nucleus A, and the positron then combines with the atomic electron and annihilates, emitting a photon), which has the characteristic and advantage that no protons or neutrons remain in the atomic nucleus A. *For example, when proton P is irradiated onto atom A to reduce the number of neutrals N by one or several through a spallation reaction, if one neutron is knocked out of the nucleus and released as a high-speed neutron, proton P remains in atom A, Z of atom A increases by one, and N decreases by one, and the nucleus can be transformed into an atomic nucleus with an increased Z of one (for example, mercury Hg becomes thallium Tl, zinc Zn becomes gallium Ga, tin Sn becomes antimony Sb, and arsenic As becomes selenium Se). On the other hand, if positive muons are used instead of protons, and Z of atom A does not increase as in the case of protons, mercury and arsenic can become mercury atomic nuclei with one or several neutrons reduced.) *If tin-114 can remove one neutron through a spallation reaction, it becomes tin-113, and indium-115 can be obtained through positive beta decay with a half-life of 113 days. If one neutron is removed from arsenic-75 by a spallation reaction, it becomes arsenic-74, and with a half-life of 17.7 days, 66% of it will decay to germanium-74 by positive beta decay, and the rest will decay to selenium-74 by negative beta decay. If two neutrons are removed from arsenic-75 by a spallation reaction, it becomes arsenic-73, and with a half-life of 80 days, germanium-73 can be produced by electron capture. In addition, it is also assumed that one neutron is removed from mercury-198 by a spallation reaction using muon irradiation to produce mercury-197. *It may be attempted to obtain a rare nucleus X (such as germanium) by reducing the number of neutrons in nucleus A by a spallation reaction using accelerated muons (or leptons or positrons). Furthermore, nucleus A may be an LLFP nucleus, and it may be attempted to convert LLFP nucleus A into nucleus X with a lower radiation-emitting ability (radioactivity). It may be attempted to bombard palladium 107 of LLFP with muons to cause a nuclear spallation reaction and convert it into palladium 106, etc. (LLFP examples: 107Pd, 135Cs, 93Zr, 79Se, 126Sn) *Isotopes can be separated by isotope separation technology (laser isotope separation technology). (*Also, a muon (which may be decelerated) may be bound to nucleus A to cause a muon-nucleus capture reaction and transmute nucleus A. During the muon-nucleus capture reaction, the rest mass energy of the muon may be given to nucleus A to excite nucleus A and promote the excitation or decay of nucleus A.) <Configuration for obtaining muons from the decay of muon neutrinos or other particles, configuration in which 1NUT-RX of 1NUT-COM is provided with a neutrino-muon conversion section> *A high-energy particle beam/neutrino beam is irradiated to 2MU-BY-NUT, a section that can generate muons from neutrinos (FIG. 25), and then muons are generated from 2MU-BY-NUT. The muons are irradiated to T1, muons are generated from neutrinos at T1, and the muons may be used in a nuclear transmutation system/nuclear fusion system that uses muons. *An experiment in which muon neutrinos are transmitted from a transmitter 1NUT-TX to a detector 2MU-BY-NUT in a receiver 1NUT-RX is publicly known. In a US experimental device called DUNE, muon neutrinos are transmitted and detected by the detector at the destination, which is electron, muon, and tau neutrinos. References: Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE), PIP-II Cutaway of Earth Illustration, Image Number: 19-0078-01, US Department of Energy, Fermi Research Alliance, LLC. Another publicly known example is the experiment conducted by Leon Lederman and others at the A-1000 at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) near New York in the US.
There is an experiment called "two-type neutrino experiment" that investigated the existence of two types of neutrinos using a neutrino beam conducted using a GS accelerator. In the experiment, a neutrino beam was generated in the transmitting unit 1NUT-TX, and mesons and muons were generated from the neutrino beam in the receiving unit 1NUT-RX. In the present system, muons may also be generated from the neutrino beam 1NUT-BEAM and the muons may be irradiated, injected, and combined with the target unit T1 to cause muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation. [Two-type neutrino experiment: A mass of protons accelerated to 15 billion electron volts by the AGS accelerator is bombarded into a beryllium target. The bombarded protons break apart the beryllium atomic nucleus, not only ejecting the protons and neutrons that constituted it, but also creating pions and mesons. The pions decay into muons and neutrinos as they fly at high energy. In order to extract only neutrinos from a beam consisting of a group of neutrons, pions, muons, and neutrinos resulting from the decay of beryllium and its atomic nucleus, the beam is irradiated onto a block of steel up to 10 meters thick, blocking the protons, neutrons, pions, muons, etc. of Be within the iron, and allowing only the neutrinos to slip through the steel wall to obtain a high-energy neutrino beam. Beyond the steel wall, the target section of the spark chamber 2MU-BY-NUT (discharge box 2MU-BY-NUT, chamber section 2MU-BY-NUT) is placed, and neutrinos that react with an aluminum plate sandwiched between the spark chambers (neutrinos react very rarely) are recorded in the spark chamber. It is also known that electrons and positrons can be produced from neutrinos, and in experiments, muons and antimuons were produced from the high-energy neutrino beam from the AGS accelerator when it reacted with an aluminum atomic nucleus. ]In the present application, when obtaining muons from pions, muon neutrinos can be generated, and these muon neutrinos can be transmitted as a beam 1NUT-BEAM to a receiving unit (2MU-BY-NUT, 1NUT-RX), where they can be irradiated onto a target unit 2MU-BY-NUT which converts neutrinos into muons, generating muons in the 2MU-BY-NUT, and allowing the muons to be injected (decelerated) and coupled into the target unit T1. The neutrino beam 1NUT-BEAM from 1NUT-TX is converted into muons in 2MU-BY-NUT, and the muons obtained from 2MU-BY-NUT are detected as neutrino-based muons using T1 of 1NUT-RX and the muon detection unit/sensor 2SENSE/2PMT, and neutrino signals are detected and received from the neutrino transmitting unit 1NUT-TX and may be used in the communications system 1NUT-COM. (A neutrino beam 1NUT-BEAM such as a muon neutrino beam or a tau neutrino beam may be emitted from 1NUT-TX, and 1NUT-BEAM may be irradiated/introduced from 1NUT-TX to 2MU-BY-NUT.) *Negative muons (muons) obtained from the neutrino/neutrino beam 1NUT-BEAM may be irradiated onto T1 of boron (11B), nitrogen (15N), hydrogen, etc. atoms (or atoms with low Z/Z not too large) placed in the discharge box (or in the 2MU-BY-NUT). <0093><Conclusion> In this application, the following items may be attempted/performed. <Muon nuclear fusion, muon nuclear transmutation> This application discloses a system in which muons and negative muons are irradiated and injected into the target T1, which is boron hydride consisting of boron 11 and hydrogen, or ammonia (azane) consisting of nitrogen 15 and hydrogen, to cause muon nuclear fusion. (An example of nuclear fusion between nitrogen 15, boron 11, and hydrogen is disclosed as a nuclear transmutation system using muons that has a process of nuclear transmutation into atoms with a smaller effective nuclear charge or atomic number Z than the fuel atoms and raw material atoms used for nuclear fusion.) A system is disclosed in which muons are irradiated and injected into a raw material T1 containing boron 11 and hydrogen, which may be a fluid, to obtain three alpha rays and energy. A system is disclosed in which muons are irradiated and injected into a raw material T1 containing nitrogen 15 and hydrogen, which may be a fluid or solid, to obtain one carbon 12 nucleus, one alpha ray, and energy. According to one embodiment of the present application, in the nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS of the present application, muon fusion may be attempted by irradiating and injecting muons into nitrogen-15, boron-11, and hydrogen. (Figures 1, 23, 24, etc. of the present application) <P-11B・PB> * For example, boron hydride consisting of hydrogen and boron-11 may be used for T1. * Lithium borohydride LiBH4 (Figure 24. Lithium is used instead of ammonium in NH4BH4) may be used for T1. In this case, muons are attracted to boron-11B, muon fusion of hydrogen and boron occurs, and then helium is generated. After that, since the B of the adjacent LiBH4 has a larger Z than the helium or the cation Li, it is expected that the muon will be trapped by B and muon catalyzed nuclear fusion will proceed. *Beryllium borohydride, beryllium borohydride Be(BH4)2 may be used for T1. In this case, muons are attracted to boron 11B, causing muonic fusion between hydrogen and boron, and then helium is produced. The muons are then trapped by the B of other adjacent Be(BH4)2, rather than by helium or Be, and muon-catalyzed fusion is expected to proceed. (It is also possible that muonic fusion between Be and hydrogen occurs when the muon is trapped by Be, resulting in lithium 6 and He. There is also a possibility that muonic fusion between lithium 6 and H may occur. When lithium 6 and hydrogen simply combine, it becomes beryllium 7, and 7Be can decay to lithium 7 with a half-life of 53.22 days.) <P-15N・PN> *If ammonia azan or lithium amide LiNH2 consisting of hydrogen and nitrogen 15 is used for T1, muonic fusion between hydrogen and nitrogen is expected to occur, so it may be used in a muonic fusion system. (The same applies to NH4BH4) (Hydrogen and nitrogen-15 may be irradiated with muons to fuse the nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, which may then be converted to helium via excited oxygen-16 nuclei.) *Ammonium borohydride NH4BH4 may be used. In the case of NH4BH4, it is expected that the negative muon will be attracted to the nitrogen-15, which has the highest Z and effective nuclear charge, within the NH4BH4 molecule, and muonic nuclear fusion of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen will occur. Carbon-12 and helium will then be produced, and the negative muon will be trapped by the nitrogen-15 of an adjacent NH4BH4 molecule, which may undergo muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion again with nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, so it may be used for T1. (When used within the NH4BH4 molecule, it is assumed that the muon will be trapped by nitrogen-15 and will not be easily trapped by boron, which has a larger Z than N. NH4BH4 can be used as a nuclear fusion fuel for nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrogen-15 and boron-11 can undergo nuclear fusion with hydrogen.) <P-18O, CNO, P-19F> In this application, it is acceptable to use oxygen-17, oxygen-18, fluorine-19, and hydrogen in T1 and introduce a muon into T1 to attempt to cause nuclear fusion. (Muon nuclear fusion may be attempted using hydrogen and oxygen-17, hydrogen and oxygen-18, or hydrogen and fluorine-19 as the raw material/T1 part) (Muon nuclear fusion may be attempted using a reaction that can release helium after nuclear fusion in the CNO cycle reaction, for example, a reaction between nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, oxygen-18, fluorine-19, and hydrogen.) *In the present invention, in addition to hydrogen, lithium, and beryllium, muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation may be attempted using hydrogen, boron-11, nitrogen-15, oxygen-17, oxygen-18, and fluorine-19 as the target T1. <P-18O, P-15N> For example, if the present invention actually works, when water H2O consisting of oxygen-18 and hydrogen is irradiated with muons, one of the two hydrogens and oxygen-18 may undergo muon nuclear fusion to produce nitrogen-15, helium, and 3.98 MeV. If nitrogen-15 then undergoes a muon fusion reaction with hydrogen, it can produce carbon-12, helium, and 4.96 MeV. (In total, one water molecule can produce carbon-12, two heliums, and 8.94 MeV of energy. There is a possibility that more fusion reactions can be achieved by going from O and H in one molecule to N, resulting in higher output.) <D-14N> For example, it is possible to irradiate and inject muons into ammonia ND3, which is made of nitrogen-14 and deuterium (D, hydrogen-2), to obtain helium, carbon-12, and energy by muon fusion (via excited oxygen-16 nuclei). (It has not been demonstrated whether helium and carbon are produced by the nuclear fusion of nitrogen-14 and deuterium/D-14N. *Since it appears that hydrogen and boron-11 undergo nuclear fusion to produce alpha rays via excited carbon-12 atomic nuclei, and that hydrogen and nitrogen-15 undergo nuclear fusion to produce excited oxygen-16 states and carbon-12 and alpha rays, it is assumed that nuclear fusion will occur in the same way as P-15N by adjusting the number of neutrons and protons to P=8 and N=8, just like P-15N. D-14N is one example.) *Hydrogen, deuterium, and oxygen-18 can be obtained from seawater. It is also assumed that oxygen-18, nitrogen-15, and nitrogen-14 can be obtained from the atmosphere. *For example, muon nuclear fusion can be promoted by irradiating a target T1 of lithium amide LiND2, which is made of deuterium, with muons. Lithium amide LiND2, which is made of nitrogen-14 and deuterium, may be irradiated with and injected with muons to obtain carbon-12 and alpha rays through muonic fusion of nitrogen-14 and deuterium, and then nitrogen-14 may be obtained through nuclear fusion of carbon-12 and deuterium. This LiND2 reaction has the advantage that 14N first fuses with D in the ND2 anion of LIND2 to produce carbon-12, and then carbon-12 fuses with the remaining D in the anion to produce harmless nitrogen-14 that can be returned to the atmosphere. (Note that if nitrogen-14 attracts muons more than carbon-12, muons are trapped in the N of LiND2 in the T1 part, which has a larger Z, before the nuclear fusion of carbon-12 and D occurs, and it is expected that a muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction between N and D will occur in a chain reaction. Another characteristic is that Z and effective nuclear charge are larger for N, O, and F than for Li and B.) * Deuterium and nitrogen-14 (as well as hydrogen, protons, oxygen-18, and nitrogen-15) are abundant on Earth and in space, so they are expected to be easier to collect from nature and are listed as candidates for nuclear fusion fuel FEED. <T-16O> For example, tritium T is harder to obtain than deuterium, and T has a short half-life, so for reference, it is possible to irradiate muons onto water T2O, which is made up of tritium and oxygen-16, and cause muon nuclear fusion (similar to water H2O, which is made up of oxygen-18 and hydrogen), and try to generate carbon-12, two helium atoms, and 8.94 MeV of energy from one water molecule T2O. <D-10B> For example, it may be attempted to obtain helium by muon nuclear fusion of deuterium and boron-10. In one embodiment of the present application, a nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation reaction system may be used in which muons are irradiated and injected into a nuclear transmutation source part T1/FEED or target T1 containing (or combining) atoms such as B, N, O, F, and hydrogen, D, and T as raw material atoms, and helium or other atoms with a smaller effective nuclear charge/Z than the raw material atoms are produced. *When muons are irradiated onto gas molecules (H2, molecule DT, NH3, etc.), adjacent atoms in the gas molecules may be fused together by muon nuclear fusion. <0094><Other nuclear transmutations> In one embodiment of the present application, hydrogen may be fused to carbon by muon nuclear fusion. Deuterium may be bonded to carbon-13 to obtain nitrogen-15. (Nitrogen-15 may then react with hydrogen to produce carbon-12.) Hydrogen may be fused to oxygen by muon nuclear fusion.
In one embodiment of the present application, carbon may be generated from helium, and oxygen may be generated from carbon and helium. In one form of generating atoms in one embodiment of the present application, an atom with a Z greater than neon Ne may be bonded and fused with another atomic nucleus using a muon. * In one embodiment of the present application, although it is unclear whether this will be realized because Z becomes larger and muons are trapped, or Z is larger and the Coulomb barrier becomes larger, (by analogy with the nuclear fusion example of Li, B, N, and F), for example, sodium 23 (23Na) may be bonded with hydrogen to sodium 23 to produce sodium hydride NaH, and the NaH may be used as a target T1, and muons may be irradiated to T1 to cause nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation of hydrogen and sodium, or muons may be irradiated to T1 of aluminum hydride AlH3 in which hydrogen is bonded to aluminum 27, to cause muon nuclear fusion of aluminum 27 and hydrogen. Atoms of lithium, boron, nitrogen, fluorine, sodium, and aluminum (Z is an odd number), as well as phosphorus, chlorine, potassium, scandium, vanadium, manganese, cobalt, and copper, and hydrogen atoms (in one form, deuterium D and T) may be fused or transmuted using muons. The following are hypothetical examples of reactions. (Note: 4He is helium 4) <An assumed example of nuclear fusion. The larger the Z, the larger the Coulomb barrier. Proton-Lithium-7: 1p + 7Li-> 4He + 17.2 MeV, Proton-Boron-11: 1p + 11B-> 3 x 4He (= 8Be + 4 He) + 8.7 MeV, Proton-Nitrogen-15: 1p + 15N-> 12C + 4He + 5.0 MeV, Proton-Fluorine-19: 1p + 19N-> 16O + 4He + 8.114 MeV, <An assumed example of nuclear transmutation (when atomic nuclei are fused)> Note: This is an assumed example of a reaction that simply slides one helium at a time using the reaction from Li to F above as an example, and it has not been demonstrated whether it can occur from Na to Cu. Considering that the binding energy per nucleon is the largest for Fe and Ni, the combinations below are those for copper, which exceeds Ni. Proton-Sodium-23: 1p + 23Na-> 20Ne + 4He, Proton-Aluminum-27: 1p + 27Al-> 24Mg + 4He, Proton-Phosphorus-31: 1p + 31P-> 28Si + 4He, Proton-Chlorine-35: 1p + 35Cl-> 32S + 4He, Proton-Potassium-39: 1p + 39K-> 36Ar + 4He, Proton-Scandium-43: 1p+43Sc->40Ca+4He, Proton-Vanadium-47: 1p+47V->44Ti+4He, Proton-Manganese-51: 1p+Mn51->48Cr+4He, Proton-Cobalt-55: 1p+Co55->52Fe+4He, Proton-Copper-59: 1p+Cu59->56Ni+4He * In the case of negative muons, the larger Z is, the weaker the interaction is with the nucleus and the longer it may last. * The larger Z is, the larger the Coulomb barrier is. * The nuclear fusion reaction that emits alpha rays is described in the previous paragraph for the nuclear fusion of atoms such as oxygen 18 and hydrogen, and there are also examples of nuclear fusion reactions with atoms with even Z, so in one embodiment of the present application, the atomic number Z is not limited to odd numbers. *In this application, a muon nuclear fusion reaction system may be used in which atom A with a certain atomic number Z (e.g. boron-11, nitrogen-15, nitrogen-14, etc.) is fused with another atom B (e.g. hydrogen atom, D, etc.) to produce atom X with a lower atomic number Z than atom A (e.g. alpha rays or an atom with a smaller Z than atom A. In the case of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, alpha rays and carbon-12). <Nuclear transmutation of carbon atoms> ○Boron-11 and hydrogen nuclei undergo nuclear fusion to become excited carbon-12 nuclei (12C*), which then produce three alpha rays. According to one embodiment of the present application, as shown in FIG. 22A, for a carbon material (-C-C-C-C-) obtained by bonding carbon nuclei together, when a muon bonds to a carbon nucleus of the carbon material by a muon nucleus capture reaction and the carbon nucleus is converted into a boron nucleus by the muon nucleus capture reaction, a part of the rest mass energy (rest energy) of the muon, 10-20 MeV, of 106 MeV of the muon is given to the boron nucleus (originally a carbon nucleus) to create the excited boron nucleus B*, and if there is a carbon nucleus adjacent to the boron nucleus B*, the excitation energy (energy that excites the nucleus) of the boron atom B* moves and is transmitted to the adjacent carbon nucleus to excite the adjacent carbon nucleus, and when an excited adjacent carbon nucleus C* is formed, the excited carbon C* can be decayed into a helium alpha ray, so that it is possible to irradiate and introduce a muon into the carbon material in which carbon atoms are bonded together in the nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS to cause muon nuclear transmutation that converts the carbon atom into a helium atom. (FIG. 22(A) of the present application, etc.) * According to one embodiment of the present application, a muon may be irradiated and bonded to a carbon-12 nucleus, the muon may be bonded to the carbon-12 nucleus by a muon nuclear capture reaction, a part of the rest mass energy (rest energy) of the muon, 106 MeV, may be given to the nucleus to create an excited nucleus, and the excited nucleus may be nuclear transmuted into an atom (helium) having a smaller atomic number than the excited nucleus. * According to one embodiment of the present application, a muon may be irradiated and introduced into a carbon material T1 obtained by bonding carbon nuclei (which may be carbon-13, for example), the muon may be bonded to the carbon nucleus of the carbon material by a muon nuclear capture reaction, and when the carbon nucleus is converted into a boron nucleus by the muon nuclear capture reaction, the boron nucleus may be excited, and the structure of (three) alpha rays in the carbon nucleus adjacent to the boron atom may be released, causing a nuclear transmutation reaction into alpha rays and helium. (For example, a carbon material made of carbon-13 may be irradiated with muons, and the carbon-13 may be nuclear transmuted into alpha rays.) *According to one embodiment of the present application, a positive muon may be irradiated and introduced into T1 of a carbon material obtained by bonding carbon nuclei (which may include carbon isotopes such as carbon-13), (then, for example, a high-energy positron may be generated from the positive muon by decay, and the positron may be collided with the carbon nuclei and carbon-13 nuclei), exciting the carbon nuclei and carbon-13 nuclei and nuclear transmuting the carbon nuclei into alpha rays (and particles/neutrons). (For example, the excited carbon-13 nuclei are transmuted into alpha rays and neutrons, and if the neutrons then undergo beta decay, the neutrons can emit protons, electrons, neutrinos, and energy, so the nuclear transmutation system may attempt to cause this nuclear transmutation.) *According to one form of the present application, a carbon material obtained by bonding carbon nuclei (which may include carbon isotopes such as carbon-13) is irradiated with muons to provide the muon's stationary energy to the carbon nuclei, exciting the nuclei and transmuting the carbon nuclei into alpha rays and particles (and neutrons), and if the neutrons then undergo beta decay, they can emit particles, protons, electrons, neutrinos, and energy, so the nuclear transmutation system 1EXP-SYS may irradiate the carbon material and carbon nuclei with muons to attempt nuclear transmutation. (*As a nuclear transmutation system using muons having a process of nuclear transmutation into atoms having a smaller effective nuclear charge or atomic number than the raw material atoms, an idea for nuclear transmutation of a carbon material containing multiple chemically bonded carbon-12 nuclei, carbon-13 nuclei, and carbon nuclei and the decay of the nuclei into helium has been disclosed. Note that nuclear transmutation of carbon atoms such as carbon-12 and carbon-13 has not been demonstrated. *The nuclear fusion of boron-11 and protons and the nuclear fusion reaction formula of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen that can appear in the CNO cycle reaction are publicly known.) *In this application, a material made of carbon atoms, a carbon material, or a carbon nucleus may be irradiated with muons to bind the muons to the carbon nuclei and transmutate the carbon nuclei. Carbon nuclei such as carbon-12 and carbon-13 may be irradiated with muons and bound to them to transmute them into atoms having a smaller effective nuclear charge or atomic number than the carbon nuclei. *It is possible to try to bond a positive muon to a carbon-12 atom or a carbon-13 atom (or to an electron around a carbon nucleus) and give the energy that the muon has during its lifetime or the rest energy of the positive muon generated after the muon's lifetime to a carbon nucleus to excite the carbon nucleus, and then use the carbon nucleus for nuclear transmutation or the like. When a positive muon comes to rest and decays, it can release energy of 50 to several tens of MeV as positron energy. This energy can be used to collide a positron with an atomic nucleus, excite the atomic nucleus with the positron energy, and use it for nuclear spallation and nuclear transmutation. *Positive muons generate high-energy positrons, and when the positrons spall a nucleus, there is a possibility that they will eject neutrons in the atomic nucleus. *In the case of negative muons, they can excite the atomic nucleus and transmute it into neutrons and alpha rays. *If a high-energy positron can be obtained using a positive muon, and carbon-13 can be excited by the positron and transmuted into alpha rays, neutrons, protons, and particles, energy may be obtained by mass defect (beta decay of the neutron after nuclear transmutation). By increasing the proportion of carbon-13 (or atomic nuclei that are converted into helium by muon irradiation, such as carbon-12 carbon isotopes) in the carbon material of the target T1 part irradiated with muons, compared to the abundance ratio of carbon-13 (or atomic nuclei that are converted into helium by muon irradiation, such as carbon-12 carbon isotopes) that exists in nature, the above-mentioned nuclear transmutation, mass defect, and energy generation may occur frequently in carbon materials containing carbon-13 (or atomic nuclei that are converted into helium by muon irradiation, such as carbon-12 carbon isotopes). (Neutrons can undergo beta decay. Neutrons can also be absorbed by atoms that easily absorb neutrons, such as boron.) *Muons can be irradiated and bonded to carbon atoms in carbon materials to increase the proportion of carbon-13 when carbon-13 reacts, and to increase the proportion of carbon-12 when an isotope such as carbon-12 reacts. (For example, carbon atoms such as carbon-12 have a structure of three alpha rays, and can be converted to helium atoms when the nucleus is excited.) *Positive muons can form compounds such as muoniomethane CH3Mu, and may then decay after a lifetime and provide nuclear excitation energy to carbon atoms (carbon-12 atoms) and hydrogen atoms. *There are also known methods for slowing down positive muons. It is known that positive muons (which are also included in cosmic muons) that may be fast can be slowed down by irradiating and passing them through heated tungsten W, silicon oxide, silicic acid powder, and silica aerogel (slowing and cooling parts for positive muons). After decelerating and capturing the positive muons, the positive muons may be irradiated to atoms in the target section T1 to perform an experiment to see whether nuclear transmutation occurs in T1. (For example, high-speed positive muons generated from a meson generator or positive cosmic muons may be decelerated and captured by a decelerator array made of silica aerogel (e.g., the 2MDCE-2DFD in FIG. 19(A) is replaced with a silica aerogel sheet) to convert them into muonium, and then the positive muons may be irradiated and injected into the T1 section.) (Note that cosmic muons include positive and negative muons. It may be possible to separate positive and negative muons from cosmic muons.) [*Note: According to the basic concept of nuclear fusion, which is that when separate nucleons, protons, and neutrons are gathered into an atomic nucleus and fused, mass loss occurs and energy (E=mc2) is released, the inventor believes that muon nuclear fusion of boron-11 and hydrogen or nitrogen-15 and hydrogen can generate nuclear fusion energy. On the other hand, although it has not been demonstrated, atomic nuclei such as carbon isotopes, carbon-13, and carbon-14 may decay or transmute into helium, neutrons, or particles via excited carbon nuclei, and in some cases may undergo mass loss, so this process may also be utilized in one embodiment of the present application. ) ○ In one embodiment of the present application, muons may be injected and irradiated into carbon atoms (and carbon isotopes) to attempt nuclear transmutation using muons to convert them into helium. ○ Muons and positive muons may be irradiated into targets containing isotopes of carbon (including three helium structures) and oxygen (including four helium structures). Muons may be bonded to excite the nuclei and convert them into helium or oxygen with atomic number
It may be attempted to convert it into a nucleus with a small Z. Similar to the content described in the example of carbon (carbon-13), when an oxygen isotope such as oxygen-17 is irradiated with a muon, it may be converted into four helium units and a neutron/particle. (Similarly, since isotopes include 3 for carbon, 4 for oxygen, 5 for neon, 6 for magnesium, 7 for silicon, 8 for sulfur, 9 for argon, 10 for calcium, 11 for titanium, 12 for chromium, 13 for iron, 14 for nickel, and 15 for zinc, experiments may be conducted to irradiate these atoms with positive muons to examine whether nuclear transmutation occurs. (An experimental system may be constructed to irradiate nuclei with muons from Z=6 to Z=28 formed by nuclear fusion with helium in the alpha reaction to examine whether nuclear transmutation occurs.) The binding energy per nucleon is 56 for iron and nickel (56 The binding energy per nucleon is maximum near Fe-62Ni. In atoms with a higher Z than nickel, the binding energy per nucleon decreases. When a positive muon is irradiated and collided with an atom on the higher Z side than Ni, the high Z nucleus is split and transmuted into a lower Z nucleus due to nuclear spallation and fission reactions, and if there is a mass defect after the nuclear transmutation, it is expected that energy will be generated. * According to one embodiment of the present application, it is possible to irradiate and bind muons to nuclei with Z of carbon or oxygen or higher Z nuclei (e.g. carbon, oxygen) that are even numbers and can be divided into alpha rays, and to attempt to transmute them (for convertible nuclei) into other low Z nuclei (alpha rays in the case of carbon, and carbon-12 and alpha rays in the case of oxygen). * In the case of negative muons, the larger the Z of the nucleus, the weaker the interaction of the negative muon is, the shorter its lifespan will be, and it should be easier for it to bind to a proton of the nucleus and undergo a muon-nucleus capture reaction. On the other hand, in the case of positive muons, due to their positive charge (even if T1 is a high-Z atom), they may not bond easily with protons in the atomic nucleus. Positive muons are generated from pions. Pions and muons may be generated from an accelerator, decelerated in a positive muon decelerator made of tungsten and silicon oxide, and then extracted as a positive muon beam and irradiated onto the carbon target T1. <Conversion of LLFP, conversion of atom A to atom X> High-Z atoms such as LLPF may be transmuted. Atom B may be muon-injected into atom A to cause muon fusion and produce atom X. In the nuclear transmutation of LLFPs, radioactive atoms, etc., negative and positive muons may be irradiated onto LLFPs to promote nuclear transmutation. For example, muons may bind to an activated carbon muon target and convert the nuclei in the carbon muon target into nuclei with a lower Z value by a muon nuclear capture reaction, while providing muon stationary energy to the nuclei to excite them, and some nuclei may be converted into other nuclei after excitation (since the radioactive nuclei and carbon nuclei in the activated muon target may be converted into helium), so muon irradiation may be used. ○ Positive muons that may be decelerated will decay over their lifetime and generate high-energy positrons, which may collide with nuclei in the carbon muon target to excite the nuclei and convert them into helium, etc., and may be used in the nuclear transmutation and removal system for radioactive waste from the activated muon target in this application. * Accelerated positive muons may also generate meson muons, so positive muons may be irradiated onto the muon target. (Positive muons can spall the nuclei in a carbon muon target, converting them into small-Z nuclei, neutrons, protons, and particles, and can also produce mesons, so they can be used in the muon target or the T1 section for nuclear transmutation.) Positive muons (positive leptons) can be irradiated onto high-Z nuclei such as zinc, cadmium, lead, bismuth, and mercury, spalling them and converting them into small-Z nuclei. (If 197Hg can be obtained by reducing and controlling the number of neutrons in the mercury nucleus by irradiating circulating mercury vapor with positive muons and scattering neutrons one by one, then it may be attempted to convert 197Hg to 197Au by electron capture. It may also be attempted to obtain gold-197 by obtaining mercury-197 from mercury-198, etc., silver-109 by obtaining cadmium-109 from cadmium-110, etc., and copper-63 by obtaining zinc-63 from zinc-64.) <0095><Muon/MesonGenerator> ○ A system has been disclosed in which a movable muon target (target particle/target atom) is irradiated and collided with protons/particles for collision using a particle accelerator that may be a FFAG/MERIT ring or other method to generate muons, thereby generating mesons/muons. ○ A movable muon target that may be, for example, a thin disk or a thin chainsaw blade/tip portion has been disclosed. (Also, a method was disclosed in which the blade, saw chain, and tip of a chainsaw are used as the muon target, and the muon target is sent out on a chain like the blade and tip of a chainsaw and collected by a chain catcher, and the muon target on the blade is collected and maintained. With the chainsaw method, it may be possible to separate the bearing part from the part 2CLP that may become hot due to irradiation with protons, etc. (As shown in Figure 13 (C), by attaching a muon target to the blade and tip of the saw chain, the proton beam collides with the target on the tip, generating muons and heating it up. The 2CLP・MU-MOVEABLE-TGT part can be installed at a location away from the bearings at both ends of the saw chain.) ○ During the muon target maintenance, the target part that has not been irradiated with protons, helium, positrons, positive muons, etc. to generate meson muons may be fragmented and transformed using the muons to become T1, and the radioactive material on the muon target may be transformed and removed. For example, a muon generating device that can generate mesons and generate positive and negative muons from mesons (positive pions, negative pions) may be capable of separating positive and negative muons, and may be used for nuclear fusion. Negative muons may be extracted from the target and irradiated onto the T1 for nuclear fusion, and in parallel, positive muons may be irradiated onto the muon target section to transmute the radioisotopes in the muon target section. The system may perform both negative muon nuclear fusion power generation and radioactive material nuclear transmutation. In addition, when carbon is used as the muon target, there is a risk that the target will become a long-lived, highly activated muon target due to activation, resulting in the generation of radioactive waste. To prevent this, a muon target made only of lithium 7 or a muon target using hydrogen, helium, positive muons, positrons, and particles (or a target using these as collision particles and targets) may be used. system). ○ Particles, mesons, and muons may also be generated by particle collisions (colliding leptons) between positrons and electrons or negative muons, muons, and positive muons and antimuons. ○ Positive muons and positrons may be accelerated and collided with a target to generate mesons and muons. Positive muons and positrons may also be accelerated and collided with an atomic nucleus to perform a nuclear spallation reaction. For example, when a muon target using carbon has the possibility of nuclear fusion between carbon and protons by proton irradiation, a positive muon (positron), a lepton that does not bond with carbon nuclei, may be irradiated and collided instead of a proton to generate meson muons. A muon target may be used for T1 to perform nuclear transmutation of T1 generated as a radioactive material. <0096><Muon decelerator, muon attenuation section> ○ Furthermore, we have considered the use of natural cosmic rays or cosmic muons derived from cosmic rays, and have also considered and disclosed the invention of a decelerator 2MUDECE (pyroelectric type/capacitor type, electric double layer capacitor type, laser wakefield type, pulsed laser/plasma type) that decelerates high-speed muons derived from particle collisions applied to accelerators. ○ * Cosmic muons may be decelerated and irradiated to hydrogen molecules/hydrogen for muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion between hydrogen atoms. (Plasma containing hydrogen, D, and T may be confined by a magnetic field, and muons may be irradiated to promote magnetic confinement nuclear fusion.) If cosmic rays or cosmic muons can be used, even if helium, which was a problem between hydrogen atoms, is generated and the reaction stops, no energy is required to generate muons, and if the energy balance of decelerating muons and irradiating them to hydrogen fuel for nuclear fusion is paid off, they may be used for cosmic muon-catalyzed nuclear fusion power generation. <0097><Space structures, communication systems, and electronic/quantum computers related to muons and neutrinos> ○Furthermore, a muon/particle/cosmic ray attenuation location/container that may use a decelerator is disclosed, and disclosed as a container LM1Z for attenuating cosmic rays/muons that reduces errors in the memory device 1MEMORY and processing device 1PROCESSOR of an electronic/quantum computer 1COMPUTER. It is disclosed that by using the muon decelerator during neutrino measurement, the neutrino detector detects not only on the ground but also at a location where the muon is decelerated using a decelerator. ○It is disclosed that a neutrino beam is irradiated to a location 2MU-BY-NUT where muons/particles can be generated using a neutrino beam, muons are generated at 2MU-BY-NUT, and the muons are bound to a target section for use in muon nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation. ○It has been disclosed that neutrinos are generated when muons and mesons are generated, and then the neutrinos are separated by gravity using a point or celestial body with a large mass according to the mass or flavor (there are three types with different masses: electron, mu, and tau), and that energy/neutrino mass division type communication is performed by detecting the neutrinos after the separation. ○It has been disclosed that a spaceship 3, a space structure 3, and a space exploration robot 3 are propelled by a reaction of emitting power, electricity, and alpha ray ejection type propulsion parts and photons using muons generated in space or an accelerator. 3 may also be capable of neutrino communication. <0098> Although the invention of this application and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These new embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made within the scope of the invention. <0099><Combination with other nuclear fusion methods> *Nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation may be performed by combining the system of the present application with other nuclear fusion methods such as laser-based inertial confinement nuclear fusion reactors and magnetic confinement nuclear fusion reactors. <Configuration in which T1 is mounted in a tokamak-type, helical-type, mirror-type, spherolock-type, or FRC-type vessel of a magnetic confinement nuclear fusion reactor, and muons are irradiated to T1 to perform muon nuclear fusion> For example, Fig. 27 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which muons are irradiated from a muon generation unit M1 to a target T1 in a vessel 4D-MUCF equipped with a coil 2COIL, which may be a plurality of TF coils arranged in the toroidal direction, or a stellarator-helical coil 2COIL. The vessel and coils of the vessel 4D-MUCF may be the same as the donut/annular vessel equipped with the TF coil of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), the stellarator type Wendelstein 7-X (Germany), or the donut/annular vessel of the Large Helical Device (LHD) (Japan). For example, a 4D-MUCF having a T1 portion of plasma may have a reactor wall, blanket, diverter, vessel, vacuum vessel, and pressure vessel in the reactor, reactor wall, and vessel, similar to the ITER device. (A port designed to maintain a vacuum or pressure. It may have an opening or window. For example, the reactor wall may be capable of introducing muons from the muon generating irradiation unit M1 attached to the outside of the vessel or to the vessel into T1 inside the vessel.) As with the ITER device, the 4D-MUCF may have a center solenoid coil (CS coil), a toroidal field coil (TF coil), a poloidal field coil, coils, wires, and conductors (superconducting wires may be used). As with the ITER device, the 4D-MUCF may have a center solenoid coil (CS coil), a toroidal field coil (TF coil), a poloidal field coil, coils, wires, and conductors (superconducting wires may be used).
Similarly, the 4D-MUCF may be equipped with a plasma heating device, a high-frequency heating device, a neutral particle injection device, and an ion beam injection device. The 4D-MUCF may be equipped with a power supply system, a cooling system (reactor wall related and coils), a T1 fuel supply system, a fuel recovery system, a nuclear fusion product recovery system, a vacuum exhaust system, a pump, a pressure regulator, valves, various sensors and control devices, a computer, a power source, a remote reactor wall replacement device, or a robot. In addition, the 4D-MUCF may be equipped with a bearing 4B and a support unit as shown in FIG. 31 in the case of a rotatable vessel 4D-MUCF-ROT, or may be equipped with a vessel rotation unit 4ROT. The rotation unit and propulsion unit 4ROT/4ROT-TH that propels the vessel to rotate may be a chemical rocket propulsion unit/hydrogen combustion rocket unit, or a propulsion unit 4ROT/4ROT-TH that uses a laser to heat, evaporate, and ablate solid fuel, so that the vessel can be pushed with sufficient propulsive force. ) A nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system including a vessel 4D-MUCF may include a means capable of irradiating T1 of the vessel 4D-MUCF with muons. A system including a 4D-MUCF may include a muon deceleration section or capture section. If T1 in the vessel 4D-MUCF is a fluid, a fluid pressure adjustment section, a cooling section/temperature adjustment section via the vessel, a circulation pump for T1, a supply section for T1, and a recovery section for the nuclear fusion product EX1 may be provided. If T1 in the vessel 4D-MUCF is plasma, a plasma heating device, a neutral particle injection device, and an ion beam injection device may be provided. *The reactor wall 4D-IN of the 4D-MUCF (or the vessel 4D-MUCF) may be a seamless vessel or reactor wall made by hammering, stamping, or forging a seamless metal plate or block. (It may be made of a seamless forged product by stamping or forging metal so that it can withstand the pressure caused by fluid 1 being heated and expanding, or the vacuum pressure for maintaining the plasma if T1 is plasma, and can withstand tension even when the container is rotated, internally expanded, and pressurized by T1.) The 4D-MUCF may be equipped with an AEC in its container or reactor walls that can convert the energy of alpha rays generated by the nuclear fusion of T1. *In a magnetic confinement fusion reactor using plasma, if hydrogen and boron-11 in a FEED are made into plasma and then moved by heat to collide and cause nuclear fusion, the Coulomb barrier is higher and reaction becomes more difficult compared to nuclear fusion using DT fuel, and nuclear fusion must be performed at a higher temperature. However, it is also possible to promote nuclear fusion between atoms (11B and P) by irradiating the FEED containing the plasma's 11B and P with muons (nuclear fuel FEED that may cause nuclear fusion, such as P-11B reaction, P-15N reaction, D-14N reaction, nuclear fusion reactions within the CNO cycle reaction, and other reactions that emit neutrons and gamma rays, such as D-T reaction, D-D reaction, D-3He reaction, D-6Li reaction, proton-proton reaction, alpha reaction, triple alpha reaction, carbon combustion process, silicon combustion process, and nuclear fusion reactions between high-Z atoms) and confining the plasma and muons in a donut-shaped annular vacuum vessel 4D (a cage of a magnetic field within the vessel) As already mentioned, muon fusion can be attempted even with FEED, which is at a lower temperature than plasma, and muon fusion reactions can be promoted by irradiating muons to a ring-shaped 4D or 4D-MUCF, in which ammonia or boron hydride is filled as a fluid inside the vessel. *Boron ions and protons can be confined in the form of plasma in a magnetic field in a doughnut-shaped vacuum vessel 4D and circulated in the toroidal direction of the 4D. *The doughnut-shaped vessel containing liquid ammonia or liquid boron hydride can be heated and become highly pressurized when a fusion reaction occurs inside. The 4D or 4D-MUCF can be a seamless metal or pressure vessel that has the strength to withstand high pressure. For example, the vessel 4D, 4T, 4D-MUCF, or 4T-MUCF can be created by stamping or forging a metal plate or metal block. *In muon fusion, muon fusion can also be attempted at gas, liquid, or solid temperatures that are lower than those of plasma. If muon fusion becomes difficult in the temperature range of gas, liquid, or solid, atoms to be fused (high Z side, large Coulomb barrier) may be placed in a vacuum vessel capable of fusion at plasma temperature, and muons may be irradiated (otherwise, plasma heating and ignition may be performed using a CS coil or neutral particle beam for plasma heating) to attempt muon fusion under conditions that favor reaction. *However, although it is possible to narrow the approachable distance with either plasma or muons, there may be cases where it is desired to bring the atoms even closer together. In this case, muons may be bonded to the T1 nucleus to make it easier to bring the atoms closer together, and then the FEED portion may be compressed and inertially confined by irradiating the T1 (inertial confinement means 2ICF), and the atoms to be fused in the FEED may be confined at a high density, bringing the nuclei closer together to cause nuclear fusion. <Cylindrical vessel> For example, Fig. 34(C) is an explanatory diagram of a system 1EXP-SYS in which a decelerator 2MUDECE is attached to a vessel 4T-MUCF that can rotate in the theta direction, muons are received and decelerated in the decelerator, and muons are introduced and irradiated into the core and target T1 of a cylindrical or tubular vessel 4T-MUCF such as a mirror type, tandem mirror type, or FRC type (sphero-lock type), and atoms in T1 are subjected to muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation. This system converts charged particles and alpha rays generated after nuclear fusion in T1 into energy in the AEC section and extracts them as electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic energy, or ejects the charged particles directly outside the system for propulsion. *Muons can be confined by a magnetic field, and the muons can be moved and rotated in the magnetic field or in the T1 section of the magnetic field, or biased. <Charged particle direct power generation unit AEC> When a reaction that produces alpha rays such as P-11B or P-15N (or a reaction that produces alpha rays and protons from D-3He) occurs in 4D-MUCF, the energy of alpha rays, protons, and charged particles can be recovered, and for example, it can be used in a beam direct generator or plasma direct generator using a static field to recover the kinetic energy of alpha rays, a peniotron type converter, a gyrotron type converter, or a traveling wave type converter using a fluctuating electromagnetic field, or a pickup coil or induction type MHD power generation using a magnetic field or electromagnetic induction. *AECs of traveling wave type direct energy converter (TWDEC), plasma direct generator, peniotron type (veniotron), or gyrotron type converter may be used in the cylindrical vessel part 4T-MUCF (or rotatable vessel 4T-MUCF-ROT) of the mirror type, tandem mirror type, FRC type, or open single type magnetic confinement device in Fig. 27(C) that confines plasma with a potential wall. The electromagnetic energy and photons generated by the AEC may be received by a photoelectric conversion element, a power generation unit, or a power generation device 1GENR and converted into electricity. Alpha rays may be used as a photocatalyst or an element or material unit that generates electromotive force or photocatalysis by photoelectric conversion when irradiated with alpha rays. Alpha rays may be directly incident on titanium oxide to obtain hydrogen from water through a photocatalytic reaction, or heat or light for chemical reactions may be obtained from alpha ray energy. For example, photons with a short wavelength exceeding the binding energy may be generated via the AEC, and the photons may be irradiated to nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, or metal oxide, and converted into a product material or chemical fuel through a chemical reaction. As with gas turbine-type thermal power generation, the energy obtained from the AEC may be input into a boiler to obtain steam, which may be used to rotate a steam turbine for power generation. In the 4D-MUCF, the alpha rays generated by nuclear fusion in T1 may be confined as charged particles by a magnetic field such as a TF coil, and may be subjected to cyclotron circular motion, and muons undergoing muon nuclear fusion in T1 may be moved, stirred, or stirred by a magnetic field or circular motion. *The present application describes that muons move circularly along the magnetic field and magnetic field lines in T1 to which a magnetic field is applied in FIG. 19. (FIG. 19 describes a configuration in which, for the T1 part where muon catalyzed nuclear fusion is performed, muons are held along the magnetic field T1-2BMU using magnetism, confined by the magnetic field, and moved, and muons are not stationary in T1 but are moved and stirred by the magnetic field.) *In the tokamak type, plasma and plasma current can flow, move, and rotate in the toroidal direction of a torus-shaped, donut, or ring-shaped structure, and the central coil can cause plasma current to flow in the conductor plasma by electromagnetic induction, and the TF coil can turn the plasma and muons in the toroidal direction to be held, so the tokamak type TF coil, CS coil, and poloidal coil may be used for the coil of the 4D-MUCF. *The 4D-MUCF with a 4D form including a CS coil can pass plasma current and heat the T1 and FEED parts, so it may be used in one form. <Stellarator-type magnetic vessel> * In the helical and stellarator types, plasma or charged particles (electrons, ions, muons) can be confined in a helical magnetic vessel by a toroidal magnetic field and a helical magnetic field, so the 4D-MUCF coil may be equipped with a coil 2COIL that can form a helical magnetic vessel that can also be used in the helical and stellarator types. * By using a stellarator-type coil, the plasma T1 or the liquid/gas/fluid (solid) target T1 is placed within the magnetic vessel formed by the stellarator-type coil, and the muon is held in the direction of the magnetic field of the magnetic vessel including T1 (2MFC, 2MCF-ORBIT, 4MU-ORBIT) and the muon can be moved, rotated, and circulated in the toroidal direction (arrow direction of 2MFC-ORBIT) (as shown in the muon rotating in the arrow direction in Figure 27 (C) and (A)). A T1-FEED may be loaded into a helical 4D-MUCF-H vessel to generate a magnetic field, which creates a magnetic field and irradiates the muons to the FEED. The muons may be held in a magnetic vessel or magnetic cage of a stellarator. *Helical coils and magnetic vessels may be preferable. In a tokamak type with only a simple toroidal magnetic field, the magnetic field weakens on the outside during plasma confinement, causing vertical charge separation due to particle drift, and the resulting vertical electric field is added to the original toroidal magnetic field, causing the charged particles to move outward, resulting in the particles flying out of the system. To prevent this, a current is passed through the central coil, the magnetic field is twisted by the plasma current, forming a helical magnetic vessel, and the electron-ion plasma is held within the magnetic vessel. On the other hand, in the helical stellarator type, it was considered to confine the plasma in a helical (helical) magnetic vessel (using a coil that generates a magnetic vessel). The stellarator type can form a spiral magnetic vessel without the need for a CS coil or current, and can confine muons therein. This has the advantage of reducing the current required for confinement for the CS coil, so the vessel and coil of a stellarator type or helical type magnetic confinement fusion reactor may be used as the vessel of the target T1 FEED of the muon fusion of the present application, and muons may be irradiated thereto to attempt muon fusion or nuclear transmutation. *Even if muons are decelerated and irradiated into T1, there is a possibility that they may escape to other places by diffusing from T1, so muons may be held in a magnetic vessel to prevent them from escaping from the vessel containing T1. In addition to the plasma T1 FEED, the magnetic vessel may contain solid, fluid, liquid, or gas T1 FEED. <Configuration for moving muons along the magnetic vessel containing T1 and along the magnetic field> Plasma is a fluid of charged particles such as neutral molecules, ions, and electrons. It may be possible to irradiate and inject negative or positive muons into the plasma instead of electrons or ions, and hold them in the magnetic field in the toroidal direction created by the TF coil and circulate them once, and it may be possible to cause them to come into contact with the T1 FEED during the circulation and cause them to collide with the T1 FEED to promote a nuclear fusion reaction, so muons may be injected along the magnetic field and magnetic field lines created by the TF coil of a donut, ring, or torus-shaped container such as 4D, placed on the orbit of the magnetic field lines, and made to come into contact with the nuclear fusion fuel FEED while rotating and circulating in the toroidal direction of the torus. For example, a fuel FEED such as liquid ammonia (15N and H) in the target T1 part may be irradiated with muons, held in the magnetic container of coil 2 COIL (coil 2 COIL-STR of the stellarator) of the muon container 4D-MUCF, and moved and rotated in the toroidal direction while the muons are injected.
may be configured so that it touches T1. In that case, 4D-MUCF becomes a magnetic confinement muon catalyzed fusion reactor vessel, which may be a pressure vessel that can withstand pressure even when heated and pressurized by a fusion reaction. (For example, plasma containing 11B and protons or 15N and protons may be T1. In that case, 4D-MUCF becomes a magnetic confinement muon catalyzed fusion reactor vessel in a vacuum vessel.) (Note that when nuclear fusion is performed using 15N and protons, helium and carbon-12 are produced, and a part for removing them is required. When the liquid ammonia vessel is rotating (4D-MUCF-ROT), when helium or carbon-12 is produced, liquid ammonia, presumably solid carbon-12, and gaseous helium are obtained, which are easily removed by centrifugation in the rotating vessel. This mechanism may be used as a mechanism for removing and recovering products after a nuclear fusion reaction. As shown in Figures 7 to 9, a known example may be used to circulate the FEED in the loop and remove He in the FEED.) * In the configuration of 4D-MUCF, the muon, which is the catalyst for nuclear fusion, is rotated and moved by the magnetic field in T1, and moved toward the unreacted T1, with the intention of preventing the muon, which is the catalyst, from being buried in the helium, etc. of the nuclear transmutation product (for example, in the case of the P-15N reaction, helium plus carbon 12) (by touching it with the unreacted T1 to cause it to react). * If the muon does not move after being irradiated by T1, it may be surrounded by helium, etc. generated by nuclear fusion, and the catalytic nuclear fusion may slow down and stop, but when the muon is confined in the magnetic field of a TF coil or the like and can move in a circular motion by the magnetic field B, the muon is moved by the magnetic field toward the unreacted and fresh T1 while muon nuclear transmutation nuclear fusion is performed in T1 to helium, etc., preventing the muon from being covered by helium, etc. in the exhaust gas. (The intention is to use the magnetic field to rotate and move the muon in the direction of T1, which contains atoms with a large effective nuclear charge, as in the case of LiBH4 or NH3, so that the muon is trapped by the atoms with a large effective nuclear charge (B in LIBH4 or N in NH3), causing a catalyzed nuclear fusion reaction, and the reaction continues.) *In addition, in a configuration in which the container can be rotated, the fluid in the container will be subjected to centrifugal force, or the rotation can stir the fluid in the container. *In order to mix and stir T1 in the vessel, the vessel may be equipped with a port for inputting and recovering fuel and a fuel supply pressurization path, and the FEED fluid may be pressurized with a pump to pump the FEED fluid to T1 while stirring and mixing with the pump pressure (a baffle plate/obstruction plate may be placed on the wall of the vessel containing liquid or gaseous T1 to generate turbulence. In the case of a plasma vessel, a baffle plate that protrudes onto the plasma surface may not be used because it comes into contact with the plasma and is difficult to use.) <0100> *In addition, the vessel 4D-MUCF and the furnace wall 4D-IN of the 4D-MUCF may be made of high-strength, inexpensive materials including high-Z iron. Negative muons may be trapped in high-Z materials. On the other hand, if negative muons and muons are held in the magnetic vessel by the coil of the vessel 4D-MUCF, muons may diffuse from the T1/FEED part to the high-Z furnace wall 4D-IN part, and muons may be trapped in the high-Z atoms of the 4D-IN, preventing them from decaying and disappearing without coming into contact with T1. Therefore, in this application, it may be attempted to confine muons in a magnetic container (so that muons do not reach high-Z materials such as reactor walls) and combine them with T1. <0101><Example of assumed implementation> *In Fig. 27, *FEED may be, for example, solid or fluid boron hydride compounds, liquid ammonia, LiNH2, LiBH4, or other nuclear fusion fuel or carbonaceous material nuclear transmutation raw material, and FEED·T1 may be filled and placed inside 4D-MUCF, and muons may be irradiated to T1·FEED by M1 to attempt muon nuclear fusion. *4D-MUCF may be a container that can withstand pressure changes that may occur when T1 loaded with fluid or solid T1 is heated and vapor pressure is generated. * Figure 27 (C) is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which a muon decelerator 2MUDECE is attached to a rotating container, muons that may be high speed are irradiated to the decelerator part of the rotating container, and the container decelerates and captures the muons that have entered the decelerator and irradiates and moves them to T1 inside the container. For the donut/ring-shaped container 4D or the cylindrical container 4T, the container 4D-MUCF-ROT rotated in the toroidal direction of the donut or the container 4T-ROT rotated in the theta direction of the cylinder may be used. * By attaching and arranging the 2MUDECE to the container 4D-MUCF or 4T, the rotating container 4D or 4T can receive and decelerate the muons. * Figures 27 (A) and (B) are explanatory diagrams when the muon irradiation unit M1 and the connection part between the container 4D are attached to the donut-shaped container 4D. * The 4D-MUCF may be a vacuum container, and the 4D-MUCF may store the plasma T1 and confine and hold it by a magnetic field. (The vessels 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-ST, 4D-H, 4D-SH of the previous application, rotatable 4D-ST-ROT, 4D-SH-ROT, helical type 4D-H, and cylindrical 4D-T may be used.) A solid or liquid fluid target T1 may be filled or placed inside the pressure vessel 4D-MUCF to irradiate the target T1 with muons. (For example, liquid ammonia, boron hydride, FEED such as NH4BH4 or LiND2) As with a magnetic confinement fusion reactor, the 4D-MUCF can confine charged particles in the doughnut-shaped vessel 4D-MUCF by a magnetic field and hold them in the vessel 4D-MUCF like plasma 4PZ. Charged particles such as alpha rays and muons that can be generated by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen and boron can be held to rotate in a toroidal direction by the magnetic field of the coil in the doughnut-shaped vessel. *The energy of alpha rays may be recovered by an AEC consisting of a coil and magnetic field (or a converter installed inside a container that converts the kinetic energy of alpha rays into electrical energy using an electromagnetic field). (FIG. 27 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which, in addition to plasma, a magnetic confinement fusion reactor is filled with a material that becomes a T1-FEED, such as boron hydride or ammonia, so that muons can be irradiated to the T1 portion, and the muons irradiated into the 4D-MUCF can be confined in the toroidal direction of the 4D-MUCF donut by the magnetic field of 2COIL, and alpha rays generated by nuclear fusion can also be confined by a coil, and the energy of the alpha rays can be regenerated by a coil that is a part of the AEC and used for power generation.) <0102><<The following items will be explained by citing the following application related to a nuclear fusion reactor that magnetically confines plasma nuclear fusion fuel and its container 4D, 4T, etc.>> The magnetic confinement coil 2COIL (.4C-EDL), vacuum container 4D, and container wall surface 4D-IN may be rotatable.) <<Additional portions due to the application claiming priority>> The prior application, patent application, and Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174037 are cited and incorporated as follows. In addition, the following additional description is made with priority to the patent application JP 2023-174037. <Document name> Specification of JP 2023-174037 <Name of invention> Vacuum device, vacuum container <Technical field><0001> This invention/This application relates to a vacuum device, vacuum equipment, vacuum pump, and vacuum container. A pump and a vacuum container using a working liquid are disclosed. (This application requires proof) <Background Art><0002> (1) <Vacuum Pump> Vacuum pumps include Sprengel pumps (pumps that use mercury to exhaust air), mercury diffusion pumps, diffusion pumps, oil rotary pumps (pumps that use oil as the working fluid, and lubricate and seal the sliding parts of the rotor, cylinder, cam, and vane with oil or fluid), liquid ring pumps (liquid ring compressors, water ring pumps, impellers driven by power such as a motor to form a liquid ring with the working fluid), and centrifugal pumps (pumps that use a centrifugal pump to circulate liquid like a Sprengel pump, taking in and exhausting air inside a vacuum chamber). (Fig. 4) <0003> The working fluid of a liquid ring pump or liquid ring vacuum pump determines the upper limit of the vacuum level and pressure (Torr. Pa) that the pump can reach. As described in Patent Document 1, in a liquid ring vacuum pump, a rotating fluid ring is necessary to seal the opposing blade chambers and transmit the necessary pressure energy to the gas, and the vapor pressure of the liquid in the ring limits the minimum achievable suction pressure level. For example, when water or oil is used, it is limited by the vapor pressure of the liquid. Similarly, in Sprengel pumps and the like, the achievable (vacuum) pressure is determined by the vapor pressure of the liquid metal/mercury used. Pumps using mercury as the working liquid have been known for a long time and are used in the manufacture of incandescent light bulbs, etc. <0004> It may be preferable that the vapor pressure of the working liquid/working fluid of the vacuum pump is low. As a known method, as in Patent Document 1, a liquid ring pump using an ionic liquid that has the characteristic of low vapor pressure (although expensive at the time of filing) is known. <Prior art documents><Patentdocuments><0005><Patent Document 1> JP-T 2008-530441 <Non-patent documents><0006><Non-patent Document 1> Indium Corporation, "Characteristics and Advantages of Gallium", Temperature and vapor pressure relationship of each metal. Internet, accessed on April 12, 2020, https://www. indium. com/products/metals/gallium/#image-4 <Non-patent Document 2> “Vapor Pressure Mapping of Ionic Liquids and Low-Volatility Fluids Using Graded Isothermal Thermogravimetric Analysis” 2019, 3(2), 42; https://doi. org/10.3390/chemengineering3020042<Summary of the invention><Problems to be solved by the invention><0007> The problem to be solved in this application is to devise a working liquid for the vacuum pump that has a low vapor pressure (practical or inexpensive). <0008> (2) This application discloses a vacuum pump/Sprenger pump (where the mercury in the Geissler-Sprenger pump is replaced with another substance such as gallium, DES, or NADES) using natural deep eutectic solvent NADES, gallium, gallium alloy, molten tin, or molten metal instead of water, oil, or mercury. In addition, there is a risk that moisture will be taken into the pump 4RFP when the contents N containing water are evacuated. Therefore, a proposal for a part that removes moisture and a working fluid that is difficult to take in moisture and easy to separate the taken-in moisture (use of a hydrophobic DES when using a DES, or similarly use of a hydrophobic ionic liquid when using an ionic liquid) is described. <Means for solving the problem><0009> (3) <Use of liquid metal as working fluid as a solution> This application discloses a vacuum pump using gallium, gallium alloy, molten tin, and molten metal as the working fluid. For example, the gallium, gallium alloy, gallium indium tin GaInSn, molten tin, and molten metal may be used in the Sprengel pump type vacuum pump 4RFP in FIG. 1. In Non-Patent Document 1, the vapor pressure of gallium and indium is lower than that of mercury. A pump using mercury cannot reach a vacuum higher than the vapor pressure of mercury, but in the case of gallium, its vapor pressure is lower than that of mercury, and it is intended to reach a higher vacuum by using the gallium in the pump. A liquid ring pump or rotary pump using the gallium, gallium indium tin GaInSn, molten tin, and molten metal may also be used. <0010> Comparing mercury with liquid gallium/metallic gallium, metallic gallium has a lower vapor pressure when molten, and a vacuum pump using gallium as the working fluid can achieve a higher vacuum than one using mercury. Therefore, this application discloses a vacuum pump 4RFP, including a Sprengel pump using liquid gallium as the working fluid and a vacuum pump using other working fluids. (*However, as is well known,
Since there is a limit to the amount of gallium resources, this application also discloses a pump 4RFP using ionic liquid and DES separately from this disclosure. ) <0011> (4) <Use of ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent as a solution> Also, the case where ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent are used as the working liquid is disclosed. In liquid ring pumps and rotary pumps, vacuum pump oil is used, but a system (1, 1IL, 1DES) in which the oil is replaced with ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent is disclosed. ● When the vapor pressure of ionic liquid is lower than that of oil (in the case of 10-2 to 10-3 Pascal class), it is expected that the pump using ionic liquid can reach a higher vacuum than when synthetic oil and vacuum oil for so-called rotary pumps are used (0.1 Pascal). ● Among DES, NADES is disclosed for use in vacuum pumps for food applications, in the hope that it will have less impact on living organisms and the environment than synthetic oil and synthetic vacuum oil. <0012> Replacing the water used as the working fluid in a liquid ring pump or the like with an ionic liquid or deep eutectic solvent may lead to a pump with improved vacuum. In addition, by replacing the mercury used as the working fluid in a vacuum pump such as a Sprengel pump with a gallium alloy or gallium, the vapor pressure is reduced, which may lead to a pump with improved vacuum. <0013><Use of ionic liquid> According to Non-Patent Document 2, the vapor pressure of an ionic liquid is in the range of 10-3 to 27 Pascals at 373 to 523 Kelvin. This value is in a range that can be lowered than the vapor pressure of water in a liquid ring pump using water (10-3 Pascals at a water temperature of 15 degrees Celsius) and the vapor pressure of oil in a rotary pump (10-1, 0.1 Pascal). Therefore, the achievable pressure can be reduced by using an ionic liquid as the working fluid in a rotary pump or liquid ring pump. This application discloses a system in which an ionic liquid is used in a vacuum pump 4RFP such as in FIG. 1 or FIG. 3. (Note: A liquid ring pump whose working liquid is water has an achievable pressure of about 10^3 Pascals. A liquid ring pump whose working liquid is water is limited by the vapor pressure of water. At a water temperature of 15 degrees Celsius, it is 10^3 Pascals.) (Note: The working fluid of a rotary pump is the lubricating oil portion, such as the seal portion in Figure 4.) <0014><Use of deep eutectic solvent DES and natural deep eutectic solvent NADES> In this application, the deep eutectic solvent DES and natural deep eutectic solvent NADES may be used as the working liquid. According to Non-Patent Document 2, the vapor pressure of deep eutectic solvents may be lower than the achievable pressure of a liquid ring pump. In addition to NADES Choline chloride: urea (1:2) Reline, Non-Patent Document 2 also lists artificial DESs that are not NADES, such as Choline chloride: ethylene glycol (1:2), Ethylene, and Choline chloride: glycerol (1:2). The vapor pressure of these NADES and DES is 2-161 Pascals in the range of 313-433 Kelvin, which is lower than the vapor pressure of water (10^3 Pascals). Therefore, when the 1DES 4RFP pump disclosed in this application is a liquid ring pump, rotary pump, etc., and NADES/DES is used as the working liquid instead of water, it is expected to achieve a lower pressure and higher vacuum (2.12-161.95 Pascals) than water. <0015> *It should be noted that artificial organic cations such as imidazolium cations and anions such as [BF4-], [TfO-], [Tf2N-(TFSI anion)] and [PF6-] are substances unfamiliar to the human body in ionic liquids. Considering the possibility that the manufacturing cost of ionic liquids may be high, it is considered that NADES, which uses a system of choline chloride and urea, etc., which are substances related to the human body (which may exist in nature), is more preferable than ionic liquids for use as the working fluid of liquid ring pumps and rotary pumps in food applications in Figure 2, and therefore this application discloses the system in Figure 2 using pump 4RFP using NADES. <0016> In the present application, a mixture of choline chloride (one of the vitamin B2 complexes) and urea (organic matter contained in urine), Choline chloride:urea (1:2) Reline, is used as a system for food applications that can reach lower pressures than liquid ring pumps and rotary pumps using water, while not generating oil mist that is inedible and incompatible with the human body, as in rotary pumps using artificial oil. The 1DES 4RFP pump disclosed in the present application is a liquid ring pump, rotary pump, etc., and NADES/DES may be used as the working liquid instead of water. <0017> When used as the working liquid, it is estimated that the larger the pump, the larger the amount of working liquid required, and it is necessary to reduce the cost of the working liquid. When metal gallium is used as the working liquid, it is necessary to use gallium, which has a limited amount of resources. It is also preferable that the ionic liquid/DES is low cost. The ionic liquid is a salt consisting of cations and anions, and has high polarity, and may be expensive due to the need to separate by-product salts and moisture during synthesis. On the other hand, the deep eutectic solvent DES can be formed by mixing and heating a hydrogen bond donor substance D and an acceptor substance A, and the substances D and A are produced and purified in advance and mixed to form a solvent and used as the working fluid. <0018> (5) Therefore, if the DES can be purified less than the ionic liquid and the inclusion of impurities and moisture can be suppressed, the price can be reduced, and a vacuum pump using the DES as the working liquid is low-cost, has low environmental impact, and the vapor pressure of the working liquid is lower than mercury, as shown in Non-Patent Document 2, Figure 4, and the achievable vacuum degree may be lower than that of a pump using mercury, a diffusion pump, an oil rotary pump, a liquid ring pump using water, and a centrifugal pump using water. <0019> (6) There is a natural deep eutectic solvent NADES that reduces the environmental impact and may contribute to mass production. (Example: Choline chloride/citric acid system) The DES/NADES may be used as the working fluid of a vacuum pump. For example, a DES of urea and choline chloride (eutectic temperature 12°C, molar ratio of urea 2:choline chloride 1) exists, and may be used as the working fluid of a vacuum pump in an environment with a temperature of 12°C or higher. <0020> *Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES): A solvent in which a hydrogen bond donor compound and a hydrogen bond acceptor compound are mixed in a certain ratio to become liquid at room temperature. It has characteristics such as low vapor pressure, high flame retardancy, high thermal stability, high electrochemical stability, wide potential window, and the ability to easily dissolve any substance, and may be cheaper than ionic liquids. There are also natural deep eutectic solvents that are obtained naturally and are considered to have a low environmental impact. These may be used. <0021> (7) When exhausting from a container containing moisture, carbon dioxide, or other gas such as the atmosphere using a vacuum pump, a part 4RFP-REFI that removes the moisture, carbon dioxide, or the like taken in, absorbed, or contained by the working fluid, DES, or NADES may be provided in the vacuum pump/vacuum exhaust system. For example, a part that dries the ionic liquid or NADES that easily absorbs moisture may be provided in the device/vacuum pump/vacuum exhaust system. <0022> (8) As shown in FIG. 2 of the present application, a vacuum pump using the NADES as a working liquid may be used for drying, freeze-drying, and producing freeze-dried food for food use. A frozen or frozen food FDF may be operated as a vacuum pump to produce freeze-dried food FDFDRY. The NADES is a naturally obtainable substance and may be suitable as a working fluid for a vacuum pump for food (or for medical use or services provided to living organisms). In freeze-drying, food FD containing moisture is frozen to obtain frozen food FDF, and the FDF is placed under reduced pressure/vacuum to sublimate and remove moisture, thereby producing food FDFDRY, which is the product, by drying. (Water is added when consumed.) <0023> (9) During the freeze-drying, the working fluid (NADES, etc.; similarly for ionic liquid) is assumed to contain moisture sublimated and removed from the food, and a part 4RFP-REFI for removing impurities such as moisture in the working fluid may be provided in the flow path of the working fluid (vacuum pump 4, vacuum exhaust system 4P) to remove moisture. Also, a means for preventing the working fluid from leaking into the pump or vacuum container may be provided. (For example, a valve for preventing backflow/a trap part for the working fluid.) <0024> (10) When the working fluid is prone to absorbing moisture, the working fluid is prone to containing moisture during the freeze-drying, and a part 4RFP-REFI for removing impurities such as moisture may be required. On the other hand, if the working fluid is prone to absorbing moisture, it may be possible to perform both water absorption into the working fluid and water removal by vacuum/decompression, as in the freeze-drying described above, and freeze-drying. <0025> Food pumps use volute pumps that use water as the working fluid, pumps with rubber impellers, vanes, pistons, gears, and positive displacement pumps. On the other hand, oil rotary pumps and rotary pumps release mist of oil that is not for food or vacuum use during operation, so they are avoided in manufacturing equipment and production lines that dislike mist. In addition, there is a risk of oil vapor being mixed into the vacuum container (for example, even in oil diffusion pumps that use a different oil, dry pumps such as turbo molecular pumps are used for organic semiconductor device manufacturing, considering the effect of oil vapor on the vacuum container), so the oil and oil vapor may be difficult to use for food applications. On the other hand, the NADES of the present application (which uses choline chloride, which is generally recognized as safe and is used in nutritional supplements, and citric acid, which can be contained in fruits and foods such as citrus fruits) is a working fluid vapor that can reach the vacuum container (as shown in Non-Patent Document 2, Figure 4, NADES, DES, and ionic liquid are low vapors, and for example, NADES present in the vacuum container may be in trace amounts), but as described above, it is safe and/or edible, and in applications where food is placed in a vacuum container and used for processing and manufacturing food, it may be possible to provide a vacuum pump that emits working fluid vapor that can be taken in small amounts (it is okay to eat a small amount). <0026> (11) Just as salt, etc., which is an edible chemical, is harmful if it is mixed into a product in excess, it is undesirable and must be avoided for NADES to be mixed into a vacuum container, production line, or product in large quantities due to damage to the equipment due to lack of regular maintenance, etc. For example, in terms of acute toxicity, choline chloride has an LD50 of 3400 mg/kg (rat), and urea contained in the Reline choline chloride urea mixture described in Non-Patent Document 2, which is one of NADES, has an LD50 of 14300 mg/kg (oral rat). Another example of NADES is citric acid hydrate, which has an LD50 of 5,040 mg/kg (oral mouse). As an example of a substance found in our daily lives, table salt has an LD50 of 4.0 g/kg (oral mouse). NADES has acute toxicity similar to that of table salt, and it is desirable to avoid ingesting large amounts of the vacuum pump 4P using NADES made of choline chloride and urea, similar to table salt. For example, it should be avoided that the vacuum pump 4P using NADES made of choline chloride and urea on the production line (not this evening with the vapor of the working fluid in a vacuum container) is damaged due to some accident, and NADES leaks and gets mixed into food. <0027> The vacuum pump 4P of the present application may be provided with a sensor 4RFP-SEN for monitoring the amount of working fluid and a computer or control unit 4PCON, and may be used as a sensor means for monitoring the amount of working fluid/NADES remaining in the pump, the amount of solution, and the moisture content in the working fluid. In addition, the sensing data of the remaining amount, amount of solution, and moisture content of the working fluid/NADES in the pump may be output, communicated, or transmitted to the outside by an output device or wireless communication device provided in 4PCON, and for example, when leakage occurs, when a continuous decrease in the amount of liquid is detected, or when moisture is abnormal, a buzzer may be sounded, a wireless beacon may be used to notify the surroundings, or monitoring information, leakage, abnormality, or suspicion may be transmitted to an administrator via the Internet or an in-house network via wireless communication. <0028> (12) It may be used not only in the food industry, but also in product processing applications such as vacuum hardening of metal products and parts, and in pumps in the semiconductor and electronic parts manufacturing fields, and may be used as a suction/decompression pump for transport in a manufacturing line (to suck up, carry, and chuck products), or in home appliances, robots, and mechanical equipment.
The pump may be used for driving a vacuum chamber, a vacuum container, or a part for drawing a vacuum. <0029> Figure 3 is an explanatory diagram of an example of the pump of the present application connected to a vacuum chamber, a vacuum container, or a part for drawing a vacuum, or a case of using the pump in combination with another pump. <Effects of the invention><0030> As an example of the pump and vacuum exhaust system of the present application, when a NADES solvent that exists naturally (cheaply) and has a low environmental load and vapor pressure is used as the working fluid of the vacuum pump, there is an advantage that a vacuum pump that can be used for food applications in addition to vacuum deposition, electronic component manufacturing, and physicochemical machinery and equipment can be provided. <Brief explanation of the drawings><0031><Figure1> Figure 1 in the upper left of Figure 28 is an explanatory diagram of system 1 using a vacuum pump 4RFP that uses a deep eutectic solvent or the like as the working fluid. (1. An example of using a Sprengel pump type as an example of a pump) <Figure 2> Figure 2 in the upper right of Figure 28 is an explanatory diagram of system 1. (2. An explanatory diagram of system 1 used as an example for a food pump. Here, the type of pump may be a pump using a working liquid such as a liquid ring pump or a rotary pump.) <Fig. 3> Fig. 3 at the bottom left of Fig. 28 is a comparison diagram of a vacuum exhaust system including a low vacuum pump RP and a high vacuum pump FP with the vacuum pump 4RFP and system 1 of the present application, and is an explanatory diagram of the combination. <Fig. 4> Fig. 4 at the bottom right of Fig. 28 is an explanatory diagram of a general liquid ring pump and rotary pump. (In this application, for example, NADES and ionic liquid IL are used for the working liquid, liquid seal, liquid seal ring, and seal part.) <Fig. 5> Fig. 29 is an explanatory diagram of the coil 4C-EDL of the annular vacuum vessel. (Annular vacuum vessel: including donut, annular vacuum chamber, and plasma vessel 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, and 4D-H.) <Fig. 6> Fig. 30 is an explanatory diagram of an annular vacuum vessel. (Means for rotating the annular vacuum vessel 4ROT may be provided.) <Fig. 7> Fig. 31 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel using a motor and bearings as a rotating means. <Fig. 8> Fig. 32 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel equipped with a propulsion device (propulsion device 4ROT-TH). <Fig. 9> Fig. 33 is an explanatory diagram of a cylindrical tube-shaped vacuum vessel 4T-IN rotating in the circumferential direction and theta direction of the cylinder (an example of rotating a cylindrical tube-shaped vacuum vessel used for a magnetic mirror type, a magnetic field inversion configuration type, etc.). <Form for carrying out the invention><0032><System using DES> By using DES or NADES as the working fluid, a low-cost and low-environmental load is constructed and provided compared to the case of using liquid metals with known elements and limited resources. (4RFP in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2) <System using ionic liquid> A vacuum pump using an ionic liquid with a lower vapor pressure than DES or NADES as the working fluid is constructed and provided. (4RFP in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3) <System using gallium> Gallium is used as a working fluid that is expected to have a lower vapor pressure than ionic liquids and to be capable of achieving a high vacuum. As an example, an example of a Sprengel pump is disclosed. (4RFP in Fig. 1 and Fig. 3) <0033> A 4RFP using a working fluid to melt the gallium working fluid may have a built-in heater, heating means, or melting means for heating the gallium. In order to control the temperature of the liquid and control the temperature and viscosity even in the ionic liquid or DES working fluid, a 4RFP using a working fluid may have a built-in heater, heating means, or melting means for heating the working fluid. In addition, cooling fins, heat sinks, radiators, heat exchangers, fans, Peltier elements, and temperature control devices may be provided for the purpose of cooling and adjusting the temperature after heating. <0034> Gallium weakens aluminum heat sinks, piping, and cooling parts, so it is preferable to use copper or other metals that are resistant to corrosion, alloying, or melting by gallium. <1><0035> Figures 1, 2, and 3 are of the present application. <0036><Pump example of Figure 1> Figure 1 is an explanatory diagram and explanatory example of the pump 4RFP and the evacuation system 1 when the present invention is applied to a Sprengel pump. It is an example of a system (1, NADES: 1DES, gallium-containing liquid metal: 1LM) in which the working fluid is replaced from mercury to DES or NADES solvent (or gallium or liquid metal containing gallium in another embodiment of the present application). <0037> The vacuum vessel 4 to be evacuated is connected to the Sprengel pump type 4RFP, and the 4RFP performs evacuation by flowing down and moving from the liquid tank FT at part B while drawing in the gas in the vessel 4. The flowing down and moving working fluid is received by a fluid receiver (4RFP-REFI removes moisture and impurities in the working fluid), and is returned to the tank FT by the pump and power, and flows down again, repeating this process to evacuate the vessel 4. <0038><Example of food pump in FIG. 2> FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram of a system (1,1DES) in which the working liquid in a vacuum pump (oil rotary pump, rotary pump, liquid ring pump, volute pump, and other diffusion pumps) using various working liquids is replaced from oil to DES or NADES solvent. As one of its use examples, it is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum exhaust system (1,1DES) when the food contents N are frozen in a vacuum freeze dryer and vacuumed to remove moisture when producing freeze-dried food. Applications include freeze-dried miso soup, instant (soluble/powdered) coffee/drinks, frozen tofu/agar, rice/side dishes/boxed lunches, rations, space food, pharmaceutical/medical use, etc. For example, DES/NADES is used in the liquid ring of the liquid ring pump in FIG. 4. <0039> When used for food, the pump 4RFP may be equipped with a controller unit 4PCON having an input device/sensor 4RFP-SEN to detect leakage of the working fluid DES or NADES into the food production line or abnormal operation of the pump. The 4RFP may also be equipped with an RFP-REFI, which can remove moisture and impurities from the working fluid. <0040> In addition to the above-mentioned vacuum freeze drying and vacuum drying, the pump may be used for distillation (whisky/shochu distilled liquor, various food medicines, chemicals), vacuum concentration, cooking and drying, heat retention, cooling, deodorization, suction/adsorption/gas collection, molding (pack molding), liquid filling, gas replacement, degassing/degassing, vacuum deposition/sputtering/chemical vapor deposition CVD, vacuum drawing of vacuum insulation containers, oxidation prevention, etc. <0041><Example of FIG. 3> FIG. 3 is a comparison diagram of a vacuum pump 4RFP and a vacuum pump system 1 when the present invention is applied to a vacuum pump including a roughing pump and a forepump, and is an explanatory diagram of the combination. 4RFP is a pump (4RFP) in which the working liquid is replaced from oil to DES or NADES solvent in a vacuum pump (oil rotary pump, rotary pump, liquid ring pump, volute pump, and other diffusion pumps) that uses various working liquids. <Industrial Applicability><0042> The vacuum pump 4RFP using NADES of the present application can be used for food and pharmaceutical applications. <Explanation of symbols><0043><FIG. 1, etc.> 1: A vacuum pump system including a vacuum pump 4RFP that uses a deep eutectic solvent DES, a natural deep eutectic solvent NADES, etc. as a working liquid. 1LM: A vacuum pump system including a vacuum pump 4RFP that uses a working liquid containing gallium among 1IL: A vacuum pump system including a vacuum pump 4RFP that uses an ionic liquid among 1IL. 1DES: A vacuum pump system including a vacuum pump 4RFP that uses the deep eutectic solvent DES or natural deep eutectic solvent NADES as the working fluid. 4: Vacuum vessel, (4D: doughnut-shaped vacuum vessel, 4D-T: doughnut-shaped or torus-shaped vacuum vessel as used in a tokamak fusion reactor, 4T: tube or cylindrical vacuum vessel.) *Vacuum vessels for fusion reactors and experiments have a large volume to be evacuated, and the pump discharge speed for evacuating is high, so it may be better to have a low achievable vapor pressure. Therefore, in addition to the well-known orthodox rotary pump + oil diffusion pump or turbo molecular pump configuration, this application discloses vacuum evacuation pumps 4P and 4RFP that use ionic liquid IL, DES/NADES, gallium/gallium alloy, and liquid metal LM as the working fluid. 4P: Vacuum pump. (Pump that draws a vacuum on the vacuum vessel 4 or the part to be evacuated) 4RP: Low vacuum pump, coarse pump (RP: oil rotary pump, etc. This part may be the next 4RFP.) 4FP: High vacuum pump, main pump (DP: diffusion pump, TMP: turbo molecular pump, cryopump, titanium getter pump, etc. This part may be the next 4RFP.) 4RFP: Pump that uses a working fluid. Sprengel pump, oil rotary, liquid ring, volute pump. The working fluid of 4RFP is fluid, fluid metal (e.g. containing gallium), ionic liquid, deep eutectic solvent, natural deep eutectic solvent. 4RFP-LM: High vacuum pump 4FP or pump 4RFP that uses liquid gallium, or liquid gallium-containing alloy or metal. One of the present applications. Liquid metal LM: In addition to gallium, gallium-containing metals, and gallium alloys, known liquid metals include lithium Li, tin Sn, and lithium-lead alloys, some of which are used for the liquid metal blankets of the inner walls and blankets of nuclear fusion reactors. There are also sodium Na, which is used for cooling, and sodium-potassium alloy NaK, which has a lower melting point than gallium Ga but may ignite when in contact with moisture and air. Lithium-lead captures neutrons generated in nuclear fusion reactors with lithium to produce tritium T. 4RFP-IL: High vacuum pump 4FP or pump 4RFP using ionic liquid (vapor pressure may be 10-3) as a working fluid. One of the present applications. 4RFP-DES: A vacuum pump using DES or NADES as a working fluid. One of the present applications. 4RFP-REFI: Purification section, moisture removal section, or liquid replacement section for ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent. A section that maintains the quality of the working fluid. 4RFP-REFI-DES: DES purification section, water removal section, or liquid replacement section. In relation to the DES purification section, water removal section, or liquid replacement section, there are hydrophilic DES and hydrophobic DES, and both may be used in this application. For example, hydrophobic DES undergoes phase separation when it comes into contact with an aqueous phase (Reference: J. Phys. Chem. B2022, 126, 2, 513-527), so water taken in during pump operation can be separated from the hydrophobic DES. A hydrophilic DES or a hydrophobic DES may be used as the working fluid according to the properties of the substance to be sucked by the pump 4RFP (hydrophilic substance, hydrophobic substance, surface tension, etc.). (DES is prepared by heating the mixture until it liquefies and then returning to room temperature, or by adding water to the mixture and freeze-drying it, or by grinding the mixture to form a paste that liquefies over time. The DES may be purified and dried as described above.) Water contained in ionic liquids, polymerized ionic liquids and DES may be expelled and removed by heating or other temperature changes. 4AOS: Atmosphere or space to which 4 is connected when it is opened to the atmosphere. (4AOS may be outside, and may be the atmosphere or outer space.) 4MP: Pressure gauge, vacuum gauge. Measuring devices and elements such as Bourdon tube pressure gauge, (manometer,) diaphragm vacuum gauge, bellows vacuum gauge, McLeod vacuum gauge, pressure sensor elements using semiconductor technology, Pirani vacuum gauge, ionization vacuum gauge, etc. <Figure 2> 4RFP: Pumps that use working fluid. Sprengel pump, oil rotary pump, liquid ring, centrifugal pump. Working fluid: fluid, fluid metal, ionic liquid, deep eutectic solvent 4RFP-REFI: ionic liquid, deep eutectic solvent production section, moisture removal section. Means for maintaining the performance, properties, and state of the working fluid as a substance, maintenance section for the working fluid. 4PCON: pump control section, computer (may include input devices such as sensors, storage devices, processing devices, output devices, and communication devices. For example, a smartphone or wirelessly connected computer may be used) 4RFP-SEN: sensor. May include means and sensors for measuring the amount of moisture, amount of impurities, and turbidity of the liquid in the working fluid. N, FD, FDF, FDFDRY: contents N to be vacuumed, for example freeze-dried food and contents 4AOS: atmosphere (Air) connected to when 4 is released to the atmosphere, or outer space (Space) when the connection destination is the vacuum of outer space. 4MP: pressure gauge, vacuum
Total <Fig. 3> 1: System using a vacuum pump. Vacuum pump and vacuum exhaust system using deep eutectic solvent DES, natural deep eutectic solvent NADES, ionic liquid, and liquid metal containing gallium. 4: Container, vacuum container. It may be a vacuum tank of a vacuum deposition machine or sputtering device, a vacuum tube, various scientific and chemical machinery and equipment, vacuum application measuring equipment such as an electron microscope, or a vacuum tank or a vacuumed part of various vacuum equipment. 4D: Ring-shaped vacuum container. 4D-T: Donut-shaped vacuum container, 4D-T may be a container of a large experimental device such as a particle accelerator or a nuclear fusion reactor using plasma. An exhaust port and 4P may be connected to the diverter 4P-DV. For example, it may be used to evacuate the vacuum container of a large-volume accelerator or a tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactor. The pump 4RFP and 4RFP-NADES of the present application may be able to evacuate at a large flow rate (cheaply) like a liquid ring pump or a rotary pump, depending on the working fluid (if the invention of the present application is actually possible). 4P: Vacuum pump/vacuum exhaust system, 4RP: Rough pump. 4FP: Forepump. 4RFP: Pump using fluid metal/ionic liquid/deep eutectic solvent (present pump) 4AOS: Opening to external atmosphere/space, 4MP: Pressure gauge, vacuum gauge VALV: Valve VALVE <0044> The invention of the present application and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, but these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These new embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the invention. <0045><Documentname> Document <><Problem> A working fluid for a vacuum pump is devised. Working fluids include liquid metals with high vapor pressure such as mercury and synthetic oils that are not compatible with living organisms, and working fluids with low vapor pressure and working fluids that are compatible with living organisms and have low environmental impact were considered. <Solution> A liquid metal containing gallium/gallium is proposed as the working fluid. Also disclosed is a vacuum pump using ionic liquid, deep eutectic solvent DES, and natural deep eutectic solvent NADES as working fluid. <Selected Figure> Figure 2 <Document Name> Drawings <Figures 1, 2, 3, 4><><PDES1> A vacuum pump containing deep eutectic solvent DES as working fluid. <PDES2> A vacuum pump according to PDES1 containing natural deep eutectic solvent NADES as working fluid. <PDES3> A vacuum pump according to PDES2 containing natural deep eutectic solvent NADES as working fluid of rotary pump. <PDES4> A vacuum pump according to PDES2 containing natural deep eutectic solvent NADES as working fluid of liquid ring pump. <PDES5> Food, medicine, chemicals, packaging, and containers manufactured and processed through evacuation and pressure reduction process using the vacuum pump according to PDES2. <PIL1> A vacuum pump using ionic liquid as working fluid of rotary pump. (<PIL2> A vacuum pump using an ionic liquid as the working fluid of the liquid ring pump.) <PLM1> A vacuum pump containing a gallium-gallium alloy as the working fluid. <PLM2> A vacuum pump according to PLM1 containing a gallium-gallium alloy as the working fluid/liquid metal part of a Sprengel pump. <PLM1> A semiconductor manufacturing device/vacuum vessel using the vacuum pump according to PLM1. <0046> The following describes inventions related to vacuum vessels (4D, 4T, etc.). <Document Reference Number> R5F-RYU-S-E <Name of Invention> Vacuum vessel, plasma vessel, thermonuclear fusion reactor <Technical Field><F0001> This invention relates to a vacuum vessel and a vessel for holding plasma. This application is an invention/concept related to atomic energy. (This is an application based on an idea, and proof is required.) <Background Art><F0002> Vacuum is used and utilized in fields such as food processing and vacuum deposition. A substance/object to be processed or operated is placed in the vacuum vessel and utilized. Or, in order to prevent oxidation by the atmosphere or to utilize electrons, ions, and charged particles, there are cases where it is necessary to create a vacuum itself, as in glass vacuum tubes, incandescent light bulbs, and scientific equipment. Vacuum containers and vacuum chambers that have been evacuated on Earth in deposition equipment and the like are often heavy metal containers designed to withstand atmospheric pressure on Earth. (On the other hand, the space in which the sun and stars, where nuclear fusion occurs naturally, is located, is a high vacuum.) <F0003> The inside of the vacuum container is evacuated and used by a vacuum pump (4P, 4RP + 4FP, 4RFP). (In the form of this application, a 4P using a metal such as gallium or a working fluid such as an ionic liquid can be used. An oil diffusion pump or a rotary pump may also be used. In order to prevent impurities from being mixed into the vacuum container, a dry high vacuum pump such as a turbomolecular pump may also be used.) <F0004> Vacuum containers, vacuum pumps, and vacuum equipment include vacuum tubes, particle accelerators, and plasma containers. It is known that the plasma 4PZ contains deuterium D and tritium T, which are fusion fuels, and is confined by magnetism and magnetic fields to cause nuclear fusion. For nuclear fusion reactions, the nuclei are heated in the form of plasma containing the nuclei that will become the nuclear fuel, and the nuclei are made to move thermally, overcoming the repulsion caused by the Coulomb force between the nuclei and bringing them closer together, resulting in nuclear fusion. (Note that in addition to thermonuclear fusion, there is also inertial confinement fusion using lasers and muon catalyzed fusion.) <F0005> In the thermonuclear fusion method, high temperatures are required to bring the nuclei closer together by thermal motion. The high temperatures require temperatures of 100 million degrees or more, and at that temperature, it is necessary to keep the plasma-state material confined in a container without contact. (For example, when nuclear fusing D and T, which are considered to be abundant resources, the temperature is from 1 to several hundred million degrees, and when using boron, hydrogen ions, and protons, the temperature is 10 times higher.) <F0006> When confining the plasma 4PZ in a container without contact, a method is known in which a magnetic cage made of a superconductor is used to confine the plasma, which is also a conductor, and coils (4C, superconducting coil 4C-SC, coil 4C-EDL presented in this application) are arranged in a closed ring in a doughnut-shaped toroidal direction (TF direction), and a ring-shaped plasma is held inside. There are two types of confinement methods: tokamak type and helical type. (The coils are arranged in the toroidal direction to form a doughnut-shaped TF coil TF-COIL, and the plasma is held within the TF coil.) As for the tokamak type, those with the feature of passing a current through the plasma by the central coil CS-COIL to hold it are known (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor ITER and JT-60SA, Non-Patent Document 1). As for the helical type, the central coil plasma current is not required, and a helical type (Non-Patent Document 2, LHD) or a stellarator type (Non-Patent Document 3, W7-X) is known, which uses a helical plasma 4PZ (helical/spiral-twisted plasma 4PZ-H) by arranging a coil (4C, 4C-SC, 4C-EDL) twisted in the toroidal direction without using a central coil plasma current. <F0007> The helical/stellarator type may tend to cause high-speed ions/charged particles in the plasma to escape from the twisted/weak magnetic field by twisting the coil or applying a twisted magnetic field to the plasma 4PZ. Similarly, in the tokamak type, the coils arranged in the toroidal direction gather in the center inner circumferential direction of the doughnut, but the semicircular parts of the coils open outward (as in 4C-EDL, 4C-EDL-1 to 4C-EDL-5 in FIG. 6, the gaps between adjacent coils open up at the outer periphery of the doughnut, creating gaps in the magnetic cage), and ions and particles may easily escape. When confining by magnetism, it is necessary to solve the problem that the high-speed ions and particles are easy to escape. <F0008> And the coil 4C that generates the magnetic field may be a coil 4C that generates a strong magnetic field, and in a known example, a superconductor is used. Although superconductors require cooling (for practical use, pinning and other considerations and stabilizing materials such as copper are necessary), they can generate a high magnetic field. According to Non-Patent Document 4, in the existing method, superconductor coils containing niobium Nb (niobium tin, etc.) are used, and performance degradation occurs due to long storage periods due to the activation of niobium and sputtering of high-speed neutrons. Therefore, the coil 4C-SC, which is made of a superconducting wire, must be protected from the neutrons. (In this regard, vanadium V-based wire and magnesium boron MgB2 wire are expected to be less likely to be activated in high-temperature superconductors. However, in the case of high-temperature superconductors, copper, which has a half-life of about 100 years after activation, is used as a stabilizer, so the upper limit may be determined by the half-life of copper.) <F0009> Coil 4C is preferably small and lightweight. In addition, it is preferable that it can be used in strong magnetic fields. For example, since superconductors do not pass magnetic fields when the magnetic field is strong in the superconducting state, dopants that become pinning points to allow the magnetic field to pass are added and arranged in the material to create points through which the magnetic field can pass, and the wires and coils 4C and 4C-SC are designed and manufactured to meet the performance requirements specific to superconductors, taking into account cooling and when returning to normal conductors. If possible, it is preferable to use wires and coils 4C and 4C-EDL that are not complicated, have a simple system, are low resistance, do not emit radiation, are lightweight, and are made of elements that are abundant in resources. (Being small and lightweight has the advantage of being compact and making it easy to disassemble and maintain the coil, vacuum vessel, and vacuum chamber, and to replace parts and coils.) <Prior art documents><Non-patentdocuments><F0010><Non-patent document 1> National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology QST ["JT-60/JT-60SA Overview Diagram", Internet, accessed October 1, 2023, URL, https://www.qst.go.jp/site/jt60/4903.html] <Non-patent document 2> National Institute for Fusion Science NIFS ["Helical Fusion Reactor Design Research", Internet, accessed October 1, 2023, URL, https://ferp.nifs. ac. jp/intro/pg28. html] <Non-Patent Document 3> Max Planck Gesellschaft IPP ["Wendelstein 7-X", Internet, accessed October 1, 2023, URL, https://www. ipp. mpg. de/w7x] <Non-Patent Document 4> Shin Nishimura, Shigehiro Nishijima "5. Problems in a Neutron Environment" J. Plasma Fusion Res. Vol. 83, No. 1 (2007) 50-54 <Summary of the Invention><Problems to be Solved by the Invention><F0011> Next, several problems and their solutions and ideas are described. <Problem 1 to be solved by the invention: Coil/wire material generating a magnetic field> The problem to be solved is to devise a coil 4C (4C-EDL) that can hold the fusion plasma 4PZ without neutron shielding in a spherical tokamak fusion reactor (as well as helical/stellarator reactors and fusion reactors that confine the plasma 4PZ in a ring-shaped vacuum vessel). (According to the Cabinet Office document https://www8.cao.go.jp/cstp/siryo/haihu13/siryo5-2.pdf as a reference, there is a problem that it is difficult to shield the coil part from neutrons in a spherical tokamak reactor, making it difficult to use a superconducting coil.) <F0012> The superconducting coil or 4C-EDL is exposed to neutrons and is bombarded by them. When a high-energy neutron collides with an atom, the atom is sputtered and ejected, leaving behind an atomic vacancy. At high temperatures such as room temperature (when operating at room temperature without cooling like 4C-EDL), the thermal energy at room temperature allows molecular atoms to vibrate and move within the crystal or material, atomic vacancies gather and form clusters (atomic size voids), atomic vacancies gather due to heat, the disorder of the atomic arrangement is restored, and the resistivity can be restored to some extent when viewed in bulk of the wire or coil. (Reference 1, Non-Patent Document 4: J. Plasma Fusion Res. Vol. 83, No. 1 (2007) 50-54) <F0013> Superconducting coils use superconducting materials such as niobium tin Nb3Sn, niobium titanium NbTi, Nb3Al, etc., stabilizing materials such as aluminum and copper, and insulating materials and resins, which are cooled to an extremely low temperature of about 4K Kelvin. At a low temperature of 4K, atomic vacancies cannot move freely due to thermal energy, so the defects cannot be healed (metal atoms cannot move due to thermal motion to fill the defects). Therefore, the aluminum and copper parts used inside the cooled superconducting coil become highly resistive due to neutron irradiation and are difficult to recover from. <F0014> Superconducting coil
For superconducting materials such as niobium-tin, neutrons will knock off part of the crystal lattice, destroying the long-range regularity and causing a large degradation. Eventually, the original superconducting function will be lost. (As shown in Figure 5 of Reference 1, the critical current Ic decreases with continued neutron radiation, and according to Figure 6, the critical temperature Tc decreases.) * According to Reference 1, in order to reduce the neutron load on the superconducting magnets of JT-60SA, it is being considered to cover them with a 10 cm thick resin containing boron, which easily absorbs neutrons. <F0015> When superconducting wires containing Nb, a heavy element heavier than iron, are activated, the long storage and management times are also a problem. (Nb requires 100,000 years to decay after activation, while copper (Cu) requires about 100 years.) <Means 1 for solving the problem 1 that the invention is trying to solve> (4C-EDL in Fig. 5) <F0016><Coil 4C-EDL expected to withstand activation and have low resistance> In order to solve these problems, the present application uses a coil 4C-EDL (Fig. 5 of the present application) using a conductor/electric wire (1WIRE) described in Patent No. 7157892 (Patent Application No. 2022-123161). If the 4C-EDL can be made of elements lighter than iron, such as carbon or aluminum, it may be possible to make it difficult to activate. (The 4C-EDL may also use copper (Cu), which may decay in 100 years.) <F0017> Carbon nanotubes (CNT) or copper/aluminum may be used for the 4C-EDL. <F> When deuterium D and tritium T are used in the nuclear fusion reaction, high-energy, high-speed neutrons are generated, and these neutrons may cause defects in the crystals of electrically conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes and aluminum. Therefore, it is preferable to have a mechanism for reducing neutrons inside the vacuum vessel. For example, it is known to place liquid metal on the walls of the vacuum chamber and furnace walls of 4D-T and 4D-H, but liquid metal may also be placed on the furnace walls in this application. <F> A conductor may be placed (covering the entire surface) or liquid metal may be placed on the furnace wall 4D-IN on the side of the vacuum vessel that contacts the plasma. <F> The 4D-IN with a conductive surface may be rotatable with respect to the plasma. <F0018> Japanese Patent No. 7157892 (Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-123161) states that iron may be used in addition to CNT and copper for the material part 101 (the material part 101 shown in FIG. 1 of Japanese Patent Application No. 2022-123161 or FIG. 5 of the present application), but in the nuclear fusion reactor of the present application and applications that may be activated by neutrons, the use of heavy elements such as iron, which is exposed to neutrons and leads to long-lived radioactive waste, may not be desirable. Therefore, in the present application, for example, carbon materials such as CNT, aluminum, and copper may be used for the material part 101 of the 4C-EDL. (Other elements that can become metals or conductors lighter than iron include lithium, (beryllium), carbon, sodium, magnesium, aluminum, (silicon), aluminum, potassium, calcium, titanium, vanadium, etc., and in this application the material portion used in the 4C-EDL can be selected from the above elements taking into consideration the ease of activation and the storage period after radiation.) <F> Furthermore, in consideration of the problem of atoms of the conductor material being sputtered by high-speed neutrons generated after the nuclear fusion, a material portion 101 made of metal such as copper or aluminum may be used for the 4C-EDL. The gate portion 106 can also be sputtered, so may be made of copper aluminum, etc. The insulator portion may be an ionic liquid or an insulator/spacer layer containing an ionic liquid. <F> (In the case of carbon materials, CNTs, etc., if neutrons collide with the arrangement of covalent carbon and sputter, reducing the carrier conductivity and carrier mobility of the material, a separate vacuum vessel or fusion reactor with an easy-to-replace coil may be used. When replacing the coil, a small coil is easier to replace and maintain, so a small fusion reactor is desirable.) <F0019> (In addition to D and T, protons and boron may be used as fusion fuel. In a fusion reaction system consisting of protons and boron, it is more efficient than a D-T system, which has unlimited resources. Although a high temperature is also required, since neutrons do not need to be taken into consideration, it is expected that the deterioration of electrical properties and strength mechanical performance of electrical conductors and insulators caused by activation of furnace and coil materials, atomic and molecular sputtering of materials due to radiation, and loss of crystal and molecular structure will be reduced.) <F0020> This application relates to the insulator 105 of the transistor described in Patent No. 7157892 (Patent Application 2022-123161) or FIG. 5 of this application, and the capacitor portion composed of the material portion 101 (copper, copper film, carbon nanotubes, porous film, etc.) and the gate portion 106 (copper, copper film, carbon nanotubes, copper film deposited on porous film, etc.), is charged by the voltage VGS applied to the gate electrode 106, and a conductor/wire (1WIRE) is used for the coil 4C-EDL. <F> When the capacitor is charged, an electric double layer is formed at the portions 105 and 101 (the portions 106, 105, and 101), and carriers are introduced into the material portion 101 so as to cancel the charge of the electric double layer, forming a carrier-introduced portion 104. <F> 104 has more carriers than 101, improving its electrical conductivity. The conductivity of the conductor 1 WIRE including 104 is improved. <F> The improvement in conductivity is achieved not by the superconducting phenomenon but by using carrier introduction and carrier amplification of a transistor, and therefore there is no need to cool the coil's electric wire material to extremely low temperatures to make it a superconductor. <F> When copper (copper film, copper film deposited on porous film) is used in parts 101 and 104 of 1WIRE, (carrier introduction of transistors can be performed at room temperature) even if sputtering due to the irradiation of neutrons occurs in parts 101 and 104 at room temperature, atomic vacancies can move freely due to thermal energy, so that the missing parts of the atomic arrangement due to the irradiation of neutrons can be restored by heat at room temperature, and there is an advantage that the performance degradation can be suppressed even if the conductor coil 4C-EDL is exposed to neutrons. Therefore, in the invention of this application, the 4C-EDL is used instead of the coil 4C-SC of superconductor. <F> This application is referred to by citing Patent No. 7157892 (Patent Application No. 2022-123161). <F0021><Coil 4C-EDL for complex shapes> The coil 4C-EDL may also be used in helical and stellarator type nuclear fusion reactors that use coils with complex and twisted shapes. <F0022><TF coil 4C-EDL or helical coil 4C-EDL rotatable in the toroidal direction by the rotation means 4ROT> In the helical type and stellarator type, there may be a problem that particles (fast ions) are likely to escape due to the twisting of the coil (which causes the helical plasma and twisted plasma to easily fly out of fast particles and fast ions, and generates weak magnetic parts in the magnetic cage). The problem of fast ions being easily able to escape may also be a problem between the rings of the tokamak type CS coil. (The problem of the gap between the coils and the gap between the magnetic fields widening toward the outer periphery of the doughnut of 4C-EDL, 4C-EDL-1 to 4C-EDL-5 in the left diagram (A) of Figure 6 of this application) Therefore, in this application, the vacuum vessel and/or the coil 4C-EDL and/or the magnetic cage created by the coil 4C-EDL are rotated by the rotating means 4ROT, and the cage created by the magnetic field is not a stationary one but a dynamic/rotating magnetic cage, so that high-speed ions are not allowed to escape. Also, as described later, when the 4D-IN is a conductor and rotates, it is attempted to control and suppress the deformation of the plasma. <F0023> ● In addition to types such as niobium tin, there are high-temperature superconductors that operate at higher temperatures than these. For example, those made of special ceramics of copper oxide system (yttrium-barium-oxygen-copper system) are known. It is required to operate at a higher temperature than existing niobium tin even in an ultra-high magnetic field. <F0024> ● It is necessary to select a superconductor that can withstand high magnetic fields. On the other hand, the coil 4C-EDL, which is made of wires, conductors, and conductor elements described in Patent No. 7157892, uses transistors as electric wires, and does not use the superconducting phenomenon (which requires consideration of cooling, pinning, resistance to neutrons, and stabilizing materials such as copper when going from superconductivity to normal conductivity), by using the carrier introduction effect of transistors, it may be possible to configure an electric wire with low resistance even in high magnetic fields without the constraints of superconductivity. (However, the present application does not limit the cooling of the coil to not cooling the copper wire 2WIRE or the coil 4C-EDL. Although not clearly shown or specified in the 4C-EDL, a cooling system for the 4C-EDL may be provided as necessary, similar to the cooling of the copper wire. If necessary, the coil may be cooled using water cooling or some other cooling liquid or fluid.) <F0025> Also, because of the form of MOSFET/MISFET transistor, it operates by storing electric charge in the insulating layer, and does not constantly flow current, so power consumption may be limited. <F0026> Since the coil does not need to be cooled to 4 Kelvin or liquid nitrogen, it is possible to eliminate cooling-related parts or raise the temperature that needs to be cooled, which can contribute to miniaturizing the electric wire/coil that holds the plasma of the thermonuclear fusion reactor inside the vacuum vessel (4D-T, 4D-H) etc. <F0027> For example, if the 4C-EDL can generate a high magnetic field even if it is small, the device can be made small, and it may be useful when constructing a spherical tokamak type, spherical helical type, stellarator, heliotron type (Figs. 5 and 6 of this application) or a vacuum vessel (magnetically confining plasma) with a small shape and arrangement close to a sphere, instead of a doughnut-shaped device spreading in the toroidal direction. <F0028><Problem 2 to be solved by the invention: Magnetic confinement of plasma for thermonuclear fusion, prevention of leakage of fast ions> The problem to be solved is to find a way to stably perform magnetic confinement of plasma for thermonuclear fusion. It is to find a method to prevent leakage of fast ions. <Suppressing the deformation of 4PZ by rotating 4PZ relative to 4D-IN><F> According to the reference (https://www.jaea.go.jp/02/press2006/p07012601/hosoku.html, Figure 2-2), it is known that in a tokamak type nuclear fusion reactor and a spherical tokamak type nuclear fusion reactor, the inner wall surface 4D-IN on the plasma side of the vacuum vessel is a conductor, and when the plasma 4PZ rotates, the deformation of the plasma can be suppressed and the plasma can be stably held within the vessel. <F> In a known method, the rotation of the plasma 4PZ is known to be a method of rotating the plasma 4PZ by pushing the plasma 4PZ with a neutron beam. In this application, we wanted to devise a method of rotating the plasma 4PZ other than the method of pushing with a neutron beam. <Means to prevent leakage of high-speed ions due to low magnetic field strength between the TF coil and 4C-EDL that generate the magnetic field, and the strong and weak magnetic fields occurring where the coil is and is not> The magnetic field strength is low between the TF coil and 4C-EDL that generate the magnetic field, and high-speed ions can escape. Therefore, it is known that ferromagnetic parts and ferrite steel are placed inside and on the inner diameter side of the coil to reduce the strength of the magnetic field and straighten the magnetic field lines, making it difficult for ions to escape. (Reference: Figures 3-1 and 3-2 in https://www.jaea.go.jp/02/press2006/p07012601/hosoku.html) <F0029><Means 2 for solving the problem for problem 2 that the invention is trying to solve> (Means for suppressing deformation of 4PZ: 4ROT in Figure 6 and rotation of 4D-IN by 4ROT) In response to this problem, the present application proposes a method in which the vessels 4D-T and 4D-H, which are furnaces, rotate. The 4D-IN is rotated using the rotation means 4ROT, and the rotation and movement of the plasma 4PZ as seen from the 4D-IN is controlled by the conductor furnace wall 4D-IN (as a vacuum
We attempt and achieve this by rotating the vacuum vessel 4D, 4D-ST, 4D-H, etc. <F> (4D-IN is the inner wall surface 4D-IN of the conductor facing the plasma 4PZ of the vacuum vessel such as the vacuum vessel 4D, 4D-ST, 4D-H, etc. 4D-IN is installed, arranged, integrated, or attached to the body of the vacuum vessel 4D, and the 4D-IN also rotates when the vacuum vessel 4D, etc. rotates. Since the 4D-IN moves relative to the 4PZ, the 4PZ appears to rotate when viewed from the rotating 4D-IN) <F0030> (Means for preventing leakage of fast ions: 4ROT in FIG. 6 and rotation of the 4C-EDL by the 4ROT, prevention of leakage of fast ions by a rotating magnetic cage) In this application, in the tokamak type, helical type, and stellarator type (4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H), The 4C-EDL (the coil connected in a doughnut shape in the TF direction by the 4C-EDL, the TF coil of the tokamak type, or the coil 4C-EDL arranged in the TF direction of the helical type/stellarator type) may be rotated (in the toroidal direction or TF direction) by the 4ROT in FIG. 6. The magnetism, magnetic field, and magnetic field cage generated by the 4C-EDL may be rotatable. <F> In the helical type (stellarator/heliotron), (using a twisted coil) no plasma current is required, but helium particles, high-speed ions, etc. are more likely to scatter from the twisted coil part/twisted helical plasma. In this application, the container/coil 4C-EDL (magnetic field cage) is rotated to stably hold the plasma/ions in both the helical and tokamak methods. <F> In the magnetic field cage by the stationary TF coil, there are likely to be places with strong and weak magnetic fields. On the other hand, in this application, although proof is required, it is an idea that the strong and weak parts of the magnetic field can rotate (dynamically and not remain in one place), and the strong and weak parts can be made uniform when viewed on a time average, reducing the strength and weakness of the magnetic field and preventing the leakage of fast ions. (*The inventor does not understand the principle of high-speed ion leakage. Ion leakage occurs due to a mechanism within a shorter time than the time change caused by the coil rotation. In cases where ion leakage is dominated by the mechanism, the method using coil rotation may not be applicable.) <F> (Also, when rotating the 4D-IN to prevent 4PZ deformation, if the 4D-IN and 4C-EDL are fixed to the 4D, the 4D-IN and 4C-EDL can rotate in the same way. We try to suppress plasma deformation by rotating the 4D-IN, but the coil 4C-EDL may also be able to rotate in conjunction with this. One of the ideas in this application According to the embodiment, there is no restriction on whether to rotate the 4C-EDL or the 4D-IN. If the deformation of the 4PZ of the fusion reactor can be suppressed by rotating the 4D-IN, the 4D-IN may be rotated first.) <F0031> The purpose of rotating the 4C-EDL by the 4ROT is to rotate the coil side, which is the magnetic cage, to prevent high-speed ions from leaking from the gap between the coils and the weak parts of the magnetic cage in the rings of the tokamak-type TF coil or the helical coil/stellarator coil of the helical type, and to hold the internal plasma. <F0032> (Part that controls and operates the plasma) In addition to the method of rotating the vessel side, it may be combined with a method of propelling the plasma 4PZ by a neutron beam, as is well known. Also, known methods and means may be used for heating the plasma. The plasma system accessory 4P-DEVICE in Figure 7 may be equipped with a device or means for bringing the plasma into the desired conditions, such as a means for rotating the plasma 4PZ (e.g., a neutron beam irradiation unit), a means for heating the 4PZ (e.g., a plasma heating means RF using radio waves, etc.), a means for supplying fuel to the 4PZ (introducing D, T, B, or protons as nuclear fusion fuel), a coil for heating the 4PZ, or a measuring device for measuring the state of the 4PZ. (The 4P-DEVICE may be a device for maintaining plasma in a broad sense, and may include a device for maintaining a vacuum in a vacuum device, and may include a measuring unit for measuring the degree of vacuum in a vacuum vessel, a vacuum exhaust system, and vacuum pumps 4P, 4FP, 4RP, etc.) <F0033><Problem 3 to be solved by the invention: A method for magnetically confining plasma for thermonuclear fusion that does not require a CS coil> (Example: When a helical or stellarator type magnetic field is used in the 4ROT in FIG. 6. *Combination use of a rotating coil 4C-EDL that captures helical plasma and a rotating 4D-IN.) The problem to be solved is to generate a plasma current or plasma movement that starts the reactor in a spherical tokamak type nuclear fusion reactor even if there is no central coil CS coil. If there is no CS coil, plasma current cannot flow in the tokamak type, and there may be problems with controlling and starting the plasma. In addition to the spherical tokamak type, helical and stellarator fusion reactors do not use CS coils that can heat plasma (by electromagnetic induction), so it is necessary to control and start the plasma. <F0034> In response to this issue, this application proposes a system in which the coil 4C-EDL rotates at 4ROT for the spherical tokamak fusion reactor vessel 4D-ST and the helical vessel 4D-H. (A rotating 4D-IN may be used to prevent and control the deformation of the plasma.) * In one form of this application, the 4C-EDL may be one that has improved conductivity by introducing carriers into a transistor as shown in Figure 5, and it is intended that, like a superconducting tie, cooling is not required, conductivity is high, and the coil and vacuum vessel can be made small (a device with a large beta can be made, and it is easy). <F0035> To heat the plasma, a beam device for plasma heating, a heating beam, etc. (placed in the 4P-DEVICE section to heat 4PZ) may be used as is well known. (*As is well known, it is also possible to use radio waves RF to irradiate the plasma in the reactor to generate a plasma current.) <F>Furthermore, a helical or stellarator type magnetic field and coil may be used instead of a tokamak type, and these may be rotated. Compared to the tokamak type, the helical type does not require a plasma current (because a twisted coil is used and the plasma is twisted), but there is a risk that it may be difficult to confine the plasma. In contrast, in this application, the plasma is rotated (in the toroidal direction) relative to the reactor to stably hold it. <F0036>●Normally, in a tokamak type nuclear fusion reactor, a central coil CS coil is used to generate a plasma current that circulates in one direction in a ring shape in the plasma held in the doughnut-shaped toroidal magnetic field of the TF coil, and the nuclear fusion reactor is started, and the plasma is confined and supported by the magnetic field. Then, the plasma is heated to a high temperature to cause nuclear fusion. <F>On the other hand, a spherical tokamak reactor is made smaller because it does not have a central coil, and the plasma can be made high pressure and high temperature. However, there was a risk that the fusion reactor could not be started because there was no central coil CS-COIL that gives current to the plasma at the start of operation (the step of magnetically confining and supporting the plasma in the reactor) during the step of starting operation (the step of starting). <F> In response to this issue, this application proposes a method in which the coils and vessel of the spherical tokamak type reactor and the helical type/stellarator type rotate in a toroidal direction. <F0037> * When the vacuum vessel 4D-ST is rotated, the internal plasma remains stationary while the device rotates to surround the donut-shaped plasma 4P. At this time, the plasma 4P appears to flow and rotate in one direction relative to the device. This state that appears to be flowing is used for magnetic confinement of the 4P in the tokamak type (or helical type/stellarator type). <F0038> Regarding Figure 8, in the case of outer space, the intention is to aim for it to be easier to rotate the vessel than on the ground. Regarding the nuclear fusion reactor and its vessel 4D-T, the vacuum vessel needs to withstand atmospheric pressure when used on the ground, and in order to maintain its strength, the reactor, vessel, and device tend to be large and heavy. When trying to rotate the reactor, vessel, and device, especially when we want to rotate it to the maximum speed we can achieve using a test reactor to demonstrate this invention, it is assumed that on the ground, it can be rotated using bearings, or the desired speed can be reached by using superconducting bearings to levitate the vessel and rotate it in a vacuum with less air resistance, but this makes the reactor heavy and difficult to rotate. <F0039> On the other hand, the present invention is not necessarily used in outer space. For example, in the configuration shown in Figure 7 where the rotation is performed using bearings and a motor, if the coil and vacuum vessel can be made small and lightweight, it is expected that the vessel and coil will be easier to rotate, and in that case, it may be easy to use even on the ground or in the Earth sphere. (Even if the 4C-EDL uses lightweight conductors rather than superconductors, the vacuum vessel must be able to withstand atmospheric pressure on Earth, so the vessel may be heavy.) <F0039> Also, the plasma and charged particles heated inside the tokamak fusion reactor accelerate in the toroidal direction (for example, at speeds of 100 km/s or more), causing charge separation and electric charge separation of the plasma (https://www.qst.go.jp/site/jt60/5248.html). At that time, the presence of the 4D-IN with a rotating conductor may be able to suppress deformation of the plasma (the deformation in Figure 1-2 of https://www.jaea.go.jp/02/press2006/p07012601/hosoku.html may be suppressed, as in Figure 2-2, where the walls of the annular containers 4D-T, 4D-ST, and 4D-H are covered with a conductor, as in Figure 2-2, where the plasma is shaped like a clay vessel using a potter's wheel and hands to suppress deformation of the plasma). <F0040> When conductors are stretched throughout the vacuum chamber and inner wall 4D-IN of the rotating container 4D-T and they are rotating, the charge separation parts of the plasma may interact with the moving conductor wall surface of the 4D-IN. The interaction (electromagnetic induction/electromagnetic interaction between the plasma and the rotating inner wall conductor of the furnace) generates an electromagnetic induction current that absorbs, neutralizes, and cancels the charge separation that occurs in the plasma, and the deformation of the plasma is suppressed by the electric/magnetic interaction. <F> In terms of suppressing this charge separation/plasma deformation with the 4D-IN, the 4D-IN having a conductor surface may be rotatable with respect to the plasma. For example, the 4D-IN, which is a conductor (metal plate or other conductor) fixed to the vessel wall, may be rotatable with respect to the plasma. <F> Alternatively, the vacuum vessel/vacuum chamber 4D-T may be fixed, but the conductor surface 4D-IN (4D-IN is liquid metal and can flow on the wall) may be rotatable with respect to the plasma. <F0041> In one embodiment of the present application, both the rotation of the coil/magnetic cage and the rotation of the 4D-IN may be performed by 4ROT (using motor gears, bearings, etc.) as shown in FIG. 7. However, if you want to rotate only the 4D-IN, rotate the 4C-EDL, or rotate the 4D-IN and the 4C-EDL with a difference in rotation speed, you can provide a mechanism for rotating each separately. <Effects of the Invention><F0042> The nuclear fusion reactor of the present invention has the coil 4C-EDL, and even if the material is a carbon-based material with low carrier density and high carrier mobility such as carbon nanotubes CNT, the carrier is introduced using the carrier introduction mechanism of MISFET or electric double layer transistor, and the coil is used to reduce the resistance of the coil and generate a large current and a strong magnetic field. Since the 4C-EDL does not use superconductivity, it does not need to be cooled to a low temperature where superconductivity occurs, and pinning to prevent the superconductivity from being destroyed is not necessary, and the coil 4C-EDL that holds the plasma in a high magnetic field and small and lightweight can be configured. <F0043> Also, by rotating the coil 4C-EDL and the wall surface 4D-IN of the container having a conductor (in the toroidal direction) relative to the plasma 4PZ, it is attempted to control the shape of the plasma and suppress the deformation of the plasma. <Brief Description of the Drawings><F0044><Fig.5> Fig. 5 is an explanatory diagram of the coil 4C-EDL of the annular vacuum vessel. (Annular vacuum vessel: including doughnut, annular vacuum chamber, plasma vessel 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H) <Fig. 6> Fig. 6 is an explanatory diagram of the annular vacuum vessel. (A rotating means 4ROT of the annular vacuum vessel may be provided.) <Fig. 7> Fig. 7 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel using a motor and bearings as a rotating means <Fig. 8> Fig. 8 is an explanatory diagram of a vacuum vessel equipped with a propulsion device (propulsion device 4ROT-TH) <Fig. 9> Fig. 9 is an explanatory diagram when a cylindrical tubular vacuum vessel is rotated in the circumferential direction and theta direction of the cylinder (when a cylindrical tubular vacuum vessel 4T used for a magnetic mirror type, a magnetic field inversion configuration type, etc. is rotated)
Example. In FIG. 9, the magnetic confinement coil may be 4C-EDL.) <Form for carrying out the invention><F0045> For example, in FIG. 7, a magnetic confinement plasma vessel (Tokamak type 4D-T, 4D-ST and helical stellarator type 4D-H nuclear fusion reactor) using a small rotatable coil 4C-EDL is rotated by a bearing 4B and a rotating motor 4ROT to prevent deformation of plasma and leakage of fast ions. <F> In the configuration of FIG. 7, one embodiment of the present invention is provided with a slip ring, a contact type power supply unit SLR, and a wireless power supply unit SLR for the rotating coil. Also, the slip ring SLR is connected to the gate drive circuit EXC1 of the coil 4C-EDL made of wires capable of amplifying carriers by carrier introduction by the electric double layer transistor/MISFET transistor, and the 4C-EDL is equipped with the above-mentioned 4C-EDL, which can rotate in the toroidal direction, and has a doughnut/ring-shaped vacuum chamber (and magnetic cage, doughnut-shaped plasma 4PZ) with the coil arranged in the toroidal direction as shown in the left diagram (A) of Figure 6. <F> By adopting such a configuration, a nuclear fusion reactor/plasma container (tokamak type, helical type. 4D-T, 4D-H, 4D-ST, 4D-SH) can be realized in a compact form, and it is assumed that it will be used in the nuclear fusion reactor/power generation section of buildings, structures, power plants, transportation machinery, artificial satellites, and spacecraft on the ground, in the air, underwater, and in space. <1><F0046> ● A vacuum vessel (tokamak type: 4D-T, spherical tokamak type: 4D-ST, helical type: 4D-H, spherical helical type 4D-SH) that holds plasma for nuclear fusion purposes by magnetic confinement as shown in Figure 5 may be equipped with a coil 4C-EDL including a gate 106, an insulator 105, a material portion 101, and a carrier introduction portion 104 shown in Figure 5. <F0047>● Figure 5 shows, as described in the drawings of Patent Application No. 2022-123161, a material portion 101 (e.g., a material containing carbon such as carbon nanotubes, or a portion in which a metal film or copper film is deposited on a porous film, etc.), a carrier introduction portion 104 when a gate voltage of an electric double layer transistor/MISFET (metal-insulator-semiconductor-field effect transistor) is applied to the material portion 101, a source electrode 102, a drain electrode 103, a gate electrode 106, and an insulator 105 (a layer containing ionic liquid in the case of an electric double layer transistor), and is an explanatory diagram illustrating that the MISFET is constituted by each of the portions 101 to 106, the MISFET itself is used as a conductor 1WIRE, and the conductor 1WIRE is used as a coil 4C-EDL when magnetically confining a nuclear fusion reactor or plasma. <F0047> As shown in FIG. 5, 4C-EDL includes a transistor portion, and therefore in addition to the voltage application portion VDS between the source 102 and the drain 103, a circuit and voltage application portion VG for driving the gate 106 are required. 4C-EDL is connected to an external circuit EXC1 that may include, for example, VDS or VGS. <F0048> ● As shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, the vessel in FIG. 5 may be rotated in a toroidal direction. The method of rotation is not limited, but for example, as shown in FIG. 7, it may be rotated using a bearing and a motor, or as shown in FIG. 8, a propulsion device 4ROT-TH capable of ion propulsion, photon sail, laser propulsion, and propulsion by recoil of emitting photons may be provided in the vessel 4D or the like, and the propulsion device may be operated to propel and rotate the vessel. <F0049> FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram of a case where the vessel/coil 4C-EDL is rotated using a bearing 4B and a rotation means 4ROT (not limited to ground, air, or space). This is an example in which a motor and a bearing 4B, a transmission part 4ROTG such as a gear are used for the rotating means 4ROT of the rotation. Figure 7 is one specific example of Figure 6. <F0050> In Figure 6, the inner wall 4D-IN on the plasma side of the vacuum vessel/vacuum chamber may be a conductive surface, and the deformation of the plasma 4PZ may be suppressed/controlled by the rotation of the conductor 4D-IN (for example, the rotating conductor surface 4D-IN interacts electrically, magnetically, and magnetically with the 4PZ which is about to deform due to the charge separation, or by electromagnetic induction). <2><F0051> For example, as one embodiment of the present application, a vacuum vessel including an artificial satellite/plasma vessel (nuclear fusion reactor part) which can rotate without bearings (there is little limit/reduction in the rotation speed due to air resistance during rotation due to the vacuum of outer space) is shown in Figure 8. In Fig. 8, the container may be rotated by propellant PHNU ejected by a rocket thruster or ion thruster and propelled by the reaction force, or by reflecting photon PHNU with a photon sail or by the reaction force of ejecting photon PHNU. <F> Although not shown, the satellite may receive energy by wireless power transmission from a space solar cell or other satellite as a secondary power source, for example, millimeter waves or lasers, and use the energy to start the fusion reactor. The power generated by the fusion reactor of the satellite may be transmitted to another spacecraft or space structure by wireless power transmission using millimeter waves or lasers, or to the Earth, etc., using a radio wave laser in the same manner as known space solar power generation. <F> In the case of a fusion reactor or vacuum container fixed to the ground on the ground, it is necessary to consider earthquake resistance as a countermeasure against earthquakes. On the other hand, this consideration is not necessary for a satellite in space. On the other hand, it is necessary to prepare for obstacles unique to space, such as the solar wind. <F0052> (This example is also assumed to be used in the nighttime parts of the moon, satellites, and planets where space solar power generation is not possible due to sunlight or light from stars, or in the power generation parts, energy plants, spacecraft prime movers, generator parts, and power reactors for spacecraft traveling between planets and stars. <F> Deuterium D and tritium T that may be contained in the ocean on the ground, the surface of the moon, or gas-type planets (Jovian-type planets) may be collected and placed in vacuum vessels 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, and 4D-H to heat them up and try to cause nuclear fusion. A fusion reaction system with boron protons may be used to avoid the generation of neutrons of high energy. ) <F0053> The vessel 4D-ST is a vacuum chamber/vacuum vessel 4D that holds a doughnut-shaped plasma floating in high vacuum space and is equipped with a wall 4D-IN with conductors stretched throughout, and the vessel 4D-ST (4D-IN) may be rotated (relative to the plasma 4PZ) by a motor, rocket propulsion, photon sail/laser thruster, ion thruster, or a mechanism that emits photons and propels them with the reaction force. <F0054> * For example, to rotate the 4D-ST in a toroidal direction at a speed that exceeds rocket or railgun propulsion as far as the strength of the vessel allows, it may be rotated by a photon sail/laser thruster or a mechanism that emits photons and propels them with the reaction force. <F0055> * The magnetic field created by the coil 4C-EDL inside the 4D-ST may be a tokamak type or a stellarator/helical type. <F0056> * 4D-IN may include a conductor. 4D-IN suppresses the deformation of plasma by rotation, so when 4D-IN, which may include a conductor, is a conductor, it is intended to suppress the deformation of plasma confined inside the vacuum vessel when the vessel 4D-T (4D-ST, etc.) rotates. <F0057> * When 4D-ST rotates but the internal plasma 4P is not rotated, the plasma 4P can be seen to rotate from the rotating vessel 4D-ST, and in this application, the rotation is used to suppress the deformation of plasma (for the problem of plasma deformation during the operation of a nuclear fusion reactor). <F> Specifically, due to the rotation, the wall surface 4D-IN of the vessel, which may be strung with conductors, rotates around the plasma, and the deformation of the plasma is smoothed and suppressed by the deformation of the rotating conductor as the conductor rotates around the plasma, and the shape of the plasma can be controlled. <F0058><IndustrialApplicability> This application may be used for a plasma container that promotes nuclear fusion on the ground, or in space development, or in spacecraft, exploration ships, and exploration robots for distant outer space where sunlight does not reach. <F0059><Explanation of symbols><Fig.5><Coil> 101: Material part (part that becomes an electrical conductor such as a conductor or semiconductor. Part where 104 is formed) 102: Source electrode 103: Drain electrode 104: In an element of MISFET/metal-insulator-semiconductor transistor structure, when a gate voltage (VGS) is applied to a capacitor part consisting of a gate electrode 106 sandwiching an insulator 105 and a material part 101, a carrier-introduced part 104 is formed in the material part 101, and the conductivity of 104 existing between the source 102 and the drain 103 becomes higher than that of 101. This is used for electric wires, conductors, and coils 4C-EDL. 105: Insulator 106: Gate electrode, gate section EXC1: External circuit, power supply circuit, voltage application circuit to which 102, 103, and 106 are connected. Includes a voltage application section for the gate voltage VGS applied between the gate and source and the source-drain voltage VDS applied between the source and drain. The voltages VGS and VDS of EXC1 are controlled by a control section such as a computer type and an inverter circuit and a power driver circuit, and cause a current to flow through the electric wire 1WIRE or the coil 4C-EDL consisting of 1WIRE to generate a magnetic field. 1WIRE: Electric wire including transistor sections such as 104, 101, 102, 103, and 106 1COVER: Electric wire coating section when 1WIRE is a coated electric wire. May contain boron B10 for neutron shielding. 4C-EDL: Coil consisting of 1WIRE. <Container> 4D, 4D-T, 4D-H, 4T: Vacuum container. 4C-EDL: Equipped with a coil consisting of 1 WIRE, the coil creates a magnetic field (cage) to confine and hold the plasma 4PZ inside the vacuum container. 4D-IN: Wall surface 4D-IN inside the vacuum container, part 4D-IN facing the plasma. In known examples, 4D-IN is, for example, the metal surface of a stainless steel vacuum container that can withstand atmospheric pressure, or the surface of a fluid metal blanket (a fluid lithium-lead alloy). In this application, it is required to be a conductor. (When using the vacuum of outer space as in Figure 8, the inner surface 4D-IN of the vacuum container may not need to be a heavy and thick metal thick plate or partition surface.) 4PZ: Plasma. It may contain D, T, helium, protons, boron, etc., which are nuclear fusion fuels. *Although not shown in FIG. 5 of this application, as shown in FIG. 8 of Patent No. 7157892 (Patent Application No. 2022-123161), for 1WIRE, which is a three-terminal element (1-3TER) having 102, 103, and 106 including the above 104, the part for applying VGS (various elements such as resistors that enable application of gate voltage, or a control unit) may be built into the three-terminal 1WIRE, and the coil 4C-EDL may be used as a two-terminal element 1-2TER in which only the source 102 and drain 103 appear at both ends of the wire 1WIRE. When replacing a coil for a vacuum vessel or nuclear fusion reactor, the 1-2TER does not require removal of the gate electrode (and therefore no consideration is required for handling the gate), reducing the labor required when replacing the coil or wire. <Fig. 7, etc.><<Vacuum vessel and fusion reactor in which 4D-IN can rotate with respect to 4PZ, and power generation system using the fusion reactor>><Vacuumvessel> 4D: vacuum vessel, doughnut-shaped or annular vacuum vessel 4D-T: annular/torus-type vacuum vessel of a tokamak-type fusion reactor 4D-ST: annular/torus-type vacuum vessel of a spherical tokamak-type fusion reactor 4D-H: annular/torus-type vacuum vessel of a helical/stellarator type 4D-SH: annular/torus-type vacuum vessel of a helical/stellarator type close to a sphere 4D-H 4D-ST-ROT: rotating 4D-ST 4D-SH-ROT: rotating 4D-SH 4D-IN: inner wall, inner wall surface that may include a conductor, facing the plasma. Inner walls using stainless steel are known as 4D-IN. In addition, when covered with a liquid metal, the surface may correspond to 4D-IN. A metal surface that faces the plasma and is closest to it but not in contact with it. It may be a ring-shaped or torus-shaped metal surface 4D-IN that surrounds the ring-shaped plasma 4PZ but is close to it but not in contact with it.
Furnace walls and structures with a torus surface made of plate or metal foil are assumed. In consideration of the effect of sputtering, a conductive metal with a high atomic number Z (4D-IN covered with high-Z W or Pb, or liquid metal LiPb, etc.) may be installed. *The container may be equipped with a cryostat. <Power generation unit, power> 4D-B: blanket of a nuclear fusion reactor, etc. Unlike the rotatable 4D-IN, the blanket 4D-B may be fixed and stationary behind the 4D-IN as seen from the plasma (or neutrons irradiated from the plasma). The 4D-B is connected to the heat exchanger HX and the external generator 4PP by loops of cooling fluid flow paths and pipes, and if the 4D-B is rotated like the 4D-IN, it may have a complex shape and mechanism, so a star in which the 4D-B is placed behind the 4D-IN is shown in Figure 7. Although only a part of the 4D-B is shown in the figure, it may be a torus-shaped part that surrounds the back of the 4D-IN including the 4PZ. The blanket receives the energy of fast neutrons and converts it into thermal energy (while causing a reaction to produce T from lithium, etc.), exchanges and cools the thermal energy with cooling water, fluid, etc. in the heat exchanger HX section, heats the cooling water to generate steam, drives a steam turbine generator, and converts the energy of the neutrons and particles in the fusion reactor into thermal energy and then into electricity. *This application is an application regarding coils for suppressing plasma deformation and magnetic confinement, so details of the system related to the proliferation of tritium T by lithium, beryllium, etc. and neutrons performed in the blanket are omitted. STEAM: Steam generation section 4 PP: Power generation section, etc. POWER-PLANT. A section that heats cooling water with the energy of a heat source, such as a boiler, reactor, furnace, or blanket of a known nuclear fusion power generation, thermal power generation, or nuclear fission type nuclear power plant, exchanges heat in HX to generate steam in the steam generation section, sends the steam to a steam turbine, rotates the steam turbine, rotates and drives a generator or turbine generator linked to the steam turbine, and obtains electricity. PWGRID: Power grid, circuit <Rotation means> 4ROT: Rotation means for 4D-IN and vacuum vessel 4ROTG: Power transmission parts such as belts and gears for transmitting the power driven by the motor to the rotated parts of 4D-IN and vessel when 4ROT is a motor 4B: Bearing, bearing 4AXS (4AXS-D): Rotation axis, rotation axis in the toroidal direction of annular structure and torus body. The central axis of the donut, rotation axis. <Plasma system> 4P-DEVICE: Plasma system accessory 4P-DEVICE. (A neutron beam emission/irradiation part as a plasma rotation means. An electric wave irradiation part RF etc. to the plasma as a plasma heating means. A supply part of nuclear fuel/ions to 4PZ, a means for controlling/maintaining the plasma may be provided. For example, a vacuum pump for maintaining a vacuum for the plasma, a measuring instrument part for measuring the state of the plasma and the degree of vacuum/environment in the vessel may be included.) NBI: Neutron particle injection device. It may be included in 4P-DEVICE. 4HEAT: A part that heats the plasma 4P and 4PA. It may be included in the 4P-DEVICE. For example, known heating devices in the nuclear fusion field, laser devices, particle beams (ion beams for neutral particle injection heating), high-frequency heating, microwave heating, and millimeter wave heating devices and means. 4PZ: Plasma (including 4PMF) 4PMF: Plasma ions (Helium He3, Deuterium D, Tritium T, Lithium, Boron, etc., 4D feed 4FEED) Elements, atoms, and ions that are the source of plasma. It may be nuclear fuel, or fuel material for causing nuclear reaction and nuclear fusion (Helium He3, Lithium, Deuterium D, Tritium T, Protons, Boron, etc.). <Exhaust system (included in 4P-DEVICE)> 4P: Vacuum exhaust pump. 4P-DV: Divertor. It may be equipped with a diverter plate. The 4P-DV is provided in the vacuum vessel. It faces the plasma and discharges/exhausts the post-nuclear fusion product (helium) from the plasma to the outside of the vessel. It may include an exhaust port of the vacuum vessel that is evacuated by a vacuum exhaust pump. It may be a conductor like the conductor 4D-IN. <Coil system, etc.> 4C-EDL: Coil. For example, it is a coil that may use a conductor/wire using a transistor such as an electric double layer transistor, and the material portion 101 into which carriers are introduced in the MISFET transistor is a coil using a conductor that may be carbon nanotube CNT, a carbon-based material, copper, or aluminum. (In FIG. 7, six coils, 4C-EDL, 4C-EDL-1, 4C-EDL-2, 4C-EDL-3, 4C-EDL-4, and 4C-EDL-5, are shown as examples in the toroidal direction of the torus-shaped container. However, in an actual example, the number of coils is not limited and they are arranged.) *In FIG. 7, the part illustrating 4D-IN is described as a place where 4C-EDL may be arranged, but this is an example, and when 4D-IN is rotated and coil 4C-EDL is fixed and not rotated, for example, coil 4C-EDL may be arranged near fixed blanket part 4D-B. EXC1: External circuit, part that applies VDS or VGS to two-terminal wire 1WIRE and coil. EXC1-SOTODUKE: Coil driver, coil on/off part, gate driver, etc. are possible. SRL: Slip ring part. Coupling part. Power transmission parts such as wireless power supply to the rotating part and slip rings. *Part that transmits power from a stationary circuit to the rotating 4C-EDL. *If the 4D-B or 4D-IN is cooled with a fluid pipe or heat exchanger, a fluid coupling part or slip ring part may be required. Also, if the 4D-B and 4D-IN rotate, a slip ring coupling or pipe may be required to pass a cooling fluid or cooling water vapor through the 4D-B. *In Figure 7, the 4D-IN is rotatable and the 4D-B is fixed. TF-COIL: Toroidal coil. (Mainly for tokamak type) A coil arranged in the toroidal direction of a torus-shaped vessel. Depends on the 4C-EDL. It is preferable that it is lightweight. The TF-COIL may be able to rotate around the plasma. In the case of a spherical tokamak, the device is made smaller and lighter, making it easier to rotate the device. TF-COIL-H: Helical type (forms a magnetic field in the toroidal direction). PF-COIL: Poloidal coil. A coil that creates a magnetic field in the poloidal direction. Used in tokamak and helical types. CS-COIL: Central coil. Used in tokamak types, it generates plasma current in 4PZ and heats the plasma. <Fig. 6> *The left figure in Fig. 6 (a) is a top view of a torus or spherical tokamak type vacuum vessel (the toroidal direction is the circumferential direction), and the right figure (b) is a cross-sectional view of the A-A dash plane of the left figure, showing an octagonal barrel-shaped or apple-shaped vessel. *Six coils (4C-EDL, 4C-EDL-1 to 4C-EDL-5) are shown in Fig. 6, but multiple coils may be arranged in a toroidal direction. *The coil 4C-EDL in Fig. 6 may be configured by arranging multiple or twisted coils 4C-EDL, such as the arrangement of a tokamak-type TF coil or a helical, heliotron, or stellarator-type coil. <Fig. 8> Fig. 8 shows that the vacuum vessel of the present application and the magnetic confinement vessel 4D (4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H, 4D-SH, or 4T) are mounted on the artificial satellite 3 (or spacecraft 3, spacecraft 3) (or the vessel may also serve as the spacecraft) 3: spacecraft, spacecraft, artificial satellite, space structure (airborne structure) 3SAT: system section of the spacecraft, control section of the spacecraft (and control section of the nuclear fusion reactor 4D, 4T, which is also the power reactor of the spacecraft), and various equipment for functioning as an artificial satellite may be provided. Examples: computers, atomic clocks, wireless communication devices, attitude control devices (thrusters, reaction wheels), batteries, electric circuits, etc. may be provided. 4CON: Nuclear fusion reactor 4D, 4T control unit, communication unit, etc. 4ROT-TH: A propulsion device capable of rocket propulsion, electric propulsion, ion propulsion, photon sail propulsion, laser propulsion, and propulsion by recoil from emitting photons. For example, 4ROT-TH may be a device capable of emitting synchrotron radiation (high momentum photons, ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays) generated by a particle accelerator. Or it may be a device that propels by recoil from emitting alpha rays (helium), charged particles, or particles. 4POWER-IN: External power receiving unit. In the artificial satellite 3, a solar cell unit for auxiliary power supply, a light receiving unit when transmitting signals or energy by laser, an antenna/rectenna unit when transmitting energy and signals by radio waves such as microwaves and millimeter waves, and a power receiving unit of a wireless power transmission system. This unit receives the startup power to cause nuclear fusion. It may also receive nuclear fusion fuel. If it is desired to stop the rotation of the satellite from outside using laser propulsion or electromagnetic force, this part can be irradiated with a laser, or the rotation can be stopped by electromagnetic induction wireless power transmission using a coil or electrical regenerative braking. 4 POWER-OUT: Part transmitting power to the outside. The power transmission part of a non-contact wireless power transmission system using lasers, microwaves, millimeter waves, electromagnetic induction, etc. (For example, it may be capable of emitting ultraviolet rays. The satellite 3 has a rotating part, and for example, a microwave transmitting part, etc., tends to have a large surface area. On the other hand, since lasers can be miniaturized, 3 may have a power transmitting part of a wireless power transmission system using a laser with limited output. Also, 3 in this application may be included in or adjacent to a ship that travels between planets and stars, and may have a power transmitting part of an electromagnetic induction type non-contact wireless power transmission system to exchange and transmit power between 3 and the power receiving part EX-3 of the external ship.) EX-3: external power receiving part, Ex-Planet: external planet, EX-Sat: external satellite <Figure 9> Figure 9 is an explanatory diagram when the conductor inner wall 4T-IN of the tube/cylindrical vacuum vessel 4T can be rotated in the theta direction. 4T-IN: inner wall that can face the plasma made of a conductor that can be rotated by a rotation means 4ROT 4PZ-FRC: plasma 4PZ (hollow sausage-shaped/hollow sausage-shaped and also torus-shaped) in the FRC type. In the figure, two 4PZs are created on the left and right, then accelerated and moved to the 4PZ-FRC, where the two 4PZs become one higher temperature 4PZ-FRC, where particles are injected by NBI to cause nuclear fusion. However, the 4PZ-FRC rotates inside the vessel, which causes it to become unstable. This application allows the 4T-IN to rotate in the same way as the 4D-IN. X-POINT: The separatrix length is between the two X-POINTS. 4AXS-4T-TH: The axis of rotation (theta direction) of the cylinder of the cylindrical tube vessel 4T in the circular direction Tokamak type: A method of forming a doughnut-shaped plasma, passing a current through the plasma along the axis of the doughnut (creating a flow in that direction), and creating a magnetic field generated by the plasma current to create a confining magnetic field. <FEX001> The invention of this application and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, but these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These new embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. <FEX002> *For example, this application describes annular vacuum vessels 4D, 4D-T, etc., but the use of the coil 4C-EDL in magnetic confinement fusion reactors and vacuum vessels is not limited to annular vacuum vessels (4D, 4D-T, 4D-H), and it may be used for coils installed in vacuum vessels used in magnetic confinement MCFs (tokamak type, spherical tokamak type, helical type, toroidal machine, spheromak type, field-reversed configuration FRC, magnetic mirror type, etc.). <F> In a reaction system using D-T as fusion fuel, the coil material is exposed to high-speed neutrons, which can cause sputtering and a decrease in the coil's performance as a conductor (deterioration of the superconductor) and radioactivity, so the 4C-EDL described above may be used to counter this. <FEX003> *The superconducting coil 4C-SC may lose its superconducting state due to some kind of stress. When the coil is superconducting, it creates a magnetic field to hold the plasma, and when the superconducting state is released, a load is placed on the coil. <F> On the other hand, the coil 4C-EDL does not use superconductivity (it uses the carrier amplification phenomenon of transistors), so if the 4C-EDL can operate as a transistor, when the superconducting state is released from when it held the plasma, a load is placed on the coil.
There is no load, and the coil can be operated by simply applying a voltage VDS to the source/drain section and applying/turning on VGS to the gate section (since it is simpler, easier to control, and does not require very low temperatures or management specific to superconductors), which has the advantage that magnetic confinement can be performed. <F> (There may be an advantage that it is possible to provide a (simple) magnetic confinement coil that can be driven by turning on and off a transistor, without the need for cooling due to superconductivity or control when superconductivity is released.) <FEX004> * In the FRC type, it is said that the plasma becomes unstable when it rotates in the theta direction. On the other hand, in a type/nuclear fusion reactor that uses a (non-annular) tube/cylindrical vessel 4T such as a spheroc type, a reversed field configuration FRC type, or a magnetic mirror type, in relation to the doughnut/annular vacuum vessel 4D of the present application, as one form of the present application, the inner wall surface 4T-IN of the conductor of the vessel 4T (the vessel inner wall that may include a conductor like 4D-IN and may be lined with a conductor) may be rotatable/movable. <FE> As shown in FIG. 9, 4T may be a cylindrical container that can rotate or move in the theta direction (or in the circumferential direction of the bottom surface of the cylinder of the cylindrical container). <FE>●●However, in this application, the conductor wall 4D-IN rotates with respect to the plasma 4PZ, which is charged and separated by the toroidal centrifugal force, to suppress and control the deformation of 4PZ and confine it, but in the case of the FRC type, as in the Tokamak type, centrifugal force is generated in the plasma (whether charge separation occurs if it is the same as the Tokamak type) and the plasma rotates and deforms. <FE>●●The FRC type has the advantage that the plasma 4PZ-FRC (plasma column, a column-shaped torus type in which a current is generated in the toroidal direction, a torus-shaped plasma like a tokamak) is confined in a magnetic field directed in one direction inside the cylindrical container as shown in FIG. 9, and the beta value is close to 1. However, in exchange, it cannot be covered with a rotatable conductor 4D-IN like the Tokamak type of this application. In the case of FRC, there is a risk that the plasma deformation cannot be suppressed even if the cylindrical vessel surface 4T-IN is rotated in the theta direction instead of the 4D-IN. However, since it is not denied at the time of filing that the 4T-IN with a rotatable conductor surface may interact electromagnetically with the FRC type plasma, in this application, the wall surface 4T-IN including the conductor of the cylindrical vessel of the FRC, Spheromak type, etc. can be rotated in the circumferential direction of the bottom circle of the cylinder or in the theta direction. <FE> * This application can be used in magnetic confinement devices such as Tokamak type and helical stellarator type. <><FA1> A vacuum vessel that magnetically confines plasma (4PZ), in which the part of the vacuum vessel facing the plasma (the vessel inner wall such as 4D-IN, 4T-IN) is a vacuum vessel that is rotatable with respect to the plasma, and is equipped with a rotation means (4ROT) that performs the rotation, and the inner wall or the surface of the inner wall is characterized by including a conductor, having a conductor stretched around it, or being covered with a conductor. <FA2> A vacuum vessel (4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H, 4D-SH) that is an annular, doughnut-shaped or torus-shaped vacuum vessel, in which a portion or inner wall (4D-IN) of the vacuum vessel that faces the plasma is rotatable relative to the plasma (4PZ), the vacuum vessel is equipped with a rotation means (4ROT) that performs the rotation, and the portion or inner wall is characterized in that it includes a conductor, has a conductor stretched throughout, or is covered with conductors, and is the vacuum vessel described in FA1. <FB1> A vacuum vessel (torus type 4D, 4D-T, 4D-ST, 4D-H, 4D-SH, cylindrical type 4T) surrounding plasma (4PZ), characterized in that the magnetic generating means for magnetically confining the plasma 4PZ is a transistor insulator 105, a capacitor portion consisting of a material portion 101 (copper, copper film, carbon nanotube) and a gate portion 106 (copper film, carbon nanotube, etc.), and a conductor/wire (1WIRE) that can be charged by a voltage VGS applied to the gate electrode 106, is a coil 4C-EDL. <FC1> A nuclear fusion reactor in which the coil used in the helical/stellarator type nuclear fusion reactor is rotatable relative to the plasma. <F1> A vacuum vessel for magnetically confining plasma, the vacuum vessel using a coil as a magnetic generating means for magnetically confining plasma, the coil being characterized in that a capacitor portion consisting of an insulator (105) of a transistor, a material portion (101) and a gate portion (106) is made of a chargeable conductor/electric wire (1 WIRE). <F2> A vacuum vessel for magnetically confining plasma, the vacuum vessel according to F1, the inner wall portion of the vacuum vessel facing the plasma being rotatable with respect to the plasma. <F3> A vacuum vessel according to F2, the inner wall or the surface of the inner wall being annular, doughnut-shaped or torus-shaped. <F4> A vacuum vessel according to F3, the coil being rotatable with respect to the plasma. <Document name> Document <><Problem> In a vacuum vessel used in a magnetic confinement fusion reactor using a magnetic generating means such as a coil among thermonuclear fusion reactors that attempt to cause a fusion reaction (D-T reaction, etc.) that radiates high-energy neutrons, there is a problem of activation and performance degradation of a superconducting coil due to the neutrons. There is also a problem of deformation due to charge separation of plasma. <Solution> To address the problem of activation and performance degradation of a superconducting coil, a coil (4C-EDL) using the principle of carrier introduction of a transistor is used. To address the problem of deformation due to charge separation of plasma, a rotatable conductor part (annular vacuum vessel inner wall part 4D-IN made of a conductor) facing the plasma is provided, and the inner wall part 4D-IN is rotated relative to the plasma to suppress plasma deformation. <Selected Figure> Figures 7, 6, and 5 <Document name> Drawings <Figures 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9><F0060> Priority is claimed to a previous application, Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174037, and the previous application is incorporated by reference. The following references are also cited: Additional Reference 1: US Patent Application Publication No. 2015/0380113 Additional Reference 2: JP 62-284288 A Additional Reference 3: JP 58-060283 A Additional Reference 4: Japanese Patent No. 7157892 A <F0061> * In order to make the vacuum vessel of the present application structure capable of withstanding rotation when rotated, a conductor/metal vessel wall surface 4D-IN formed by stamping (including areas with few seams or no seams due to welding, etc.) may be used. (For example, iron castings (woks, frying pans, and other strong items) are made by casting or by hammering pressed sheet material, and have strength, so an iron container that has been hammered and stretched using this manufacturing method to make the iron atomic arrangement stronger may be used. Iron sheets are pressed and punched out, and the punched out sheets are then hammered and stretched to form a concave shape on a pot or bowl, and made thinner and lighter.) The 4D-IN (4D) may be a seamless one-piece product hammered out from the pressed sheet material to withstand the force when the 4D-IN rotates. Also, the 4C-EDL (the carbon material of the 4C-EDL, carbon nanotubes, etc., CNT, may be a wire with seams, and it is necessary to withstand the stress that results from passing an electric current to generate a magnetic field that holds the plasma, and the seamless iron hammered coil holding container may be used for the part that withstands that stress. <F0062> 4D-IN may be plated (even after it has been formed by rolling) and then polished (to remove surface roughness). 4D-IN may be produced by stamping out other materials, alloys (steel), metals, titanium, etc. in addition to iron. (If titanium can be used to produce 4D-IN with strength by stamping, it may be lighter than iron. Titanium may not be a magnetic material. Stainless steel and other alloys may also have little or no magnetic properties, so metals and alloys should be stamped with magnetic properties in mind. The vessel 4D and vessel wall portion 4D-IN formed by stamping may be formed and manufactured for use in the vacuum vessel and nuclear fusion device of the present application. For example, it may be a reactor structural material not containing magnetic material, a reactor pressure vessel wall or reactor wall 4D-IN, or a wall or reactor wall material made of a magnetic material such as iron. *After the 4D-IN is produced by stamping, a part of the stamped surface may be punched out. The 4D-IN may have a stamped pot or cup portion with multiple holes at certain intervals on the pot surface, like a slotted spoon or jar. (The hollowed out portion may be used for inserting fuel.) The holes or fuel can be used as the target part T1 to shoot particles or lasers, or as holes that can introduce particles or systems that promote the nuclear fusion reaction or nuclear transmutation reaction of atoms of T1 such as muons, so holes can be opened in the hammered part while taking strength into consideration.) *A ring-shaped part once formed by hammering and forging can be used as a beam part to make a spherical beam/frame part suitable for rotation, and at that time, the beam/frame can be joined, welded, fastened, or combined with another beam/frame or other parts to hold the vacuum vessel 4D, wall surface 4D, and coil from stress. A coil holder 4D-COIL-HOLDER may be formed. *In the nuclear fusion reactor, nuclear transmutation reactor, and nuclear spallation reactor including T1, 4D, 4T, etc. of the present application, (since the nuclear fusion nuclear transmutation part may have a system in which the temperature increases and the pressure increases, like the containment vessel and pressure vessel of a nuclear reactor that can withstand the pressure increase of a nuclear fission reactor, as is known,) it is also assumed that a container that can withstand the pressure change of the system is manufactured by stamping in a place where it can be manufactured. The container including T1 or 4T or 4D may be a vacuum vessel for plasma or an accelerator, or a pressure vessel that can contain a fluid solid. *4D may be a seamless metal container that is stamped and forged to have strength during rotation. <F0063><Vacuum vessel rotation means 4ROT> Regarding Fig. 31 (Fig. 7 of the previous application), * Muons may be irradiated from the 4P-MU and M1 parts to the fusion fuel part FEED of the plasma part 4P of the thermonuclear fusion reactor vessel 4D, 4D-ST, 4D-SH, 4D-T, and 4D-H, which confines plasma by a magnetic field. * 4D may be rotatable by the rotation means 4ROT. * Magnetic levitation, rocket propulsion, etc. may be used for the rotation means 4ROT. <Strength of 4D and 4D-IN> * In the case of a heavy 4D-IN on the ground, there is still a concern that it may be difficult to rotate the 4D-IN. According to additional cited document 3, in order to repair a broken module (a module including a TF coil or a vessel part of 4D, which may be a D-type module) of a tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactor 4D, a method is known in which the module is moved on a track (on rails) set in the torus direction, and the moving mechanism is supported by spheres, cylindrical rollers, or the like for moving in the torus direction. On the ground, if possible, there may be a method of floating 4D or 4D-IN using a magnetic levitation method and rotating it along a rail. *Even if it is difficult to rotate 4D or 4D on the ground, 4D or 4D-IN may be rotated in the torus direction in space by a rotation means 4ROT. In order to rotate in the torus direction, a solid fuel laser propulsion type propulsion device 4ROT-TH may be used, in which a laser is irradiated to the 4D or 4D-IN, which may be a heavy object, to irradiate the 4ROT of the rocket propulsion device 4ROT-TH or the solid fuel part to vaporize and plasmalize the solid fuel and eject it for propulsion. Alternatively, a thruster 4ROT-TH (or an ion thruster/electric thruster 4ROT-TH) that ejects alpha rays backward may be used for 4ROT. (4ROT-TH may be a photon sail that is propelled by irradiation of photons with high momentum such as gamma rays.) <When the container 4D is levitated and rotated/When it is rotated in outer space> *Even if the heavy 4D is rotated, for example, by a chemical rocket and then accelerated and rotated by laser propulsion or a high momentum gamma ray photon sail, the bearing part will rotate at the speed after acceleration.
It is necessary that the bearing can bear the rotational angle. It is possible to try to support the rotating shaft using a magnetic levitation part or a magnetic bearing. Also, if it rotates in outer space, the bearing may not be necessary. *For example, 4D or 4D-IN can be described as a rotatable device 3, (a nuclear fusion satellite 3 SPINFSAT in which 4D or plasma rotates), a satellite 3, a module 3 within the satellite, and a structure 3 equipped with 4ROT-TH in FIG. 32. 4ROT-TH can be propelled and operated by the power of 3, or it can be propelled by receiving particle irradiation such as laser photons from the outside. When nuclear fusion occurs, the neutrons, protons, and alpha rays generated as a result can be ejected and the reaction force can be used to propel 3. 3 may receive and use lasers or particles (including photons and muons) at the particle or energy receiving section (4POWER-IN, 4PIRTICLE-IN, 4ROT-TH), or transmit them to the outside of 3 from the particle or energy transmitting section (4POWER-OUT, 4PIRTICLE-OUT, particle-emitting 4ROT-TH). *The rotating parts of 3 and the rotating 4D and 4D-IN may be made of structural materials strong enough to withstand high-speed rotation, for example, a seamless container, structure, or frame may be made by stamping or forging a plate or block of iron or metal, and each part or coil may be mounted on the frame to rotate it. *The maximum rotation speed of 4D and 4D-IN may be determined by the speed of the propellant used for rotation and the limit of withstanding the centrifugal force of 4D, etc. The propellant section may emit photons or high-speed alpha rays. 4D and 4D-IN may be made of metal stamping. 4D and 4T may be made of seamless material. (For example, a material that is a seamless atomic bond, such as a fiber material with closed ends such as carbon nanotubes or boron nitride nanotubes, may be used if it is possible. Alternatively, a plurality of fiber material parts 2NTLOOP such as carbon nanotubes or boron nitride nanotubes with closed ends in loop, ring, or annular shapes may be manufactured, and the 2NTLOOP may be formed into a single continuous 2LPST by combining a plurality of horns and loops like the pattern of combined horns in a family crest, combining the loop at the start point and the loop at the end point, and the 2LPST may be used as a frame, cable, or structure that can withstand the centrifugal force when the 3SPINFSAT rotates.) If the rotating 3 and 4D can be rotated at a high speed, it may be possible to use that speed to throw the load 3LOAD from 3 like a mass driver. From 3, which is accelerated by 4ROT-TH and rotates, the load 3LOAD connected to the surface of 3 using the linking part 3LINK can be released by the link control part 3LINK, 3LOAD can be separated by 3.3SPINFSAT, and the separated load 3LOAD can be thrown, released, or launched far away by centrifugal force. 4D and 3 can be a device or object projection device that swings the object 3LOAD like a hammer in a hammer throw and throws it with centrifugal force, or can be a part of a mass driver, catapult, or object projection device 3MD that throws and launches 3LOAD using so-called centrifugal force. (For example, the launch device/catcher/object projector 3MD made by the US company Spinlaunch is well known; it connects the object to be thrown to a carbon fiber arm inside a vacuum vessel, the arm holding the object rotates, and after the arm holding the object has rotated, the connection is released and the object is released from the arm, throwing the object into space/the sky. Also well known are object projector 3MDs, which project objects using centrifugal force, such as centrifugal guns and centrifugal machine guns.) *It would be good to be able to irradiate muons without contact with the rotating 3, 4D, and 4T. 27A, the joint LM14D between the container 4D and the accelerator/muon introduction part M1 may not be able to withstand the force of rotation and break (or the connection between 4D and the irradiation part M1 may become unbalanced and collapse during rotation), so 3 may be made symmetrical, torus, ring, or annular so as to be balanced even when rotated, and muons may be irradiated and input remotely and non-contact into 4D of 3. Particles or muons may be irradiated into the internal plasma or nuclear fusion fuel of 4D or 4D-IN, and an opening (port) for this irradiation may be provided in the 4D-IN part of the forged stamping, and since the opening rotates, the muon or particle input part may control the particle input by a control part, computer, or sensor so that muons or particles can be injected toward the opening. <Example of a process in which T1 of plasma is used for 4D or 4T, T1 is made into plasma, and heated and ignited> For 4D (which may be a spherical tokamak type 4D-ST or a helical type 4D-H) or 4T with a configuration without a central coil, a neutral particle beam or muon particles are injected into the part that will become FEED/plasma, heating by the neutral particle beam or muon nuclear fusion is caused, and the plasma 4P in the vessel 4D is heated by the energy from muon nuclear fusion. After heating, ignition may be carried out. After ignition, muons may be irradiated so that the nuclear fusion reaction continues at T1 in the magnetic vessel of magnetic field confinement, and the nuclear fusion reaction products (burnt remains/helium) may be removed from the vacuum exhaust device/diverter in the case of plasma. (T1・FEED may be passed to a location where separation is possible due to the mass difference of ions such as 2EXTEJ, and helium and fuel may be separated at that location.) * Nuclear fuel targets such as D and T or helium 3 (or aneutron-free hydrogen or boron) are introduced into the containers 4D・4T, and muons are irradiated to the DT portion to promote muon nuclear fusion, which results in plasma or fuel heating. (If necessary, if plasma needs to be heated, neutral particles, which are also muonic atoms, may be irradiated from the neutral particle beam irradiation portion to T1, which may heat, plasmaize, and promote muon nuclear fusion, leading to plasma formation, temperature increase, and ignition.) The heated fuel is then held by a magnetic confinement method. * In this device, muons may be obtained by slowing down muons from the muon generation device 2MU or space muons using a decelerator and irradiated to the fuel portion. Also, if 3 is in outer space, cosmic rays can be received in outer space, muons can be obtained from the cosmic rays, and the muons can be decelerated by a decelerator (positive and negative muons can be separated well), and the desired muons can be slowed down and introduced and irradiated into the T1 section. By obtaining muons from natural cosmic rays in space, it is possible to improve the energy balance of the power generated relative to the power input to the nuclear fusion system. <F0064> Muons can be irradiated to the section where boron, nitrogen and hydrogen are the target section T1 to promote nuclear fusion. Since the nuclear fusion reaction system of hydrogen and boron-11 emits high-energy alpha rays after the nuclear fusion reaction and does not easily produce neutrons, it is possible to reduce the influence of neutrons that can activate the core/vessel 4D and the reactor wall 4D-IN. <F0065> Regarding the cylindrical/cylinder vessel 4T capable of forming a mirror type/tandem mirror type/spherolock type/FRC type magnetic field/magnetic field vessel, 4T may be rotatable in the theta direction. In addition to plasma, 4T may be filled and stored with solid, liquid, gaseous fluids of fuels such as boron hydride (B2H6), LiBH4, ammonia, and hydrogen fluoride, and may be a pressure vessel 4T that can pressurize and store liquid ammonia, for example. <F0066><Regarding plasma confinement, ignition, heating, and retention of charged particles and muon alpha rays in the vessel> Regarding plasma confinement, for example, vessels 4D-H and 4D-SH using helical coils or magnetic vessels, since it is possible to form vessels that can hold plasma and muons without the need for CS coils for plasma heating, 4D-H and 4D-SH may be used, and these 4D-H and 4D-SH may be rotated by the rotation means 4ROT, and further, 4D-H and 4D-SH may be rotated by the rotation means 4ROT. It is possible to attempt to bring the FEED section to a fusion ignition state by irradiating the plasma section including the SH FEED (or the muonic fusion liquid/gas/fluid fuel material T1/FEED, such as ammonia or boron hydride, instead of plasma) with neutral particle beams for fuel heating and ignition, neutral particle beam injection heating NBI particles (muonic atom particle beams, which are also electrically neutral particles), high frequency heating RF, electromagnetic waves, photons for heating, or muon beams for igniting muonic fusion reactions during muonic fusion. *Boron hydride is stored in the 4D-H and 4D-SH, and a magnetic container is formed using a helical coil and stellarator coil. Muons are trapped inside the magnetic container and allowed to continue to react with the T1 FEED to cause muonic nuclear fusion. Even if muonic nuclear fusion occurs and alpha rays and energy are released, the alpha rays can be trapped inside the magnetic container, the T1 FEED part will be heated by the energy of the alpha rays, and it is expected that the T1 FEED inside the magnetic container will continue to cause nuclear fusion due to the muon irradiation and heating by the alpha rays. *If the alpha ray heating reaches a temperature high enough to cause thermonuclear fusion in the FEED part in the magnetic vessel, it is possible that the nuclear fusion will continue (the fuel can be ignited) without muon irradiation, so for example, in a helical type device, a muon or particle irradiation type heating part may be used to heat the FEED or cause muon nuclear fusion, and the magnetic vessel may also be used to hold the alpha ray thereafter in the magnetic vessel and heat the FEED with the alpha ray energy after nuclear fusion. *For example, as a configuration using plasma and a vacuum vessel, muonic hydrogen/boron-11 may be generated as neutral muonic atoms, and the muonic hydrogen/boron may be irradiated to the boron-11/hydrogen of the plasma in 4D/4T, 4D-H, or 4D-SH, to form a magnetic vessel that is also a plasma and confines the muons, muonic atoms, and FEED. If nuclear fusion of hydrogen and boron occurs and alpha rays are generated, the alpha rays can be confined in the magnetic vessel. On the other hand, (in the plasma/vacuum vessel configuration, helium is recovered by a divertor) if helium is trapped in the plasma 4PZ inside the magnetic vessel and cannot be extracted or discharged, the FEED section may become clogged with helium, making it difficult to achieve nuclear fusion. Therefore, as an alternative configuration, a preferable one may be to fill the 4D-H of the pressure vessel or fluid vessel with boron hydride from the FEED, bind muons to the FEED to cause muon nuclear fusion, discharge alpha rays into the boron hydride FEED, and then pass the boron hydride through a helium degassing device to remove the helium. In a rotating 4D-SH, the magnetic container/magnetic cage can rotate, making it easier to confine charged particles; gaseous helium and liquid boron hydride/FEED can be centrifuged or the FEED can be centrifugally rotated and mixed to supply fresh FEED to the part of the magnetic container/magnetic cage where the magnetic field lines are strong; it is possible to circulate or move the FEED using centrifugal force, or to separate the gas and liquid; it is possible to store liquid fluid FEED in a rotating container 4D, 4D-H, etc., or 4T, form a magnetic container with coil 2COIL, and introduce muons into the T1/FEED section to induce nuclear fusion. (The magnetic vessel for confining muons is formed by a coil, and the magnetic vessel may rotate. Magnetic vessels 4MU-MF, 4MU-ORBIT) <F0067><When introducing muons into a metal cylinder> If the pressure vessel is a cylindrical vessel made of a high-Z metal such as iron or titanium with a thick metal wall like a gas cylinder, the cylinder sides, cylinder bottom, cylinder lid, upper valve, etc. are sealed with metal parts, and there is a risk that it will be difficult to open the window portion for muon injection in the vessel wall, and there is a risk that the decelerated negative muons will be trapped by the thick metal wall and will not be able to reach T1 within 4T. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 33B, a muon decelerator 2MUDECE may be provided in the 4T vessel or in the portion to be filled with T1·FEED as viewed from the wall surface 4T-IN, and high-speed muons (M1L) (at a speed capable of passing through the metal wall) may be irradiated from the muon generation/irradiation unit 2MU toward the decelerator unit 2MUDECE located beyond the metal wall portion 4T-IN of the 4T, and then the high-speed muons may be received and decelerated by the decelerator unit inside the vessel 4T, and then the decelerated low-speed muons (M1L) may be irradiated, injected, and bonded to the target portion T1 inside the vessel 4T in an attempt at muon nuclear fusion/transmutation. (The high-speed muons may be decelerated by the decelerator when they pass through the metal wall of the 4T and enter the vessel 4T to obtain low-speed muons, which may then be bonded to T1 inside the vessel in an attempt at muon nuclear fusion/transmutation.
Muons may be introduced into T1 in a similar manner not only in 4T but also in other vessels such as 4D.) The driving power of 2MUDECE may be supplied by contact or non-contact power transmission, for example by drawing an electric wire from the outside of 4T to the inside. The coil that confines the muons of 4T by a magnetic field may be placed inside or outside the vessel. *Also, as shown in (B) of FIG. 33, a 2MU-BY-NUT that receives neutrinos and generates muons and a muon decelerator may be placed in the inside of the 4T vessel or in the part that should be filled with T1-FEED as seen from the wall 4T-IN, to convert neutrinos into muons inside the vessel and bind the muons to T1 inside the vessel to promote muon fusion. (Note that in other containers such as 4D, instead of 4T, neutrinos may be introduced into the container, muons may be obtained from the neutrinos, and the muons may be introduced into T1.) In this configuration, the container 4T and the wall 4T-IN can be made of high-Z metals, such as iron, titanium, nickel, rust-resistant stainless steel, or high-melting-point materials such as tungsten W or WC. Heavy elements such as tungsten W, lead Pb, bismuth Bi, and actinides can have high-Z atoms inside the container that absorb and block gamma rays derived from alpha rays, etc.) Furthermore, a 4T pressure container made of a carbon material may be used instead of a high-Z metal. (For example, a cylinder of liquid ammonia (NH3/ND3 containing P-15N and D-14N) may be used as the pressure vessel of a nuclear fusion reactor, and a muon decelerator, muon generator, and muon conversion unit from other particles such as neutrinos may be placed inside the pressure vessel to attempt to introduce muons into a high-Z vessel.) *Not limited to cylindrical, open-ended 4T, vessels with torus, ring, or loop structures such as 4D, or spherical or box-shaped vessels (tanks or cylinder-shaped vessels with T1 sealed with metal) may also be used with a decelerator or muon generator placed inside the vessel to introduce and combine muons decelerated to T1. <F0068><Documentname> Examples <1> A vacuum vessel that uses a coil as a magnetic generation means for magnetically confining plasma in a vacuum vessel that magnetically confines plasma. <2> A vacuum vessel according to 1 that uses magnetically confining plasma, in which the inner wall of the vacuum vessel facing the plasma is rotatable relative to the plasma. <3> The vacuum vessel according to 2, having an annular, doughnut-shaped or torus-shaped inner wall or a surface of the inner wall. <4> The vacuum vessel according to 3, in which the coil is rotatable with respect to the plasma. <5> A vacuum vessel for magnetically confining plasma, in which an inner wall portion of the vacuum vessel facing the plasma is rotatable with respect to the plasma. <6> The vacuum vessel according to 5, having the rotatable annular, doughnut-shaped or torus-shaped inner wall. <7> The vacuum vessel according to 6, in which the inner wall is made of a seamless metal or conductor (wherein the inner wall is formed by stamping, forging and stretching a metal plate or metal block to form a seamless inner wall structure 4D-IN). <8> A vessel that contains a muon generator, a muon decelerator and muon fusion fuel, and is made of a vessel, a pressure vessel, a metal vessel or a high-Z atom vessel capable of irradiating, combining and injecting muons decelerated by the fuel T1. <9> A muon-based nuclear transmutation system, comprising a step of decelerating muons using an accelerator or muon decelerator capable of decelerating muons, and then introducing and binding the muons to atoms of a source material for nuclear transmutation, characterized in that the muons are arranged, introduced and confined in a magnetic vessel. <Document name> Document <><Problem> In a vacuum vessel used in a magnetic confinement nuclear fusion reactor using a magnetic generating means such as a coil among thermonuclear fusion reactors that attempt to cause a nuclear fusion reaction (D-T reaction, etc.) that radiates high-energy neutrons, there is a problem of activation and performance degradation of a superconducting coil due to the neutrons. There is also a problem of deformation due to charge separation of plasma. <Solution> To address the problem of deformation due to charge separation of plasma, a rotatable conductor portion (annular vacuum vessel inner wall portion 4D-IN made of a conductor) facing the plasma is provided, and the inner wall portion 4D-IN is rotated relative to the plasma to suppress plasma deformation. (To address the problem of radiation and performance degradation of the superconducting coil, a coil (4C-EDL) using the principle of carrier introduction of a transistor is used.) <Selected Figure> Figure 30 <Document Name> Drawing <Figure 1><F0069> The invention of this application and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, but these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These new embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the invention. <0103><Figure27> 4D-MUCF: Torus-shaped or annular vessel (may be a plasma vessel or vacuum vessel, or a vessel or pressure vessel for solid, liquid, or gas). A doughnut-shaped vessel is also acceptable. 4T-MUCF: Tube-shaped or cylindrical vessel (may be a plasma vessel or vacuum vessel, or a vessel or pressure vessel for solid, liquid, or gas). A cylindrical vessel, box-shaped vessel, or cylindrical vessel is also acceptable. 1F-SYS: Nuclear fusion system, 1EXP-SYS: Nuclear transmutation system, 1R: Nuclear fusion reactor, nuclear transmutation reactor, reactor *In Fig. 27, the ITER nuclear fusion reactor may be equipped with the necessary equipment for the nuclear fusion reactor. For the muon nuclear fusion reactor, the vessel 4D-MUCF or 4T-MUCF may be equipped with the necessary equipment for the nuclear fusion reactor, such as the supply system, power generation unit, heat exchanger, AEC, and fusion product/helium removal unit of T1-FEED as shown in Figs. 10 to 7 and 21. (A) Annular vessel, view from directly above T1-FEED: Target of raw material atoms to be transmuted, nuclear transmutation raw material. M1: muon, muon source, muon generation section, irradiation section, input section to T1 MA1: muonic atom, muonic atom generation section, irradiation section, input section to T1 (4P-DEVICE: device to input raw material to 4D container FEED section to T1 FEED, which is plasma, fuel supply section, equipment to support fusion reactor 1R) (4D-DEVICE: device to input raw material to 4D container FEED section to T1 FEED, which is liquid gas, etc., fuel supply section, equipment to support 1R) 4D -IGNIS: Ignition device (a part that heats the FEED in a thermonuclear fusion reactor such as a CS coil and leads to the initial nuclear fusion, or a muon irradiation part that leads to the initial muon nuclear fusion in muon nuclear fusion. A device for initiating nuclear fusion, an ignition part. *In the case of muon nuclear fusion, the muon irradiation part, or a part that inertially confines or magnetically confines the FEED during muon irradiation and heats it. It may also be a neutral particle injection device or a FEED heating part using RF or photons) 4P-2MU: A part that irradiates muons to plasma. It may also be a part that inputs muonic atoms and particles that have been bound to muons to make them charge neutral, or a neutral particle injection device. (It may also include a muon decelerator) 4D-2MU: A part that irradiates muons to liquid, gas, or solid T1 FEED. It may also be a part that inputs muons or muonic atoms and particles, or a neutral particle injection device. (May include muon decelerator) LM14D: M1 introduction part, connection part to the vessel 4D-MUCF: Vessel. 4D-MUCF-ROT: Rotatable vessel. 4D-IN: Vessel wall/vessel surface. Part facing/opposing the FEED, T1, and fusion part inside the vessel. 4AXS: Rotation axis of the vessel in the toroidal direction. Vessel that rotates in the toroidal direction. In the case of 4D-MUCF-ROT, this is the central axis when rotating in the toroidal direction. 2COIL: Coil for forming a magnetic vessel. Stellarator or helical type may be used. A coil that forms a magnetic field in the toroidal direction. (May include a tokamak-type coil, a TF coil, and more broadly a magnetic field generating means for confining charged particles such as muons and plasma within a vessel) Stellarator/helical coil 2COIL-STR, tokamak-type coil 2COIL-TOK, TF coil, CS coil, PF coil, etc.) FEED-MF: FEED-T1 in the magnetic vessel T1-2BMU: Magnetic field, magnetic field passing through target T1. 4MFC-ORBIT: Magnetic vessel, magnetic vessel formed in a toroidal direction centered on 4AXS, orbit of the magnetic vessel. 4MU-ORBIT: A muon held in a magnetic vessel and rotating, or a magnetic vessel holding a muon, a muon held in a magnetic vessel. *4D-MUCF may rotate muons, charged particles, and plasma around 4AXIS in a magnetic vessel using 4MFC-ORBIT, T1-2BMU, and 4MU-ORBIT, or confine muons in the relevant section. (cf: Also, as shown in Figs. 10 to 15, a muon target section and particle target section may be inserted to form a section 2CLP for colliding plasma, particles, and muons orbiting around 4AXS with the target section of 4MU-ORBIT, and the particles may be collided with each other to generate particles.) (B) Annular vessel, horizontal view [cross-sectional view of A-A' section] (CS-COIL: CS-COIL if necessary) 4D-MUCF: Annular vessel. 4D-IN: Vessel wall. (May be a conductor) 2COIL: Coil, TF-COIL, Helical-COIL. T1-2BMU, 4MU-ORBIT (magnetic vessel, muon in magnetic vessel) 4D-MUCF-ROT: rotatable vessel. (C) Cylindrical vessel (cylindrical vessel) 1F-SYS, 1EXP-SYS, 1R4T-MUCF: vessel, cylindrical vessel 4T-MUCF-ROT: rotatable vessel. M1, MA1, M1F: high-speed muon or muonic atom 2MUDECE: muon decelerator, decelerator for muonic atoms M1L: decelerated muon (-muonic atom) 4STAT: support part of the container, fixed part (bearing 4B when rotating, container rotation part 4ROT) 2COILs-FOR-4T: coil group for forming a magnetic field container in a cylindrical container (note that the coils may be arranged in a cylindrical container and may be made of a material that can form a magnetic container in the cylindrical container.) (2ICF: inertial confinement means part when inertial confinement of T1 part is performed. Part that compresses T1 part by laser or ion beam) AEC: alpha ray energy conversion part, charged particle direct generator (converter) (if necessary, 1TH-NZ nozzle, 1TH: thruster) 1GENR: power generation part. It may be a part that generates electricity using light or electromagnetic waves generated by AEC such as a photoelectric conversion element. (Although the number of moving parts will increase, it may be a turbine-type power generation section that boils water to generate steam and rotate a turbine, like a thermal power generation section.) 1PRPLT: Propellant (propellant ejected using particles and alpha rays generated after nuclear fusion, or photons and particles generated by nuclear fusion energy and their energy input) (A*) Magnetic field and muon orbit of annular container 4MU-ORBIT: Magnetic field orbit that confines muons (magnetic container) 2MUDECE: Reducer (it may be possible to remotely and non-contact-inject a high-speed muon M1F into a rotating 4D-MUCF-ROT container, decelerate it in this section, and obtain the decelerated muon M1L) M1-CYCLB: Muon rotating, moving, circular, spiral, or cyclotron-moving due to a magnetic field within T1. 4D-MUCF-H: 4D-MUCF, a container capable of generating helical and stellarator-type magnetic containers. 4D-MUCF: A vessel capable of generating magnetic vessels such as helical and tokamak types. (In the case of tokamak types, it may be possible to heat the T1, FEED, and plasma sections using CS coils) <Fig. 33> (B) Explanatory diagram of cylindrical vessel 4T and 4T-MUCF 4T, 4T-MUCF, 4T-MUCF-ROT: Vessel. (Cylinder vessel in this figure. *Pressure vessel that may be made of metal without any restrictions on shape, 4D, 4D-MUCF are also acceptable) 4T-IN: Wall surface that may be metal. In this figure, a thick pressure vessel with metal wall surface is assumed. 2COILs-FOR-4T: Coil. For forming a magnetic vessel. 1NUT-TX: Neutrino transmitter, neutrino beam transmitter 2MU-BY-NUT: Part that generates muons from neutrinos (e.g.
: discharge chamber for receiving neutrinos) 2MU: muon generation unit, M1F: high-speed muon 2MUDECE: muon decelerator T1·FEED: nuclear transmutation material, target unit <0104><<Additional portions based on applications claiming priority>> The following items have been added to the previously filed Patent Application No. 2023-150635, Patent Application No. 2023-151787, Patent Application No. 2023-174791, Patent Application No. 2023-174037, Patent Application No. 2023-196029, Patent Application No. 2023-196327, Patent Application No. 2024-058388, Patent Application No. 2024-065053, and International Application No. PCT/JP2024/016620. <Fig. 34> Fig. 34 is a hypothetical diagram of a reaction example "CD4 + muon->12C + D->14N + D->16O*->12C + 4He" in which methane (deuterium carbide, CD4) consisting of deuterium D and carbon-12 is irradiated with a negative muon, the negative muon is bound to carbon-12 in the methane, D is fused to carbon-12 in the methane CD4 to become nitrogen-14, deuterium D is bound to the nitrogen-14 to become excited oxygen nucleus 16O*, and the 16O* is nuclear transmuted into carbon-12 and alpha rays. Fig. 34 includes an explanatory diagram for the case where "CD4 + muon->12C + D + muon->14N + D + muon->16O*->12C + 4He + muon" is repeated twice in CD4, and the overall reaction formula becomes CD4 + muon->C (carbon-12) + 2 x He (helium 4) + muon". In order to return to a carbon-12 nucleus again by bonding two D to 12C in CD4 and passing through an excited oxygen nucleus, the reaction formula for bonding a negative muon to methane CD4 shown in FIG. 34 is "a nuclear transmutation system using muons, which has a process of bonding a muon to a raw material atom, obtaining an excited nucleus, and nuclear transmuting into an atom with a smaller effective nuclear charge or atomic number than the raw material atom," and the raw material atom is carbon-12 and deuterium in a methane molecule consisting of carbon-12 and deuterium D. <D-12C, D-14N system> In the example of FIG. 34, it is assumed that two D are bonded to carbon-12 to generate carbon-12 and alpha rays via an excited oxygen-16 nucleus, and a muon is bonded to carbon-12, and two deuterium D chemically bonded to the carbon-12 are fused to convert it into helium. *The inventor believes that the reaction "CD4 + muon->12C + D->14N + D->16O*->12C + 4He" may occur. When this CD4 is used as a fusion fuel material for muon fusion, it is believed that there is an advantage in that methane CD4 (12CD4) can be synthesized using carbon-12 and deuterium, which are easily obtained in nature (from seawater, or from gaseous or icy planets), and the CD4 can be stored and transported in a gas cylinder for methane or alkanes for use as fusion fuel. (Note: In addition, in Figure 34, "a muon binds to CD4, two Ds fuse successively with C to form an excited oxygen nucleus 16O*, after which one helium atom is released, but in the case where this is not released, if two Ds fuse again successively with the oxygen nucleus 16O* to form an excited neon nucleus 20Ne*, one helium atom is released from the 20Ne* to become an oxygen nucleus 16O*, and the oxygen nucleus 16O* releases another helium atom to become a carbon-12 nucleus 12C.") A muon binds to the carbon-12 nucleus in a methane molecule, and the deuterium D nucleus that is covalently bonded to the carbon-12 nucleus and adjacent to it is bound to carbon-12, and two helium atoms are obtained as the final product. In the reaction example in Figure 34, the carbon-12 and the muon may act as a catalyst that converts the four deuterium atoms in CD4 into alpha rays. Two alpha rays (5.0 when nitrogen-15 fuses with hydrogen) are produced per methane molecule. Assuming that 5 MeV is produced when D and 14N fuse together, 10 MeV of energy can be obtained when four D and one C in one molecule of CD4 are transformed into two helium and one C. Comparing boron hydride and methane, methane is not toxic to living organisms like boron hydride, is used for city gas, and has the advantage that it can be used with the equipment of methane supply networks, pipelines, gas tanks, gas cylinders, gas holders, and methane transport ships. *Figure 34 (B) shows alkanes. These are examples of hydrocarbon materials with a large carbon number and high molecular weight, such as those shown in Fig. 1. The carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon are not fused together by muons, but the carbon and deuterium parts in the hydrocarbon are fused together by muons. <P-14C system> In the D-12C system, it is assumed that carbon-12 is fused with deuterium D by muon fusion to obtain nitrogen-14, which is then fused to obtain excited oxygen-16 nuclei to obtain carbon-12 and helium-4. However, in order to obtain excited oxygen-16, methane, alkane, and hydrocarbon-14 consisting of hydrogen P and carbon-14 are used. It is also possible to irradiate a muon to cause nuclear fusion. There is an advantage in using the radioactive isotope carbon-14, which has a long half-life of several thousand years, as nuclear fuel and fusing it with light hydrogen to convert it into harmless carbon-12, and it is also possible to attempt nuclear fusion by irradiating a muon to a hydrocarbon-14. ) (Hydrocarbon-14 + muon -> 14C + 1H (P) -> 15N + 1H (P) -> 16O* -> 12C + 4He) * When a muon target made of carbon material is irradiated with high-energy protons, the protons penetrate the carbon atoms and cause a nuclear spallation reaction, producing mesons, pions, kaons, alpha rays, lithium nuclei, neutrons, protons, etc., and the neutrons can be captured by other carbon atoms in the carbon material (or components around the muon target) to produce carbon-13 or carbon-14 nuclei with a high neutron count. When protons are irradiated onto the carbon muon target, carbon nuclei are spalled to generate neutrons, which are then supplied to and captured by adjacent carbons, increasing the number of neutrals from carbon-12 to form a carbon muon target rich in carbon-14. If the muon target contains a large amount of carbon-14, it may become highly activated or may become waste that undergoes radioactive decay over a long half-life. Carbon-14 obtained in this way has a long half-life and can become radioactive waste if accumulated, but it is possible to separate the carbon-14 from the muon target (by laser ablation to convert it into plasma/gasification, isotope separation to separate and remove the carbon-14, and then by chemical processes to produce hydrocarbons such as methane, alkanes, gases, liquids (petroleum), and resins from carbon-14 and hydrogen), synthesize a hydrocarbon material by combining carbon-14 and hydrogen p, irradiate the 14CH4 with muons, fuse carbon-14 and hydrogen to obtain nitrogen-15, fuse hydrogen with nitrogen-15 to obtain excited oxygen-16 nuclei, and convert them into carbon-12 and helium-4. *Another example of carbon-14 production is by colliding nitrogen-14 with cosmic rays (which can generate mesons and muons), and the nitrogen-14 nuclei are converted to carbon-14 by capturing neutrons from the cosmic rays, so they exist in small amounts in nature and on Earth. It can also occur when atoms in a nuclear fission reactor (boiling water reactor (BWR) and pressurized water reactor (PWR)) capture neutrons released in the reactor. <Production of deuterium D and tritium T by nuclear spallation of muon target and use as fuel> A carbon muon target is spalled by proton irradiation to produce other particles. Carbon-12 can be spalled to produce alpha rays, lithium atomic nuclei, neutrons, protons, etc., and neutrons can be captured by carbon atoms as mentioned above to increase the number of neutrons in the carbon atoms, but there is also a risk of producing lithium atomic nuclei and deuterium D and tritium T consisting of protons and neutrons. In the case of lithium, it may become lithium-8 and then beryllium-8, which may become alpha rays. On the other hand, D and T, especially T, have a short lifespan but undergo radioactive decay, so it is preferable to be able to collect T in the T collection section. Heavy water may be irradiated with muons to perform muon nuclear fusion to obtain helium and carbon atoms. T for nuclear fusion may be obtained by using DT as nuclear fuel. (One helium-4 alpha ray balances two deuterium atoms. On the other hand, one hydrogen atom and one tritium atom balance one helium-4.) *T is neutron-rich. When detecting muon or tau neutrinos, the neutrino receiver and target may be made of deuterium or tritium. For example, a resin made of tritium carbide may have more neutrons and be easier to receive neutrinos than a resin made of deuterium carbide. *In one embodiment of this application, a system is described in which the Z value of the product after nuclear transmutation is smaller than the Z value of the raw material atom before nuclear transmutation. In another embodiment of this application, helium-3 derived from T may be fused with another helium-3 to obtain helium-4, protons, and energy, while also consuming tritium T. When helium-4 and neutrons are obtained from another helium-3, it may be difficult to trap negative muons in helium with a charge of +2, which can occur when obtaining helium from hydrogen. *Tritium produces helium-3 after a half-life. <T2O, T-16O system> Deuterium T may be subjected to muon nuclear fusion with oxygen-16 to obtain nitrogen-19 nuclei,1 and then nitrogen-15 and helium may be combined to obtain energy, and then nitrogen-15 and T may be combined to obtain oxygen-18. Oxygen-16 and T may be subjected to muon nuclear fusion (especially the stable isotope T may be consumed by nuclear fusion) to attempt conversion to the stable isotope oxygen-18. <D-16O system> Two deuterium atoms may be combined with oxygen-16 to obtain deuterium D2O, and D2O may be used as the target T1. Muons may be irradiated onto the D2O target to perform muon nuclear fusion of deuterium with oxygen-16 to obtain fluorine-18, and then fluorine-18 and deuterium may be subjected to muon nuclear fusion to obtain excited neon-20 nuclei, and muon nuclear fusion and muon nuclear transmutation may be attempted to obtain alpha rays and atomic nuclei and particles such as oxygen-16 nuclei with a smaller Z than neon-20 from the excited neon-20 nuclei. (*At the time of filing this application, no literature was available on the reaction formula for nuclear fusion of D with oxygen-16 and fluorine-18 with deuterium. However, based on the case of obtaining excited oxygen nuclei by muon nuclear fusion of one deuterium each with carbon-12 atoms containing three alpha-ray units, and obtaining helium and carbon-12 nuclei, it is estimated as follows: by muon nuclear fusion of two deuteriums in succession with oxygen-16 atoms containing four alpha-ray units, excited neon-20 nuclei consisting of five alpha-ray units can be obtained, and then alpha rays, oxygen-16 nuclei, and carbon-12 nuclei can be obtained.) <D-Mg24 system, P-Mg26 system> Examples of experimental systems attempting nuclear transmutation (without considering whether muons act as a catalyst to promote multiple nuclear fusions and nuclear transmutations), it may be attempted to see whether muon nuclear transmutation occurs by irradiating deuterated magnesium, which is made by bonding deuterium to magnesium-24, with negative muons. However, Mg has a large Z=12, and the Coulomb barrier is large, making it difficult for Mg and H and D to approach each other, making it difficult for nuclear fusion to occur. In order to make it easier to bring Mg and D closer together, for example, MgD2, an ion crystal of Mg and D, may be designated as T1, and a portion may be provided in which T1 can be pressurized by a laser as shown in Figures 9 and 18, and nuclear fusion may be attempted by irradiating MgD2 with a laser and muon irradiation. <Effects of motion such as heat, and effect of confinement> Fuel atoms that have been heated, pressurized, compressed, or confined by a laser, heating means, or confinement means may be brought closer together. In the present application, a means for bringing the fuel atoms closer together may be used to bring the fuel atoms closer together while binding the muons to the fuel atoms. <0105><Fig.35><A system for nuclear fusing fluorine atoms and hydrogen atoms within a molecule, P-19F system when neighboring H and F in PVDF resin are nuclear fused> Figure 35 is an explanatory diagram of the case where polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF (PVDF consisting of hydrogen, fluorine-19 and carbon is sufficient) is used as the target part T1 and muon decelerator 2MUDECE in the dielectric (piezoelectric body) 2LZI of the electric field forming element 2FDELE of the muon decelerator 2MUDECE in Figure 20, forming a target and decelerator part T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE. The target and decelerator part T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE contains carbon, fluorine and hydrogen in the resin and in the molecule, and the fluorine and hydrogen may have a portion (part T1-Hu19F where F and H in FIG. 35 are surrounded by a dashed line frame) where the PVDF is polarized by applying an external potential difference and electric field and the fluorine and hydrogen are close to each other between the chains of the PVDF molecules. (Or, the PVDF resin may have a bond formed by the intermolecular force between fluorine and hydrogen.) Electrodes 2ER (sheet A) may be attached to both ends of the dielectric (piezoelectric) part 2LZI using PVDF of the target and decelerator part T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE (sheet B).
The device T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE may be applied with a potential difference/voltage from the outside, and may form a nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS that decelerates muons irradiated from a muon source M1 by an electric field generated in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE, and binds the decelerated muons to the adjacent hydrogen and fluorine portions (T1-Hu19F) in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE (or the fluorine/hydrogen atomic portions of the bonded portion due to the intermolecular force between fluorine and hydrogen) to induce muon nuclear fusion between the hydrogen and fluorine. The configuration of Fig. 35 is a configuration that can attempt to induce nuclear fusion between fluorine and hydrogen between adjacent fluorine and hydrogen in a solid PVDF resin that is not corrosive or toxic like hydrogen fluoride. When PVDF is used for the target section T1, the electric field generating element 2FDELE/capacitor element for the muon decelerator can serve as both the target and fuel section T1. *Note that in Fig. 35, a configuration is described in which PVDF is used as the insulating part, dielectric part, and piezoelectric part (or pyroelectric body) of the capacitor element/electric field forming element 2FDELE to form an electric field, but for example, in the case where the laser wake field LWF in Fig. 18 forms an electric field 2LASER-EF of the laser wake field in the material part, the muon is decelerated by the electric field 2LASER-EF, and then the muon is bound to T1, in the case where PVDF is used for T1, compared to the case where hydrogen fluoride HF is used for T1, PVDF is non-toxic like hydrogen fluoride, does not require pressure or gas pressure or container management, and solid PVDF that is easy to install, arrange, and hold as the target part T1 of the muon irradiation part and laser irradiation part for generating the laser wake field can be used. Therefore, in this application, a nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS or a nuclear transmutation system that uses muons to fuse fluorine and hydrogen in PVDF. (* In Figures 35 and 36, muons are decelerated in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE section, and muons are guided to H and F in the PVDF to combine and attempt muon nuclear fusion. * In Figure 36, coil 2COIL confines the muons decelerated in the T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE section in magnetic container 2MAGC. T1 is in magnetic container 2MAGC, and muons are trapped in T1 inside magnetic container 2MAGC generated by coil 2COIL so that they do not escape from T1. The coil confines the muons in the T1 section and encourages them to remain in the T1 section and continue to diffuse. The coil 2COIL has a coil power supply unit 2PWSP-COIL and its control unit passing a current to generate a magnetic field through the coil.) <When placed in a coil, magnetic container, and magnetic field> *In Figure 36, 2MUDECE, which is also T1 made of PVDF, T1-With-PVDF-2MUDECE, is stored in a magnetic container 2MAGC formed by the coil 2COIL. *In one form, the magnetic container may be formed by a helical coil 2COIL, 2COIL-Helical, which may be a tube type. (For example, a tube-type container 4T or a rotatable tube-type container 4T-ROT may be equipped with a helical coil 2COIL-Helical as shown in FIG. 36 to form containers 4T-H and 4T-H-ROT, and a target portion T1 may be stored in the twisted magnetic container portion or the helical magnetic container, and muons may be irradiated onto the T1 portion in the magnetic container to bond the muons to T1.) <Resins and compounds containing fluorine, hydrogen, and carbon> In one embodiment of the present application, resins and compounds containing fluorine, hydrogen, and carbon may be used. (An example of such a resin or compound is PVDF. PVDF can also be used as a dielectric, insulator, piezoelectric, and pyroelectric material.) *For example, vinylidene fluoride VDF (a gas at room temperature and pressure, toxic, and has no chemical bonds between hydrogen and fluorine within the molecule), which is a monomer of PVDF, is not close to each other in the liquid and solid form of the VDF molecule because hydrogen and fluorine are not chemically bonded to each other in VDF alone, unlike hydrogen fluoride, so they are not close to each other. On the other hand, in the case of a liquid or solid containing multiple VDF molecules, if the hydrogen and fluorine parts between adjacent VDF molecules can be brought close to each other, muons may bond to the hydrogen and fluorine parts, leading to muonic nuclear fusion of hydrogen and fluorine. (Muonic nuclear fusion between molecules of substances or atomic molecular groups containing hydrogen and fluorine may be attempted.) Comparing VDF and PVDF, PVDF has the advantage that gaseous VDF can be polymerized to become a solid polymer or resin, hydrogen and fluorine atoms can be brought close to each other within the solid polymer, and it is not toxic like HF. *Fluoromethane or difluoromethane (gas at room temperature and pressure) may be used as a liquid or solid, and the hydrogen and fluorine between the fluoromethane molecules may be brought close to each other, and muons may be bonded to the nearby parts to promote muonic nuclear fusion. (For example, HFCs and hydrofluorocarbons, which are also used as refrigerants, and simple examples such as CH2F2 and CH3F. Note that it is fine if the hydrogen and fluorine between adjacent CH2F2 molecules in the liquid or solid CH2F2 can approach each other close enough to enable muon nuclear fusion, but if they are not close enough, muon nuclear fusion may not occur. *If CH2F2 is considered simply as a substance containing fluorine and hydrogen fuel (if it is considered as a non-toxic hydrogen-fluorine nuclear fusion fuel gas CH2F2 such as hydrogen fluoride), for example, laser wakefield generation or laser as shown in Figure 18 (Example of a decelerator and target using PVDF) PVDF is also a pyroelectric material, so polyvinylidene fluoride PVDF (CH2CF2)n may be used for the pyroelectric part 2PYR in FIG. 19B, which is the muon decelerator and muon binding target part T1. Furthermore, the 2PYR may be placed inside the magnetic field B/magnetic container for muon confinement formed by 2COIL. *For example, even if a space muon is decelerated in one of the three-dimensional directions XYZ by the decelerator/decelerating electric field, there is a risk that the velocity component in the remaining direction remains. Even if the speed of muons falling from space to the earth in the height direction and Z direction is slowed down and stopped by a decelerator, the muons continue to move in the XY direction, and may diffuse, drift, or escape from the T1 part in the XY direction. Therefore, a magnetic container may be used to confine the muons within T1. @A decelerator may be configured to slow down the speed components in the XYZ directions. <Example of an element that can change the direction of electric field formation or generate an electric field in the XYZ three-dimensional directions, cube element> @For example, as shown in Figure 40 (A), it is possible to attach electrodes and electrode surfaces to each surface of a cube block of material for a decelerator such as PVDF or diamond (which may have a film thickness of submicrons) of a box-shaped hexahedron (for example, by processing and forming the PVDF, insulator, and electrodes of the element in a semiconductor manufacturing process) to form a block element 2MUDECE-3D with tiny six-sided electrodes and use it for the decelerator 2MUDECE. The block elements 2MUDECE-3D may be stacked and arranged in three dimensions, like the cube-shaped toy RBCB known under the name of registered trademark No. 1635953, in such a way that small block parts are arranged in a three-dimensional shape such as a square to form a large cube. An electric field or potential may be applied to the cube so as to cancel out the electric field in the XYZ directions. The electric field may be applied as a direct current or a pulse or alternating current. The element is not limited to one capable of forming an electric field in one dimension, but may be a block stack element 2MUDECE-R3D capable of forming an electric field in three dimensions. Figure 40(B) is an example of a cube device 2MUDECE-R3D stacked, assembled, and connected on the cube of the blocks. (As mentioned above, 2MUDECE-3D and 2MUDECE-R3D are expected to be used to slow down negative muons, as a positive muon accelerator, and as a device for separating positive and negative lepton particles.) [PVDF is asymmetrical with respect to the axis (just as F and H in its beta crystal can be polarized in the upward magnetic direction), and in terms of ease of polarization and dielectric/insulator properties, it may not have equivalent electrical properties when viewed from the XYZ directions and from the opposing electrodes on each of its six faces. Diamond, on the other hand, is a cubic crystal and may be the opposite. Diamond may be used as an insulator, electrodes may be formed on the six faces of a diamond cube, and the diamond cubes may be stacked while electrically connecting each element like an RBCB to form an RBCB-type decelerator 2MUDECE-R3D, and a power source may be connected to the electrodes on the six faces of the decelerator, and a potential difference may be applied between the electrodes to create an electric field. (The size and arrangement of the electrodes and the configuration of the diamond cube may be determined so that there is no short circuit between the electrodes when a voltage is applied between the electrodes on each surface.) 2MUDECE-3D and 2MUDECE-R3D may be manufactured by semiconductor manufacturing processes, film formation, exposure lithography, ashing removal process, electrode film formation process, passivation processing, wiring formation, etc.] <Observation of the trajectory of space muons and driving the electric field of the decelerator based on the observation results> *It may be difficult, but if it is possible to observe the arrival and trajectory of muons such as a cloud chamber, but it is possible to detect the measurement means, the angle of incidence of the muon, and the speed vector before the muon enters the decelerator, it may be possible to confirm the trajectory of the arriving muon in a different location with a trajectory confirmation means such as a cloud chamber, and then control the application of the XYZ components of the electric field applied to the decelerator element according to the trajectory. A cloud chamber can observe the trajectory of a high-speed muon when it passes through a vapor such as ethanol (or a mist generated by reduced pressure, a Wilson cloud chamber). (*Furthermore, for example, a bubble chamber can be used, which uses bubbles generated when neutrinos, muons, pions and elementary particles pass through liquid hydrogen, which can be in a superheated state and to which a magnetic field can be applied to confirm that charged particles and neutrinos have passed; spark chambers, wire chambers, drift chambers, silicon and semiconductor detectors can also be used.) For example, it may be possible to detect cosmic muons (either as they are or after being slowed down by the first stage) with an area detector made of semiconductor elements, and measure and sense the speed and direction of the cosmic muon. *It may be difficult to observe the trajectory of a cosmic muon, which travels close to the speed of light, and then change the electric field in the reducer according to the trajectory (with an electrical signal slower than the speed of light after processing in the control unit). Therefore, it is possible to first pass the muon through a deceleration cavity that decelerates it with a pulsed electric field of a large first-stage decelerator to lightly decelerate and cool it, then pass the decelerated muon (which has already been decelerated from a speed close to the speed of light by a certain percentage) through a trajectory/speed measurement unit such as a cloud chamber to measure the speed and trajectory with a camera or the like, and generate a deceleration electric field according to the measurement result in the second-stage decelerator (capacitor element, PVDF-utilizing element) into which the muon is to be incident, thereby decelerating the muon that has entered the second-stage decelerator. This configuration may have a muon trajectory observation means such as a cloud chamber, a camera unit/sensor unit capable of photographing the trajectory (preferably a camera capable of high-speed photography and a processing unit for camera images), a processing unit/storage unit capable of observing the XYZ components of the trajectory and speed of the muon from the image of the trajectory photographed by the camera unit, a control unit and power supply/electric field generating unit that generate a deceleration electric field in the decelerator according to the speed component, and a decelerator that generates the electric field. <Placing the decelerator in the direction where cosmic muons tend to come> *It is well known that there is a difference in the amount of cosmic muons coming from the east and west due to the east-west effect (taking into account the geomagnetism and cosmic rays). For example, cosmic positive muons tend to come from the west. Cosmic negative muons, which have the opposite charge to positive muons, tend to come from the east. If it is not possible to use observational means but you still want to obtain a large number of muons with the desired charge based on probability, you can place a muon decelerator in the direction where muons are likely to enter (east/west direction) and create an electric field for deceleration to decelerate (or accelerate, depending on the application) the muons. (For example, natural light that falls from the sky, such as sunlight,
In order to utilize the resource of space muons, a site may be secured like a solar power plant, and a decelerator may be placed on the site to decelerate space negative muons that tend to come from the east, and an electric field for decelerating negative muons may be generated in the decelerator to decelerate the negative muons and couple them with T1 to conduct an experiment to see if muon nuclear fusion occurs. (If positive muons are received and accelerated for use in nuclear spallation or collision, the decelerator or accelerator may be installed facing west.) *In some forms, (to control the nuclear reaction and ensure safety) T1 may include an atom/catalysis number control unit (for example, high Z atoms such as Fe, Ni, Sn, Pb, etc. intentionally doped in small amounts into T1) to intentionally reduce the number of times that muons catalyze when muon catalytic nuclear fusion occurs in muon nuclear fusion. <Muon trajectory adjustment unit by accelerator> *@For muons M1F artificially generated by an accelerator, etc., the direction in which they are irradiated and incident can be observed and detected in advance by arranging a measurement means/detection means unit for the particle trajectory and trajectory. For example, in practical terms, it will be necessary to check during maintenance whether M1F is being injected from the muon generation unit into the decelerator or container T1 (if the muon's trajectory shifts due to damage from an earthquake or the application of an impact in an accident, the trajectory will need to be measured again and, in some cases, it is anticipated that the equipment will need to be rebuilt or repaired), and when maintenance is also taken into consideration, it may be possible to place a measurement means/detection means unit in the present nuclear fusion system/nuclear transmutation system to determine in advance the direction in which muon M1F is irradiated/injected. <PVDF in the decelerator/target> *According to the following literature PF1, it is publicly known that the dielectric strength of PVDF changes depending on the method of making the resin, its thickness and temperature, and the method of applying voltage/pulse. (Reference PF1: IEEE Japan, Vol. 109-A, No. 1, 1989, "Dielectric Breakdown of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Thin Films and Its Thickness and Temperature Dependence", Osaka University, Mitsubishi Petrochemical Co., Ltd.) In the reference, the dielectric strength was measured using a PVDF film with a thickness of 0.4-4 micrometers, and for example, a PVDF film with a thickness of 1 micrometer at room temperature of around 300K may have a dielectric strength of 7 to 5 MV/cm. The reference also states that for extremely thin films of less than 0.5 micrometers, the dielectric breakdown strength at a low temperature of 77K is extremely high, at 20 MV/cm (2000 MV/m) or more. (Another material, diamond, has a dielectric strength of 3.5 MV/cm.) PVDF may be used in the system, decelerator, and target of the present application because it may be possible to configure a capacitor-type muon decelerator 2MUDECE that contains fluorine and hydrogen in its molecules and also serves as a muon nuclear fusion target for fluorine and hydrogen while maintaining a high dielectric strength when forming an electric field for decelerating muons. Electrodes (low-Z materials, metallic lithium and carbon conductive material) may be attached to PVDF with a thickness of submicron, 0.4 micrometers or less, by deposition or the like, to form a PVDF capacitor 2FDELE-PVDF sandwiched between electrodes like a laminated film capacitor or a laminated PVDF film capacitor 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF, and an electric field may be applied to the/said capacitor to form a muon decelerator and a muon coupling target T1. *It is possible that a 1-meter capacitor laminate device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M made of laminated submicron PVDF film capacitors can be used to configure a capacitor, muon decelerator, and muon catalyst nuclear fusion fuel target section T1 with a 2 GV breakdown voltage. Cosmic muons have GeV-class kinetic energy and speed, but if the capacitor laminate device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M can form a 2 gigavolt electric field within the device, it may be possible to decelerate GeV-class negative muons. There is also a possibility that positive and negative muons in cosmic muons with different charges can be separated within the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. It is assumed that positive muons are accelerated within or pass through the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M, and negative muons are decelerated within the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. *Device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M may be cooled. (It may be immersed in a low-Z solvent (e.g. liquid helium). At low temperatures, even if you want to convert the alpha ray energy generated after nuclear fusion into electricity using a heat exchanger HX or steam turbine, etc., heating liquid helium with alpha rays may not be suitable for high temperature, high pressure, and PVDF cooling, and may be undesirable. In such a case, it may be preferable to convert the alpha rays into gamma ray or photon energy using AEC and convert it into electricity. A solvent with a smaller Z than the fluorine in PVDF, such as liquid nitrogen N2, may be considered. The atomic number Z of He is smaller than the N of N2, so it is expected that muons will not be easily trapped. A cooling refrigerant made of low-Z atoms may also be assumed.) <Tunnel effect> In quantum mechanics, the tunnel effect is known, in which a particle breaks through an energy barrier higher than its own kinetic energy with a certain probability. Particles and atoms (fuel atoms in T1) have wave properties in quantum mechanics and may be able to tunnel with a certain probability. Muon fusion-capable atoms in T1 may seep out and approach each other with a certain probability due to the tunnel effect, and muon fusion and muon transmutation may occur when a muon is present in the relevant part and binds and acts on it. Therefore, in the present application, a configuration may be adopted in which the atoms to be subjected to muon fusion in T1 are encouraged to approach each other by the tunnel effect. *For example, for a device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M cooled to a low temperature (because the tunnel effect can occur even at low temperatures), hydrogen and fluorine may form a proximity part in which they are close to each other due to the tunnel effect in the adjacent part of hydrogen and fluorine present between the polymer chains of PVDF in the device 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M, and a muon may be placed, bound, and act on the proximity part to attempt muon fusion and muon transmutation of the hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms in the proximity part. *Electrons and muons in a material may have a tunnel effect. *For example, beta-type crystals are known for PVDF (lattice constants of PVDF beta-type crystals are a = 0.858 nm, b = 0.491 nm, c = 0.256 nm). *The distance between the nucleus and protons of the known hydrogen molecule is 0.074 nm. The bond distance of the nucleus of a hydrogen fluoride molecule is 0.0917 nm. The hydrogen atoms and fluorine atoms in PVDF and hydrogen fluoride molecules are spaced apart by a distance of less than 1 nm. *In relation to the tunnel effect, the lower the height of the potential barrier in a tunnel diode, and the thinner/shorter the thickness of the tunnel barrier, the higher the probability that particles, electrons, and leptons will tunnel through the barrier and seep beyond it. Considering this, if atoms and particles tunnel, the shorter the distance is, the better. For example, in PVDF resin, in beta-type crystals (based on data of a = 0.858 nm, b = 0.491 nm, c = 0.256 nm), fluorine and hydrogen atoms are arranged in combination within a distance of at least 1 nm, and in the case of hydrogen fluoride, they are arranged close to each other at a distance of 0.0917 nm. As mentioned above, F and H are arranged close to each other, and muons are bonded to F and H (because muons are heavier than electrons) to bring the nuclei of F and H closer together in an attempt to perform muon nuclear fusion. *In this application, it may be expressed that the atomic proximity means for bringing the atoms to be fused close to each other at T1 is performed in two stages. In the first stage atom proximity means, it is possible to use atom proximity means that bonds atoms together like HF molecules or that brings atoms close to each other like H and F between molecules of PVDF, and in the second stage atom proximity means, muons are bonded to the atoms that are close to each other in the first stage instead of electrons, and since muons are about 200 times heavier than electrons, it is attempted to make the two atomic nuclei in the muon molecule easily approach each other and cause nuclear fusion.) *In another example of the expression of the present application, in order to cause nuclear fusion between atoms, atoms are first made to include atoms that will cause nuclear fusion within and between molecules in order to bring the atoms close to the molecular-molecular distance, and the atoms have an arrangement of atoms that are close to each other within or between molecules, and a muon is bonded to the arrangement of the atoms that are close to each other to attempt muon nuclear fusion between the atoms. <0106><Fig.36> Fig. 36 is an explanatory diagram of a cylindrical container 4T-H (or a cylindrical container 4T-ROT-H that can rotate in the theta direction) in which the magnetic confinement coil 2COIL is a helical coil and a helical magnetic container 2MAGC can be formed inside the container. *The coil 2COIL and the reducer T1 may be stored in the cylindrical container 4T, for example. *The 2COIL may be a helical coil 2COIL-Helicals (Helical-COILs). *The solenoid coil may be oblique or tilted with respect to the longitudinal axis to form a helical or spiral coil (helical solenoid). In a normal solenoid coil, the coil loops are shown in Figure 33 (A) as perpendicular to the longitudinal direction (the length direction of the axis of 4AXS-4T-TH), and generally speaking, solenoids are wound so that they intersect perpendicularly as mentioned above, but the way the coil is wound relative to the longitudinal direction of the coil can be rough and can have an angle so that the solenoid is wound helically. (@A part of the toroidal loop of a doughnut/annular helical fusion reactor (LHC in Japan/W7-X in Germany) is cut out and cut into an open end/tube shape, and a means for closing both ends is combined.) (The helical doughnut-shaped vessel 4D-TH includes a combination of a magnetic field in the toroidal direction/longitudinal direction of the doughnut and a magnetic field twisting in the poloidal direction of the doughnut. In the tokamak type, a toroidal magnetic field is formed by a TF coil, and a magnetic field in the poloidal direction is generated by passing a plasma current through the plasma in the doughnut by a CS coil, forming a helical magnetic vessel.) *In this application, a helical coil or a helical magnetic field cage/magnetic vessel may be formed in the doughnut/annular vessel 4D or tube/cylindrical vessel 4T, and charged particles, positive and negative muons, and plasma may be confined therein, and T1 may be placed in the vessel. *The coil/magnetic vessel may be equipped with a rotating means such as a rotating means 4ROT, a bearing 4B, and a joint (e.g. slip ring) that supplies power to the rotating coil and reducer, so that the coil/vessel/magnetic vessel (and vessel wall) can rotate in the theta direction, as shown in Fig. 33. (*Both ends of the helical solenoid coil may be arranged so that the radius of the winding narrows toward both ends, like the ends of a conch shell, conch shell, or croissant, and then the solenoid wire is taken out to the external coil power circuit side.) *The helical solenoid coil may confine charged particles/muons with a magnetic field and an electric field, as in a tandem mirror type device. A cylindrical vessel 4T may be configured as a cylindrical vessel 4T-H (a cylindrical vessel 4T-MUCF-H for muon nuclear fusion/furnace including a helical solenoid coil/magnetic vessel/magnetic cage 2MAGC) in which a magnetic confinement coil 2COIL is a helical coil and a helical magnetic vessel 2MAGC can be formed inside the vessel. <0107><Fig.37><Example of arrangement of reducer and fuel T1 using capacitor element made of material that may be PVDF> An example of the arrangement of the reducer is shown in Fig. 37. Fig. 37(A) is an explanatory diagram of a case where a voltage application power source 2PWSP is connected to a capacitor element/reduction element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M that may be 1m in size, and 2PWSP is connected to an electric circuit 2ELECIR and a computer/control unit 2CON, and is controlled by 2CON to generate a direct current (DC) or pulsed/alternating current (AC) voltage, and can apply a DC/pulse/AC voltage to the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. (2PWSP may be capable of generating and applying gigavolt voltages) Muon M1, which may be a space muon SM1, and fast muon M1F enter 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M to which voltage is applied, and M1F is decelerated by the electric field inside element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M to become decelerated muon M1L, and M1L enters element 2F
The muon M1F may be bonded to an atom, for example, a fluorine atom, in the DELE-LAM-PVDF-1M. Then, muon nuclear fusion or nuclear transmutation may be attempted between the fluorine atom and an adjacent hydrogen atom. <0108><Fig.38> As shown in Fig. 38, 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M may be used as a negative muon decelerator. An element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M may be used as a positive muon accelerator. The high-speed negative muon M1F may become a negative muon M1L decelerated by the element and may be guided to be bonded to the target T1. The high-speed positive muon M1F may become a positive muon M1FA accelerated by the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M and may be emitted outside the element through the element. The accelerated positive muon M1FA may then collide with the TGT section/particle collision section 2CLP of the muon target 2MU to generate muons, leptons, and particles. The positive muon M1FA may collide with an electron in an atom, for example, to generate pairs of positive and negative electrons, or positive and negative muons and leptons, as are generated in a lepton collider. If the positive muon collides with a proton, it may cause nuclear spallation or generate mesons, pions, kaons, and the like. *The element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M, which is applied with a voltage to form an electric field, may be arranged to decelerate the negative muon having the speed of the incident, and in this arrangement, the positive muon may be accelerated in the opposite direction to the negative muon. The element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M is an accelerator/decelerator for positive and negative muons (electrons/positrons, positive and negative muons, positive and negative tauons, leptons, and charged particles, depending on the application). Element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M is also a device for separating positive and negative muons (positive and negative leptons, or positive and negative particles, depending on the application). *Element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M can accelerate positive muons (charged particles) depending on the arrangement and how the electric field is formed. For example, it can be used as an accelerator that accelerates positive muons and collides them with particle collision targets or muon targets such as electrons, atoms, and particles, while slowing down negative muons of the positive and negative muons in space using element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF-1M and attempting to combine them with T1. <0109><Fig.39> Fig. 39 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which multiple 2FDELE-LAM-PVDFs are installed as decelerators, and muons are decelerated each time they pass through each decelerator 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF, and the decelerated muons can be bound to a target part T1-FEED (T1, T1-H2O containing hydrogen and oxygen-18, T1-D2O containing deuterium and oxygen-16, T1-NH4 containing nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, T1-ND4 containing nitrogen-14 and deuterium, etc.) separate from the decelerator. In Fig. 39(A), high-speed muons are decelerated by multiple 2FDELE-LAM-PVDFs and then bound to T1. In addition, at that time, a muon capture unit 2MUCAP that captures muons may be placed between T1 and multiple 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF, and M1L decelerated by 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF may be captured and transported by 2MUCAP (2MUCAP may be capable of capturing and transporting muons by generating a magnetic field using a magnetic field generating means such as a coil 2COIL or a solenoid), and transported to T1 to combine T1 and M1L. Figure 39(B) is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which a target T1.FEED is inserted between the array of elements 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF (for example, T1 is not PVDF but another substance, such as ammonia NH4.ND4, water H2O.D2O, NaH.AlH3 described later, T1-NaH, T1-AlH3, etc.). In Figure 34F (B), for example, elements 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF and T1 are arranged alternately, and negative muons are incident on the alternating arrangement portion 2FDELE-T1-ARRAY of elements 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF and T1 from the left side and cross said arrangement portion, and the negative muons are decelerated as they cross the element 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF and are then coupled to the T1 portion (fuel such as T1, T1-NH4, T1-H2O, T1-NaH, T1-AlH3, etc.) which may be in the middle of being decelerated. In the figure, the alternating arrangement section 2FDELE-T1-ARRAY has a total of three T1s inserted between four elements, but the number of repetitions of the elements and T1s need not be limited to the representation in the figure. For example, submicron elements and 1 micron fuel T1 sections may be arranged alternately over a length of 2 meters (sets of 2 micron thick elements and T1s may be arranged in, for example, 10 to the power of 6/1 million layers over 2 meters) to obtain the alternating arrangement section 2FDELE-T1-ARRAY, and an electric field may be applied to each element of the alternating arrangement section to decelerate negative muons in the element section while coupling the decelerated muons to the T1 sections arranged next to the elements. * Regarding Fig. 39(B), in terms of the size of Z, for example, when 2FDELE-LAM-PVDF is made of PVDF containing fluorine (rather than an element using an insulator such as diamond made of carbon with Z=6), if the T1 part is configured with nitrogen having the largest Z (fuel T1-NH4 made of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, fuel T1-ND4 made of nitrogen-14 and deuterium, etc.), Z of F9 will be the largest in the system including the decelerator and T1, and negative muons may be electrically and electrically closer to the fluorine part with Z=9 than the nitrogen part with Z=7 and may be trapped. Therefore, in another form of the present application, sodium hydride 23, which is a fuel with a larger Z than fluorine (since the large Z makes it difficult for the muon's life to be shortened due to weak interactions), may be used for T1, and sodium hydride may be inserted between the elements to form an alternating arrangement part. In addition to sodium 23, aluminum 27 and the like are also candidates, and aluminum hydride 27, which is made by combining aluminum 27 with hydrogen, may also be used for T1. *The following reaction examples are described again. Proton-Sodium-23: 1p + 23Na -> 20Ne + 4He, Proton-Aluminum-27: 1p + 27Al -> 24Mg + 4He, Proton-Phosphorus-31: 1p + 31P -> 28Si + 4He, Proton-Chlorine-35: 1p + 35Cl -> 32S + 4He, Proton-Potassium-39: 1p + 39K -> 36Ar + 4He, *The larger Z is, the shorter the time it takes for the muon to be captured by the nucleus of atomic number Z due to weaker interactions, so the atoms that make up T1 are selected taking this into consideration. (When Z is around 12 or 13, muons may have a microsecond lifetime. As Z becomes 14 or more, the muon lifetime may decrease to sub-microseconds or nanoseconds. Also, the larger Z becomes, the larger the Coulomb barrier may become.) *Note that a system may be used in which deuterium is used instead of hydrogen, deuterium (D/np, hydrogen with one neutron added) and the atomic nucleus (e.g. sodium-22 with one neutron removed instead of sodium-23) are fused by muon to create excited atoms, and the helium (helium-4) and the converted atom (e.g. neon-20) are then produced. For example, in a system using deuterium and sodium-22, it is possible to use sodium-22 deuteride, which is a combination of sodium-22 and deuterium, for T1, but in reality sodium-22 does not exist as a natural resource on Earth, and sodium-23 exists on Earth as a stable isotope. When sodium is used as a nuclear fusion fuel on Earth, sodium-23 is used, and an example of a substance in which sodium-23 is combined with hydrogen is sodium-23 hydride. *Muons may be irradiated to T1 in a magnetic confinement nuclear fusion reactor where plasmatized sodium-23 and hydrogen ions exist (and T1 may be inertially confined and compressed with a laser) to promote nuclear fusion between sodium-23 and hydrogen. <0110><Fig.40> Fig. 40 is an explanatory diagram of the cube device 2MUDECE-R3D. A potential is applied to the electrodes to form a three-dimensional deceleration electric field in the XYZ directions that decelerates cosmic muons, and muon deceleration is attempted. It can also be used to accelerate leptons such as muons and electrons with opposite charges. <Nuclear transmutation of muon target by negative muon irradiation> * Negative muons are irradiated and bonded to carbon-12, and the nucleus captures the muon and becomes a boron-12 nucleus excited by the energy derived from the rest mass of the muon, with Z being one smaller. After this, the boron-12 nucleus can be converted into particles such as helium, protons, neutrons, and tritium, which have a smaller proton number Z, neutron number N, and mass number than carbon and boron. For example, when a carbon-12 nucleus is excited and activated by proton collision or gamma ray irradiation, the excited carbon-12 nucleus or carbon nucleus (which may be carbon atoms in a muon target made of radioactive waste carbon) can be converted into a helium-4 nucleus with little or no radioactivity by irradiating and bonding with a muon, and tritium can be obtained, so carbon can be converted into boron by binding with a muon, and then nuclear transmuted into alpha rays, neutrons, protons, and hydrogen isotopes. <2MU-BY-NUT: Part that receives neutrinos and generates muons and tauons> * A muon neutrino may be irradiated onto an atomic nucleus to obtain a negative muon, a proton, and a positive pion from the muon neutrino. (2MU-BY-NUT-BY-W, 2MU-GEN-ATOM in Fig. 45) For example, as shown in the charged current reaction diagram in the right frame of Fig. 47, it is possible to irradiate a neutron n (udd in quark notation) with a muon neutrino, and in a weak interaction, release and exchange a W-boson between the down quark d quark in the neutron n and the neutrino, converting the down quark d into an up quark u, and generate a proton p (udu in quark notation) and a negative muon (charged current reaction). (d: down quark, u: up quark) * From d to u, a W-boson may be released to convert the muon neutrino into a muon, reducing its mass. For example, a neutron udd may be irradiated with a tau neutrino (or a beam generated artificially from a remote location) and a reaction may be attempted in which a d-quark in the neutron and the neutrino emit and exchange a W-boson through weak interactions to generate a proton udu and a negative tauon. There may be a possibility that a charged current reaction is likely to occur with atoms such as D and T that have many neutrons. A muon may be obtained from a negative tauon. (In addition, when a positive muon is required, for example, a proton udu may be irradiated, collided, or acted upon by an antimuon neutrino to generate a positive muon and a neutron.) The negative muon, positive muon, and lepton may be separated, collected, moved, accelerated, and decelerated using an electric field or a magnetic field, and then introduced into the target section T1 and combined. * An attempt may be made to generate electrons (muons, tauons), and leptons using neutrino annihilation. *Neutrino + antineutrino -> electron + positron is said to be generated, and if the positron and electron are generated with kinetic energy, they may collide again (if they are lepton colliders, muons may also be generated) <0111><Fig.41><Meteorite orbit change device using the energy of a muon fusion system> As shown in Fig. 41, a transport machine 5 or robot 5/5WKR for intercepting meteorites may be configured to set and attach a container 4T-MUCF carrying muon fusion fuel such as methane CD4, B2H6, ND3, etc. to the meteorite MTO that may fall to the earth. The 5 uses a communication network to search for and observe meteorite MTOs that pose a threat to the earth, and transmits the observation results to the earth via a communication system. The earth issues a command to the exploration robot 3 to change the meteorite's orbit. The robot 5 lands on the meteorite according to the communication data and commands, and places a container 4T-MUCF filled with nuclear fusion fuel in the meteorite MTO. The container 4T-MUCF placed in the MTO communicates with a remote communication unit, binds muons to T1, and causes muon nuclear fusion.
* The vessel 4T-MUCF installed in the MTO may have a device section ((B) in FIG. 33) that receives neutrinos from a remote neutrino transmitting section 1NUT-TX, then generates muons (at 2MU-BY-NUT section), and subsequently binds the muons to the fuel T1 in the vessel to ignite muon fusion. It may be attempted to construct a propulsion device/explosion device that changes the orbit of the MTO by irradiating neutrinos, which are the source of muon generation, from 1NUT-TX of 3, remotely to the 1NUT-RX/2MU-BY-NUT section of the MTO container 4T-MUCF, generating muons, binding the muons to T1 in the container to cause muonic fusion in the T1 section, generating fusion energy in the container, irradiating the MTO connected to the container with the fusion energy, heating and pressurizing the MTO surface, jetting the constituent material of the MTO from the MTO surface and ejecting it as a propellant for propelling the MTO, and generating fusion energy. In this configuration, it may be possible to generate, transmit, and place muons from a remote location in the T1 section (where radio waves cannot reach inside the iron meteorite), binding the muons to the fuel of T1 to cause muonic fusion (igniting muonic fusion), and generating fusion energy. (In addition to the muon generation method inside the vessel using the neutrino communication method using 1NUT-TX and 2MU-BY-NUT sections, it is also possible to shoot accelerated muons toward the vessel, where they are decelerated in the vessel and bound to T1.) Nuclear fission may have limitations on the amount of nuclear fuel that can be loaded in one location due to criticality constraints. On the other hand, with this device, there is no limitation on the amount of nuclear fuel that can be placed. Also, compared to using a nuclear fission device for the thermonuclear fusion ignition and detonation device of fusion fuel, it is possible to have only a muon decelerator and a section that generates muons from neutrinos inside the vessel, which may make it possible to attempt ignition by transmitting neutrinos from a remote location without the need for a complex detonation section. (Compared to existing meteorite interceptor blasting devices that have both nuclear fission and fusion sections, the MTO blasting device in Fig. 41 of the present application has a simple configuration in which the detonator is a section that generates slow muons (2MU-BY-NUT and muon deceleration section 2MUDECE in the container) and is a detonator that only uses nuclear fusion by combining the muons generated in the generating section with the nuclear fuel T1・FEED, thereby preventing the nuclear fuel attached to the meteorite MTO from being unable to detonate.) <0112><Fig.42><Configuration for excavating a meteorite and generating energy inside the meteorite by performing nuclear fusion inside the meteorite> In Fig. 42, the meteorite MTO is excavated using an excavation means 5REMV, and the meteorite material is removed from the inside of the meteorite to the outside by excavating the soil and other materials excavated during the excavation. A borehole hole 5T-HOLE that can be filled with T1FEED is formed by moving and removing a source (MINED-METAL), the hole 5T-HOLE is filled with fusion fuel T1-FEED, a blasting signal receiving unit 5BRX including a part 2MU-BY-NUT that generates muons is placed in the 5T-HOLE, a seal 5SEAL is placed, and T1-FEED is placed inside the meteorite. The blasting signal receiving unit is irradiated with particles such as neutrinos for blasting from the blasting signal transmitting unit to generate muons, which combine with T1, which performs muon fusion, fusion energy is generated inside the meteorite MTO including T1, and the meteorite is blasted by the fusion energy (the meteorite is divided and split by an explosion of the T1 part). An explanatory diagram of the configuration is provided. * 5WKR in Fig. 42 is a robot 5WKR/Robot 3 that is intended to carry out exploration activities and blasting of threatening meteorites (for example, in radiation-filled space areas farther than the solar system where humans cannot survive). ○ There are traces of impacts of large meteorites (10km in diameter) in Vredefort, South Africa, Sudbury, Canada, and Chicxulub, Mexico, and there is a theory in public literature that meteorite impacts were involved in the extinction of the dinosaurs. (Furthermore, a meteorite several hundred kilometers in size has the power to gouge out the Earth's crust, burning up the Earth and potentially having a serious impact on the survival of life on Earth.) (Even a small meteorite can explode in the air and affect the ground, causing damage on the ground. For example, in 2013 a meteorite landed and exploded in the air in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia, so meteorites may approach periodically. There are records of meteorite collisions dating back to the Sui Dynasty in China.) It is also possible to attempt to change the meteorite's orbit by having a spacecraft or artificial satellite land, flyby, swing-by (gravitational propulsion), or collide with a meteorite approaching the Earth, and it is also possible to attempt to change the meteorite's orbit by hitting it with mass using a mass driver 3 or centrifugal gun (a device that hits mass). (NASA's DART mission, which involves crashing a spacecraft into a meteorite to change its orbit, is well known and has been carried out.) It is also being considered to use nuclear fission or fusion energy to blow up meteorites that fly to Earth. If there is little time to avoid a collision (less than 10 years), it may be considered to blow up the meteorite with a nuclear weapon, split its mass, and deflect the meteorite fragments away from Earth, or to reduce the mass of the meteorite fragments that fly to Earth to prevent them from receiving fatal damage. Among meteorites that fly to Earth, iron meteorites (containing iron and nickel) are difficult to burn up in the air even when exposed to frictional heat caused by entering the atmosphere, but iron meteorites are difficult to transmit radio waves through (because radio waves can be blocked inside a conductor), so it may be difficult to send a signal to blow up or detonate the meteorite from a remote location using radio waves to the inside of the iron meteorite (or the back side or shadow part of the iron meteorite where radio waves cannot reach). On the other hand, in one embodiment of the present application, muons are generated using neutrinos capable of penetrating iron walls, using a neutrino-to-muon conversion unit (2MU-BY-NUT unit), and the muons are guided to the fusion fuel unit T1 to be combined and used for muon fusion (container 4T-MUCF in (B) of FIG. 33). As a specific example of its expected use, a system for exploding and detonating an iron meteorite by muon fusion inside the iron meteorite is described. *Although it is described that muons are generated using neutrinos as particles that penetrate iron walls, it is sufficient if, in addition to neutrinos, high-speed muons or cosmic rays, protons, helium, mesons, and muon lepton particles are accelerated and irradiated toward the particle receiver 2MU-BY-NUT in the container, transmitted through the iron, and reached the receiver (e.g., 2MU-BY-NUT unit), and the particles are collided with each other at the receiver to generate mesons and muons. (The muons may then be decelerated and guided to the vessel T1 to combine and promote muon fusion.) <Placement of blast fusion fuel in meteorite> The surface of the iron meteorite may be excavated using a die, drill, shovel, excavation device 5REMV, excavation section, tunnel shield machine, or tunnel boring machine to open a hole or tunnel leading to the inside or center of the iron meteorite. In addition to excavation sections made of steel or alloys, excavation sections 5REMV using laser irradiation sections or heating sections may be used. (On Earth, the dies and elements used for drilling can be reproduced, but when drilling on the spot of a meteorite in distant space where resources and labor are limited, it may be desirable to use a method that allows for more continuous drilling.) For rock meteorites, it is sufficient to assume that drilling is possible (or drilling multiple holes in rocks made of positive and negative ion crystals that are easily broken electrically, loading multiple explosives and detonating them to break the rock, or breaking the rock with a wedge), but for iron meteorites, it is considered that equipment capable of cutting and removing iron and metal (not ionic crystalline but metallically bonded and sticky) is required, and in this application, the meteorite material may be cut, removed, cooled (weakened iron by cooling, treatment to make iron easier to break), chemically reacted (for example, oxidizing and dissolving iron with acid and removing it as a solution with dissolved iron ions), heated, melted, and processed using cutting tool/removal tool 5REMV. (5REMV may include a mechanism for cutting and removing meteorites and transporting meteorite debris and tailings (and mined metal resources #METAL) generated after removal, a construction machinery section, a heavy machinery section, and a robot section.) *In this application, holes are drilled into iron meteorites to extract metals, so it may also include the mining section of a metal mine. *It may be attempted to remove the material and iron parts of meteorites by heating, vaporizing, and ablating them with photons or lasers. *The meteorite's material/iron part can be (by supplying fusion fuel T1 such as methane or ammonia, injecting muons and slowing them down in the drilling body 5REMV-BODY) to form a muon fusion part near the iron of the drilling head 5REMV-HEAD (FP part, MLTFE in Figure 48), the iron can be heated, melted, and cut using fusion energy, and the molten iron MLTFE can be pulled out (by sucking it up or pumping it up, or blowing the molten metal with high-pressure gas such as helium and collecting it as finely chopped metal dust using a pump or transport mechanism) in an attempt to cut and remove the iron/metal. *In nuclear fusion that produces alpha rays, high-energy, high-velocity alpha rays may be irradiated toward iron or metal parts (T1 part, FP part, MLTFE in Figure 48), and attempts may be made to heat and melt metal, ablate metal, hit metal with helium ions to knock out metal atoms, or locally heat metal and turn it into plasma, gas, or fluid for ablation or removal. (Even if you try to locally heat and melt and remove a point on a block of metal, it is thought that metals are easy to conduct heat and are cooled, making it difficult to heat locally, so you may try to remove the metal or material part you want to remove by locally irradiating the removal part with a laser or high-energy particles. A removal device may be constructed that generates alpha rays and charged particles using a nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system that produces alpha rays, and irradiates the particles to the part you want to remove. (A plasma cutter/torch part 5REMVT may be constructed by generating alpha rays and charged particles using a nuclear fusion/nuclear transmutation system that produces alpha rays. In a plasma cutter, metals are heated and After melting, the molten metal is blown off and removed by spraying gas or the like.) <<Suction section, transfer section and recovery section for molten metal>> Devices that melt the solder and remove the molten solder by negative pressure are known. The molten iron may be sandblasted or some kind of powder accelerated and sprayed onto it, and the kinetic energy and collision of the powder may be used to remove it. The molten iron may be accelerated and collided with ceramic balls (heat-resistant balls) from a ball mill, and the molten metal may be pushed out of the molten metal pool by the balls, and moved and removed by the kinetic energy and collision of the balls. The balls remove and recover the metal as they push it out. After the molten metal is pushed out, metal appears on the surface of the balls. In case any cooled balls remain, the ball surfaces may be rubbed and polished by rotating and milling them in the mixer section. The surface energy or surface condition of the ceramic and heat-resistant balls may be controlled so that they are less likely to become wetted by the molten metal and cooled and solidified metal. Alternatively, a fluid such as plasma or gas (which may be an inert gas such as helium, which is easily obtained by nuclear fusion) may be sprayed onto the molten metal section under (high) pressure to remove and push the molten metal out of the molten metal pool. (In order to make a hole in the iron meteorite within the limited time, labor, and resources before the MTO hits the Earth, nuclear fission and melting may be performed.) The energy generated by the fusion and nuclear reaction may be used to cut, melt, and remove the iron. For example, to make a hole in the iron, a small fusion bomb may be used to gradually explode the iron meteorite, and a tunnel or tunnel may be excavated from the surface of the iron meteorite to the center of the iron meteorite. *Small dynamite or other chemical reaction blasting parts may also be used.) <Formation of blasting fusion fuel container> In the case of an iron meteorite (or in the case of a rock meteorite), a hole is excavated from the surface of the meteorite to the inside of the meteorite to form a tunnel, and the meteorite itself becomes a container (depending on the meteorite material, a container that can withstand natural pressure (for example, a container 4T with a tunnel-shaped or cylindrical cavity). Although it is possible to manufacture a container in space and insert it into the meteorite, if you want to reduce the steps in container manufacturing, the meteorite itself may be used as the wall material of the fuel container. (However, it is assumed that meteorites have natural cracks and other parts or loopholes through which nuclear fuel can leak. There is also a risk that liquefied fusion fuel such as methane or ammonia may leak or evaporate from these cracks.) The fuel container may confine the energy generated by muon fusion (alpha rays, alpha ray bremsstrahlung, gamma rays) in the meteorite's high-Z (Fe-Ni) metal container wall and provide energy to the fuel, or after fusion inside the MTO, the fuel may be pressurized by fusion and the container inside the MTO may be opened.
The meteorite may be split into segments by applying high pressure to the meteorite, while fuel may be ejected from the ruptured portion as a propellant, and the recoil may propel the meteorite and its segments, changing the trajectory of the meteorites. (The blasting system shown in Figs. 42 and 43 may be a blasting device and propulsion device that changes the trajectory of the meteorite.) <Solid fuel, hydrocarbon fuel, hydrocarbon resin fuel> *Polymers, such as polyethylene (C2H4)n, are resin solids (or liquids depending on temperature) with a repeating structure of (-CH2-). In one embodiment of the present application, deuterium-type polyethylene (C2D4)n, in which the hydrogen of polyethylene is replaced with deuterium D, may be used for T1. (Considering the possibility that liquid fuel may leak from cracks in meteorites that exist in the vacuum of outer space, solid methane, alkane, and hydrocarbon fuels may be used.) *Here, if muonic fusion between carbon and carbon in polyethylene is less likely to occur than muonic fusion between carbon and deuterium, muonic fusion of carbon-12 and deuterium may occur in the (-CD2-) of polyethylene, ultimately producing carbon-12 and helium, so muonic fusion may be promoted by irradiating muons onto gas, liquid, solid, or resin of deuterium hydrocarbon (carbon-12 and deuterium). When it is desired to fill solid or powdered fusion fuel, muonic fusion fuel made of deuterium hydrocarbon may be used in the T1 portion in the form of gas (e.g., methane CD4, propane, etc.), liquid (e.g., liquefied methane, hexane, etc.), solid, or resin (e.g., paraffin, polyethylene, (C2D4)n). If the nuclear fuel is solid or powdered, it can be filled inside the meteorite, and the powdered fuel may not easily escape from the cracks in the meteorite. Therefore, the amount required for the explosion may be stored in a container and stored in the meteorite hole. Preferably, there may be a portion that seals the nuclear fuel so that it does not escape from the container in the meteorite tunnel, or solid fuel that is difficult to escape may be used.) When a hole is made in the iron mass of the iron meteorite to create a container with an iron wall, the container is filled with nuclear fuel to cause nuclear fusion, and the energy of alpha rays and gamma rays generated after nuclear fusion may be trapped in the high-Z iron atomic part of the iron meteorite's iron wall, and the nuclear fusion fuel in the container may be heated and compressed by the energy to cause thermonuclear fusion, and the iron container may be made of the iron material of the iron meteorite. <Transmission of signals, energy, and particles for muon nuclear fusion ignition for explosion> A wired fuse may be wired from the ground to the underground of the meteorite to send an explosion signal inside the meteorite. A 200 km spherical iron meteorite is wired 100 km underground. A secondary battery, nuclear battery, or nuclear fusion/nuclear power generation unit may be placed so that the power supply to the wire is not interrupted during transmission, or a space solar power generation unit may be used to produce chemical fuel such as hydrogen, and a thermal power generation unit may be placed in the relay section of the wiring in the pipeline for chemical substances, reducing agents, and oxidizing agents. *It may take time to install the wiring. Therefore, in order to investigate meteorites that may collide with the Earth in advance, (space development may be carried out) a meteorite exploration robot 5 may be operated in space (using the energy of the space solar power generation unit or nuclear fusion/nuclear conversion unit mounted on 5) to search for meteorites that may cause damage to the Earth, and an attempt may be made to obtain a transmission image/CT of the meteorite. *The results of the meteorite exploration may be transmitted to the Earth or other communication partners via a communication path using a communication system using radio waves, neutrinos, or particles. *It may be attempted to change the meteorite's orbit by irradiating the surface of a meteorite approaching the Earth with a laser (using a space solar power satellite) to vaporize the front of the meteorite and injecting, releasing, or ablating the vapor and particles evaporated from the surface to the outside of the meteorite. *The surface of the meteorite may be excavated with a drill and a container filled with nuclear fuel may be placed inside the meteorite. The surface of the meteorite may be excavated using laser heating and laser cutting, and a hole may be dug inside the meteorite (iron meteorite) to form the hole. (There is a risk that it may not move even when heated with a laser.) *The container may be filled with nuclear fuel and detonated remotely. If it becomes necessary to blow up an iron meteorite that is too large (the size of the Kanto Plain, over 200 km, with fatal effects from impact), for example, an iron meteorite of several hundred km in size, when it is difficult to manufacture a container to blow up the meteorite sufficiently (it is difficult to build a huge container or space structure), I think it would be acceptable to use the iron core of the iron meteorite as a nuclear fuel pressure vessel. *Even if the meteorite's orbit is changed to deflect it away from the Earth, forming nozzle holes in the propellant ejection section may be able to apply more propulsive force to the meteorite than exploding a blasting bomb vessel on the meteorite's surface, so it would be acceptable to drill holes in the meteorite to cause nuclear fusion inside the meteorite, generate energy to split the meteorite, or propel or move it. *To propel a large iron meteorite, it is good to have a structure that can obtain a lot of nuclear fusion fuel, and for example, it may be possible to obtain hydrogen, deuterium, nitrogen, carbon, etc. from gas-type or ice-type planets from nearby celestial bodies. (*The larger the mass, the more difficult it may be to change the orbit. For example, since it takes a lot of energy just to change the rotation of the moon, in some cases it may not be possible to change the meteorite's orbit and it may end up just rotating and rotating.) <Placing and driving nuclear fuel deep inside> *It is possible to project and fire a hammer or a nuclear fuel with a hammer part and a load with a muon generator (3LOAD) from a centrifugal gun (for example, a structure including a centrifugal gun part and a mass driver part such as 3.3 SPINFSAT), and drive the hammer into the meteorite part and try to make a hole in the meteorite like a pile driver. After being struck by the hammer, 3LOAD penetrates into the meteorite and penetrates to the inside, and then neutrinos or ignition particles are irradiated from the outside using a neutrino communication mechanism or the like toward the muon generating section and nuclear fuel left behind in the iron meteorite, and the ignition particles generate muons, which bind to the fuel T1 to cause muonic fusion, causing an explosion or detonation inside the meteorite. (In order to find out where the fuel is shot into the meteorite, it is also possible to confirm the distribution of the fuel by obtaining a CT scan of the meteorite after the fuel is shot using muography or particles such as neutrinos.) *The muon generating device, muon decelerating device, and nuclear fuel T1 that constitute the muon nuclear fusion/muon nuclear transmutation system 1F-SYS/1EXP-SYS of the present application may be mounted on the cargo 3LOAD (missile, rocket, warhead) projected by a projection means such as a centrifugal gun 3SPINFSAT. 3LOAD including a bullet (e.g., a long bullet like a stake or nail) that may have the penetrating properties of a tank gun, artillery shell, or armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot APFSDS (armor-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot) that can pierce metal or ceramic armor may be accelerated from the surface side of the meteorite into the inside of the meteorite by a centrifugal gun and then projected to penetrate. (The kinetic energy K of the bullet 3LOAD is K=1/2×the square of the bullet speed v.) Like a ground-penetrating bomb, 3LOAD, which is a penetrating bomb or penetrating warhead accelerated to high speed, may be equipped with a nuclear fusion fuel unit T1, muon generation unit 2MU/2MU-BY-NUT, muon deceleration unit, and a unit capable of decelerating and coupling muons to fuel, which constitute a nuclear fusion system. In the device of the present application, solid fusion fuel T1 (e.g., deuterium carbonate resin (C2D4)n, lithium borohydride LiBH4) is described. When a bullet 3LOAD, which may be penetrating, is fired into the iron meteorite MTO, the material of the bullet (accelerated by a centrifugal gun 3SPINFSAT, and if possible, may be described as X% of the speed of light, etc.) may be, for example, deuterium carbonate resin. A solid fusion fuel and a muon generator (an atomic nucleus that generates muons by neutrinos) are loaded inside the armor-piercing bullet, and the armor-piercing bullet is fired into the iron meteorite, and the inertia and pressure of the advancing armor-piercing bullet pushes the surface of the iron meteorite and pushes the armor-piercing bullet in. If the material of a bullet that penetrates the surface and armor of the MTO is used as fuel T1, and the bullet has a fusion fuel and a neutrino and muon generator, it may be possible to irradiate the T1 part of the bullet that remains in the metal with neutrinos to cause muon fusion. (As shown in Figure 45 (B), it is also possible to fire a T1 nuclear fuel bullet 3LOADT1 (balls) into a metallic meteorite, and then fire a bullet containing the muon generation part, atomic nucleus, and particle 2MU-GEN-ATOM.) At the very least, it may be possible to fire an accelerated fusion fuel bullet into the metal body of the meteorite, leaving the bullet and fusion fuel inside the metal and placing the fuel T1, and if it is possible to bind the muon to the placed fuel (because it is inside the metal, muon generation particles that can penetrate metal can be transmitted to the T1 part or muon generation part), it may be possible to cause muon fusion. *It is also envisaged that the surface may be surrounded by a case made of, for example, carbon-12 diamond, carbon fiber, or BN/BNNT to increase the strength of the bullet case. <Charged current reaction part that produces muons by receiving tau or muon neutrinos> * It is possible that the neutron uud of a nucleon emits and acts on W-bosons when it receives a muon or tau neutrino, and the neutron uud can be converted into a proton udu and a muon/tauon by a muon or tau neutrino. This effect is thought to be greater in deuterium than in hydrogen. For example, deuterium (np) contains neutrons and may be more likely to produce muons and tauons through the W-boson (charged current interaction) between neutrons and muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos than hydrogen (p) (for example, heavy water is used at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) to detect muons and tauons), and it is considered that it can be used as a converter unit that converts neutrinos into muons (tauons) that also functions as T1 and 2MU-BY-NUT (neutrons from deuterium can be used in the converter unit 2MU-BY-NUT-BY-W or the nucleus-type neutrino to muon converter unit 2MU-GEN-ATOM), and therefore may be used in this application. In deuterium carbide, where T1 contains deuterium and carbon-12, muon and tauon production by muon tau neutrinos may occur and may be used. (The number of neutrons and protons in the molecules of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, and nitrogen-14 and deuterium does not seem to change, but the hydrogen part of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen has no neutrons, so it would seem to be a gap that does not receive neutrinos, but in the case of nitrogen-14 and deuterium, both nitrogen-14 and deuterium contain neutrons, and it is thought that the neutrons that can receive neutrinos in the molecule are larger in an ammonia molecule made of deuterium and nitrogen-14 than in an ammonia molecule made of nitrogen-15 and hydrogen. We have explained that nitrogen and ammonia molecules are more likely to receive neutrinos when hydrogen and deuterium are used, but even in methane molecules, alkanes, and polymers, the part that receives neutrinos can be increased by using carbon-12 and deuterium compared to carbon-14 and protium, so the part that converts molecular and crystalline fusion fuel containing deuterium from neutrinos to muons is 2MU-BY-NUT, 2MU-BY-NUT. -BY-W, 2MU-GEN-ATOM may be used. In the case of hydrocarbon resin, resin material consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms has neutrons derived from carbon in the carbon chain portion, and can receive the neutrino and convert it to muons, etc., but by replacing hydrogen with deuterium, the hydrogen atom portion bonded to the carbon chain in addition to the carbon chain can be used and expanded as an antenna portion that converts neutrinos containing deuterium and neutrons into muons, and it is expected that the sensitivity of converting muon-tauon neutrinos into muons and tauons can be improved.) <Configuration in which balls or stakes fired from a centrifugal gun are struck against the surface of a meteorite to blast and excavate the surface> * It is also possible to attempt to continuously strike and pile the bullets fired from a centrifugal gun or mass driver into a metal surface like a hammer or stake for driving piles (or as a hammer ball instead of sand for sandblasting), destroying, crushing, removing, and processing the metal surface portion, and digging. <Areas in the shadow of metallic meteorites> Depending on the wavelength of the radio waves and how they reach the Earth, radio waves emitted from a spacecraft may reach the area.
In order to reliably ignite the nuclear fuel inside a metallic meteorite (a wired system may be used), neutrinos may be focused from a neutrino beam transmitter installed inside the meteorite or in the surrounding space or celestial body to the point where the nuclear fuel is located. *To see inside a metallic meteorite, muography (only positive muons may be used for large meteorites, or muons may be accelerated) may be used, and a tomography of the structure may be obtained by the degree of muon penetration. (Threat When an MTO is discovered or when it is loaded with bullets or fuel, a transmission view to confirm the structure and condition of the MTO will be required, and muography may be used for the transmission view, for example, positive muon muography may be used. In known muography, images are taken using cosmic muons obtained from cosmic rays and mesons. <Ignition mechanism> *Fuel T1 in a container in a 5T-HOLE inside the meteorite hole is ignited (nuclear fusion begins) using muon nuclear fusion. After ignition, nuclear fusion is performed at T1 by muon nuclear fusion, and T1 is heated to 1000 K. If it is possible to heat the fuel to a high temperature, the energy of T1 can be used to heat the fusion fuel and perform high-temperature fusion by heat. For example, (although it has not been demonstrated whether this will happen) muon fusion is attempted at T1, where deuterium undergoes muon fusion with carbon-12 to obtain nitrogen-14, and nitrogen-14 undergoes muon fusion with deuterium to obtain excited oxygen-16 nuclei, which are then converted into carbon-12 and alpha rays/helium-4, and then the energy of muon fusion is generated as alpha ray energy at T1. (The alpha rays are then converted into gamma rays by an AEC unit that converts alpha rays into gamma rays, which is placed in the container, and the fusion fuel is heated by the gamma rays.) The fuel CD4 may be heated, and the Ds in the CD4 may be able to undergo thermonuclear fusion due to the high heating temperature.) *The nuclear fuel filled in the container may be of not only one type but also multiple types (or structured fuel loading sections), and nuclear fuel with a high muon fusion reaction energy output per density/mol may be placed in T1, the part where muons first bind. For example, the nuclear fusion of fluorine and hydrogen in hydrogen fluoride produces one alpha ray and 8 MeV of energy, the nuclear fusion of boron hydride produces three alpha rays with 8 MeV, and 2-3 MeV per alpha ray, and between fluorine and boron, the energy of one alpha ray of fluorine is higher, and when gamma rays are produced by the energy bremsstrahlung of alpha rays, fluorine produces 8 MeV. If it produces gamma rays of about 1 eV and fluorine produces gamma rays of about 3 MeV, fluorine may have a higher output per gamma ray photon. (It is possible to combine muons with the deuterium carbonate methane resin part to perform muon nuclear fusion and ignite it once in the ignition part, and then perform muon nuclear fusion on the entire deuterium carbonate fuel part, or it may be designed to further promote thermonuclear fusion between deuterium in the deuterium carbonate to form a large-scale nuclear fusion part.) <0113><Fig.43> Fig. 43 is an explanatory diagram of the transmission of neutrinos, muons, and particles from the neutrino transmitter/particle transmitter 5BTX (which may be multiple units) for detonation attached to the transportation equipment 5SHIP or the iron meteorite MTO to the particle receiver 5BRX in the hole 5T-HOLE. The neutrino transmitter/particle transmitter 5BTX for detonation (which may be multiple units) attached to the iron meteorite MTO may be equipped with a radio/radio communication unit/radio wave receiver 5TX-RAD, and may transmit and receive detonation signals from 5SHIP etc. via radio/wireless radio waves using 5TX-RAD, and then the radio-wireless signal may be used to operate the neutrino transmitter 1NUT-TX of 5BTX to transmit neutrinos to 5BRX (2MU-BY-NUT). <0114><Fig.44> Fig. 44 is an explanatory diagram for forming the material part and iron part of the meteorite (by supplying nuclear fusion fuel T1 such as methane or ammonia, injecting muons and slowing them down in the drilling body part 5REMV-BODY) and forming a muon nuclear fusion part near the iron of the drilling head part 5REMV-HEAD (FP part, MLTFE in Fig. 48). <0115><Fig.45> Fig. 45 is an explanatory diagram for projecting and firing a nuclear fuel having a hammer or a hammer part and a load (3LOAD) with a muon generating part from a centrifugal gun (for example, a structure including a centrifugal gun part and a mass driver part such as 3SPINFSAT), striking the hammer against the meteorite part and hammering the meteorite like a pile driver to make a hole. Also, an explanatory diagram of shooting nuclear fuel T1 (.2MU-GEN-ATOM) and a cargo with a muon generating unit (3LOAD) into an iron meteorite using a cargo acceleration projection means such as a centrifugal gun, irradiating the shot T1.2MU-GEN-ATOM with neutrinos to generate and bind muons to the T1 part, and causing muon nuclear fusion within the meteorite. <0116><Fig.46> @ In Fig. 46, for example, a plurality of fiber material parts 2NTLP such as carbon nanotubes CNT or boron nitride nanotubes BNNT with closed both ends in a loop, ring, or annular shape may be manufactured to attempt to form a chain 2LPST consisting of 2NTLP. 2LPST may be described as a pattern of "different corners, different corner cuts, different circles" of a family crest, in which multiple corners, circles, rings, and loops are combined in a chain shape to form a single continuous 2LPST by combining a starting loop 2LPST and an end loop 2LPST, and the 2LPST may be used as a frame, cable, and structural part 2LPST that can withstand the centrifugal force when 3SPINFSAT rotates. 2NTLP may contain a wire, tube, loop, and limb part 2NTLP-I2 made of another material (e.g., metal or alloy). 2NTLP and 2NTLP-CHAIN may contain a wire, tube, loop, and atomic and molecular part made of another material. 2NTLP may be a hybrid material that can withstand centrifugal force, including a wire, tube, loop, and limb part 2NTLP-I2 made of another material. By adopting the above-mentioned configuration, we attempt to use it as a frame/structural material for parts that require strength, such as the wire parts of centrifugal guns and space elevators. 2NTLP contains a wire/tube/loop/ring part 2NTLP-I2 made of another material (e.g., metal/alloy) that is a single metal/alloy, and since the material is the wire/tube/loop/ring part 2NTLP-I2, even if the tube part of the 2NTLP part containing 2NTLP-I2 breaks due to deterioration, the internal wire tube part remains, and the connection can be maintained by the metal nanotube ring part remaining. For practical use in centrifugal guns, space elevators, etc., a chain 2NTLP-CHAIN made of 2NTLP is made up of a plurality of chain groups 2NTLP-CHAINs bundled together to form a (macroscopic) rope, cable, ribbon, string, or frame part 2LPST made of nanotube chains that can withstand centrifugal force, weight, and mechanical force; however, there is a possibility that the strength of the 2NTLP may decrease and the chain may break due to atoms being sputtered or undergoing a chemical reaction by cosmic rays or atomic oxygen AO, and therefore a hybrid loop 2NTLP or chain 2NTLP-CHAIN may be used in which a metal or alloy wire part is included in the 2NTLP to prevent the chain from separating from the wire, tube, loop, or loop part and to keep the chain entangled. Even if one ring 2NTLP(A) in a certain chain 2NTLP-CHAIN(C) breaks or the tube breaks, as long as the 2NTLP-I2(A) contained in the 2NTLP(A) does not break, the contained 2NTLP-I2(A) will combine with another adjacent/combined 2NTLP(B) as a chain, and the chain (C) containing them can be arranged in the chain group 2NTLP-CHAINs in a state where it does not immediately break or remain entangled or move. For example, there is the advantage that the chain group can be wound up during maintenance, and if there is a camera unit/X-ray observation unit 2LPST-MEAS for observing the chain portion/chain group, the chain structure 2NTLP-I2-CHAIN of the metal part 2NTLP-I2 is maintained, and it can be seen whether the high-strength tube part 2NTLP such as BNNT has broken or is prone to damage in actual use. (When maintaining the chain 2NTLP-CHAIN, the metal wire 2NTLP-I2 is inserted inside the loop part 2NTLP, which is a component of the chain 2NTLP-CHAIN. By using the high Z of metal atoms in the 2NTLP-I2, the metal wire 2NTLP-I2 can absorb X-rays more strongly than BNNT or CNT, and the X-ray CE image shows shading, indicating whether the metal wire 2NTLP-I2 has broken or not, and whether the loop tube 2NTLP that contains it has broken. It can be used to check whether damage has occurred, and can be advantageous in grasping the guideline for maintenance, condition observation, quality check, and chain replacement of the chain portion and chain group portion 2NTLP-CHAINs, so in one embodiment of the present application, a metal wire may be included.) When obtaining a transmission image CT of BNNT or CNT consisting of low Z atoms to observe its structure and deterioration state, muography, muon microscope, and muon application measurement means using muons may be used in addition to X-rays, X-ray CT, and X-ray application measurement means. Gamma rays and X-rays of photons are easily absorbed by high Z elements such as metals, but are not easily absorbed by low Z atoms. On the other hand, muons, for example, positively charged muons, are leptons/particles with mass, and the muon lepton changes its orbit when it is irradiated with a low-Z or high-Z nucleus (and the protons and neutrons in that nucleus) of the object to be observed by muography, and the muon lepton can be detected by a detector to observe the object, so it may be used to observe the object (the above-mentioned ring part 2NTLP, chain part 2NTLP-CHAIN, chain group part 2NTLP-CHAINs, frame part 2LPST). *2NTLP-CHAIN and 2NTLP-CHAINs may be used for cables, chains, wires, ropes, and ribbons that require strength, such as centrifugal guns and orbital elevators. *It is preferable to synthesize a single seamless CNT or BNNT to form a loop for one rotation of the centrifugal gun (it is also preferable to construct a seamless tube over a large distance when used in orbital elevators, etc.). However, in case synthesis is not possible, if the tube/ring parts 2NTLP of seamless ring-shaped BNNTs can be combined in a chain to form a 2NTLP-CHAIN chain, each of the 2NTLPs constituting the chain can exhibit the strength of seamless CNTs or BNNTs, and the chain may also be able to exhibit the strength of CNTs or BNNTs as a chain device (although a straight tube that is not chain-shaped should be stronger, as a compromise). Therefore, in this application, a chain 2NTLP-CHAIN consisting of ring 2NTLPs as shown in Figure 46 may be constructed and used for the frame part of a structural material or system that requires strength, such as a centrifugal gun. *The 2NTLP-CHAIN may be encapsulated in another nanotube. *The 2NTLP-CHAIN and 2NTLP-CHAINs may be covered with another material to prevent reaction with atomic oxygen and to protect them from cosmic ray collisions. For example, it may be covered with a ceramic/insulating tube for insulation, or with a metal film/tube for protection against atomic oxygen and cosmic ray collisions. *2NTLP, 2NTLP-CHAIN, and 2NTLP-CHAINs may be components of electric wires (e.g., the power transmission wires of a space elevator). [*If 2NTLP (2NTLP that may include 2NTLP-I2) can be made large over a macroscopic length such as the size of a space elevator or a centrifugal gun 3SPINFSAT, 2NTLP (2NTLP that may include 2NTLP-I2) that is a continuous ring part may be included in the ring-shaped frame part 2LPST and used. *However, in case it is difficult to create nanotube loops of macroscopic length like the size of a space elevator or centrifugal gun (for example, the radius of the loop is not at the nano or micro level but at the macro scale of meters, kilometers, or 100 kilometers or more from the ground to outer space), a frame using 2NTLP-CHAIN may be considered. ］<0117><Figure47> Figure 47 is an explanatory diagram of a system with a neutrino-muon conversion unit that can be detonated from a remote location. However, it is unclear whether it can be detonated by muon neutrinos, etc., and this is only a description of the idea. Projectile MX-T1D: Projectile containing fuel T1 containing deuterium (D). Projectile capable of receiving neutrinos and igniting muons. MX-T1D is easier to receive neutrinos and convert them into muons because it has D within its molecules.
If that is the case, the fuel section may be blown up if it is hit with an artificial high-intensity, high-energy neutrino beam of tau or muon. (If there is a section that uses tritium instead of D, there will be an excess of neutrons, and T, which is even more powerful than D, may collide with muon neutrinos and produce muons and tauons through weak interactions.) * High-flavor neutrinos (e.g. muon neutrino beam) may be made to act on neutrons in the fuel atoms (hydrogen, deuterium D, tritium T, carbon, nitrogen, boron, fluorine, etc.), converting the neutrons into protons and muons/tauons, generating muons, and when the muons are added to the fuel T1 section, the T1 section may perform muonic nuclear fusion. For example, it may be possible that a muon fusion reactor in flight, an aircraft 3, ship 3, submarine 3, spacecraft 3, or a fusion reactor or engine fuel mounted on a missile or rocket in a flying object, or a muon fusion fuel for a fusion bomb, may be fused with muon (unintentionally ignited with muon fusion) and explode. * Deuterium D, tritium T, or fusion fuel with an excess of neutral nuclei may be able to increase the sensitivity of generating muons from muon neutrinos by increasing the area where neutrons meet neutrinos and are converted into charged currents. (T1 with D or T may increase the frequency of the reaction that generates muons from muon neutrinos.) * However, as for D, there is a possibility that a muon fusion system using fuel T1 such as D2O or ND4 using D and nitrogen or oxygen, etc., can be used, so I would like to use D as a fusion fuel. Therefore, we would like to consider a safe configuration that is difficult to ignite muon fusion even if a muon neutrino beam passes through the fusion system or the fuel tank of the 3 that carries it. Projectile MX-T1H: For example, when using hydrocarbon fuel that uses light hydrogen (H) for carbon-14, boron hydride, or ammonia as fuel. When there is no deuterium part that interacts with neutrinos. Projectile MX-T1D: A configuration that contains neutron-rich atomic nuclei including D and T, which may be prone to charged current reactions between neutrons and muon neutrinos, generating muons, and T1 detonation. <0118><Fig.48> It is also assumed that a muon fusion system/reactor 1R for power/electricity source will be installed on the transportation equipment 3. It is assumed that 3 can be an aircraft, spacecraft, or spacecraft, as well as a vehicle/robot, ship, or submarine 3SUBM. If the reactor 1R can be installed on a ship or submarine, the cruising range can be increased. (Furthermore, the small-scale 1R may become a tiny or small nuclear battery like a muon fusion battery and be installed in powered suits, wearable devices, portable equipment, communication terminals, communication equipment, computer power supplies, input/output devices, electrical appliances, and industrial machinery, and serve as a power source for them.) * Regarding transport equipment 3 and T1 equipped in 3, when a muon neutrino beam is aimed at the tank part of 3 storing T1, muons may be generated in the T1 part of the tank containing T1, and muon fusion may occur; if this were to occur, we believe it would be necessary to have measures to prevent this. Therefore, as shown in Figure 48, the TANK A section, the TANKB section, and the T1-MPIP-AB section (the minute/fine T1 section and AB synthesis section that generate the material AB that becomes T1 from the raw materials A and B of TANK A and TANKB and generate the muon nuclear fusion section T1) are separated as tanks for raw materials A and B (raw materials A and B are molecules/materials that are difficult to undergo muon nuclear fusion even if they are exposed to a neutrino beam and generate muons) to synthesize T1, fuel atoms are loaded onto transportation equipment 3, and as necessary, the materials of tank A and tank B are combined in the micro reactor/T1 synthesis section inside 3 to generate fuel material T1. In a small amount and small section of (a small section so that it is difficult to be targeted by the muon neutrino beam, and even if a muon neutrino beam hits it directly and muons are generated in T1-MPIP-AB and muonic fusion between T1 and the muon occurs, T1-MPIP-AB is small and a micro pipe, so the amount that can react is small and a configuration is adopted to suppress large muonic fusion and explosion within 3), and T1 and T1-MPIP-AB are introduced and placed in the muonic fusion reactor 1R of 3, muonic fusion is performed to obtain energy electricity, which is then supplied to 3 to operate 3. *Fuel using neutron-rich atoms such as tritium may be irradiated with muon neutrinos from a remote location, causing muons to be generated in the T1 section, which may ignite and detonate the muonic fusion and explode, so there may be cases where it is better to use T1 using deuterium D or hydrogen H rather than tritium, for example. @For example, when muon fusion or fuel T1 is used as a bomb device 4T-MUCF for intercepting and detonating a threat meteorite MTO or threat object as shown in Fig. 41, an attacker (such as an organization that does not want to destroy the threat meteorite) may irradiate a neutrino beam to the T1 part of 3 during the transport of the fusion fuel or the T1 part of the fusion warhead or missile-shaped 4T-MUCF, detonating T1 and hindering the explosion of the threat meteorite. In response to this, the TANK A part and TANKB part in Fig. 48 and the part where the substance AB agent that becomes T1 can be synthesized or the synthesis part, and the minute target part T1-MPIP-AB may be used in this application, since it may be possible to reduce the possibility and concern of muon generation, muon fusion ignition, and detonation due to irradiation of the fuel with muon neutrinos. *In preparation for attacks that use neutrons from muon neutrinos, etc. to generate muons, in systems where hydrogen, deuterium, and tritium can be used as the raw materials A and B for T1 and T1, selecting light hydrogen can reduce neutrons compared to D and T, reducing neutrino sensitivity and making it difficult to detonate. (In order to make T1 less susceptible to muon nuclear fusion ignition by neutrino irradiation from the transmitter 1NUT-TX, the use of T and D fuels may be avoided in some forms such as defense and blasting devices, and it may be operated separately for the A agent, which is a deuterium molecule with a machine that becomes helium even if it is fused and the catalytic nuclear fusion stops, and the B agent, which contains other atoms.) *When a muon nuclear fusion reactor is operated and a muon decays due to its lifespan (or undergoes a muon atom capture reaction), an antielectron neutrino and a muon neutrino are generated. (Note that in a nuclear fission reactor, antielectron neutrinos are generated by beta decay of fission products.) By arranging a section for detecting muon neutrinos, it may be possible to detect the operation of the muon fusion reactor 1R (or 3 equipped with 1R, or 3 on a submarine). By using the muon fusion reactor as the muon neutrino transmitter 1NUT-TX and installing a muon neutrino receiver 1NUT-RX, a neutrino communication device or neutrino detection device that receives the muon neutrino signal transmitted from the muon neutrino transmitter 1NUT-TX may be configured. *If a system is made capable of generating muons by neutrino beam sweeping, muons can be generated underground, inside an iron container, or inside a threat meteorite or iron meteorite MTO, making muon fusion possible. In the present application, an accelerator section capable of generating neutrinos may be used, and a configuration may be configured in which neutrinos can be generated and irradiated onto the fusion fuel T1 in the sea, underground, or on a celestial body, meteorite, or iron meteorite. As an example, as shown in Figures 42 and 43, a hole 5T-HOLE is opened in an iron meteorite, fuel T1 is poured in and sealed to form a cylindrical container 5T-MUCF (the inner wall 5T-IN of the container may be meteoric iron), and muon-generating neutrinos such as muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos are transmitted from the transmission unit 5BTX (neutrino transmission unit 1NUT-TX) of the blasting signal to the reception unit 5BRX (1NUT-RX, 2MU2MU-BY-NUT-BY-W, 2MU-GEN-ATOM, fuel unit T1), muons are generated in 5BRX-T1 inside the 5T-MUCF, and the muons are combined with T1 for muon nuclear fusion, and an attempt is made to blast or explode the threatening meteorite from the inside using muon nuclear fusion (bomb). In addition to the case of neutrinos, the transmitter 5BTX of the blasting signal may be a high-speed muon transmitter 1MU-TX, and the receiver 5BRX of the blasting signal may be a muon receiver 1MU-RX that slows down high-speed muons with a decelerator and couples them to T1. <Detection of neutrinos in nuclear fusion reactor 1R and reactor, and search for submarines equipped with operating 1R> In submarine reactors such as pressurized water reactors that use nuclear fission, the assumption is that the nuclear fission reactor will continue to operate by driving pumps for pressurization, and pump noise and anti-electron neutrinos will be generated due to the operation of the pressurized water reactor, which may tend to impair quietness (due to pump noise) and stealth (due to pump noise and neutrino emission). *Submarines equipped with muon fusion reactor 1R may use 1R in 3 or submarine 3SUBM because it may be easier (than pressurized water fission reactors) to stop irradiating muons to T1 (by moving muons or turning on and off the device that slows down muons). The submarine 3SUBM in Figure 48 can turn the fusion reactor 1R on and off. Then, fuel atoms are extracted from isotopes in the sea (fuel atoms can be stored as agents A and B), and when necessary, agents A and B are chemically reacted to obtain T1, which is then fused with muons. Fusion energy/electricity is then obtained at T1·1R, and this electricity is stored in a storage unit (energy storage unit) such as a secondary battery 3BATT (which is quiet and stealthy so does not emit sound or neutrinos when in use), and when moving underwater, the fusion reactor 1R can be turned off to stop the generation of muon neutrinos and avoid neutrino detection, while a quiet and stealthy submarine 3SUBM (or a submersible robot 3, unmanned aerial vehicle 3, or aircraft 3 if not limited to a ship 3) can be constructed that can move on battery power, so the 3BATT and 1R may be installed on the transport equipment 3. 1R is equipped with AEC/1GENR and may directly convert the energy of charged alpha rays generated by nuclear fusion into electricity, or convert it into photons and then convert it into electricity with a photoelectric conversion element (3SUBM may use AEC/1GENR to avoid the method of making noise when the steam turbine power generation unit 1PP etc. is in operation). *2MUDECE is preferably a decelerator that can be turned on and off (to prevent attackers from searching and tomography using muons and neutrinos, the decelerator is turned off and muon neutrinos are turned off, making it difficult to find by becoming transparent on the neutrino surface). *The communication system with the submarine may be equipped with a communication system with the outside using muons or neutrinos (transmitter/receiver 1NUT-TX, 1NUT-RX, 1MU-TX, 1MU-RX using muons or neutrinos). 3SUBM: An example of a muon nuclear fusion-driven submarine. Muons may be artificially generated within 3SUBM. Space muons may also be decelerated and combined with T1 for use. It may be a silent, neutrino-silent stealth submarine propelled by photoelectric conversion instead of turbines. It is expected that it can move with 3 BATT of power and will not generate muon neutrinos, making it difficult to find even if neutrinos are used. 3SUBM may be equipped with a muon generation unit 2MU. For example, 2MU is usually placed as a muon transmitter/muon communication device, and the muon fusion reactor is usually operated with decelerated cosmic muons, but when power is needed or in an emergency, muons are generated in 2MU, decelerated, and irradiated and bonded to T1 (increasing the number of muons compared to when cosmic muon drive is used) to increase the muon fusion output of the engine/reactor 1R, and the output of 1R is also assumed to be increased. *3SUBM may function as a submarine/sightseeing boat/hotel that travels in shallow waters and does not replenish supplies often during peaceful use. <Explanation of the system that synthesizes T1 from precursors A and B as a configuration to prevent the fuel T1 from being irradiated with a neutrino beam and igniting muon nuclear fusion> Heavy water
Even if the D2 tank is a deuterium molecule and is attacked by an external muon generation/muon binding ignition attack by neutrinos, the aim is to generate He from D2 to cause an alpha stack and stop the ignition attack. It is expected that even if muons are generated in an O2 cylinder, O2 will not easily fuse with each other. (Assuming that oxygen molecules are not easily fused with muons in the oxygen fuel tank.) When D2 and O2 are made into heavy water, there is a possibility of being attacked by neutrino ignition. Therefore, the heavy water part of T1 can be made small and fine piping so that it is not easily hit by neutrino beams. <Explanation of the generation of muon neutrinos due to the operation of the muon fusion reactor installed on the submarine, and the submarine with a battery and gas fuel generation unit that can operate even if muon fusion is stopped to avoid muon neutrino search> The muon fusion system binds muons to T1 and performs muon fusion. In principle, it is inevitable that muons will decay due to their life span after muon fusion, or generate electrons and electron neutrinos by nuclear capture. Also, by detecting muon neutrinos during muon decay, it is possible to detect the presence of the operating muon fusion reactor 1R, submarine 3SUBM, and aircraft 3. Therefore, in the present invention, in order to prevent the submarine 3SUBM and aircraft 3 from being detected, energy is stored in the power storage/energy storage unit 3BATT, which does not produce muon neutrinos, by charging a secondary battery or synthesizing chemical fuel with the energy of the fusion reactor, and after storage, the power and chemical substances in the power storage unit 3BATT can be used to drive transportation equipment such as the submarine 3SUBM and aircraft 3. *Muon fusion systems produce muon neutrinos, so it is assumed that these will be detected. (Normally, nuclear fission reactors generate antielectron neutrinos. Muon fusion reactors generate antielectron neutrinos and muon neutrinos.) *If fusion reactor 1R operates all over the world, the number of muon neutrino sources will increase, and (as the saying goes, you can't hide the trees in the forest), the number of muon neutrino sources/noises will increase, making it easier to hide unregistered 1Rs in the noise. Therefore, it may be preferable to perform muon fusion in designated and registered locations (such as the offices of designated electric power companies and business companies) or in registered transport equipment 3 (for example, registered tankers, marine vessels, railway vehicles, buses, and machinery). If multiple 1Rs are operated randomly in various places, it is possible that a 1R from a weaponized submarine 3SUBM could be hidden in the midst of all the muon neutrino signals and noise emitted by 1Rs for civilian transport equipment 3. T1-AB: A substance ABT used in the T1 part obtained by chemically reacting A and B agents. T1-MPIP-AB: Target part. (For example, the T1 part may be a microscopic, fine, or capillary tube. The T1 part is a capillary tube, but is capable of muon nuclear fusion with limited output. During muon nuclear fusion operation, it may become the muon neutrino transmitter 1NU-TX, beacon part MUNUTBCON, and beacon transmitter MUNUTBCON-TX.) *If the wall material of the capillary tube MPIP is a high-Z metal, even if a negative muon is generated in T1 in the capillary tube, the negative muon may be trapped from T1 by the high-Z metal atoms on the surrounding high-Z capillary tube wall, which may lead to preventing the muon catalytic nuclear fusion reaction in the T1 part in the MPIP (which may be advantageous against explosive attacks), and T1 may be stored, stored, pumped, and transported in the tube container 4T-MPIP of the capillary tube/micropipe MPIP with a wall made of high-Z atoms. TANK, TANKB: Fuel tanks for agent A and agent B. Example: Agent A is a tank of hydrogen molecules and deuterium molecules. When generating helium from hydrogen, He is generated to cause an alpha stack and stop the ignition attack. Agent B is, for example, a tank of nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules. MUON ON/OFFTransport coil: Coil that transports muons. (Transport to T1 may be turned on and off)1PROP: Propeller/screwMUNUTBCON/MUBCON: Muon neutrino beacon/muon beacon. Submarine 3SUBM's 1R and 2MU can generate muons and muon neutrinos, and these particles can pass through seawater and reach the ground, so they can be used as a means of communication or as a beacon to inform the outside world of 3SUBM's location in an emergency (such as when sinking and requesting rescue). (MUNUTBCON-TX: muon neutrino beacon transmitter, MUNUTBCON-RX: muon neutrino beacon receiver) 1SONR: sonar. Includes sonar using neutrinos and muon particles (may include a muon accelerator/decelerator, muon detector, and muon generator 2MU, just like the muon tomography unit). 3SUBMD: submersible, submersible drone, nuclear explosion torpedo, includes nuclear torpedoes with T1 nuclear bomb amount and large amount of T1, also includes unmanned vehicles. If 3SUBMD is loaded, arranged, or synthesized in large quantities of T1 in a part that is not a thin tube, a large cylindrical container 4T, etc., it may be possible to detonate T1 with muon neutrinos and intercept it. [Just as placing a large amount of T1 inside the MTO and attempting to ignite the MTO through nuclear fusion and blow it up, the possibility of remote detonation cannot be denied if a large amount of T1 is placed in the transport device 3, so the transport device 3 equipped with the reactor 1R or muon nuclear fusion system/engine/reactor 1R may be equipped with defensive measures against remote detonation.] <Oxygen atoms> *In relation to the nuclear spallation of carbon materials, oxygen may be obtained from oxides in the ocean or celestial bodies, and the oxygen may be irradiated with positive muons to be transmuted into helium, neutrons, protons (deuterium and tritium), and mesons through a nuclear spallation reaction. Protons may be bombarded into a carbon muon target to generate positive and negative muons, and the negative muons may be used for muon nuclear fusion of deuterium carbide or heavy water, or positive muons may be collided with oxygen nuclei to spall the oxygen nuclei and transmute them into other atomic nuclei such as helium. *Oxygen may be used as a muon target. Oxygen ions may be circulated in the accelerator, and muons may be collided with oxygen atoms in the accelerator to convert them into mesons, helium, neutrons, or protons (deuterium and tritium). *It is assumed that oxygen nuclei are stable atomic nuclei that satisfy magic numbers, and that nuclear fusion between oxygen atoms is less likely to occur than nuclear fusion between carbon atoms. <0119><Fig.49> Fig. 49 is an explanatory diagram of how muography and computer tomography are obtained using the muon (or neutrino) transmitter 1MUGRP-TX and receiver 1MUGRP-RX to obtain a transmission diagram of the threatening meteorite MTO. When attempting to blow up the MTO, there may be times when we want to know the internal structure of the MTO, so we will use a CT like the one in Fig. 49 to obtain an internal diagram and transmission diagram. (A formation/constellation of spacecraft 3 or artificial satellites 3 may be used as the receiver/receiver 1MUGRP-RX. A constellation of 3 or 3 may be used as the transmitter 1MUGRP-TX.) *It may be necessary to subtract the effects of background cosmic rays/muons. *Positive muons artificially generated in an accelerator etc. may be irradiated from the transmitter to the receiver. Positive muon detection results significantly higher than the background can be obtained. *The receiver may be equipped with a muon decelerator/cooler. 2MU: Muon generator 1MUGRP-TX: Muon irradiator of muography device/muon tomography device. Muon transmitter. 2MUDECE, A1: Muon accelerator/decelerator. Accelerator/decelerator. 2SEN-REF/BASE: A part that measures the speed and direction of the muon before it enters the object used for measurement when necessary. Reference measurement unit/reference cell (Note that the placement and size arrangement of this 2SEN-REF/BASE are not limited to the locations shown in the figure. If the object/1MUGRP-USER is not on the line of sight of the muon, 2SEN-REF may be placed at the object measurement location/position to obtain reference data and perform calibration processing of the device) 1MUGRP-USER: User object to be measured 1MUGRP-RX: Muon detection unit and muon receiving unit of muography device/muon tomography device. 2SEN-DET: Particle detection unit, muon detection unit, muon receiving unit. It may be possible to detect information on particle trajectories such as particle speed, energy and direction. 2SEN: Particle detector CTORBIT: Direction, trajectory, and scanning trajectory for moving the transmitter/receiver, such as the dotted circular orbit. For example, 1MUGRP-TX and 1MUGRP-RX, which may face each other along the theta direction of the dotted circle, are moved and scanned to obtain a computer tomography of 1MUDRF-OBJ located between 1MUGRP-TX and 1MUGRP-RX. (Although the computer is not shown in the figure, a computer is required to obtain a tomography from the measurement results after photographing an object, as in X-ray CT, etc.) Note that tomography is known in which particle beams such as X-rays and positrons are used to measure and photograph projection amounts from multiple directions (along an orbit, etc.), and then a cross-sectional image is obtained by a computer. <0120><Figure50><Measuring device and tomography system including a muon decelerator, accelerator, and muon orbit observation unit> * A measurement system and tomography system for medical use or brain-machine interface BMI using muons may be configured (Figure 50). For example, positive muons rain down on the earth as cosmic muons. Positive muons are decelerated and then accelerated, and counted and measured in a counter section and a measurement section for the particle's kinetic energy, speed, trajectory, etc. (such as a semiconductor detector with a decelerator), and like X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) or nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muons (for example, negative muons may bind to atoms in the human body and cause nuclear transmutation, so in order to avoid this, positive muons with speed are used) are irradiated onto the human body and passed through it, and the transmitted muons are decelerated by a decelerator or measured by a particle measurement section, and the subject to be photographed may be photographed like X-ray CT. (Muon rays are high-energy particles that are radioactive, so when artificially directing positive muons at the human body and taking CT scans or images of them, there is a high possibility that radiation doses must be taken into consideration. Muons rain down from space, but when these space muons or artificial muons are decelerated, collected, and re-accelerated for use in tomography, the amount of radiation exposure is thought to be higher than in natural conditions.) High-Z atoms are easy to detect with X-ray photography, but atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus that make up low-Z human bodies (for example, nerves, brain, spinal cord, or cells in general) may be difficult to image with X-rays. And MRI requires a high magnetic field, and since MRI uses the magnetic resonance of hydrogen atoms, it may be difficult to see other atoms even if hydrogen is visible. So tomography using muons may be able to image low-Z atoms in high resolution and of various types of atoms and human body parts made up of atoms. (It may be attempted to take high-resolution images of human tissues, which are made up of many types of atoms, high Z and low Z, in the human body, using muons, which are minute elementary particles (due to the small size of muons and the large number of atoms that can be targeted), in order to measure all types of atoms in the human body that are difficult to measure using X-ray CT or MRI. Muons can be accelerated or decelerated during imaging, so a muon tomography device section may be configured using the accelerators and decelerators described in this application. * A muon microscope may be configured. A microscope or tomography device may be configured that uses muons to image minute locations or to capture transmitted images of materials in minute locations. <Application to BMI> * There may be people who are unable to move their bodies due to an incurable disease or who find it difficult to communicate what their brain is thinking to the outside world using output parts of the human body such as the vocal cords, mouth, face, or limbs. Existing brain-machine interfaces and brain function imaging include fMRI and MEG, ( The artificial muon generating unit 2MU is installed inside buildings and hospitals to obtain muons. A muon tomography device may be installed on a bed, for example, and used to take images of the patient's body to measure the patient's condition (brain and nervous system, organs, bones and teeth, internal substances and tissues). MRI and fMRI, which attempt to measure cerebral blood flow, and positron emission tomography, which observes positrons that decay inside the body after administering drug atoms that generate positrons by decay (sugar using fluorine-18 as a contrast agent can be used to observe sugar metabolism inside the body). Muon tomography, like X-ray CT, can obtain anatomical information of the human body by irradiating and transmitting photons and muon particles through the measurement target. * Beds, sheets, and seats may be equipped with muon tomography units, making it possible to scan the bed user every day and detect cancer, lesions in brain and nerve tissues, and make it easier to detect the onset of disease. * Fighter aircraft and heavy
When piloting an aircraft, the brain nerves and spinal cord in the head, which tend to be composed of low-Z atoms, may be measured by muography to detect the nerve state of the subject, and the information may be useful when operating machines such as computers, transportation equipment, heavy machinery, and fighter planes. *Biometric authentication may be performed using muon tomography images. For example, a biometric authentication device that doubles as a BMI unit when boarding a fighter plane, submarine, or other equipment that requires security may be configured. (The user's dentition and bone structure around the jaw may be measured by X-ray photography, and the biometric characteristics of the user recorded in advance in a computer device or database may be compared and verified to biometrically authenticate the user who is being measured by the tomography device. However, this may be performed by a muon tomography device instead of X-ray photography to obtain a tomographic image, and the measured tomography image may be compared with the tomography image and biometric characteristics stored on the measuring device to check and authenticate whether the subject is the user stored on the measuring device.) 2MU: Muon generation unit 1MUGRP-TX: Muography device, muon irradiation unit of muon tomography device. Muon transmitter. 2MUDECE, A1: Muon accelerator/decelerator. Accelerator/decelerator. 2SEN-REF・BASE: A part that measures the speed and direction of the muon before it is incident on the object used for measurement when necessary. Reference measurement part/reference cell (Note that this 2SEN-REF・BASE is not limited to the placement and size arrangement only in the location shown in the figure. If the object/1MUGRP-USER is not on the line of fire of the muon, 2SEN-REF may be installed at the object measurement location/position to obtain reference data and perform calibration processing of the device) 1MUGRP-USER: User object to be measured 1MUGRP-RX: Muon detector/muon receiver of muography device/muon tomography device. 2SEN-DET: Particle detector, muon detector, muon receiver. It may be possible to detect information on particle trajectories such as particle speed, energy, and direction. 2SEN: Particle detector <0121><Fig.51><Aircraft/Spacecraft> Fig. 51 is an explanatory diagram of a configuration in which, to avoid the possibility/attack of a flying aircraft/flying object/spacecraft/spaceship/transportation device 3 being irradiated with a neutrino beam by an attacker, the fuel T1 in 3 is detonated, and the nuclear fusion fuel T1 (e.g., ND4/D2O) is provided with tanks FEED-A/FEED-B for raw materials A and B, and a reactor section FEED-SYNTH for making T1, and T1 is obtained as needed and supplied to the nuclear fusion system/reactor 1R/1F-SYS for nuclear fusion to obtain power/electricity for 3. When deuterium is T1, deuterium in the deuterium tank FEED-A and oxygen in the oxygen tank FEED-B are burned in the combustion chamber to obtain heavy water, which is then sent to 1R for muon nuclear fusion. *An aircraft 3 may be configured to obtain isotope fuel T1 for nuclear fusion from nitrogen 15 in the atmosphere and water in atmospheric rain clouds. If the aircraft 3 can obtain nuclear fusion fuel from the atmosphere, it can increase the flight time. *In FIG. 51, if 3 is a spacecraft, spaceship, or transport machine 3 for a threat meteorite blasting device, and it is a bomb for destroying the threat meteorite and it is not desired to detonate it with neutrinos during transportation due to terrorism or the like, it can be transported to the threat meteorite MTO with deuterium in a deuterium tank FEED-A and oxygen in an oxygen tank FEED-B, and if 3 can be installed near or inside the threat meteorite, it is possible to assume that 3 will mix and burn hydrogen and oxygen in the internal combustion chamber FEED-SYNTH part of 3 to obtain heavy water, and then obtain muons for muon nuclear fusion or muons derived from neutrinos from the heavy water, and combine the muons with the heavy water to perform muon nuclear fusion of the heavy water. FEED-A and FEED-B: Tanks for raw materials A and B to synthesize T1. FEED-SYNTH: Reactor section. As with 3SUBM, after generating T1 from materials A and B in the reactor, it is led along a tiny capillary/pipe to reactor 1R, where it combines with muons, to prevent T1 from detonating if it is targeted by a neutrino beam, just like T1-MPIP-AB, where it combines with muons to cause muonic fusion. (Symbol: neutrino, neutron, 5BTX: transmitter of particles such as neutrinos and muons that can remotely ignite or explode T1) [It cannot be said with certainty that events will not occur when solar activity (corona activity, CME, solar wind), supernova, or other celestial bodies become active and high-energy cosmic rays, neutrinos, or cosmic muons from the celestial bodies are generated and rain down on the T1 part of a ship 3, aircraft 3, spacecraft 3, or spacecraft/space structure 3, generating muons in the T1 part. Therefore, in order to prevent remote ignition or explosion of T1 from an attacker or unexpected events such as celestial activity, T1 may be stored with the raw materials A and B of T1 separated, or T1 may be stored and used in a thin tube or a part of controlled size such as an MPIP (a container, piping, path, or muon fusion reactor reaction vessel that can control the scale of the reaction even if muon fusion occurs). ］(*The part that stores the T1 of the device power supply 1R built into some device, or the T1 mounted on the vehicle 3 or robot 3 that moves on land may also be stored in the MPIP, etc.) <0122><Fig.52> Fig. 52 is an explanatory diagram of the muon nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS, which is assumed to be an aircraft 3, spaceship 3, or spacecraft 3, and the propulsion machine 1TH, actuator/motor 1EMOTAR, rocket 1FROCKET, and jet propulsion machine 1JET driven by the muon nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS. <Jet propulsion section> *The energy derived from nuclear fusion generated by the muon nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS may be used to produce chemical substances and aviation fuel, which may then be fed into the jet engine of an aircraft to drive the jet engine. For example, the nuclear fusion reactor 1R and its generator 1GENR may be used to electrolyze and chemically decompose water to obtain hydrogen and oxygen, and the hydrogen may be used as fuel to be burned in the chemical combustion chamber of the jet engine of the aircraft. <Example of a method for heating the atmosphere with the energy of a nuclear fusion reactor> Nitrogen molecules present in the atmosphere may be irradiated with a laser of a wavelength capable of photochemical reaction, photodecomposed to obtain nitrogen compounds, and the nitrogen compounds may be reacted with oxygen in the atmosphere to be chemically burned in the combustion chamber of a jet engine to drive the jet engine. *For example, a laser or photons of a wavelength capable of dissociating the bonds of nitrogen molecules (e.g. photons of high-energy ultraviolet wavelengths with photon energy exceeding the energy of the chemical bonds of nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules, such as vacuum ultraviolet and deep ultraviolet UVC, among ultraviolet rays 10-400 nm) may be irradiated to atmospheric molecules (nitrogen molecules and oxygen molecules) and atoms, and the molecules may receive the photons and dissociate the bonds or absorb the energy, and then when the dissociated molecules recombine and chemically react, they may release or absorb heat energy due to the chemical reaction, which may be carried out in the combustion chamber of a jet engine, and the energy of the light generated by nuclear fusion may be transferred to atmospheric molecules and compressed atmospheric molecules for heating. (Electricity can be obtained from nuclear fusion, photons and lasers can be obtained from the electricity, and the compressed air can be subjected to a photochemical reaction with the laser, which can then heat the air molecules as heat produced by the photochemical reaction.) * (In preparation for the possibility that the device for generating lasers from electricity is expensive,) photons (symbol H-new) and gamma rays can be obtained from the energy of alpha rays produced by nuclear fusion, and the photons and gamma rays can be irradiated onto (jet engine, air compression part of jet engine structure) compressed air part CAIR, air compression part CAIR (container part that comes into contact with compressed air CAIR and is heated by absorbing gamma rays capable of heat exchange, air heating part 1PHEATER) to attempt heating the compressed air (resist jet method). *Aircraft 3 that can be driven using muon nuclear fusion (for the nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS-MP1-RAM having a ramjet-type or jet engine-type T1 pressurization and compression mechanism as shown in FIG. 7, T1 may be made of methane CH4 or CD4 or water H2O or D2O containing isotopes for muon nuclear fusion (not limited to harmful diborane). It may be attempted to perform muon nuclear fusion of T1 to produce high-energy charged alpha rays, heat the unreacted T1 with the energy of the alpha rays, and discharge it as a propellant behind the aircraft in a ramjet engine-like manner, and use the reaction force to propel 3.) *A jet engine section may be configured that performs nuclear fusion of T1 to produce alpha rays, transfers the energy of the alpha rays to compressed air to heat the compressed air, and then ejects the compressed air behind the aircraft. *There are oxygen molecules O2 and nitrogen molecules N2 in the atmosphere, and it is assumed that muons do not undergo muonic nuclear fusion even when they combine with N2 or O2. If air containing N2 and O2 is blown into T1 (e.g. methane CD4) which consists of atoms with a larger Z than N or O, and mixed and compressed, there is a risk that muonic nuclear fusion of CD4 will not occur in the T1 part as a chain reaction or muonic nuclear fusion will be difficult, so it may be better to have a separate system for the compression part of T1 for nuclear fusion and the part that takes in and compresses the atmosphere so that they do not mix. An aircraft 3, robot 3, or drone 3 may be configured that obtains power from the nuclear fusion reactor 1R and nuclear fusion power generation part 1GENR and uses the power to rotate and drive a motor propeller. (Considering that electric motors contain copper, rare metals, neodymium (Nd), magnets, and magnetic materials, and thus may be expensive and costly) a centrifugal pump, turbocharger, turbine, gas turbine engine, or reciprocating engine mechanism (using a heat engine) that can be formed from inexpensive materials such as iron may be used to rotate a propeller or turbine 1TB, compress air, or generate wind currents to propel the aircraft 3. For example, the alpha ray energy of the nuclear fusion reactor 1R may be converted into heat using a heat exchange means HX, and the heat may be used to heat a liquid to generate gas, which may then be blown onto the turbine 1TB to rotate the turbine 1TB, forming a gas turbine engine, and the rotation of the turbine 1TB may be used to take in air, compress it, and eject it. <Reciprocating Machine-like Configuration> The propeller propulsion section of the aircraft 3 may be rotated using the system 1F-SYS-RECI. An aircraft 3 equipped with fixed wings, rotors, a propeller, and a reciprocating engine section may be configured. <@Airship configuration> For the airship-type aircraft 3, the gas in the balloon section (buoyancy generating means) may be heated with energy generated by nuclear fusion to make the airship 3 float in the air, and the electric motor propeller may be used to propel the airship 3 using electricity generated by the 1GEN power generating section. Ion propulsion or electric propulsion may be used to release ions to the rear of the 3. *The power generated by the 1F-SYS-RECI may be used to generate a rotational force of the desired number of revolutions and torque using a clutch or transmission gear to rotate the propeller and propel it. In addition, the power supply to the propeller may be started and stopped by turning the clutch on and off. *Peaceful uses of the aircraft 3 are envisioned as high altitude communication platforms HAPS that fly continuously, airship hotels, flying residential structures (flying trailer houses), pleasure boats, etc. Also, when constructing a drone unmanned aerial vehicle, or a humanoid work robot or transport robot that can fly and pick luggage, etc., the power source of the robot 3 is a secondary battery, which requires charging. However, if the muon nuclear fusion system/reactor 1R/1F-SYS can be mounted on such flying transport equipment 3 and used to increase the range and operating time, it is expected that the number of times charging and fuel supply will be reduced, so the nuclear fusion system 1F-SYS may be mounted on an aircraft 3/unmanned aerial vehicle 3/flying machine 3. 1R may be able to use cosmic muons using a reducer 2MUDECE. (In an aircraft 3 that can be equipped with a large accelerator, a particle accelerator that artificially generates muons may be mounted to generate muons and use them for 1R.) <Rocket propulsion section> *3/1R may constitute a rocket 1FROCKET that heats and ejects propellant 1PRPLT with the energy of alpha rays generated by nuclear fusion. 1MOTOR: Motor/prime mover 1EMOTOR: Electric motor (propeller motor/fan motor), actuator
1TH: Propulsion unit (electric propulsion unit, ion engine, etc. may be used or included) 1FROCKET: rocket propulsion unit, rocket 1JET: example of jet engine 1PHEATER: compressed air heater. Example: heat-resistant metal part, ceramic part heater core or heating chamber that absorbs gamma rays and is heated 1PHEATER. 1TB: Turbine (Centrifugal Turbine, Axial Turbine, etc.) PUMP: Compressor/Pump (Centrifugal Pump/Axial Pump) 1TB-SHAFT: Turbine Shaft (Can be supported by a bearing) INAIR: Atmospheric intake, AIR: Atmosphere, CAIR: Compressed atmosphere, 1PHEATER: Compressed air heater/chamber, CHAIR: Heated compressed air, EXAIR: Atmospheric exhaust <0123><Fig.53> *For example, in one form, as shown in Fig. 53, when PVDF is used as T1 and a muon decelerator, if F and H in the PVDF resin undergo muon nuclear fusion, alpha rays, oxygen atoms, and carbon atoms in the PVDF remain. If these carbon atoms and oxygen atoms are used as propellant 1PRPLT and heated by alpha ray energy and ejected as propellant behind the aircraft 3, the cosmic rays 3 and the aircraft 3 can be rocket-propelled. Using PVDF, which is a solid nuclear fusion fuel and also serves as a decelerator that is part of the body of the vehicle 3, a nuclear fusion solid rocket or self-eating rocket that self-eating the solid propellant PVDF, which is also a muon decelerator part of the body, may be configured to propel the rocket, and the weight efficiency and specific impulse of the propulsion using the propulsion unit 1TH of an aircraft 3, spacecraft 3, or launch vehicle 3 may be improved (for example, compared to a chemical rocket). As shown in Figure 53, a target T1 and muon decelerator using PVDF is arranged in series in the form of a pellet inside the rocket tube, and while being connectable to the power supply unit 2PWSP, alpha rays generated by muon nuclear fusion in the T1 part from the nozzle part at the rear of the rocket are converted into photons and gamma rays in the AEC part, and the photon gamma rays are irradiated to the T1 part, which may have already completed nuclear fusion, and T1 is heated by a gamma ray photon laser and laser ablated (1TH-LA), and T1 is turned into steam or plasma and discharged through the nozzle at the rear of the vehicle of the rocket 3, and the recoil may serve as the propulsion unit 1TH that propels 3. For the T1/reducer closest to the nozzle, the 2PWSP sequentially applies a voltage for driving the reducer (turning on the reducer) to slow down T1 in the reducer, causing muon nuclear fusion to generate alpha rays, which are then converted into electricity or gamma rays, which are then irradiated onto T1 after nuclear fusion to form the laser irradiation section 1TH-LA, which heats T1 with a laser and releases it behind the vehicle 3. 1TH-LA: The area where T1 is heated by a gamma ray photon laser for laser ablation and heating. Propellant heating point of the 1TH thruster. The propellant source section where the propellant is heated and ejected. <0124><Fig.54> Fig. 54 is an example of a configuration 1F-SYS-RECI capable of pressurizing a different type of fuel T1 (methane CD4 gas in the figure) from those attempting to pressurize and compress T1 having a ram section (compression section of an engine having a ramjet engine, jet engine, gas turbine engine, or turbo compressor section) such as in Fig. 7, and is an example of a system 1F-SYS-RECI having a T1 compression section using a cylinder (cylindrical container 4T having a piston section that compresses T1) of a reciprocating engine mounted on a vehicle, automobile, ship, submarine, etc., a reciprocating/reciprocating engine/piston type compression mechanism, and an exhaust system for the reaction product and a cooling/heat exchange section HX for the device fuel. (Reciprocating engines that use methane, CNG, or compressed natural gas as fuel, mix it with oxygen, ignite it with a spark plug, and burn it chemically to produce rotational motion, as well as vehicles, buses, taxis, and gas supply pipelines that are driven by these engines, are well known and in operation, and the methane-utilizing reciprocating engine type device of FIG. 53 is also designed to be compatible with existing equipment. Although FIG. 53 shows a piston, cylinder, and intake and exhaust ports similar to those of a two-stroke engine, it is not limited to a two-stroke engine and may be a four-stroke engine. Note that if solid carbon-12 or the like is produced in addition to helium after nuclear fusion, this carbon may accumulate inside the engine like the sludge in an existing gasoline engine, making it impossible for the piston to reciprocate or clogging the T1/EX1 circulation and exhaust paths, which may cause the engine to stop working. Therefore, in order to remove carbon, etc. (not gas but solid) EX1, engine oil that may be made of low-Z atoms may be injected into the engine. The oil may be circulated by the rotation of the crankshaft, the up and down movement of the piston, and the oil jet section that is pressurized and sprayed by the oil pump. For example, an existing four-stroke engine has a structure that allows the circulation of engine oil OILE more than a two-stroke engine, and a system 1F-SYS-RECI having an oil circulation system and a fuel gas compression process of a four-stroke engine may be used. The nuclear fusion product EX1 contained in the engine oil may be removed by the oil filter OFT and discharged or moved outside the system. A gas membrane separation section (e.g. polyimide resin membrane) and gas separation section for a separation process that separates and recovers a group of gases such as methane and nitrogen and a group of gases such as helium and hydrogen gas from natural gas (gas such as methane) that may be pressurized is known, and the membrane separation section DEGAS may be installed in the flow path of the exhaust gas that can mix methane gas and helium in Figure 54 and used as a means DEGAS to remove helium from the exhaust gas. A turbocharger or pump may be used to pressurize the gas and fuel including T1. The reciprocating section, reciprocating section, piston section, turbo, and pump convert the kinetic energy of the helium generated by nuclear fusion into heat, which is exchanged in a heat exchanger HX (e.g., an engine radiator), used to boil water or a cooling medium to obtain steam, which can then be used to turn the turbine of the steam turbine generator 1PP (using a heat engine) to generate electricity and power. (Alternatively, instead of a heat engine, the charged alpha ray energy may be converted into electrical energy by the power generation unit 1GENR or AEC.) (* The decelerator unit 2MUDECE may be a decelerator of a capacitor element using PVDF, and the decelerator unit including the PVDF may perform muon deceleration and muon nuclear fusion of atoms in the element PVDF.) * 1F-SYS-RECI is a nuclear fusion device, and since it does not compress chemical fuel and oxygen like a diesel engine to adiabatically compress and ignite them (or ignite them by spark like a gasoline engine) (since a reciprocating engine mechanism is used as a device for pressurizing and compressing the gas of the nuclear fusion fuel T1), it is not necessary to consider the combustion of chemical fuel (the compression ratio is limited by knocking) like in a diesel engine or gasoline engine, and it may be possible to compress T1 up to the (maximum) pressure that can be pressurized and pushed by the cylinder and piston. [*To avoid neutrino detonation attacks from a remote location, it is possible to try to include a substance or part (muon catalytic poison part. Atoms with a large Z. For example, high Z atoms included in a molecule as an example of inactive high Z atoms) that limits the number of times of catalysis in muon catalyzed nuclear fusion to a certain number in T1 in the non-thin cylindrical vessel 4T to prevent the number of times of catalysis from increasing too much.] <0125><Fig.55><Muon generation by lepton collisions><Use of a lepton collision system using a laser wakefield accelerator> As shown in Fig. 55, positive muons can be collided with electrons and negative muons to generate mesons, muons, and particles. By using carbon atoms or oxygen atoms as muon targets, alpha rays, neutrons, protons, and mesons can be obtained by nuclear spallation, and the neutrons, protons, and deuterium can be used as deuterium for nuclear fusion. On the other hand, nuclear spallation can generate neutrons, which can irradiate the structural materials of the muon production section and cause the structural materials to become radioactive. Therefore, a muon, lepton, particle generator that is difficult to generate neutrons (for example, a system in which leptons are the target instead of quarks) may be necessary. Electron colliders, muon colliders, and lepton colliders that collide positive muons with electrons or positive muons with negative muons are well known, and muons may be generated using a device that collides positive muons with electrons and negative muons in the nuclear fusion system of the present application. A carbon muon target may be irradiated with protons to obtain positive muons, and the positive muons may be collided with electrons to obtain negative muons and positive muons or positive and negative tauons, and positive and negative muons may be obtained by the decay of the positive and negative tauons. (When the carbon muon target is activated, it is intended to fragment the carbon muon target by irradiating it with positive muons, and convert the activated carbon-14 atomic nuclei into nuclear fuel materials and valuable materials such as neutrons, protons, and deuterium.) *Muons generated by muon colliders and lepton colliders can be slow muons, so muon deceleration may be unnecessary. * A laser wakefield LWF accelerator or decelerator can be used to decelerate (or accelerate in some cases) electrons, muons, and leptons, which has the advantage of contributing to the miniaturization of the accelerator/decelerator. For example, a muon fusion fuel of hydrogen and carbon/oxygen can be used as the atomic nuclei for generating plasma in a laser wakefield device, and electrons and positrons can be obtained by some generation means (for example, irradiation of atomic nuclei with gamma rays that can generate positron/electron pairs), and the electrons and positrons can be accelerated in a laser wakefield (an example of accelerating leptons in laser wakefield acceleration is well known), and the electrons, positrons, and leptons can be collided with each other to obtain positive and negative muons, which can then be further accelerated in the laser wakefield to generate negative muons by colliding with each other or with positive muons and electrons, and then the positive muons can be collided with carbon/oxygen atomic nuclei to spall them, resulting in particles such as protons, neutrons, deuterium, and helium, and deuterium can be obtained, and the deuterium can be subjected to muon fusion with carbon/oxygen atoms to generate energy. In this case, a lepton collider is used to obtain positive and negative muons, and the positive muons are used to produce deuterium fuel from oxygen and carbon nuclei, while attempting muon nuclear fusion between deuterium and carbon and oxygen nuclei. This is a device that does not use mesons to generate muons. <When colliding electrons/lepton with protons> Muons/lepton with protons may also be collided. Electrons/positrons/lepton with protons may also be collided. <0126>============<Synthesis of copper> In addition to methods, devices, elements, and wires that reduce the amount of copper used, it may be attempted in the future to produce copper by nuclear transmuting atomic nuclei such as iron. Or it may be necessary to explore asteroids, meteorites, planets, and celestial bodies to search for and mine metal ores such as copper. (For example, if Venus has a similar composition to Earth, it may contain copper and heavy metals.) Copper is widely used as copper wire in electrical circuits and is considered important. (In this application, it can also be used in the control wiring, coils, computer circuits, etc. for particle accelerators and muon decelerators 2MUDECE.) In this section, (putting aside the question of feasibility) the following process is assumed to form copper by nuclear transmutation of atomic nuclei. <Creation of copper (Cu)> As in the case of Au, carbon-12 and chromium-53 are fused with a muon to form zinc-65 in atoms A and B, and then zinc-65 is held for a half-life of approximately 243 days to undergo positive beta decay emitting a positron, or zinc is converted to copper-63 by reducing Z by one through a reaction between a muon and a proton. *Boron-10 and manganese-55 are fused with a muon to form zinc-65, and then zinc-65 is held for a half-life to undergo positive beta decay, or zinc is converted to copper by reducing Z by one through a reaction between a muon and a proton. 55Mn+10B->65Zn, 65Zn->65Cu. *As other examples, consider the following combinations of atoms A and B for muon nuclear fusion and nuclear transmutation. (1) to (3) are examples of using isotopes of titanium Ti and oxygen O, and (4) is an example of using isotopes of sulfur S and silicon Si. (1) 49Ti+16O->65Zn, 65Zn->65Cu (positive beta decay, half-life 243 days), (2) 48Ti+17O->65Zn, 65Zn->65Cu, (3) 47Ti+18O->65Zn, 65Zn->65Cu. (4) 34S + 29Si -> 63Zn, 63Zn -> 63Cu (positive beta decay, half-life 38 minutes) (We want to use oxygen, silicon, sodium, sulfur, titanium, iron, etc., which are abundant in the raw materials, so we will try to perform the following nuclear transmutation reaction with iron. Note that helium-4 is expected to be obtained from alpha rays and exhaust gases emitted from nuclear fusion reactors. 56Fe + 4He -> 60Ni, 60Ni + 4He -> 64Zn, 64Z
n+neutron n->65Zn->65Cu, 65Zn->65Cu. 56Fe+proton->57Co, 57Co->57Fe, 57Fe+4He->61Ni, 61Ni+4He->65Cu. If you combine the numbers of n and Z, you can get 37Cl+26Mg->63Cu, etc.) *You can try to produce copper atoms (which can also be used for electrical circuits) using muonic fusion and spallation reactions. <0127>============<Muonic fusion reaction of oxygen-17 and hydrogen> Muonic fusion of oxygen-17 and hydrogen produces fluorine-18, which decays into oxygen-18 with a half-life of 108 minutes. (Even if oxygen-17 exists in nature, it combines with a large amount of protons to become light water H2(17O), which may be found in oxygen-17 seawater; and if light water H2(17O) receives a cosmic muon, it can produce fluorine-18 through muonic fusion of hydrogen and oxygen-17, so even if oxygen-17 exists in nature, it may be possible to transmute it with a cosmic muon. <0128>============<Collection of isotopes with many neutrons> Isotopes to be used for T1 may be obtained from celestial bodies. For example, in a celestial body (which has no geomagnetic field) where the atmosphere or crust is exposed to neutron irradiation from a star, etc. (e.g. Venus in the solar system), the isotopes (hydrogen, protons, carbon-12, oxygen-16, etc.) in the atmosphere and crust may be converted into fluorine-18. ) may be generated by neutron capture in response to the neutron radiation, and neutron-rich isotopes (such as deuterium, carbon-13, carbon-14, oxygen-17, oxygen-18, etc.) may be collected and used as fusion fuel for part T1. *Particles from the solar wind, solar flares, solar ejecta, and the sun may include protons, neutrons, helium particles, and cosmic rays. Cosmic rays: High-energy cosmic rays originating from supernova explosions collide with atoms in the atmosphere of a star, producing cosmic muons. *Venus does not have a geomagnetic field, but the Earth does. On Earth, the orbits of cosmic rays and cosmic muons can be bent by the geomagnetic field. Cosmic muons: On Earth, they travel from the east to the east. There is an East-West effect, with more negative muons arriving from the west and more positive muons arriving from the west. *The geomagnetic field can also bend the orbits of neutrons, which have magnetism and spin. *As mentioned above, on Earth, the geomagnetic field acts as a barrier to prevent particles such as cosmic rays and solar neutrons from raining down on Earth in large numbers. (The presence of the geomagnetic field makes neutrons more difficult to reach the Earth's surface.) And on Venus, a planet with no geomagnetic field, neutrons from the sun can reach the material on the surface of the star and be captured by neutron capture, producing isotopes with a high neutron content (just like deuterium and heavy water, which are produced by neutron capture when hydrogen and water are irradiated with neutrons from a nuclear fission reactor or neutron source). [Neutrons are generated in nuclear reactors and neutron generating sources. Neutrons are generated and then captured by hydrogen in the reactor water to produce deuterium and heavy water. Neutrons are captured by reactions with atomic nuclei of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, etc., increasing the number of neutrons in the atoms. Venus has no geomagnetic field, so even if light water or oxygen atoms existed in the early stages of Venus, the light water would capture neutrons from the sun and become deuterium, and oxygen atoms would also receive neutrons to produce oxygen-17 and oxygen-17. Cosmic muons are also generated in the atmosphere and surface of Venus, which has no geomagnetic field, and cosmic muons fall on the water and seawater of Venus, where they can cause muon nuclear fusion between the hydrogen and oxygen-17 or oxygen-18, transmuting the hydrogen of Venus into helium and high-Z atoms other than hydrogen. (*As in the known model, hydrogen atoms can escape and disappear from Venus due to sputtering at high temperatures. Also, on Earth, helium gas in the atmosphere and upper layer of the atmosphere is said to be released outside the Earth every second and lost.* Oxygen-17, which is an oxygen-16 nucleus with one neutron added, undergoes muon nuclear fusion with hydrogen H to become oxygen-18 via fluorine-18, and hydrogen H is converted to oxygen-18 and disappears. If oxygen-18 is fused with hydrogen and cosmic muons, nitrogen-15 and helium can be obtained from oxygen-18 and hydrogen.) Nitrogen-15 and hydrogen H can undergo muon nuclear fusion to produce carbon-12 and helium He.* In this way, planets, asteroids, and celestial bodies that do not have a geomagnetic field, such as Venus, and that have no geomagnetic field and are easy to capture neutrons in the atmosphere, crust, and atomic molecular parts of the surface of the celestial body, may have many isotope nuclei with many neutrons on the surface of the earth, atmosphere, and crust.* (Venus's cosmic muon nuclear fusion Although we have not quantitatively calculated the extent of the effect of nuclear transmutation by nuclear transmutation, if it is possible qualitatively, we cannot exclude the possibility that, as a hypothesis for why hydrogen and water existed on Venus in the past but does not exist now, on Venus, which has no geomagnetic field and is bathed in solar neutrons, oxygen on the surface of Venus captured solar neutrons to produce oxygen-17 and oxygen-18, and that oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 combined with hydrogen on Venus caused muon nuclear fusion in water molecules, transmuting hydrogen into helium and causing hydrogen atoms to disappear from Venus. (And Venus may contain more neutron-rich oxygen-17 and oxygen-18 than oxygen-16 than Earth.) *Also, the carbon atoms and carbon-12 of carbon dioxide, which is said to make up a large part of the Venusian atmosphere, may capture solar neutrons and become carbon-13 and carbon-14.) When atoms with T1 are obtained from multiple celestial bodies. Example: If T1 is H2O and D2O, and oxygen isotopes for H, D, and O are to be obtained from Venus, and hydrogen isotopes are to be obtained from gas ice planets such as Uranus. The configuration of this application is to perform muon nuclear fusion of a first atom such as a hydrogen atom or deuterium with a second atom (boron-11, nitrogen-15, fluorine-19, oxygen-18, sodium-23, etc.) to generate helium (the mass defect energy before and after the second atom or hydrogen/deuterium is converted into helium) and extract it as nuclear fusion energy. Therefore, it is a system that consumes the first and second atoms of hydrogen and deuterium, which are finite resources, to obtain energy, and it is thought that there may be times when it is desirable to obtain the first and second atoms from planets and celestial bodies outside the Earth. *Venus' oxygen and carbon can capture neutrons from the sun and contain muon nuclear fusion isotopes (raw materials for T1) such as oxygen-17, oxygen-18, and carbon-13, so they may be collected and used. As for hydrogen (since there is little "hydrogen" on Venus), attempts may be made to extract it from gaseous or icy planets such as Uranus. (Considering that nuclear fusion fuel is a limited resource and fuel for emergency power sources, space solar power plants may also be developed to utilize the energy of the sun as a natural nuclear fusion reactor and nuclear transmutation system.) In some forms, the muon nuclear fusion system of the present application is a device that includes a process of converting hydrogen into helium (using muons and boron-11, nitrogen-15, oxygen-18, fluorine-19, sodium-23, etc.), so if humans/users use up too much energy and use up the hydrogen of the nuclear fuel and the paired atoms, the hydrogen and other atoms may be depleted on Earth. (There is little "hydrogen" on Venus.) Space development and planetary exploration may be conducted to obtain the hydrogen and other atoms. The transport device 3 may extract isotopes for fuel T1 from celestial bodies. <Geomagnetic field> *If the geomagnetic field of the Earth is a means of protecting the Earth's atoms from cosmic rays and muons, it may be preferable not to take measures that damage the geomagnetic field. *It is believed that geomagnetic fields are generated by geothermal and magma activity, dynamo effects, etc., but the generation of geomagnetic fields is said to be unknown. Cosmic muons rain down from space onto the earth and the crust. Negative muons travel into the earth's interior and decay into electrons and muon neutrinos, generating a negative charge, and positive muons also decay somewhere to generate positrons and antimuon neutrinos. Muon decay in the earth's crust and geosphere may also produce electrons and positrons, and their charges may separate and generate electric currents. If negative muons enter the ground, crust, or mantle core and decay to generate electrons, the ground would likely become negatively charged. (It is a publicly known fact that the earth's ground GND is negatively charged in an electrical circuit.) However, this is what the inventor felt through the invention of this application, and it may not be theoretically correct. If artificially extracting and using one of the positive and negative cosmic muons (a source of charge generation after decay) in large quantities may cause adverse trends, it may be possible to consider using an artificial muon generation device (such as FIG. 55) that utilizes accelerators and particle collisions such as laser wakefields. <0129> Although the invention and the embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be embodied in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the gist of the invention. <Document name><1> A nuclear transmutation system using muons, comprising a process of combining muons with raw material atoms to obtain excited atomic nuclei, and nuclear transmuting the excited nuclei into atoms having an effective nuclear charge or atomic number smaller than that of the raw material atoms. <2> A nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 1, comprising a process of converting excited carbon-12 atomic nuclei into helium. <3> A nuclear transmutation system using carbon-12 as a raw material atom, characterized in that a muon is bonded with a carbon-12 nucleus of a carbon material containing carbon-12 to generate an excited carbon-12 nucleus. <4> A nuclear transmutation system using muons as described in 2, characterized in that an excited carbon-12 nucleus is generated after muon nuclear fusion of boron/boron-11 and hydrogen. <5> A muon nuclear fusion system using the nuclear transmutation system using muons as described in 4, characterized in that a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system is used that uses a nuclear fusion reaction system characterized in that the charge of the nucleus of an atom/particle generated by the nuclear fusion reaction is smaller than the charge of the nucleus of an atom/particle of a fusion fuel material, and the fusion fuel material is a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system that uses non-solid boron hydride or gaseous boron hydride, and the muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system includes a step of irradiating and injecting muons into the boron hydride. <6> A muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system as described in 5, characterized in that the boron hydride irradiated and injected with the muons is compressed. <7> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 1, characterized in that after muon nuclear fusion of nitrogen/nitrogen-15 and hydrogen, excited atomic nuclei are generated and then helium is generated. <8> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 7, comprising a step of irradiating and injecting muons into azan in which nitrogen/nitrogen-15 and hydrogen are bonded. <9> The nuclear transmutation system using muons according to 1, comprising a step of decelerating the muons using an accelerator or muon decelerator capable of decelerating the muons, and then injecting and bonding the muons into atoms of a source material for nuclear transmutation. <10> A transport device having the nuclear transmutation system according to 9. <11> A power generation device having the nuclear transmutation system according to 10. <12> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, characterized in that an electric field or a laser wake field can be generated as a deceleration means for decelerating the muons, characterized in that an electric field or a laser wake field can be generated by irradiating a pulsed laser onto target atoms/source atoms. <13> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, characterized in that a pyroelectric body is used as a means for decelerating the muons. <14> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, in which a capacitor or an electric field within the capacitor is used as a means for muon deceleration as a means for decelerating muons. <15> The nuclear transmutation system according to 15, in which an electric double layer section, an electric double layer capacitor, or an electric field within the electric double layer is used as a means for muon deceleration. <16> A space structure nuclear transmutation system comprising the nuclear transmutation system according to 9, comprising a cosmic muon generating section that receives cosmic rays and generates cosmic ray-derived muons, and a means for decelerating the muons obtained from the cosmic muon generating section, irradiating and injecting the muons into raw material atoms, and bonding them with the raw material atoms. <17> The nuclear transmutation system according to 9, characterized in that muons are placed, injected, and confined in a magnetic container. <18> Transportation equipment equipped with the nuclear transmutation system according to 9
3. Submarine 3SUBM, which is a transport device or submarine equipped with the following characteristics and means A, B, C, and D to prevent muon nuclear fusion and nuclear fusion ignition by external irradiation of the fuel part T1 inside 3.3SUBM with muons or neutrinos. A: T1 can be synthesized from raw materials A and B, and the transport device or submarine is equipped with the raw materials for T1 as a tank for raw material A and a tank for raw material B and can be transported. B: T1 has atoms (including atoms and particles that are catalytic poisons for muon catalyzed nuclear fusion) and parts (muons can bind to the thin tube MPIP and stop muon binding to T1) that can limit the number of times that muons in muon catalyzed nuclear fusion catalyze nuclear fusion. C: T1 has the characteristics of being able to be stored and held inside the MPIP or thin tube MPIP, which is a part with the minimum size for use as a muon nuclear fusion reactor. D: T1 has the characteristic of being able to irradiate muons in a thin tube MPIP with the characteristics of C, and to perform muon fusion to form a muon fusion reactor 1R. <19> A transport or submarine including a muon fusion reactor, a power generation unit capable of generating electricity using the energy generated by the muon fusion reactor, and a chemical battery/chemical substance manufacturing unit capable of storing the electricity from the power generation unit as chemical substance energy, and the transport or submarine includes a device unit capable of stopping the operation of the muon fusion reactor from sending muons to the fusion reactor. <20> A blasting system including a fusion system capable of muon fusion by generating muons when irradiated with muon neutrinos and tau neutrinos. <21> A container/blasting system including a fusion system capable of muon fusion by generating muons slowed down by a muon decelerator. <22> A muography/muon CT system including a muon transmitter and a muon receiver mounted on a spacecraft or spacecraft, the muon transmitter and receiver having a muon (accelerator/) decelerator. <23> Submarines and underwater structures with neutrino beacon systems using muon neutrinos generated from muon fusion reactors. <Document name> Document <><Problem> We are considering a system that uses muons to transmute fuel nuclei such as hydrogen, deuterium, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, and sodium. When using carbon atoms as the muon target, there is a problem that the carbon atoms become highly activated after being irradiated with high-energy protons, so we would like to devise a system that makes the muon target less likely to be activated. Also, muons are fast, so there is a possibility that they are difficult to react with the target's raw atoms. <Solution> We are devising a system that uses electric fields and deceleration means to decelerate high-speed muons/cosmic muons generated by particle collisions generated by devices such as lepton colliders and cosmic rays, and bind them to fuel atoms. We propose a decelerator using a laser wake field and a decelerator using elements that form an electric field. We propose a vessel for a nuclear transmutation reactor. We propose a submarine, aircraft, spacecraft, space structure, and space exploration robot equipped with a muon fusion reactor. The interception and blasting system for flying objects and meteorites equipped with T1 is also described.

This application claims the benefit of foreign priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-122912, filed on July 29, 2024, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference.

This application claims the benefit of foreign priority to Japanese patent application No. 2024-011380, filed on January 29, 2024, the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference.  

This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174037, filed on October 6, 2023, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. (Vacuum vessel, vacuum pump) This application claims the benefit of priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2023-174180, filed on October 6, 2023, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Although the invention and embodiments of the present invention have been described, these embodiments are presented as examples and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These novel embodiments can be implemented in various other forms, and various omissions, substitutions, and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention.

Claims (10)

A nuclear transmutation system having a feature capable of decelerating muon particles, muon particles generated using cosmic rays, or cosmic ray muon particles using a decelerator,
A nuclear transmutation system capable of binding the muons slowed down by the decelerator to source atoms to be transmuted,
The reducer includes:
Using a laser wakefield, or using an electric field, or using a magnetic field,
or by using an electric field in the material, or by using a magnetic field in the material,
Or, using a capacitor with multiple layers or a multi-layer capacitor,
Or using the electric field generated by a capacitor,
Or by using a material, or by using a material containing a source atom to which the muon decelerated in muon nuclear transmutation is to be bound, or by using a dielectric material, or by using an insulator material, or by using ionization cooling, or by using friction cooling,
A nuclear transmutation system using a decelerator having a feature capable of decelerating the muon particle,
The muons slowed down by the decelerator are
transportable to the source atoms,
Or, the decelerator and the raw material atoms can be connected,
Or capable of bonding to the source atoms provided in the decelerator,
Or a nuclear transmutation system capable of binding to source atoms contained in the moderator. The nuclear transmutation system of claim 1, which includes a process for transmuting atoms having a smaller atomic number than the source atoms to be transmuted. The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 2, wherein the source atoms are boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine atoms, and the process includes irradiating and injecting the decelerated muons into the source atoms. A nuclear transmutation system equipped with a muon particle decelerator capable of decelerating muon particles generated using cosmic rays or cosmic ray muon particles using the decelerator. The nuclear transmutation system of claim 4, in which the muons slowed down by the decelerator can be bound to source atoms to be transmuted. The first raw material atoms are hydrogen atoms, helium atoms, lithium atoms, beryllium atoms, boron atoms, carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, fluorine atoms, neon atoms, sodium atoms, and atoms A to be fused;
5. The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 4, characterized in that the second raw material atoms, which are hydrogen atoms, helium atoms, lithium atoms, beryllium atoms, boron atoms, carbon atoms, nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms, fluorine atoms, neon atoms, sodium atoms, and atoms B to be fused, are nuclear transmuted using the decelerated cosmic muons. a hydrogen atom which is the first raw material atom;
The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 4, characterized in that the second raw material atoms, lithium, beryllium, boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine atoms, are nuclear transmuted using the decelerated cosmic muons. The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 4, which includes a process for transmuting atoms having a smaller atomic number than the source atoms to be transmuted. The nuclear transmutation system according to claim 4, wherein the source atoms are boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine atoms, and the system includes a step of irradiating and injecting the decelerated muons into the source atoms. A nuclear transmutation system for performing muon nuclear fusion or muon nuclear transmutation using a nuclear fusion reaction system characterized in that the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles produced by the nuclear fusion reaction is smaller than the charge of the nuclei of atoms/particles of a nuclear fusion fuel material,
1. A muon catalyzed fusion system using a boron hydride that is not a solid or a liquid or gaseous boron hydride, the fusion fuel material comprising boron atoms,
2. The nuclear transmutation system of claim 1, comprising a muon catalyzed nuclear fusion system comprising the steps of irradiating and injecting the moderated muons into the boron hydride and compressing the boron hydride irradiated and injected with the muons.

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