WO2025056018A1 - Mutation-independent allele-specific crispr targeting strategy for treating genetic diseases - Google Patents
Mutation-independent allele-specific crispr targeting strategy for treating genetic diseases Download PDFInfo
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
- C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
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- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
- C12N9/22—Ribonucleases [RNase]; Deoxyribonucleases [DNase]
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
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- A61K48/00—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy
- A61K48/005—Medicinal preparations containing genetic material which is inserted into cells of the living body to treat genetic diseases; Gene therapy characterised by an aspect of the 'active' part of the composition delivered, i.e. the nucleic acid delivered
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- C12N2320/00—Applications; Uses
- C12N2320/30—Special therapeutic applications
- C12N2320/34—Allele or polymorphism specific uses
Definitions
- Autosomal dominant diseases are genetic disorders that manifest clinical symptoms even when only one of the two alleles located on one of the numbered chromosomes (from 1 to 23) , other than the sex (X and Y) chromosomes, harbors a genetic mutation or variation that is disease-causing or disease-contributing.
- AD Alzheimer’s Disease
- AD is just such an autosomal dominant disease.
- Gene-based therapeutic strategies for treating autosomal dominant diseases have thus far been focused on targeting the disease-relevant genetic mutations or alleles for genomic editing, including by deletion, substitution, etc. to cause destruction of the DNA coding sequence or inactivate the mRNA transcript by creating a reading frame shift or a premature termination, thus silencing the target alleles.
- brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as AD are devastating conditions that affect a large subset of the population. Many of such diseases are incurable, highly debilitating, and often result in progressive deterioration of the brain structure and function over time. Disease prevalence is also increasing rapidly due to growing aging populations worldwide, since the elderly are at high risk for developing these conditions.
- the present invention fulfills this and other related needs by providing a novel gene therapy methodology, which targets one or more non-disease specific alleles that are highly prevalent in a population and located in a close physical proximity with a disease-relevant allele, thus offering a valid therapeutic option having a substantially universal applicability across the population.
- this invention provides a method for treating an autosomal dominant disease or for reducing the risk of the disease in a person in need thereof.
- the method includes the step of administering to the person an effective amount of a composition disrupting a genomic sequence that encompasses at least one pair of (i.e., two or more) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5, provided that (1) the person is heterozygous at all of the SNPs, i.e., has two different nucleotide sequences at each of the SNP loci on two alleles; and (2) the person has a genetic mutation or variant that is known to be correlated with or relevant to the disease; and (3) the SNPs and the disease-relevant mutation are located within a close proximity in the genomic sequence, e.g., within the same exon sequence of the same gene.
- SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
- the claimed method comprises, prior to the administering step, sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genome, such that the nucleotide sequences of the at least one of SNPs, their heterozygous nature, and the presence of a known disease-relevant variant in the person’s genomic sequence, especially within the gene exon, can be determined.
- the autosomal dominant disease is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) .
- the gene is amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene.
- the person has been diagnosed with AD.
- the person is not yet diagnosed with AD but has known risk factors for AD such as family history of AD or carrying one or more genetic alleles known to increase AD risk, e.g., as a female APOE- ⁇ 4 carrier.
- the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, for example, rs2830026 and rs6516719.
- the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any one pair of SNPs listed in Table 5.
- the at least one pair of SNPs comprise rs17125457 and rs17408630.
- the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any two pairs of SNPs listed in Table 2, for example, rs2830026 and rs6516719; rs2248682 and rs8130594. In some embodiments, the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any three pairs of SNPs listed in Table 3, for example, rs2830026 and rs6516719; rs10154121 and rs2070655; rs2830046 and rs2070654.
- the composition comprises one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and at least two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair, possibly more, of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- the at least two sgRNAs comprise at least two nucleotide sequences listed in Table 4 or 6.
- the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
- the one or more vectors are one or more viral vectors, e.g., adenovirus or adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors.
- AAV adeno-associated virus
- the composition is administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection or by oral or nasal administration.
- the composition is administered in the form of a solution (including an aerosolized solution) , a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
- the present invention provides a composition comprising (1) an effective amount of one or more agents that disrupt a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5, plus (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients.
- SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
- the composition comprises one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
- each of the one or more vectors is a viral vector.
- the composition is formulated for injection, e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral or nasal administration.
- the composition is in the form of a solution, a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
- the present invention provides a kit for treating an autosomal dominant disease or reducing the risk of later developing the disease in a person in need thereof.
- the kit includes a container containing a composition that can disrupt a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- SNPs single nucleotide polymorphisms
- the autosomal dominant disease is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) .
- the composition comprises one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
- each of the one or more vectors is a viral vector.
- the composition is formulated for injection, e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral or nasal administration.
- the composition is in the form of a solution, a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
- the kit may further include a second container, or multiple containers, containing one or more reagents useful for sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- the kit also includes an instruction manual for administration of the composition.
- a use of one or more reagents disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair, possibly two or three pairs, of SNPs, listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5. is further provided in accordance with the disclosure herein for the manufacturing of (1) a medicament for treating an autosomal dominant genetic disease, such as familial Alzheimer’s Disease; and/or (2) a kit containing the medicament for treating the disease.
- Fig. 1A and Fig. 1B Diagram of the current allele-specific CRISPR targeting streategy and SNP-pair directed mutant-allele CRISPR disruption strategy.
- Fig. 1A Mutation-dependent allele-specific targeting. This approach disrupts mutant alleles by directly targeting the mutation sites. Different targeting tools are required to target various pathogenic mutations in different individuals.
- Fig. 1B SNP-pair directed mutant-allele CRISPR disruption strategy. This approach focuses on targeting common SNP pairs to delete exons on mutant alleles. The exon excision leads to a frameshift mutation and the generation of a premature stop codon, ultimately disrupting mutant allele expression.
- FIG. 1 Diagram of targetable exons in the APP gene to which the mutation-independent targeting approach could be applied.
- the APP gene consists of 18 exons, with most of the pathogenic mutations located in exons 16 and 17. Deletion of exons 3, 5, 6, 9, 13 (highlighted in orange) can individually all lead to the formation of premature stop codons (indicated by red arrows) .
- FIG. 3 Analysis of common heterozygous SNP pair frequencies in the APP gene.
- the art plot illustrates the heterozygous SNP pairs to be targeted for the deletion of candidate exons in the APP gene.
- the arc nodes represent their relative positions in the APP genomic loci, while the height of the arc indicates the population frequency of each SNP pair in heterozygous form. Only SNP pairs with a population frequency > 0.2 as heterozygous are included in the plot.
- the most prevalent heterozygous SNP pair, rs6516719 and rs2830026, is indicated, with a population frequency of 48.9%.
- the population data used for this analysis is sourced from the gnomAD database, specially focusing on the European population.
- FIG. 4 Schematics of the EGFP surrogate reporter assay for evaluating the efficiency and specificity of sgRNA targeting.
- the sgRNA is validated using both the targeting reporter and control reporter.
- the targeting efficiency of sgRNA is determined by calculating the ratio of double positive EGFP + mCherry + cells to the total number of mCherry + cells.
- the targeting specificity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is assessed through comparing the targeting efficiency for the target template versus the control template.
- FIG. 5 Design and evaluation of CRISPR tool sets for targeting candidate SNP haplotypes in the APP gene.
- the specific SNP pair rs6516719 and rs2830026 has two haplotypes.
- Haplotype 1 (H1) consists of both sites being major alleles (H1L and H1R)
- haplotype 2 haplotype 2 (H2) consists of both sites being minor alleles (H2L and H2R) .
- H1 haplotype 1
- H2 haplotype 2
- FIGs. 6A-6D Evaluation of CRISPR tool targeting efficiency and specificity at the high-coverage target sites in the APP gene.
- Fig. 6A Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs8130594 and rs2248682, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay.
- Fig. 6B Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs2830052 and rs2830046, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay.
- Fig. 6C Evaluation of CRISPR tool targeting efficiency and specificity at the high-coverage target sites in the APP gene.
- CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene rs8130594 and rs2830048, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay.
- Fig. 6D Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs2070654 and rs2830046, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay.
- the most common double heterozygous diplotype is selected for CRISPR tool design.
- two sets of CRISPR targeting tools were designed and validated, with targeting efficiency evaludated using templates for H1 and H2.
- FIG. 7 Evaluation of CRISPR tool targeting efficiency and specificity at high-coverage target sites in the PSEN1 gene.
- CRISPR-targeting tools for targeting SNP pairs in the PSEN1 gene, specifically focusing on rs165931 and rs362340. The evaluation was performed using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. For this particular SNP pair, the most common double heterozygous diplotype was selected for the design of CRISPR tools.
- To target each Haplotype two sets of CRISPR targeting tools were designed and validated, with targeting efficiency evaluated using templates for H1 and H2.
- Fig. 8A and Fig. 8B Genome editing abolished mutant APP expression and restored A ⁇ 42 /A ⁇ 40 ratio in iPSC-derived neurons carrying the APP-V717I mutation.
- Fig. 8A Allelic expression of APP mRNA.
- NDC nondemented control;
- CON non-editing control.
- Fig. 8B Levels of A ⁇ 42/40 ratio in conditioned media from neurons at 28 DIV.
- nucleic acid refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, SNPs, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated.
- DNA deoxyribonucleic acids
- RNA ribonucleic acids
- degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) .
- the term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
- gene means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain. It may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
- amino acid refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids.
- Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, ⁇ -carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine.
- Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an ⁇ carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid.
- Amino acid mimetics refers to chemical compounds having a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.
- Amino acids may be referred to herein by either the commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
- Polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. All three terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
- a “composition disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing [any one or more specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ] refers to any composition comprising one or more agents capable of suppressing or eliminating the transcription or translation of the genomic sequence, which may be achieved by the direct deletion or alteration of at least a portion of the genomic sequence leading to, for example, frameshift or premature termination in the translation of a coding sequence (e.g., by genomic editing technique such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system or the like) or may be achieved via reduction or elimination of the mRNA transcribed from the genomic sequence through the action of small inhibitory DNA or RNA molecules or other enzymes (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, small inhibitory RNAs such as siRNA or shRNA, and ribozymes etc. ) .
- CRISPR clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat
- the term is meant to indicate that the person has two distinct alleles at this particular genetic locus, which can be distinguished from one another due to their different nucleotide sequences.
- a genetic mutation or an allele “relevant” to a disease is a genomic sequence variant that has been shown to correlate with the risk, presence, or prognosis of the disease in that it may play a role to cause or contribute to cause the disease onset, hasten the disease progression, and/or exacerbate the disease severity or outcome.
- targeting when used in the context of describing an inhibitory oligonucleotide (such as a small inhibitory RNA or an antisense oligonucleotide) or an sgRNA in relation to a genomic sequence that the inhibitory oligonucleotide or gene editing system is used to negatively regulate, refers to a sufficient sequence complementarity between at least a portion of the oligonucleotide or sgRNA and the genomic sequence, e.g., at least 80, 85, 90, 95%or higher percentage of nucleotide sequence complementarity based on the Watson-Crick base-pairing principle, so as to allow specific hybridization between the sgRNA or oligonucleotide and the genomic sequence or its mRNA transcript, which subsequently leads to the cleavage of the genomic sequence at a pre-determined location or the destruction of its mRNA transcript.
- recombinant when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, or a nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a native nucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified.
- recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all.
- a “promoter” is defined as an array of nucleic acid control sequences that direct transcription of a polynucleotide sequence.
- a promoter includes necessary polynucleotide sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of a polymerase II type promoter, a TATA element.
- a promoter also optionally includes distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription.
- a “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental and developmental conditions.
- An “inducible” promoter is a promoter that is active under environmental or developmental regulation.
- operably linked refers to a functional linkage between a polynucleotide expression control sequence (such as a promoter, or array of transcription factor binding sites) and a second polynucleotide sequence, wherein the expression control sequence directs transcription of the polynucleotide sequence corresponding to the second sequence.
- a polynucleotide expression control sequence such as a promoter, or array of transcription factor binding sites
- An “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified polynucleotide elements that permit transcription of a particular polynucleotide sequence in a host cell.
- An expression cassette may be part of a plasmid, viral genome, or nucleic acid fragment.
- an expression cassette includes a polynucleotide to be transcribed, operably linked to a promoter.
- heterologous refers to the two elements such as polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a promoter and an mRNA-or a protein/polypeptide-encoding sequence) or polypeptide sequences (e.g., two peptides as fusion partners within a fusion protein) that are not naturally found in the same relative positions.
- a “heterologous promoter” of a coding sequence refers to a promoter that is not naturally operably linked to that coding sequence.
- a “heterologous polypeptide” or “heterologous polynucleotide” to a particular protein or its coding sequence is one derived from an origin that is different from that particular protein, or if derived from the same origin but not naturally connected to that particular protein or its coding sequence in the same fashion.
- the fusion of one polypeptide (or its coding sequence) with a heterologous polypeptide (or polynucleotide sequence) does not result in a longer polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that can be found in nature.
- the phrase “specifically hybridize (s) to” refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridization of one polynucleotide sequence to another polynucleotide sequence based on Watson-Crick nucleotide base-pairing under stringent hybridization conditions when that sequences are present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular or library DNA or RNA) .
- stringent hybridization conditions refers to conditions under which a nucleic acid (e.g., a polynucleotide probe) will hybridize to its target nucleotide sequence, typically in a complex mixture of nucleic acids, but to no other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures.
- T m thermal melting point
- Stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30°C for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60°C for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides) .
- Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide.
- a positive signal is at least two times background, preferably 10 times background hybridization.
- Exemplary high stringency hybridization conditions include: 50%formamide, 5x SSC and 1%SDS incubated at 42°C or 5x SSC and 1%SDS incubated at 65°C, with a wash in 0.2x SSC and 0.1%SDS at 65°C.
- host cell is meant a cell that contains an expression vector and supports the replication or expression of the expression vector.
- Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells such as CHO, HeLa and the like, e.g., cultured cells, explants, and cells in vivo.
- inhibitory agent refers to any detectable negative effect an inhibitory agent has on a target biological process, such as expression of a pre-determined target protein (e.g., APP or PSEN1) , formation of amyloid ⁇ (A ⁇ ) plaques in an AD patient’s brain, an AD patient’s cognitive decline, protein phosphorylation, cellular signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, tumorigenicity, and metastatic potential etc.
- a pre-determined target protein e.g., APP or PSEN1
- a ⁇ amyloid ⁇
- an inhibition is reflected in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%in target process (e.g., target protein expression or A ⁇ plaque accumulation) , or any one of the downstream parameters mentioned above, when compared to a control not exposed to the inhibitory agent.
- target process e.g., target protein expression or A ⁇ plaque accumulation
- the term “increasing” or “increase” is used to describe any detectable positive effect an enhancing agent has on a target biological process, such as a positive change of at least 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, or as high as 2, 3, 4, 5 or up to 10 or 20 fold, when compared to a control in the absence of the enhancer.
- substantially unchanged describes a state in which the positive or negative changes are less than 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%or lower.
- the term “effective amount, ” as used herein, refers to an amount that is sufficient to produces an intended effect for which a substance is administered.
- the effect may include a desirable change in a biological process (e.g., a detectable decrease in the expression of a target protein such as APP or PSEN1, reduction in A ⁇ plaque formation, or slowing of cognitive decline in an AD patient) as well as the prevention, correction, or inhibition of progression of the symptoms of a disease/condition and related complications to any detectable extent.
- treatment includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying of onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition.
- a preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100%elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
- a “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically acceptable” excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
- excipient refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention.
- excipient includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks.
- compositions containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition.
- compositions consisting essentially of active agent (s) effective for disrupting a genomic sequence containing one or more pairs of specified SNPs or for suppressing mRNA transcribed from the genomic sequence in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of the disease occurrence or symptoms among the receiving subjects.
- the invention relates to a therapeutic genome editing strategy for autosomal dominant disorders.
- This invention involves the development of a generalized mutation-independent allele-specific CRISPR targeting strategy for familial AD, which is also applicable to other genetic disorders, especially autosomal dominant disorders. This is in contrast to earlier therapeutic strategies of directly targeting disease-relevant genetic variants, see, e.g., WO2023/005959 and WO2023/072225.
- the present inventors target one or more non-disease-causing SNP pairs that are in cis with the causative mutations to delete a specific exon.
- SNP pairs are natural variants present as heterozygous and at high frequency in the population, so that they can be used to identify either of the alleles encompassing the mutation sites in most people. Disruption of the mutant gene expression can then be achieved through excision of the specific exon.
- This invention involves identifying candidate targetable SNP pairs in familial AD and validatating the targeting efficiency and specificity of the corresponding CRISPR targeting tools.
- nucleic acids sizes are given in either kilobases (kb) or base pairs (bp) . These are estimates derived from agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis, from sequenced nucleic acids, or from published DNA sequences.
- kb kilobases
- bp base pairs
- proteins sizes are given in kilodaltons (kDa) or amino acid residue numbers. Proteins sizes are estimated from gel electrophoresis, from sequenced proteins, from derived amino acid sequences, or from published protein sequences.
- Oligonucleotides that are not commercially available can be chemically synthesized, e.g., according to the solid phase phosphoramidite triester method first described by Beaucage &Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859-1862 (1981) , using an automated synthesizer, as described in Van Devanter et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6159-6168 (1984) . Purification of oligonucleotides is performed using any art-recognized strategy, e.g., native acrylamide gel electrophoresis or anion-exchange HPLC as described in Pearson &Reanier, J. Chrom. 255: 137-149 (1983) .
- sequence of a gene of interest, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of interest, and synthetic oligonucleotides can be verified after cloning or subcloning using, e.g., the chain termination method for sequencing double-stranded templates of Wallace et al., Gene 16: 21-26 (1981) .
- compositions for the disruption of the rs1921622-containing genomic sequence are useful in formulating such compositions for the disruption of the rs1921622-containing genomic sequence and were disclosed in, e.g., WO2023/005959 and WO2023/072225.
- this latest disclosure pertains to the disruption of a genomic sequence by using gene editing tools such as the CRISPR system to target, instead of specific allele (s) directly relevant to the disease being treated (e.g., an autosomal dominant disease such as familial AD) , but rather genetic alleles (SNPs) that are not relevant to or correlated with the disease, except for their proximity in the genomic sequence to the disease-relevant allele (s) .
- the target SNPs used in the method of the present invention are typically located within the same gene, especially the same exon of the same gene, as the disease-relevant allele (s) .
- the target SNPs are located upstream from the disease-relevant allele (s) , e.g., at least about 50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10, 000, or 20, 000 or more nucleotides upstream from a disease-relevant allele, such that the genetic editing taking place at the SNP sites would result in a deletion, substitution of the genomic sequence causing the encoded mRNA transcript to either not be made at all or suffer a reading frame shift and/or pre-mature termination.
- the disease-relevant allele e.g., at least about 50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10, 000, or 20, 000 or more nucleotides upstream from a disease-relevant allele, such that the genetic editing taking place at the SNP sites would result in a deletion, substitution of the genomic sequence causing the encoded mRNA transcript to either not be made at all or suffer a reading frame shift and/or pre-mature termination.
- target SNPs are carefully selected so that their presence in the general population reaches a relatively high percentage, e.g., at least about 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%or higher of the population.
- the high prevalence of these target SNPs confers a substantial versatility and therefore an extremely valuable universal usefulness to the gene-editing tools and the therapeutic methods of this invention.
- the agent is an antisense oligonucleotide.
- Antisense oligonucleotides are relatively short nucleic acids that are complementary (or antisense) to the coding strand (sense strand) of the RNA transcribed from the genomic sequence encompassing the specific SNPs, such as those named in Table 1, 2, or 3) . Although antisense oligonucleotides are typically RNA based, they can also be DNA based. Also, antisense oligonucleotides are often modified to increase their stability.
- oligonucleotides are specifically designed to bind near the promoter of the coding sequence, and under these circumstances, the antisense oligonucleotides may additionally interfere with translation of the mRNA.
- their administration to a cell or tissue allows the degradation of the RNA transcribed from the genomic sequence encompassing the specified SNPs, for example, those in Table 1, 2, or 3. Accordingly, antisense oligonucleotides decrease the expression and/or activity of encoded product from the genomic sequence.
- the oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded.
- the oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, hybridization, etc.
- the oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors) , or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86: 6553-6556; Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc.
- oligonucleotide can be conjugated to another molecule.
- Oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc. ) .
- an automated DNA synthesizer such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc.
- phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. (1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 3209)
- methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85: 7448-7451) etc.
- antisense molecules can be injected directly into the target anatomic site, or modified antisense molecules, designed to target the desired cells (e.g., antisense linked to peptides or antibodies that specifically bind receptors or antigens expressed on the target cell surface) can be administered systematically.
- a recombinant DNA construct in which the antisense oligonucleotide is placed under the control of a strong pol III or pol II promoter.
- a vector can be introduced in vivo such that it is taken up by a cell and directs the transcription of an antisense RNA.
- Such a vector can remain episomal or become chromosomally integrated, as long as it can be transcribed to produce the desired antisense RNA.
- Such vectors can be constructed by recombinant DNA technology methods standard in the art.
- Vectors can be plasmid, viral, or others known in the art, used for replication and expression in mammalian cells. Expression of the sequence encoding the antisense RNA can be by any promoter known in the art to act in mammalian, preferably human cells. Such promoters can be inducible or constitutive.
- Such promoters include but are not limited to: the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290: 304-310) , the promoter contained in the 3'long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22: 787-797) , the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 78: 1441-1445) , the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296: 39-42) , etc.
- plasmid, cosmid, YAC or viral vector can be used to prepare the recombinant DNA construct that can be introduced directly into the target tissue site.
- viral vectors can be used which selectively infect the desired tissue, in which case administration may be accomplished by another route (e.g., systematically) .
- the agent is a small interfering RNA (siRNA or RNAi) molecule.
- RNAi constructs comprise double stranded RNA that can specifically block expression of a target gene.
- "RNA interference" or “RNAi” is a term initially applied to a phenomenon where double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) blocks gene expression in a specific and post-transcriptional manner.
- dsRNA double-stranded RNA
- RNAi provides a useful method of inhibiting gene expression in vitro or in vivo.
- RNAi constructs can include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) , short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) , and other RNA species that can be cleaved in vivo to form siRNAs.
- RNAi constructs herein also include expression vectors ( "RNAi expression vectors” ) capable of giving rise to transcripts which form dsRNAs or hairpin RNAs in cells, and/or transcripts which can produce siRNAs
- RNAi expression vectors express (transcribe) RNA which produces siRNA moieties in the cell in which the construct is expressed.
- Such vectors include a transcriptional unit comprising an assembly of (1) genetic element (s) having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, promoters, operators, or enhancers, operatively linked to (2) a "coding" sequence which is transcribed to produce a double-stranded RNA (two RNA moieties that anneal in the cell to form an siRNA, or a single hairpin RNA, which can be processed to an siRNA) , and (3) appropriate transcription initiation and termination sequences.
- the choice of promoter and other regulatory elements generally varies according to the intended host cell.
- RNAi constructs contain a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under physiologic conditions of the cell to the nucleotide sequence of at least a portion of the mRNA transcript for the gene to be inhibited (i.e., an RNA transcribed from a genomic sequence encompassing one or more pairs of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or3) .
- the double-stranded RNA need only be sufficiently similar to natural RNA that it has the ability to mediate RNAi.
- the invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate sequence variations that might be expected due to genetic mutation, strain polymorphism or evolutionary divergence.
- the number of tolerated nucleotide mismatches between the target sequence and the RNAi construct sequence is no more than 1 in 5 basepairs, or 1 in 10 basepairs, or 1 in 20 basepairs, or 1 in 50 basepairs. Mismatches in the center of the siRNA duplex are most critical and may essentially abolish cleavage of the target RNA. In contrast, nucleotides at the 3'end of the siRNA strand that is complementary to the target RNA do not significantly contribute to specificity of the target recognition.
- RNAi constructs can be carried out by chemical synthetic methods or by recombinant nucleic acid techniques. Endogenous RNA polymerase of the treated cell may mediate transcription in vivo, or cloned RNA polymerase can be used for transcription in vitro.
- the RNAi constructs may include modifications to either the phosphate-sugar backbone or the nucleoside, e.g., to reduce susceptibility to cellular nucleases, improve bioavailability, improve formulation characteristics, and/or change other pharmacokinetic properties.
- the phosphodiester linkages of natural RNA may be modified to include at least one of an nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom.
- RNA structure may be tailored to allow specific genetic inhibition while avoiding a general response to dsRNA.
- bases may be modified to block the activity of adenosine deaminase.
- the RNAi construct may be produced enzymatically or by partial/total organic synthesis, any modified ribonucleotide can be introduced by in vitro enzymatic or organic synthesis.
- the subject RNAi constructs are "small interfering RNAs" or “siRNAs. " These nucleic acids are around 19-30 nucleotides in length, and even more preferably 21-23 nucleotides in length, e.g., corresponding in length to the fragments generated by nuclease "dicing" of longer double-stranded RNAs.
- the siRNAs are understood to recruit nuclease complexes and guide the complexes to the target mRNA by pairing to the specific sequences. As a result, the target mRNA is degraded by the nucleases in the protein complex.
- the 21-23 nucleotides siRNA molecules comprise a 3'hydroxyl group.
- the RNAi construct is in the form of a short hairpin structure (named as shRNA) .
- shRNAs can be synthesized exogenously or can be formed by transcribing from RNA polymerase III promoters in vivo. Examples of making and using such hairpin RNAs for gene silencing in mammalian cells are described in, for example, Paddison et al., Genes Dev, 2002, 16: 948-58; McCaffrey et al., Nature, 2002, 418: 38-9; Yu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99: 6047-52) . Often, such shRNAs are engineered in cells or in an animal to ensure continuous and stable suppression of a desired gene. It is known in the art that siRNAs can be produced by processing a hairpin RNA in the cell.
- a plasmid can be used to deliver the double-stranded RNA, e.g., as a transcriptional product.
- the plasmid is designed to include a "coding sequence" for each of the sense and antisense strands of the RNAi construct.
- the coding sequences can be the same sequence, e.g., flanked by inverted promoters, or can be two separate sequences each under transcriptional control of separate promoters. After the coding sequence is transcribed, the complementary RNA transcripts base-pair to form the double-stranded RNA.
- the agent is a ribozyme.
- Ribozymes molecules designed to catalytically cleave an mRNA transcript are also used to disrupt and prevent the downstream effects of the mRNA (See, e.g., WO 90/11364; Sarver et al., 1990, Science 247: 1222-1225 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,246) . While ribozymes that cleave mRNA at site-specific recognition sequences can be used to destroy particular mRNAs, the use of hammerhead ribozymes is preferred. Hammerhead ribozymes cleave mRNAs at locations dictated by flanking regions that form complementary base pairs with the target mRNA.
- target mRNA have the following sequence of two bases: 5'-UG-3'.
- the construction and production of hammerhead ribozymes is well known in the art and is described more fully in Haseloff and Gerlach, 1988, Nature, 334: 585-591.
- the ribozymes for use in this invention may also include RNA endoribonucleases (hereinafter "Cech-type ribozymes” ) such as the one that occurs naturally in Tetrahymena thermophila (known as the IVS, or L-19 IVS RNA) and has been extensively described by Thomas Cech and collaborators (Zaug, et al., 1984, Science, 224: 574-578; Zaug and Cech, 1986, Science, 231: 470-475; Zaug, et al., 1986, Nature, 324: 429-433; WO 88/04300; Been and Cech, 1986, Cell, 47: 207-216) .
- Cech-type ribozymes such as the one that occurs naturally in Tetrahymena thermophila (known as the IVS, or L-19 IVS RNA) and has been extensively described by Thomas Cech and collaborators (Zaug, et al., 1984, Science, 224: 574-578; Zaug
- the Cech-type ribozymes have an 8-basepair active site that hybridizes to a target RNA sequence whereafter cleavage of the target RNA takes place.
- the invention encompasses those Cech-type ribozymes that target 8-basepair active site sequences.
- the ribozymes can be composed of modified oligonucleotides (e.g., for improved stability, targeting, etc. ) and can be delivered to cells in vitro or in vivo.
- a preferred method of delivery involves using a DNA construct "encoding" the ribozyme under the control of a strong constitutive pol III or pol II promoter, so that transfected cells will produce sufficient quantities of the ribozyme to destroy targeted mRNA and inhibit its effect. Because ribozymes unlike antisense molecules, are catalytic, a lower intracellular concentration is required for efficiency.
- the 10-23 DNA enzyme comprises a loop structure which connect two arms.
- the two arms provide specificity by recognizing the particular target nucleic acid sequence while the loop structure provides catalytic function under physiological conditions.
- the unique or substantially sequence is a G/C rich of approximately 18 to 22 nucleotides. High G/C content helps insure a stronger interaction between the DNA enzyme and the target sequence.
- the specific antisense recognition sequence that will target the enzyme to the message is divided so that it comprises the two arms of the DNA enzyme, and the DNA enzyme loop is placed between the two specific arms.
- DNA enzymes can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,462.
- methods of delivery DNA ribozymes in vitro or in vivo include methods of delivery RNA ribozyme, as outlined in detail above.
- DNA enzymes can be optionally modified to improve stability and improve resistance to degradation.
- targe protein such as APP or PSEN1 protein
- the inhibition of a targe protein can be achieved by way of disruption of the genetic sequence encompassing one or more pairs of SNPs named in Table 1, 2, or 3.
- One effective means of targeted gene cleavage is the CRISPR system.
- CRISPR Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CRISPR-associated genes are located next to CRISPR sequences. It was later recognized that the CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements especially those of viral origin and thereby provides a form of acquired immunity.
- RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut exogenous DNA.
- CRISPRs CRISPR-associated proteins
- Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA.
- CRISPRs are found in approximately 50%of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90%of sequenced archaea, and recently the CRISPR/Cas system have been adapted for use in targeted gene editing in eukaryotic cells. See, e.g., Ledford (2016) , Nature 531 (7593) : 156–9.
- CRISPR/Cas9 A simple version of the CRISPR/Cas system, CRISPR/Cas9, has been modified to edit genomes.
- gRNA synthetic guide RNA
- the cell's genome can be cut at one or more pre-selected location, allowing a target gene (e.g., the genomic sequence harboring one or more pairs of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3) to be removed and/or substituted by a new sequence.
- an expression vector for example, a viral vector carrying the coding sequence for one or more gRNA specific for a genomic sequence containing one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 can be introduced into a cell in which the endogenous genomic sequence containing the specified SNPs is to be knocked out (for example, an endothelial cell or an endothelial progenitor cell, or a neuronal cell) .
- the same expression vector optionally also carries the coding sequence for the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease or equivalent.
- a separate expression vector may be used to introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease coding sequence for its expression in the target cells.
- more than one (e.g., two) distinct gRNAs are used to ensure removal and/or replacement of a target genomic sequence (e.g., one that encompasses one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3) .
- Additional gene editing systems that can be used for practicing the present invention include TALENs (Transcription activator-like effector nucleases) , ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases) , and base editing, as well as newly developed techniques such as homing endonucleases and meganucleases (MegNs) (which target and cleave DNA sequences) and prime editing (which generates RNA templates for gene alteration) .
- TALENs Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
- ZFNs Zinc-finger nucleases
- base editing as well as newly developed techniques such as homing endonucleases and meganucleases (MegNs) (which target and cleave DNA sequences) and prime editing (which generates RNA templates for gene alteration) .
- MegNs homing endonucleases and meganucleases
- Prime editing which generates RNA templates for gene alteration
- the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or physiological compositions comprising an effective amount of one or more agents useful in the methods of the present invention in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications.
- Such pharmaceutical or physiological compositions also include one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers.
- one exemplary composition of this invention comprises or consists essentially of one or more expression vectors encoding a CRISPR system (e.g., a Cas9 nuclease or equivalent and one or two or more sgRNAs) plus one or more physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers.
- a CRISPR system e.g., a Cas9 nuclease or equivalent and one or two or more sgRNAs
- composition of this invention comprises or consists essentially of one or more expression vectors encoding one or more inhibitory oligonucleotides (e.g., a small inhibitory RNA molecule or an antisense DNA or RNA oligonucleotide) plus one or more physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers.
- inhibitory oligonucleotides e.g., a small inhibitory RNA molecule or an antisense DNA or RNA oligonucleotide
- physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers e.g., a small inhibitory RNA molecule or an antisense DNA or RNA oligonucleotide
- compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., oral, nasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, intravenous, or intracranial.
- routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are local delivery to a relevant organ or tissue to the target disease in a recipient at a pre-determined daily dose.
- the appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
- inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are also used.
- the pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid.
- Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories.
- a solid carrier can be one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
- the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component.
- the active ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
- a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
- Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5%to about 70%by weight of the active ingredient.
- Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
- compositions can include the formulation of the active agent (s) with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the agent or agents (with or without other carriers) is/are surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the agent (s) .
- cachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
- Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral or parenteral administration, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration.
- Sterile water solutions of the active component (s) or sterile solutions of the active component (s) in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration.
- the compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
- Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component (s) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile component (s) in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions.
- the resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration.
- the pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
- compositions containing one or more active agents can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments.
- compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease in an amount sufficient to prevent, cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications, such as the onset, progression, duration, and severity of the disease.
- An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose. " Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the disease, the weight and general state of the patient, as well as the nature of the active agent (s) .
- compositions containing one or more active agents are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease in an amount sufficient to delay or prevent the onset of the symptoms. Such an amount is defined to be a “prophylactically effective dose. " In this use, the precise amounts of the active agent (s) again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, as well as the nature of the active agent (s) .
- compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician.
- the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of agent (s) sufficient to effectively suppress expression level of a target protein and A ⁇ plaque formation in the patient, either therapeutically or prophylactically.
- a variety of conditions can be treated by therapeutic approaches that involve introducing a nucleic acid encoding one or more agents disrupting a genomic sequence that encompasses one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3, or inhibiting mRNA encoded by the genomic sequence (such as antisense or miRNA or Cas9 nuclease and sgRNAs) into a cell such that the coding sequence is transcribed and the polypeptide or oligonucleotide agent is produced in the cell.
- mRNA encoded by the genomic sequence such as antisense or miRNA or Cas9 nuclease and sgRNAs
- a polynucleotide encoding one or more active agents can be incorporated into a vector.
- vectors used for such purposes include expression plasmids capable of directing the expression of the nucleic acids in the target cell.
- the vector is a viral vector system wherein the polynucleotide is incorporated into a viral genome that is capable of transfecting the target cell.
- the encoding polynucleotide can be operably linked to expression and control sequences that can direct expression of the polypeptide or oligonucleotide in the desired target host cells.
- the polypeptide or oligonucleotide inhibitor under appropriate conditions in the target cell.
- Viral vector systems useful in the expression of a polypeptide or oligonucleotide disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3, include, for example, naturally occurring or recombinant viral vector systems.
- suitable viral vectors include replication competent, replication deficient, and conditionally replicating viral vectors.
- viral vectors can be derived from the genome of human or bovine adenoviruse, vaccinia virus, herpes virus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) , minute virus of mice (MVM) , HIV, Sindbis virus, and retroviruses (including but not limited to Rous sarcoma virus and lentivirus) , and MoMLV.
- the coding sequence of interest e.g., one encoding for a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent of the present invention
- the coding sequence of interest are inserted into such vectors to allow packaging of the gene construct, typically with accompanying viral DNA, followed by infection of a sensitive host cell and expression of the coding sequence of interest.
- nucleic acids are conjugated to a cell receptor ligand for facilitated uptake (e.g., invagination of coated pits and internalization of the endosome) through an appropriate linking moiety, such as a DNA linking moiety (Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14621-14624 (1988) ; WO 92/06180) , or by ultrasound-microbubble delivery system (Lan HY et al., J. Am Soc. Nephrol. 14: 1535-1548) .
- nucleic acids can be linked through a polylysine moiety to asialo-oromucocid, which is a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor of hepatocytes.
- viral envelopes used for packaging gene constructs that include the nucleic acids of the interest can be modified by the addition of receptor ligands or antibodies specific for a receptor to permit receptor-mediated endocytosis into specific cells (see, e.g., WO 93/20221, WO 93/14188, and WO 94/06923) .
- the DNA constructs of the invention are linked to viral proteins, such as adenovirus particles, to facilitate endocytosis (Curiel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88: 8850-8854 (1991) ) .
- the active agents of the instant invention can include microtubule inhibitors (WO/9406922) , synthetic peptides mimicking influenza virus hemagglutinin (Plank et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269: 12918-12924 (1994) ) , and nuclear localization signals such as SV40 T antigen (WO93/19768) .
- Retroviral vectors may also be useful for introducing the coding sequence of a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent of the invention into target cells or tissues.
- Retroviral vectors are produced by genetically manipulating retroviruses.
- the viral genome of retroviruses is RNA.
- this genomic RNA is reverse transcribed into a DNA copy which is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of transduced cells with a high degree of stability and efficiency.
- the integrated DNA copy is referred to as a provirus and is inherited by daughter cells as is any other gene.
- the wild-type retroviral genome and the proviral DNA have three genes: the gag, the pol and the env genes, which are flanked by two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences.
- LTR long terminal repeat
- the gag gene encodes the internal structural (nucleocapsid) proteins; the pol gene encodes the RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) ; and the env gene encodes viral envelope glycoproteins.
- the 5’a nd 3’ LTRs serve to promote transcription and polyadenylation of virion RNAs.
- Adjacent to the 5’ LTR are sequences necessary for reverse transcription of the genome (the tRNA primer binding site) and for efficient encapsulation of viral RNA into particles (the Psi site) (see, Mulligan, In:Experimental Manipulation of Gene Expression, Inouye (ed) , 155-173 (1983) ; Mann et al., Cell 33: 153-159 (1983) ; Cone and Mulligan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A., 81: 6349-6353 (1984) ) .
- retroviral vectors The design of retroviral vectors is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In brief, if the sequences necessary for encapsidation (or packaging of retroviral RNA into infectious virions) are missing from the viral genome, the result is a cis acting defect which prevents encapsidation of genomic RNA. However, the resulting mutant is still capable of directing the synthesis of all virion proteins. Retroviral genomes from which these sequences have been deleted, as well as cell lines containing the mutant genome stably integrated into the chromosome are well known in the art and are used to construct retroviral vectors.
- the retroviral vector particles are prepared by recombinantly inserting the desired nucleotide sequence into a retrovirus vector and packaging the vector with retroviral capsid proteins by use of a packaging cell line.
- the resultant retroviral vector particle is incapable of replication in the host cell but is capable of integrating into the host cell genome as a proviral sequence containing the desired nucleotide sequence.
- the patient is capable of producing, for example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide active agent useful in the methods of the invention and thus restore the target cells (e.g., brain endothelial cells) to a normal phenotype.
- Packaging cell lines that are used to prepare the retroviral vector particles are typically recombinant mammalian tissue culture cell lines that produce the necessary viral structural proteins required for packaging, but which are incapable of producing infectious virions.
- the defective retroviral vectors that are used lack these structural genes but encode the remaining proteins necessary for packaging.
- To prepare a packaging cell line one can construct an infectious clone of a desired retrovirus in which the packaging site has been deleted. Cells comprising this construct will express all structural viral proteins, but the introduced DNA will be incapable of being packaged.
- packaging cell lines can be produced by transforming a cell line with one or more expression plasmids encoding the appropriate core and envelope proteins. In these cells, the gag, pol, and env genes can be derived from the same or different retroviruses.
- a number of packaging cell lines suitable for the present invention are also available in the prior art. Examples of these cell lines include Crip, GPE86, PA317 and PG13 (see Miller et al., J. Virol. 65: 2220-2224 (1991) ) . Examples of other packaging cell lines are described in Cone and Mulligan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 81: 6349-6353 (1984) ; Danos and Mulligan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 85: 6460-6464 (1988) ; Eglitis et al. (1988) , supra; and Miller (1990) , supra.
- Packaging cell lines capable of producing retroviral vector particles with chimeric envelope proteins may be used.
- amphotropic or xenotropic envelope proteins such as those produced by PA317 and GPX packaging cell lines may be used to package the retroviral vectors.
- the nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent is generally formulated in a suitable buffer, which can be any pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as phosphate buffered saline or sodium phosphate/sodium sulfate, Tris buffer, glycine buffer, sterile water, and other buffers known to the ordinarily skilled artisan such as those described by Good et al. Biochemistry 5: 467 (1966) .
- a suitable buffer which can be any pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as phosphate buffered saline or sodium phosphate/sodium sulfate, Tris buffer, glycine buffer, sterile water, and other buffers known to the ordinarily skilled artisan such as those described by Good et al. Biochemistry 5: 467 (1966) .
- compositions can additionally include a stabilizer, enhancer or other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles.
- a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain a physiologically acceptable compound that acts, for example, to stabilize the nucleic acids of the invention and any associated vector.
- a physiologically acceptable compound can include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients.
- Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives, which are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms.
- Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid.
- nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent of this invention may be packaged in lipid nanoparticles to facilitate its crossing of the blood-brain-barrier.
- the formulations containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent can be delivered to target tissue or organ using any delivery method known to the ordinarily skilled artisan.
- the encoding polynucleotide sequences are formulated for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral ingestion/nasal inhalation or for topical application.
- the formulations containing the nucleic acid of interest are typically directly administered to a cell.
- the cell can be provided as part of a tissue, such as red blood cells as a part of the circulatory system, or as an isolated cell, such as in tissue culture.
- the cell can be provided in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro.
- the formulations can be introduced into the tissue of interest in vivo or ex vivo by a variety of methods.
- the nucleic acids of interest are introduced into cells by such methods as microinjection, calcium phosphate precipitation, liposome fusion, ultrasound, electroporation, or biolistics.
- the nucleic acids are taken up directly by the target tissue or organ relevant to the disease or condition being treated, for example, when the targeted cells are the brain endothelial cells intracranial injection is appropriate.
- the nucleic acids of interest are administered ex vivo to cells or tissues explanted from a patient, then returned to the patient.
- ex vivo administration of therapeutic gene constructs include Nolta et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (6) : 2414-9 (1996) ; Koc et al., Seminars in Oncology 23 (1) : 46-65 (1996) ; Raper et al., Annals of Surgery 223 (2) : 116-26 (1996) ; Dalesandro et al., J. Thorac. Cardi. Surg., 11 (2) : 416-22 (1996) ; and Makarov et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1) : 402-6 (1996) .
- Effective dosage of the formulations will vary depending on many different factors, including means of administration, target site, physiological state of the patient, and other medicines administered. Thus, treatment dosages will need to be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy.
- the physician should evaluate the particular nucleic acid used, the disease state being diagnosed; the age, weight, and overall condition of the patient, circulating plasma levels, vector toxicities, progression of the disease, and the production of anti-vector antibodies.
- the size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of a particular vector.
- an antisense oligonucleotide in the amount of 1-1000, 10-200, or 20-100 mg can be delivered to a patient via intravenous injection at a frequency of weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly administration over at least one to three months or a longer time period.
- each 5 x10 5 cells e.g., hCMEC/D3 cells
- the dose for lipid nanoparticles carrying sgRNAs and mRNA encoding Cas9 is in the range of 0.01-2; 0.02-1.0; 0.05-0.5; or 0.10-0.30 mg/kg of body weight delivered by i. v. injection 1-3 times over a period of 1-4 weeks.
- kits for treating an autosomal dominant genetic disorder such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) or reducing risk of such a disease in a person in need thereof according to the method of the present invention typically include a container that contains (1) a pharmaceutical composition having an effective amount of one or more active agent capable of disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair, possibly more pairs, of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 or suppressing/eliminating translation from its RNA transcript; and (2) informational material containing instructions on how to dispense the pharmaceutical composition, including description of the type of patients who may be treated (e.g., human patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease, especially familial AD or at increased risk for the disease) , the schedule (e.g., dose and frequency) and route of administration, and the like.
- a pharmaceutical composition having an effective amount of one or more active agent capable of disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair, possibly more pairs, of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 or suppressing/eliminating translation from its RNA transcript
- two or more containers are included in the kit to provide multiple pharmaceutical compositions each comprising an effective amount of at least one active agent, such as vector or vectors encoding components of a CRISPR system (e.g., a Cas9 nuclease or equivalent and one or more sgRNAs) or encoding an siRNA, a microRNA, a miniRNA, a lncRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide targeting the genomic sequence encompassing the specified SNPs.
- a CRISPR system e.g., a Cas9 nuclease or equivalent and one or more sgRNAs
- the kit may further comprise one or more additional containers, each containing at least one agent useful for sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genome, especially the genomic sequence encompassing the pertinent SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 as well as a disease-relevant allele located within the same genomic segment, e.g., the coding sequence of the same gene, such as the same exon of a gene (such as APP or PSEN1) .
- at least one agent useful for sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genome especially the genomic sequence encompassing the pertinent SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 as well as a disease-relevant allele located within the same genomic segment, e.g., the coding sequence of the same gene, such as the same exon of a gene (such as APP or PSEN1) .
- AD Alzheimer’s disease
- AD is a complex neurodegenerative disease attributed to a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.
- Familial AD FAD is mainly caused by monogenic mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2; more than 400 FAD-related mutations have been reported to date. These mutations contribute to amyloid pathology by increasing either amyloid beta (A ⁇ ) production or aggregation-prone A ⁇ peptides. Therefore, silencing of the 3 FAD-related genes, which would lead to decreased A ⁇ production, is a potential therapeutic avenue for alleviating amyloid-related pathologies.
- a ⁇ amyloid beta
- the CRISPR-Cas9 system comprises a single guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 nuclease. After the sgRNA binds to a target DNA sequence adjacent to a protospacer neighboring motif (PAM) in the genomic DNA, Cas9 nuclease then induces double-strand break at the target sequence, disrupting gene expression by inducing an indel or frameshift mutation.
- the seed sequence is a 5-12 bp sequence within the sgRNA that covers a short DNA region in the targeting sequence next to the PAM site; low mismatch tolerance is indicated between seed sequence and PAM. As long as the mutations form new PAM and are located in the seed sequence, Cas9 nucleases could then target and cleave the mutation-bearing sequences, ultimately leading to silencing of the mutant genes.
- This invention resides in the development of a mutation-independent allele-specific CRISPR targeting strategy for treating FAD.
- a pipeline is first developed for analyzing all kinds of rare autosomal dominant disorders involving numerous pathogenic mutations, including the identification of common targetable SNPs and the combined frequencies of the SNP pairs in the population, and the design of sgRNAs for these SNPs.
- a targeting strategy is then developed with determined target site combinations and their population frequencies (Tables 1-3, 5) . Meanwhile, lists of targeting sgRNAs for APP and PSEN1 mutant gene disruption were also generated (Table 4, Table 6) .
- Table 5 Candidate target SNP sites in the PSEN1 gene and population frequency.
- the sgRNA-Cas9 plasmids are modified from the pX458--AAV-EFS: : NLS-SpCas9-NLS-3xHA-SPA; U6: : BsaI-sgRNA and pX601-AAV-EFS: : NLS-SaCas9-NLS-3xHA-SPA; U6: : BsaI-sgRNA constructs.
- a mCherry reporter is added to examine the transfection efficiency.
- a mCherry fragment is obtained from another plasmid using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , while double restriction digestion was conducted to cut the original plasmid.
- the template plasmid used is a modified version of pCAG-EGxxFP (Addgene plasmid 50716) .
- the template vectors were prepared by double restriction digestion.
- the dephosphorylated DNA oligos for the templates and sgRNA spacers were synthesized by Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific) .
- the forward and reverse primers were first phosphorylated using T4 polynucleotide kinase and annealed together in a thermocycler.
- the products were inserted into their corresponding vectors using T7 ligase.
- T7 ligase To amplify the plasmids to sufficient amounts for transfection, the plasmids were subjected to transformation into NEB-Stable competent E. coli cells according to the manufacturer’s protocol (New England Biolabs) . The bacteria were allowed to grow overnight in an incubator shaker. Finally, the plasmids were prepared using DNA extraction.
- HEK293 cells were plated on a 100 mm dish 1-2 days prior to transfection. Before transfection, the cells at 50%-70%confluency were trypsinized and suspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) . Then, 1.5x10 5 cells were added to the DNA-Lipofectamine 3000 complex formed by 1 ⁇ g of template plasmids and/or 0.5 ⁇ g of Cas9-sgRNA constructs with 2 ⁇ l of Lipofectamine 3000 reagent and 2.5 ⁇ l of p3000 reagent in Opti-MEM (OMEM) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . Subsequently, the mixture was transferred to a 12-well plate and filled up to 1 ml with DMEM. The cells were collected 24 h after transfection.
- DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- the EGFP coding sequence was divided into two segments separated by a stop codon and the template sequence. Both segments contain an identical 200-bp homologous region. Upon a double-strand break induced by CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease, cells may undergo homology-directed-repair-mediated or single-strand annealing to repair DNA. The two EGFP segments would join together to form a complete EGFP coding sequence (Fig. 2) . As a result, EGFP is expressed, and the green fluorescence signals can be detected.
- the EGFP assay provides a highly efficient and rapid detection of the cleavage activity compared to other strategies such as the T7EI assay.
- the cells were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde and stained with DAPI (1: 5000 in 0.3%DPBST) to visualize the cell nuclei. Imaging was performed using a Leica TCS SP8 confocal system. The images obtained were analyzed using ImageJ, through which the number of cells with fluorescence signals was measured. The threshold of the signals for each site is adjusted to minimize background signals according to the control group with only the template plasmid delivered. The editing efficiency is calculated based on the percentage of the number of cells with EGFP signals over that with mCherry signals.
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Abstract
Provided is the new compositions and methods useful for the treatment, prevention, and potential cure of a genetic disease, such as familial Alzheimer's Disease, by disrupting the genomic sequence harboring one or more SNPs that are of high prevalence in a population but no relevance to the particular disease except for their genomic locations being in the same gene exon as a disease-relevant allele and upstream from such disease-relevant allele present in the genome of a treatment recipient.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/582,523, filed September 14, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.
Autosomal dominant diseases are genetic disorders that manifest clinical symptoms even when only one of the two alleles located on one of the numbered chromosomes (from 1 to 23) , other than the sex (X and Y) chromosomes, harbors a genetic mutation or variation that is disease-causing or disease-contributing. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) , especially familiar AD, is just such an autosomal dominant disease.
Gene-based therapeutic strategies for treating autosomal dominant diseases have thus far been focused on targeting the disease-relevant genetic mutations or alleles for genomic editing, including by deletion, substitution, etc. to cause destruction of the DNA coding sequence or inactivate the mRNA transcript by creating a reading frame shift or a premature termination, thus silencing the target alleles. For instance, brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases such as AD are devastating conditions that affect a large subset of the population. Many of such diseases are incurable, highly debilitating, and often result in progressive deterioration of the brain structure and function over time. Disease prevalence is also increasing rapidly due to growing aging populations worldwide, since the elderly are at high risk for developing these conditions. Currently available treatment methods for these conditions are ineffective and do not meet market demands, which are significantly increasing each year due to the ever-growing aging populations. Gene-based therapeutic approaches are attractive alternatives, especially to individuals who have a family history of such neurodegenerative disorders and/or have been identified through genetic screening as harboring one or more of the known, disease-relevant genetic variants/alleles. These methods suffer from the shortcoming of significant variability in the suitable gene-editing therapeutic agents, however, due to each individual’s unique genetic background, for example, in the precise sequence and location of a disease-relevant genetic variant the treatment can target. Thus, there exists an urgent need for developing new and effective genetic therapeutic methods that can offer a relatively versatile tool immediately useful for the majority of a given population. The present invention fulfills this and other related needs by providing a novel gene therapy methodology, which targets one or more non-disease specific alleles that are highly prevalent in a population and located in a close physical proximity with a disease-relevant allele, thus offering a valid therapeutic option having a substantially universal applicability across the population.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The application provides the first disclosure of a novel therapeutic strategy for treating a genetic disease by targeting one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) unrelated to the disease per se to achieve genomic sequence disruption and thus inactivation of a disease-relevant allele, taking advantage of the SNPs located within a close proximity to the disease-relevant allele. Selected for their high prevalence within the general population, these SNPs also afford a significant degree of versatility to this therapeutic scheme.
As such, in a first aspect, this invention provides a method for treating an autosomal dominant disease or for reducing the risk of the disease in a person in need thereof. The method includes the step of administering to the person an effective amount of a composition disrupting a genomic sequence that encompasses at least one pair of (i.e., two or more) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5, provided that (1) the person is heterozygous at all of the SNPs, i.e., has two different nucleotide sequences at each of the SNP loci on two alleles; and (2) the person has a genetic mutation or variant that is known to be correlated with or relevant to the disease; and (3) the SNPs and the disease-relevant mutation are located within a close proximity in the genomic sequence, e.g., within the same exon sequence of the same gene.
In some embodiments, the claimed method comprises, prior to the administering step, sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genome, such that the nucleotide sequences of the at least one of SNPs, their heterozygous nature, and the presence of a known disease-relevant variant in the person’s genomic sequence, especially within the gene exon, can be determined. In some embodiments, the autosomal dominant disease is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) . In some embodiments, the gene is amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene. In some embodiments, the person has been diagnosed with AD. In some embodiments, the person is not yet diagnosed with AD but has known risk factors for AD such as family history of AD or carrying one or more genetic alleles known to increase AD risk, e.g., as a female APOE-ε4 carrier. In some embodiments, the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, for example, rs2830026 and rs6516719. In some embodiments, the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any one pair of SNPs listed in Table 5. In some embodiments, the at least one pair of SNPs comprise rs17125457 and rs17408630. In some embodiments, the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any two pairs of SNPs listed in Table 2, for example, rs2830026 and rs6516719; rs2248682 and rs8130594. In some embodiments, the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any three pairs of SNPs listed in Table 3, for example, rs2830026 and rs6516719; rs10154121 and rs2070655; rs2830046 and rs2070654. In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and at least two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair, possibly more, of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the at least two sgRNAs comprise at least two nucleotide sequences listed in Table 4 or 6. In some embodiments, the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease. In some embodiments, the one or more vectors are one or more viral vectors, e.g., adenovirus or adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. In some embodiments, the composition is administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection or by oral or nasal administration. In some embodiments, the composition is administered in the form of a solution (including an aerosolized solution) , a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a composition comprising (1) an effective amount of one or more agents that disrupt a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5, plus (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients.
In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease. In some embodiments, each of the one or more vectors is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for injection, e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral or nasal administration. In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a solution, a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a kit for treating an autosomal dominant disease or reducing the risk of later developing the disease in a person in need thereof. The kit includes a container containing a composition that can disrupt a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
In some embodiments, the autosomal dominant disease is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) . In some embodiments, the composition comprises one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5. In some embodiments, the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease. In some embodiments, each of the one or more vectors is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for injection, e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral or nasal administration. In some embodiments, the composition is in the form of a solution, a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule. In some embodiments, the kit may further include a second container, or multiple containers, containing one or more reagents useful for sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5. Optionally, the kit also includes an instruction manual for administration of the composition.
Related to this aspect of the present invention, a use of one or more reagents disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair, possibly two or three pairs, of SNPs, listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5. is further provided in accordance with the disclosure herein for the manufacturing of (1) a medicament for treating an autosomal dominant genetic disease, such as familial Alzheimer’s Disease; and/or (2) a kit containing the medicament for treating the disease.
[Rectified under Rule 91, 13.11.2024]
Fig. 1A and Fig. 1B. Diagram of the current allele-specific CRISPR targeting streategy and SNP-pair directed mutant-allele CRISPR disruption strategy. Fig. 1A. Mutation-dependent allele-specific targeting. This approach disrupts mutant alleles by directly targeting the mutation sites. Different targeting tools are required to target various pathogenic mutations in different individuals. Fig. 1B. SNP-pair directed mutant-allele CRISPR disruption strategy. This approach focuses on targeting common SNP pairs to delete exons on mutant alleles. The exon excision leads to a frameshift mutation and the generation of a premature stop codon, ultimately disrupting mutant allele expression.
Fig. 1A and Fig. 1B. Diagram of the current allele-specific CRISPR targeting streategy and SNP-pair directed mutant-allele CRISPR disruption strategy. Fig. 1A. Mutation-dependent allele-specific targeting. This approach disrupts mutant alleles by directly targeting the mutation sites. Different targeting tools are required to target various pathogenic mutations in different individuals. Fig. 1B. SNP-pair directed mutant-allele CRISPR disruption strategy. This approach focuses on targeting common SNP pairs to delete exons on mutant alleles. The exon excision leads to a frameshift mutation and the generation of a premature stop codon, ultimately disrupting mutant allele expression.
Figure 2. Diagram of targetable exons in the APP gene to which the mutation-independent targeting approach could be applied. The APP gene consists of 18 exons, with most of the pathogenic mutations located in exons 16 and 17. Deletion of exons 3, 5, 6, 9, 13 (highlighted in orange) can individually all lead to the formation of premature stop codons (indicated by red arrows) .
Figure 3. Analysis of common heterozygous SNP pair frequencies in the APP gene. The art plot illustrates the heterozygous SNP pairs to be targeted for the deletion of candidate exons in the APP gene. The arc nodes represent their relative positions in the APP genomic loci, while the height of the arc indicates the population frequency of each SNP pair in heterozygous form. Only SNP pairs with a population frequency > 0.2 as heterozygous are included in the plot. The most prevalent heterozygous SNP pair, rs6516719 and rs2830026, is indicated, with a population frequency of 48.9%. The population data used for this analysis is sourced from the gnomAD database, specially focusing on the European population.
Figure 4. Schematics of the EGFP surrogate reporter assay for evaluating the efficiency and specificity of sgRNA targeting. The sgRNA is validated using both the targeting reporter and control reporter. The targeting efficiency of sgRNA is determined by calculating the ratio of double positive EGFP+ mCherry+ cells to the total number of mCherry+ cells. The targeting specificity of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is assessed through comparing the targeting efficiency for the target template versus the control template.
Figure 5. Design and evaluation of CRISPR tool sets for targeting candidate SNP haplotypes in the APP gene. The specific SNP pair rs6516719 and rs2830026 has two haplotypes. Haplotype 1 (H1) consists of both sites being major alleles (H1L and H1R) , while haplotype 2 (H2) consists of both sites being minor alleles (H2L and H2R) . To target each haplotype, two sets of CRISPR targeting tools were designed and validated. The targeting efficiency was assessed using templates for H1 and H2.
[Rectified under Rule 91, 13.11.2024]
Figs. 6A-6D. Evaluation of CRISPR tool targeting efficiency and specificity at the high-coverage target sites in the APP gene. Fig. 6A. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs8130594 and rs2248682, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. Fig. 6B. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs2830052 and rs2830046, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. Fig. 6C. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs8130594 and rs2830048, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. Fig. 6D. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs2070654 and rs2830046, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. For each SNP pair, the most common double heterozygous diplotype is selected for CRISPR tool design. To target each Haplotype, two sets of CRISPR targeting tools were designed and validated, with targeting efficiency evaludated using templates for H1 and H2.
Figs. 6A-6D. Evaluation of CRISPR tool targeting efficiency and specificity at the high-coverage target sites in the APP gene. Fig. 6A. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs8130594 and rs2248682, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. Fig. 6B. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs2830052 and rs2830046, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. Fig. 6C. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs8130594 and rs2830048, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. Fig. 6D. Evaluating the performance of CRISPR targeting tools for SNP pair in the APP gene: rs2070654 and rs2830046, using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. For each SNP pair, the most common double heterozygous diplotype is selected for CRISPR tool design. To target each Haplotype, two sets of CRISPR targeting tools were designed and validated, with targeting efficiency evaludated using templates for H1 and H2.
Figure 7. Evaluation of CRISPR tool targeting efficiency and specificity at high-coverage target sites in the PSEN1 gene. We evaluated the CRISPR-targeting tools for targeting SNP pairs in the PSEN1 gene, specifically focusing on rs165931 and rs362340. The evaluation was performed using the EGFP surrogate reporter assay. For this particular SNP pair, the most common double heterozygous diplotype was selected for the design of CRISPR tools. To target each Haplotype, two sets of CRISPR targeting tools were designed and validated, with targeting efficiency evaluated using templates for H1 and H2.
[Rectified under Rule 91, 13.11.2024]
Fig. 8A and Fig. 8B. Genome editing abolished mutant APP expression and restored Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio in iPSC-derived neurons carrying the APP-V717I mutation. Fig. 8A. Allelic expression of APP mRNA. NDC, nondemented control; CON, non-editing control. Fig. 8B. Levels of Aβ42/40 ratio in conditioned media from neurons at 28 DIV. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5 independent biological replicates for NDC, n = 12 independent biological replicates for APP-V717I, n =7 independent biological replicates for edited APP-V717I; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.001 vs. CON-APP V717I neurons, Student’s t-test) .
Fig. 8A and Fig. 8B. Genome editing abolished mutant APP expression and restored Aβ42 /Aβ40 ratio in iPSC-derived neurons carrying the APP-V717I mutation. Fig. 8A. Allelic expression of APP mRNA. NDC, nondemented control; CON, non-editing control. Fig. 8B. Levels of Aβ42/40 ratio in conditioned media from neurons at 28 DIV. Values are mean ± SEM (n = 5 independent biological replicates for NDC, n = 12 independent biological replicates for APP-V717I, n =7 independent biological replicates for edited APP-V717I; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, or ***p < 0.001 vs. CON-APP V717I neurons, Student’s t-test) .
DEFINITIONS
The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogues of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, SNPs, and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and/or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) . The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain. It may include regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
The term “amino acid” refers to naturally occurring and synthetic amino acids, as well as amino acid analogs and amino acid mimetics that function in a manner similar to the naturally occurring amino acids. Naturally occurring amino acids are those encoded by the genetic code, as well as those amino acids that are later modified, e.g., hydroxyproline, γ-carboxyglutamate, and O-phosphoserine. Amino acid analogs refers to compounds that have the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid, i.e., an α carbon that is bound to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group, e.g., homoserine, norleucine, methionine sulfoxide, methionine methyl sulfonium. Such analogs have modified R groups (e.g., norleucine) or modified peptide backbones, but retain the same basic chemical structure as a naturally occurring amino acid. “Amino acid mimetics” refers to chemical compounds having a structure that is different from the general chemical structure of an amino acid, but that functions in a manner similar to a naturally occurring amino acid.
There are various known methods in the art that permit the incorporation of an unnatural amino acid derivative or analog into a polypeptide chain in a site-specific manner, see, e.g., WO 02/086075.
Amino acids may be referred to herein by either the commonly known three letter symbols or by the one-letter symbols recommended by the IUPAC-IUB Biochemical Nomenclature Commission. Nucleotides, likewise, may be referred to by their commonly accepted single-letter codes.
“Polypeptide, ” “peptide, ” and “protein” are used interchangeably herein to refer to a polymer of amino acid residues. All three terms apply to amino acid polymers in which one or more amino acid residue is an artificial chemical mimetic of a corresponding naturally occurring amino acid, as well as to naturally occurring amino acid polymers and non-naturally occurring amino acid polymers. As used herein, the terms encompass amino acid chains of any length, including full-length proteins, wherein the amino acid residues are linked by covalent peptide bonds.
As used herein, a “composition disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing [any one or more specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) ] ” refers to any composition comprising one or more agents capable of suppressing or eliminating the transcription or translation of the genomic sequence, which may be achieved by the direct deletion or alteration of at least a portion of the genomic sequence leading to, for example, frameshift or premature termination in the translation of a coding sequence (e.g., by genomic editing technique such as the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system or the like) or may be achieved via reduction or elimination of the mRNA transcribed from the genomic sequence through the action of small inhibitory DNA or RNA molecules or other enzymes (e.g., antisense oligonucleotides, small inhibitory RNAs such as siRNA or shRNA, and ribozymes etc. ) . Terms and phrases that are used in this disclosure and similarly worded in reference to other genetic loci (such as any one or more pairs of “SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3” ) are defined in a functionally identical or similar fashion.
When used to describe a person being “heterozygous” at any specific SNP, the term is meant to indicate that the person has two distinct alleles at this particular genetic locus, which can be distinguished from one another due to their different nucleotide sequences.
A genetic mutation or an allele “relevant” to a disease is a genomic sequence variant that has been shown to correlate with the risk, presence, or prognosis of the disease in that it may play a role to cause or contribute to cause the disease onset, hasten the disease progression, and/or exacerbate the disease severity or outcome.
The term “targeting, ” when used in the context of describing an inhibitory oligonucleotide (such as a small inhibitory RNA or an antisense oligonucleotide) or an sgRNA in relation to a genomic sequence that the inhibitory oligonucleotide or gene editing system is used to negatively regulate, refers to a sufficient sequence complementarity between at least a portion of the oligonucleotide or sgRNA and the genomic sequence, e.g., at least 80, 85, 90, 95%or higher percentage of nucleotide sequence complementarity based on the Watson-Crick base-pairing principle, so as to allow specific hybridization between the sgRNA or oligonucleotide and the genomic sequence or its mRNA transcript, which subsequently leads to the cleavage of the genomic sequence at a pre-determined location or the destruction of its mRNA transcript.
The term “recombinant” when used with reference, e.g., to a cell, or a nucleic acid, protein, or vector, indicates that the cell, nucleic acid, protein or vector, has been modified by the introduction of a heterologous nucleic acid or protein or the alteration of a native nucleic acid or protein, or that the cell is derived from a cell so modified. Thus, for example, recombinant cells express genes that are not found within the native (non-recombinant) form of the cell or express native genes that are otherwise abnormally expressed, under expressed or not expressed at all.
A “promoter” is defined as an array of nucleic acid control sequences that direct transcription of a polynucleotide sequence. As used herein, a promoter includes necessary polynucleotide sequences near the start site of transcription, such as, in the case of a polymerase II type promoter, a TATA element. A promoter also optionally includes distal enhancer or repressor elements, which can be located as much as several thousand base pairs from the start site of transcription. A “constitutive” promoter is a promoter that is active under most environmental and developmental conditions. An “inducible” promoter is a promoter that is active under environmental or developmental regulation. The term “operably linked” refers to a functional linkage between a polynucleotide expression control sequence (such as a promoter, or array of transcription factor binding sites) and a second polynucleotide sequence, wherein the expression control sequence directs transcription of the polynucleotide sequence corresponding to the second sequence.
An “expression cassette” is a nucleic acid construct, generated recombinantly or synthetically, with a series of specified polynucleotide elements that permit transcription of a particular polynucleotide sequence in a host cell. An expression cassette may be part of a plasmid, viral genome, or nucleic acid fragment. Typically, an expression cassette includes a polynucleotide to be transcribed, operably linked to a promoter.
The term "heterologous" as used in the context of describing the relative location of two elements, refers to the two elements such as polynucleotide sequences (e.g., a promoter and an mRNA-or a protein/polypeptide-encoding sequence) or polypeptide sequences (e.g., two peptides as fusion partners within a fusion protein) that are not naturally found in the same relative positions. Thus, a “heterologous promoter” of a coding sequence refers to a promoter that is not naturally operably linked to that coding sequence. Similarly, a “heterologous polypeptide” or “heterologous polynucleotide” to a particular protein or its coding sequence is one derived from an origin that is different from that particular protein, or if derived from the same origin but not naturally connected to that particular protein or its coding sequence in the same fashion. The fusion of one polypeptide (or its coding sequence) with a heterologous polypeptide (or polynucleotide sequence) does not result in a longer polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that can be found in nature.
The phrase “specifically hybridize (s) to” refers to the binding, duplexing, or hybridization of one polynucleotide sequence to another polynucleotide sequence based on Watson-Crick nucleotide base-pairing under stringent hybridization conditions when that sequences are present in a complex mixture (e.g., total cellular or library DNA or RNA) . The phrase “stringent hybridization conditions” refers to conditions under which a nucleic acid (e.g., a polynucleotide probe) will hybridize to its target nucleotide sequence, typically in a complex mixture of nucleic acids, but to no other sequences. Stringent conditions are sequence-dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Longer sequences hybridize specifically at higher temperatures. An extensive guide to the hybridization of nucleic acids is found in Tijssen, Techniques in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology--Hybridization with Nucleic Probes, “Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid assays” (1993) . Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5-10℃ lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength, pH, and nucleic concentration) at which 50%of the probes complementary to the target hybridize to the target sequence at equilibrium (as the target sequences are present in excess, at Tm, 50%of the probes are occupied at equilibrium) . Stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is less than about 1.0 M sodium ion, typically about 0.01 to 1.0 M sodium ion concentration (or other salts) at pH 7.0 to 8.3 and the temperature is at least about 30℃ for short probes (e.g., 10 to 50 nucleotides) and at least about 60℃ for long probes (e.g., greater than 50 nucleotides) . Stringent conditions may also be achieved with the addition of destabilizing agents such as formamide. For high stringency hybridization, a positive signal is at least two times background, preferably 10 times background hybridization. Exemplary high stringency hybridization conditions include: 50%formamide, 5x SSC and 1%SDS incubated at 42℃ or 5x SSC and 1%SDS incubated at 65℃, with a wash in 0.2x SSC and 0.1%SDS at 65℃.
By “host cell” is meant a cell that contains an expression vector and supports the replication or expression of the expression vector. Host cells may be prokaryotic cells such as E. coli, or eukaryotic cells such as yeast, insect, amphibian, or mammalian cells such as CHO, HeLa and the like, e.g., cultured cells, explants, and cells in vivo.
The term "inhibiting" or "inhibition, " as used herein, refers to any detectable negative effect an inhibitory agent has on a target biological process, such as expression of a pre-determined target protein (e.g., APP or PSEN1) , formation of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques in an AD patient’s brain, an AD patient’s cognitive decline, protein phosphorylation, cellular signal transduction, protein synthesis, cell proliferation, tumorigenicity, and metastatic potential etc. Typically, an inhibition is reflected in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, or 50%in target process (e.g., target protein expression or Aβ plaque accumulation) , or any one of the downstream parameters mentioned above, when compared to a control not exposed to the inhibitory agent. In a similar fashion, the term “increasing” or “increase” is used to describe any detectable positive effect an enhancing agent has on a target biological process, such as a positive change of at least 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, or as high as 2, 3, 4, 5 or up to 10 or 20 fold, when compared to a control in the absence of the enhancer. Conversely, the term “substantially unchanged” describes a state in which the positive or negative changes are less than 10%, 5%, 2%, 1%or lower.
The term “effective amount, ” as used herein, refers to an amount that is sufficient to produces an intended effect for which a substance is administered. The effect may include a desirable change in a biological process (e.g., a detectable decrease in the expression of a target protein such as APP or PSEN1, reduction in Aβ plaque formation, or slowing of cognitive decline in an AD patient) as well as the prevention, correction, or inhibition of progression of the symptoms of a disease/condition and related complications to any detectable extent. The exact amount “effective” for achieving a desired effect will depend on the nature of the therapeutic agent, the manner of administration, and the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992) ; Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999) ; and Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999) ) .
As used herein, the term "treatment" or "treating" includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying of onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition. A preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100%elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
A "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
The term "excipient" refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention. For example, the term "excipient" includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks.
The term “consisting essentially of, ” when used in the context of describing a composition containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients, refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition. For example, a composition consisting essentially of active agent (s) effective for disrupting a genomic sequence containing one or more pairs of specified SNPs or for suppressing mRNA transcribed from the genomic sequence in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of the disease occurrence or symptoms among the receiving subjects.
The term “about” denotes a range of +/-10%of a pre-determined value. For example, “about 10” sets forth a range of 90%to 110%of 10, i.e., 9 to 11.
I. Introduction
The invention relates to a therapeutic genome editing strategy for autosomal dominant disorders. This invention involves the development of a generalized mutation-independent allele-specific CRISPR targeting strategy for familial AD, which is also applicable to other genetic disorders, especially autosomal dominant disorders. This is in contrast to earlier therapeutic strategies of directly targeting disease-relevant genetic variants, see, e.g., WO2023/005959 and WO2023/072225. Using this new strategy, the present inventors target one or more non-disease-causing SNP pairs that are in cis with the causative mutations to delete a specific exon. These SNP pairs are natural variants present as heterozygous and at high frequency in the population, so that they can be used to identify either of the alleles encompassing the mutation sites in most people. Disruption of the mutant gene expression can then be achieved through excision of the specific exon. This invention involves identifying candidate targetable SNP pairs in familial AD and validatating the targeting efficiency and specificity of the corresponding CRISPR targeting tools.
II. General Recombinant Technology
Basic texts disclosing general methods and techniques in the field of recombinant genetics include Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed. 2001) ; Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (1990) ; and Ausubel et al., eds., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (1994) .
For nucleic acids, sizes are given in either kilobases (kb) or base pairs (bp) . These are estimates derived from agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis, from sequenced nucleic acids, or from published DNA sequences. For proteins, sizes are given in kilodaltons (kDa) or amino acid residue numbers. Proteins sizes are estimated from gel electrophoresis, from sequenced proteins, from derived amino acid sequences, or from published protein sequences.
Oligonucleotides that are not commercially available can be chemically synthesized, e.g., according to the solid phase phosphoramidite triester method first described by Beaucage &Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859-1862 (1981) , using an automated synthesizer, as described in Van Devanter et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6159-6168 (1984) . Purification of oligonucleotides is performed using any art-recognized strategy, e.g., native acrylamide gel electrophoresis or anion-exchange HPLC as described in Pearson &Reanier, J. Chrom. 255: 137-149 (1983) .
The sequence of a gene of interest, a polynucleotide encoding a polypeptide of interest, and synthetic oligonucleotides can be verified after cloning or subcloning using, e.g., the chain termination method for sequencing double-stranded templates of Wallace et al., Gene 16: 21-26 (1981) .
II. Composition Disrupting a Genomic Sequence
Earlier work by the present inventors illustrated the involvement of various genes and their encoded proteins in the development of Alzheimer’s Disease. Their latest discovery reveals that, by disrupting the genomic sequence encompassing certain genetic loci, pertinent gene expression and Aβ plaque accumulation in the brain can be reduced. This revelation leads to the therapeutic and prophylactic use of compositions disrupting such genomic sequences for treating Alzheimer’s Disease in patients already diagnosed with the disease and preventing/reducing risk of later developing Alzheimer’s Disease in individuals who have not yet received a diagnosis but are at heightened risk for the disease, e.g., due to family history or known genetic background (for instance, carrier of one or two APOE ε4 alleles, point mutation in the genomic sequence encoding amyloid precursor protein (APP) on chromosome 21, point mutation in the genomic sequence encoding Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) on chromosome 14, and point mutation in the genomic sequence encoding Presenilin 2 (PSEN2) on chromosome 1) . Various categories of possible agents acting through different mechanisms (e.g., by genomic editing or mRNA suppression) are useful in formulating such compositions for the disruption of the rs1921622-containing genomic sequence and were disclosed in, e.g., WO2023/005959 and WO2023/072225.
In contrast to the earlier discussed therapeutic approaches, this latest disclosure pertains to the disruption of a genomic sequence by using gene editing tools such as the CRISPR system to target, instead of specific allele (s) directly relevant to the disease being treated (e.g., an autosomal dominant disease such as familial AD) , but rather genetic alleles (SNPs) that are not relevant to or correlated with the disease, except for their proximity in the genomic sequence to the disease-relevant allele (s) . For example, the target SNPs used in the method of the present invention are typically located within the same gene, especially the same exon of the same gene, as the disease-relevant allele (s) . In some cases, the target SNPs are located upstream from the disease-relevant allele (s) , e.g., at least about 50, 100, 200, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5000, 10, 000, or 20, 000 or more nucleotides upstream from a disease-relevant allele, such that the genetic editing taking place at the SNP sites would result in a deletion, substitution of the genomic sequence causing the encoded mRNA transcript to either not be made at all or suffer a reading frame shift and/or pre-mature termination.
In addition, the target SNPs are carefully selected so that their presence in the general population reaches a relatively high percentage, e.g., at least about 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%or higher of the population. The high prevalence of these target SNPs (such as the pairs named in Table 1, 2, or 3) confers a substantial versatility and therefore an extremely valuable universal usefulness to the gene-editing tools and the therapeutic methods of this invention.
A. Antisense Oligonucleotides
In some embodiments, the agent is an antisense oligonucleotide. Antisense oligonucleotides are relatively short nucleic acids that are complementary (or antisense) to the coding strand (sense strand) of the RNA transcribed from the genomic sequence encompassing the specific SNPs, such as those named in Table 1, 2, or 3) . Although antisense oligonucleotides are typically RNA based, they can also be DNA based. Also, antisense oligonucleotides are often modified to increase their stability.
Without being bound by theory, the binding of these relatively short oligonucleotides to the mRNA is believed to induce stretches of double stranded RNA that trigger degradation of the messages by endogenous RNAses. Additionally, sometimes the oligonucleotides are specifically designed to bind near the promoter of the coding sequence, and under these circumstances, the antisense oligonucleotides may additionally interfere with translation of the mRNA. Regardless of the specific mechanism by which antisense oligonucleotides function, their administration to a cell or tissue allows the degradation of the RNA transcribed from the genomic sequence encompassing the specified SNPs, for example, those in Table 1, 2, or 3. Accordingly, antisense oligonucleotides decrease the expression and/or activity of encoded product from the genomic sequence.
The oligonucleotides can be DNA or RNA or chimeric mixtures or derivatives or modified versions thereof, single-stranded or double-stranded. The oligonucleotide can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone, for example, to improve stability of the molecule, hybridization, etc. The oligonucleotide may include other appended groups such as peptides (e.g., for targeting host cell receptors) , or agents facilitating transport across the cell membrane (see, e.g., Letsinger et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86: 6553-6556; Lemaitre et al., 1987, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84: 648-652; WO 88/09810) or the blood-brain barrier (see, e.g., WO 89/10134) , hybridization-triggered cleavage agents (See, e.g., Krol et al., 1988, BioTechniques 6: 958-976) or intercalating agents (see, e.g., Zon, 1988, Pharm. Res. 5: 539-549) . To this end, the oligonucleotide can be conjugated to another molecule.
Oligonucleotides of the invention may be synthesized by standard methods known in the art, e.g., by use of an automated DNA synthesizer (such as are commercially available from Biosearch, Applied Biosystems, etc. ) . As examples, phosphorothioate oligonucleotides may be synthesized by the method of Stein et al. (1988, Nucl. Acids Res. 16: 3209) , methylphosphonate oligonucleotides can be prepared by use of controlled pore glass polymer supports (Sarin et al., 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 85: 7448-7451) etc.
A number of methods have been developed for delivering antisense DNA or RNA to cells; e.g., antisense molecules can be injected directly into the target anatomic site, or modified antisense molecules, designed to target the desired cells (e.g., antisense linked to peptides or antibodies that specifically bind receptors or antigens expressed on the target cell surface) can be administered systematically.
It may be difficult to achieve intracellular concentrations of the antisense sufficient to suppress translation on endogenous mRNAs in certain instances. Therefore, another approach utilizes a recombinant DNA construct in which the antisense oligonucleotide is placed under the control of a strong pol III or pol II promoter. For example, a vector can be introduced in vivo such that it is taken up by a cell and directs the transcription of an antisense RNA. Such a vector can remain episomal or become chromosomally integrated, as long as it can be transcribed to produce the desired antisense RNA. Such vectors can be constructed by recombinant DNA technology methods standard in the art. Vectors can be plasmid, viral, or others known in the art, used for replication and expression in mammalian cells. Expression of the sequence encoding the antisense RNA can be by any promoter known in the art to act in mammalian, preferably human cells. Such promoters can be inducible or constitutive. Such promoters include but are not limited to: the SV40 early promoter region (Bernoist and Chambon, 1981, Nature 290: 304-310) , the promoter contained in the 3'long terminal repeat of Rous sarcoma virus (Yamamoto et al., 1980, Cell 22: 787-797) , the herpes thymidine kinase promoter (Wagner et al., 1981, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S. A. 78: 1441-1445) , the regulatory sequences of the metallothionein gene (Brinster et al., 1982, Nature 296: 39-42) , etc. Any type of plasmid, cosmid, YAC or viral vector can be used to prepare the recombinant DNA construct that can be introduced directly into the target tissue site. Alternatively, viral vectors can be used which selectively infect the desired tissue, in which case administration may be accomplished by another route (e.g., systematically) .
B. Small Interfering RNA
In some embodiments, the agent is a small interfering RNA (siRNA or RNAi) molecule. RNAi constructs comprise double stranded RNA that can specifically block expression of a target gene. "RNA interference" or "RNAi" is a term initially applied to a phenomenon where double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) blocks gene expression in a specific and post-transcriptional manner. RNAi provides a useful method of inhibiting gene expression in vitro or in vivo. RNAi constructs can include small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) , short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) , and other RNA species that can be cleaved in vivo to form siRNAs. RNAi constructs herein also include expression vectors ( "RNAi expression vectors" ) capable of giving rise to transcripts which form dsRNAs or hairpin RNAs in cells, and/or transcripts which can produce siRNAs in vivo.
RNAi expression vectors express (transcribe) RNA which produces siRNA moieties in the cell in which the construct is expressed. Such vectors include a transcriptional unit comprising an assembly of (1) genetic element (s) having a regulatory role in gene expression, for example, promoters, operators, or enhancers, operatively linked to (2) a "coding" sequence which is transcribed to produce a double-stranded RNA (two RNA moieties that anneal in the cell to form an siRNA, or a single hairpin RNA, which can be processed to an siRNA) , and (3) appropriate transcription initiation and termination sequences. The choice of promoter and other regulatory elements generally varies according to the intended host cell.
The RNAi constructs contain a nucleotide sequence that hybridizes under physiologic conditions of the cell to the nucleotide sequence of at least a portion of the mRNA transcript for the gene to be inhibited (i.e., an RNA transcribed from a genomic sequence encompassing one or more pairs of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or3) . The double-stranded RNA need only be sufficiently similar to natural RNA that it has the ability to mediate RNAi. Thus, the invention has the advantage of being able to tolerate sequence variations that might be expected due to genetic mutation, strain polymorphism or evolutionary divergence. The number of tolerated nucleotide mismatches between the target sequence and the RNAi construct sequence is no more than 1 in 5 basepairs, or 1 in 10 basepairs, or 1 in 20 basepairs, or 1 in 50 basepairs. Mismatches in the center of the siRNA duplex are most critical and may essentially abolish cleavage of the target RNA. In contrast, nucleotides at the 3'end of the siRNA strand that is complementary to the target RNA do not significantly contribute to specificity of the target recognition.
Production of RNAi constructs can be carried out by chemical synthetic methods or by recombinant nucleic acid techniques. Endogenous RNA polymerase of the treated cell may mediate transcription in vivo, or cloned RNA polymerase can be used for transcription in vitro. The RNAi constructs may include modifications to either the phosphate-sugar backbone or the nucleoside, e.g., to reduce susceptibility to cellular nucleases, improve bioavailability, improve formulation characteristics, and/or change other pharmacokinetic properties. For example, the phosphodiester linkages of natural RNA may be modified to include at least one of an nitrogen or sulfur heteroatom. Modifications in RNA structure may be tailored to allow specific genetic inhibition while avoiding a general response to dsRNA. Likewise, bases may be modified to block the activity of adenosine deaminase. The RNAi construct may be produced enzymatically or by partial/total organic synthesis, any modified ribonucleotide can be introduced by in vitro enzymatic or organic synthesis.
In certain embodiments, the subject RNAi constructs are "small interfering RNAs" or "siRNAs. " These nucleic acids are around 19-30 nucleotides in length, and even more preferably 21-23 nucleotides in length, e.g., corresponding in length to the fragments generated by nuclease "dicing" of longer double-stranded RNAs. The siRNAs are understood to recruit nuclease complexes and guide the complexes to the target mRNA by pairing to the specific sequences. As a result, the target mRNA is degraded by the nucleases in the protein complex. In a particular embodiment, the 21-23 nucleotides siRNA molecules comprise a 3'hydroxyl group.
In certain embodiments, the RNAi construct is in the form of a short hairpin structure (named as shRNA) . The shRNAs can be synthesized exogenously or can be formed by transcribing from RNA polymerase III promoters in vivo. Examples of making and using such hairpin RNAs for gene silencing in mammalian cells are described in, for example, Paddison et al., Genes Dev, 2002, 16: 948-58; McCaffrey et al., Nature, 2002, 418: 38-9; Yu et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99: 6047-52) . Often, such shRNAs are engineered in cells or in an animal to ensure continuous and stable suppression of a desired gene. It is known in the art that siRNAs can be produced by processing a hairpin RNA in the cell.
A plasmid can be used to deliver the double-stranded RNA, e.g., as a transcriptional product. In such embodiments, the plasmid is designed to include a "coding sequence" for each of the sense and antisense strands of the RNAi construct. The coding sequences can be the same sequence, e.g., flanked by inverted promoters, or can be two separate sequences each under transcriptional control of separate promoters. After the coding sequence is transcribed, the complementary RNA transcripts base-pair to form the double-stranded RNA.
C. Ribozymes
In some embodiments, the agent is a ribozyme. Ribozymes molecules designed to catalytically cleave an mRNA transcript are also used to disrupt and prevent the downstream effects of the mRNA (See, e.g., WO 90/11364; Sarver et al., 1990, Science 247: 1222-1225 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,093,246) . While ribozymes that cleave mRNA at site-specific recognition sequences can be used to destroy particular mRNAs, the use of hammerhead ribozymes is preferred. Hammerhead ribozymes cleave mRNAs at locations dictated by flanking regions that form complementary base pairs with the target mRNA. The sole requirement is that the target mRNA have the following sequence of two bases: 5'-UG-3'. The construction and production of hammerhead ribozymes is well known in the art and is described more fully in Haseloff and Gerlach, 1988, Nature, 334: 585-591.
The ribozymes for use in this invention may also include RNA endoribonucleases (hereinafter "Cech-type ribozymes" ) such as the one that occurs naturally in Tetrahymena thermophila (known as the IVS, or L-19 IVS RNA) and has been extensively described by Thomas Cech and collaborators (Zaug, et al., 1984, Science, 224: 574-578; Zaug and Cech, 1986, Science, 231: 470-475; Zaug, et al., 1986, Nature, 324: 429-433; WO 88/04300; Been and Cech, 1986, Cell, 47: 207-216) . The Cech-type ribozymes have an 8-basepair active site that hybridizes to a target RNA sequence whereafter cleavage of the target RNA takes place. The invention encompasses those Cech-type ribozymes that target 8-basepair active site sequences.
As in the antisense approach, the ribozymes can be composed of modified oligonucleotides (e.g., for improved stability, targeting, etc. ) and can be delivered to cells in vitro or in vivo. A preferred method of delivery involves using a DNA construct "encoding" the ribozyme under the control of a strong constitutive pol III or pol II promoter, so that transfected cells will produce sufficient quantities of the ribozyme to destroy targeted mRNA and inhibit its effect. Because ribozymes unlike antisense molecules, are catalytic, a lower intracellular concentration is required for efficiency.
There are currently two basic types of DNA enzymes, and both of these were identified by Santoro and Joyce (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,462) . The 10-23 DNA enzyme comprises a loop structure which connect two arms. The two arms provide specificity by recognizing the particular target nucleic acid sequence while the loop structure provides catalytic function under physiological conditions.
Briefly, to design an ideal DNA enzyme that specifically recognizes and cleaves a target nucleic acid, one of skill in the art must first identify the unique target sequence. This can be done using the same approach as outlined for antisense oligonucleotides. Preferably, the unique or substantially sequence is a G/C rich of approximately 18 to 22 nucleotides. High G/C content helps insure a stronger interaction between the DNA enzyme and the target sequence.
When synthesizing the DNA enzyme, the specific antisense recognition sequence that will target the enzyme to the message is divided so that it comprises the two arms of the DNA enzyme, and the DNA enzyme loop is placed between the two specific arms.
Methods of making and administering DNA enzymes can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,462. Similarly, methods of delivery DNA ribozymes in vitro or in vivo include methods of delivery RNA ribozyme, as outlined in detail above. Additionally, one of skill in the art will recognize that, like antisense oligonucleotide, DNA enzymes can be optionally modified to improve stability and improve resistance to degradation.
D. Genomic Editing
The inhibition of a targe protein (such as APP or PSEN1 protein) expression can be achieved by way of disruption of the genetic sequence encompassing one or more pairs of SNPs named in Table 1, 2, or 3. One effective means of targeted gene cleavage is the CRISPR system.
The term CRISPR, abbreviation for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, was originally coined in reference to segments of prokaryotic DNA that contain short, repetitive base sequences, initially found in bacteria and archaea. In a palindromic repeat, the sequence of nucleotides is the same in both directions. Each repetition is followed by short segments of spacer DNA from previous exposures to foreign DNA (e.g., DNA of a virus) . Small clusters of Cas (CRISPR-associated) genes are located next to CRISPR sequences. It was later recognized that the CRISPR/Cas system is a prokaryotic immune system that confers resistance to foreign genetic elements especially those of viral origin and thereby provides a form of acquired immunity. RNA harboring the spacer sequence helps Cas (CRISPR-associated) proteins recognize and cut exogenous DNA. Other RNA-guided Cas proteins cut foreign RNA. CRISPRs are found in approximately 50%of sequenced bacterial genomes and nearly 90%of sequenced archaea, and recently the CRISPR/Cas system have been adapted for use in targeted gene editing in eukaryotic cells. See, e.g., Ledford (2016) , Nature 531 (7593) : 156–9.
A simple version of the CRISPR/Cas system, CRISPR/Cas9, has been modified to edit genomes. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with one or more synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, typically by transfecting the cell with one or more expression vectors encoding for the Cas9 nuclease and the gRNA (s) , the cell's genome can be cut at one or more pre-selected location, allowing a target gene (e.g., the genomic sequence harboring one or more pairs of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3) to be removed and/or substituted by a new sequence.
In the instant case, an expression vector (for example, a viral vector) carrying the coding sequence for one or more gRNA specific for a genomic sequence containing one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 can be introduced into a cell in which the endogenous genomic sequence containing the specified SNPs is to be knocked out (for example, an endothelial cell or an endothelial progenitor cell, or a neuronal cell) . The same expression vector optionally also carries the coding sequence for the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease or equivalent. In the alternative, a separate expression vector may be used to introduce the CRISPR/Cas9 nuclease coding sequence for its expression in the target cells. In some cases, more than one (e.g., two) distinct gRNAs are used to ensure removal and/or replacement of a target genomic sequence (e.g., one that encompasses one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3) .
Additional gene editing systems that can be used for practicing the present invention include TALENs (Transcription activator-like effector nucleases) , ZFNs (Zinc-finger nucleases) , and base editing, as well as newly developed techniques such as homing endonucleases and meganucleases (MegNs) (which target and cleave DNA sequences) and prime editing (which generates RNA templates for gene alteration) .
III. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions or physiological compositions comprising an effective amount of one or more agents useful in the methods of the present invention in both prophylactic and therapeutic applications. Such pharmaceutical or physiological compositions also include one or more pharmaceutically or physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers. For instance, one exemplary composition of this invention comprises or consists essentially of one or more expression vectors encoding a CRISPR system (e.g., a Cas9 nuclease or equivalent and one or two or more sgRNAs) plus one or more physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers. In another exemplary composition of this invention comprises or consists essentially of one or more expression vectors encoding one or more inhibitory oligonucleotides (e.g., a small inhibitory RNA molecule or an antisense DNA or RNA oligonucleotide) plus one or more physiologically acceptable excipients or carriers. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., oral, nasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, intramuscular, intravenous, or intracranial. The preferred routes of administering the pharmaceutical compositions are local delivery to a relevant organ or tissue to the target disease in a recipient at a pre-determined daily dose. The appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more active agents of this invention, inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are also used. Typically, the pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories. A solid carrier can be one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
In powders, the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component. In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
For preparing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of suppositories, a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5%to about 70%by weight of the active ingredient. Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
The pharmaceutical compositions can include the formulation of the active agent (s) with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the agent or agents (with or without other carriers) is/are surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the agent (s) . In a similar manner, cachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral or parenteral administration, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration. Sterile water solutions of the active component (s) or sterile solutions of the active component (s) in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid compositions suitable for parenteral administration. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component (s) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving the sterile component (s) in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
The pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more active agents can be administered for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatments. In therapeutic applications, compositions are administered to a patient already suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease in an amount sufficient to prevent, cure, reverse, or at least partially slow or arrest the symptoms of the disease and its complications, such as the onset, progression, duration, and severity of the disease. An amount adequate to accomplish this is defined as a "therapeutically effective dose. " Amounts effective for this use will depend on the severity of the disease, the weight and general state of the patient, as well as the nature of the active agent (s) .
In prophylactic applications, pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more active agents are administered to a patient susceptible to or otherwise at risk of developing Alzheimer’s Disease in an amount sufficient to delay or prevent the onset of the symptoms. Such an amount is defined to be a "prophylactically effective dose. " In this use, the precise amounts of the active agent (s) again depend on the patient's state of health and weight, as well as the nature of the active agent (s) .
Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of agent (s) sufficient to effectively suppress expression level of a target protein and Aβ plaque formation in the patient, either therapeutically or prophylactically.
IV. Therapeutic Applications Using Nucleic Acids
A variety of conditions can be treated by therapeutic approaches that involve introducing a nucleic acid encoding one or more agents disrupting a genomic sequence that encompasses one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3, or inhibiting mRNA encoded by the genomic sequence (such as antisense or miRNA or Cas9 nuclease and sgRNAs) into a cell such that the coding sequence is transcribed and the polypeptide or oligonucleotide agent is produced in the cell. For discussions on the application of gene therapy towards the treatment of genetic as well as acquired diseases, see, Miller Nature 357: 455-460 (1992) ; and Mulligan Science 260: 926-932 (1993) .
A. Vectors for Gene Delivery
For delivery to a cell or organism, a polynucleotide encoding one or more active agents can be incorporated into a vector. Examples of vectors used for such purposes include expression plasmids capable of directing the expression of the nucleic acids in the target cell. In other instances, the vector is a viral vector system wherein the polynucleotide is incorporated into a viral genome that is capable of transfecting the target cell. In one embodiment, the encoding polynucleotide can be operably linked to expression and control sequences that can direct expression of the polypeptide or oligonucleotide in the desired target host cells. Thus, one can achieve expression of the polypeptide or oligonucleotide inhibitor under appropriate conditions in the target cell.
B. Gene Delivery Systems
Viral vector systems useful in the expression of a polypeptide or oligonucleotide disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing one or more pairs of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3, include, for example, naturally occurring or recombinant viral vector systems. Depending upon the particular application, suitable viral vectors include replication competent, replication deficient, and conditionally replicating viral vectors. For example, viral vectors can be derived from the genome of human or bovine adenoviruse, vaccinia virus, herpes virus, adeno-associated virus (AAV) , minute virus of mice (MVM) , HIV, sindbis virus, and retroviruses (including but not limited to Rous sarcoma virus and lentivirus) , and MoMLV. Typically, the coding sequence of interest (e.g., one encoding for a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent of the present invention) are inserted into such vectors to allow packaging of the gene construct, typically with accompanying viral DNA, followed by infection of a sensitive host cell and expression of the coding sequence of interest.
As used herein, “gene delivery system” refers to any means for the delivery of a polynucleotide sequence of the interest to a target cell. In some embodiments of the invention, nucleic acids are conjugated to a cell receptor ligand for facilitated uptake (e.g., invagination of coated pits and internalization of the endosome) through an appropriate linking moiety, such as a DNA linking moiety (Wu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 263: 14621-14624 (1988) ; WO 92/06180) , or by ultrasound-microbubble delivery system (Lan HY et al., J. Am Soc. Nephrol. 14: 1535-1548) . For example, nucleic acids can be linked through a polylysine moiety to asialo-oromucocid, which is a ligand for the asialoglycoprotein receptor of hepatocytes.
Similarly, viral envelopes used for packaging gene constructs that include the nucleic acids of the interest can be modified by the addition of receptor ligands or antibodies specific for a receptor to permit receptor-mediated endocytosis into specific cells (see, e.g., WO 93/20221, WO 93/14188, and WO 94/06923) . In some embodiments of the invention, the DNA constructs of the invention are linked to viral proteins, such as adenovirus particles, to facilitate endocytosis (Curiel et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 88: 8850-8854 (1991) ) . In other embodiments, the active agents of the instant invention can include microtubule inhibitors (WO/9406922) , synthetic peptides mimicking influenza virus hemagglutinin (Plank et al., J. Biol. Chem. 269: 12918-12924 (1994) ) , and nuclear localization signals such as SV40 T antigen (WO93/19768) .
Retroviral vectors may also be useful for introducing the coding sequence of a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent of the invention into target cells or tissues. Retroviral vectors are produced by genetically manipulating retroviruses. The viral genome of retroviruses is RNA. Upon infection, this genomic RNA is reverse transcribed into a DNA copy which is integrated into the chromosomal DNA of transduced cells with a high degree of stability and efficiency. The integrated DNA copy is referred to as a provirus and is inherited by daughter cells as is any other gene. The wild-type retroviral genome and the proviral DNA have three genes: the gag, the pol and the env genes, which are flanked by two long terminal repeat (LTR) sequences. The gag gene encodes the internal structural (nucleocapsid) proteins; the pol gene encodes the RNA directed DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase) ; and the env gene encodes viral envelope glycoproteins. The 5’a nd 3’ LTRs serve to promote transcription and polyadenylation of virion RNAs. Adjacent to the 5’ LTR are sequences necessary for reverse transcription of the genome (the tRNA primer binding site) and for efficient encapsulation of viral RNA into particles (the Psi site) (see, Mulligan, In:Experimental Manipulation of Gene Expression, Inouye (ed) , 155-173 (1983) ; Mann et al., Cell 33: 153-159 (1983) ; Cone and Mulligan, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A., 81: 6349-6353 (1984) ) .
The design of retroviral vectors is well known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In brief, if the sequences necessary for encapsidation (or packaging of retroviral RNA into infectious virions) are missing from the viral genome, the result is a cis acting defect which prevents encapsidation of genomic RNA. However, the resulting mutant is still capable of directing the synthesis of all virion proteins. Retroviral genomes from which these sequences have been deleted, as well as cell lines containing the mutant genome stably integrated into the chromosome are well known in the art and are used to construct retroviral vectors. Preparation of retroviral vectors and their uses are described in many publications including, e.g., European Patent Application EPA 0 178 220; U.S. Patent 4,405,712; Gilboa Biotechniques 4: 504-512 (1986) ; Mann et al., Cell 33: 153-159 (1983) ; Cone and Mulligan Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81: 6349-6353 (1984) ; Eglitis et al. Biotechniques 6: 608-614 (1988) ; Miller et al. Biotechniques 7: 981-990 (1989) ; Miller (1992) supra; Mulligan (1993) , supra; and WO 92/07943.
The retroviral vector particles are prepared by recombinantly inserting the desired nucleotide sequence into a retrovirus vector and packaging the vector with retroviral capsid proteins by use of a packaging cell line. The resultant retroviral vector particle is incapable of replication in the host cell but is capable of integrating into the host cell genome as a proviral sequence containing the desired nucleotide sequence. As a result, the patient is capable of producing, for example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide active agent useful in the methods of the invention and thus restore the target cells (e.g., brain endothelial cells) to a normal phenotype.
Packaging cell lines that are used to prepare the retroviral vector particles are typically recombinant mammalian tissue culture cell lines that produce the necessary viral structural proteins required for packaging, but which are incapable of producing infectious virions. The defective retroviral vectors that are used, on the other hand, lack these structural genes but encode the remaining proteins necessary for packaging. To prepare a packaging cell line, one can construct an infectious clone of a desired retrovirus in which the packaging site has been deleted. Cells comprising this construct will express all structural viral proteins, but the introduced DNA will be incapable of being packaged. Alternatively, packaging cell lines can be produced by transforming a cell line with one or more expression plasmids encoding the appropriate core and envelope proteins. In these cells, the gag, pol, and env genes can be derived from the same or different retroviruses.
A number of packaging cell lines suitable for the present invention are also available in the prior art. Examples of these cell lines include Crip, GPE86, PA317 and PG13 (see Miller et al., J. Virol. 65: 2220-2224 (1991) ) . Examples of other packaging cell lines are described in Cone and Mulligan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 81: 6349-6353 (1984) ; Danos and Mulligan Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 85: 6460-6464 (1988) ; Eglitis et al. (1988) , supra; and Miller (1990) , supra.
Packaging cell lines capable of producing retroviral vector particles with chimeric envelope proteins may be used. Alternatively, amphotropic or xenotropic envelope proteins, such as those produced by PA317 and GPX packaging cell lines may be used to package the retroviral vectors.
C. Pharmaceutical formulations
When used for pharmaceutical purposes, the nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent is generally formulated in a suitable buffer, which can be any pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as phosphate buffered saline or sodium phosphate/sodium sulfate, Tris buffer, glycine buffer, sterile water, and other buffers known to the ordinarily skilled artisan such as those described by Good et al. Biochemistry 5: 467 (1966) .
The compositions can additionally include a stabilizer, enhancer or other pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or vehicles. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrier can contain a physiologically acceptable compound that acts, for example, to stabilize the nucleic acids of the invention and any associated vector. A physiologically acceptable compound can include, for example, carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose or dextrans, antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, chelating agents, low molecular weight proteins or other stabilizers or excipients. Other physiologically acceptable compounds include wetting agents, emulsifying agents, dispersing agents or preservatives, which are particularly useful for preventing the growth or action of microorganisms. Various preservatives are well known and include, for example, phenol and ascorbic acid. Examples of carriers, stabilizers or adjuvants can be found in Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . Moreover, the nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent of this invention may be packaged in lipid nanoparticles to facilitate its crossing of the blood-brain-barrier.
D. Administration of Formulations
The formulations containing a polynucleotide sequence encoding a polypeptide or oligonucleotide active agent can be delivered to target tissue or organ using any delivery method known to the ordinarily skilled artisan. In some embodiments of the invention, the encoding polynucleotide sequences are formulated for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral ingestion/nasal inhalation or for topical application.
The formulations containing the nucleic acid of interest are typically directly administered to a cell. The cell can be provided as part of a tissue, such as red blood cells as a part of the circulatory system, or as an isolated cell, such as in tissue culture. The cell can be provided in vivo, ex vivo, or in vitro.
The formulations can be introduced into the tissue of interest in vivo or ex vivo by a variety of methods. In some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acids of interest are introduced into cells by such methods as microinjection, calcium phosphate precipitation, liposome fusion, ultrasound, electroporation, or biolistics. In further embodiments, the nucleic acids are taken up directly by the target tissue or organ relevant to the disease or condition being treated, for example, when the targeted cells are the brain endothelial cells intracranial injection is appropriate.
In some embodiments of the invention, the nucleic acids of interest are administered ex vivo to cells or tissues explanted from a patient, then returned to the patient. Examples of ex vivo administration of therapeutic gene constructs include Nolta et al., Proc Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (6) : 2414-9 (1996) ; Koc et al., Seminars in Oncology 23 (1) : 46-65 (1996) ; Raper et al., Annals of Surgery 223 (2) : 116-26 (1996) ; Dalesandro et al., J. Thorac. Cardi. Surg., 11 (2) : 416-22 (1996) ; and Makarov et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1) : 402-6 (1996) .
Effective dosage of the formulations will vary depending on many different factors, including means of administration, target site, physiological state of the patient, and other medicines administered. Thus, treatment dosages will need to be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy. In determining the effective amount of the vector to be administered, the physician should evaluate the particular nucleic acid used, the disease state being diagnosed; the age, weight, and overall condition of the patient, circulating plasma levels, vector toxicities, progression of the disease, and the production of anti-vector antibodies. The size of the dose also will be determined by the existence, nature, and extent of any adverse side-effects that accompany the administration of a particular vector. For example, an antisense oligonucleotide in the amount of 1-1000, 10-200, or 20-100 mg can be delivered to a patient via intravenous injection at a frequency of weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly administration over at least one to three months or a longer time period. For CRISPR editing targeting a genomic region, as another example, each 5 x105 cells (e.g., hCMEC/D3 cells) are transfected with 0.5-50 μg; 1-20 μg; or 2-10 μg of a vector carrying genes encoding Cas9 together with at least one pair of sgRNAs. For CRISPR editing targeting a genomic region in human patients, the dose for lipid nanoparticles carrying sgRNAs and mRNA encoding Cas9 is in the range of 0.01-2; 0.02-1.0; 0.05-0.5; or 0.10-0.30 mg/kg of body weight delivered by i. v. injection 1-3 times over a period of 1-4 weeks.
V. Kits
The invention also provides kits for treating an autosomal dominant genetic disorder such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) or reducing risk of such a disease in a person in need thereof according to the method of the present invention. The kits typically include a container that contains (1) a pharmaceutical composition having an effective amount of one or more active agent capable of disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair, possibly more pairs, of the SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 or suppressing/eliminating translation from its RNA transcript; and (2) informational material containing instructions on how to dispense the pharmaceutical composition, including description of the type of patients who may be treated (e.g., human patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease, especially familial AD or at increased risk for the disease) , the schedule (e.g., dose and frequency) and route of administration, and the like. In some cases, two or more containers are included in the kit to provide multiple pharmaceutical compositions each comprising an effective amount of at least one active agent, such as vector or vectors encoding components of a CRISPR system (e.g., a Cas9 nuclease or equivalent and one or more sgRNAs) or encoding an siRNA, a microRNA, a miniRNA, a lncRNA, or an antisense oligonucleotide targeting the genomic sequence encompassing the specified SNPs. Optionally, the kit may further comprise one or more additional containers, each containing at least one agent useful for sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genome, especially the genomic sequence encompassing the pertinent SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, or 3 as well as a disease-relevant allele located within the same genomic segment, e.g., the coding sequence of the same gene, such as the same exon of a gene (such as APP or PSEN1) .
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially the same or similar results.
INTRODUCTION
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for 60%–80%of dementia, which affects over 55 million people globally, while no effective treatment exists currently. AD is a complex neurodegenerative disease attributed to a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Familial AD (FAD) is mainly caused by monogenic mutations in APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2; more than 400 FAD-related mutations have been reported to date. These mutations contribute to amyloid pathology by increasing either amyloid beta (Aβ) production or aggregation-prone Aβ peptides. Therefore, silencing of the 3 FAD-related genes, which would lead to decreased Aβ production, is a potential therapeutic avenue for alleviating amyloid-related pathologies. However, it is suggested that total deletion of any of these genes causes severe side effects associated with neuronal functioning, while loss of one copy of APP or PSEN1 due to nonsense mutation or frameshift did not result in abnormal neurological symptoms. This supports that FAD is not caused by haploinsufficiency, and one functional copy of APP or PSEN1 is sufficient to maintain integrity of cell functions. Thus, eliminating the allele that contains the pathogenic mutation while keeping the normal allele, via CRISPR technology, is a feasible therapeutic approach for FAD treatment.
Allele-specific targeting can eliminate mutant alleles without disturbing normal alleles, making it ideal for the treatment of autosomal dominant disorders like FAD. The CRISPR-Cas9 system comprises a single guide RNA (sgRNA) and Cas9 nuclease. After the sgRNA binds to a target DNA sequence adjacent to a protospacer neighboring motif (PAM) in the genomic DNA, Cas9 nuclease then induces double-strand break at the target sequence, disrupting gene expression by inducing an indel or frameshift mutation. The seed sequence is a 5-12 bp sequence within the sgRNA that covers a short DNA region in the targeting sequence next to the PAM site; low mismatch tolerance is indicated between seed sequence and PAM. As long as the mutations form new PAM and are located in the seed sequence, Cas9 nucleases could then target and cleave the mutation-bearing sequences, ultimately leading to silencing of the mutant genes.
This promising therapeutic strategy for FAD involves targeting FAD mutations and disrupting the mutant alleles. Effectiveness of the approach has been validated in the ablation of 2 FAD pathogenic mutations so far, both of them showing reduced AD-related pathologies. However, there are more than 400 mutations in total reported in FAD, with 161 pathogenic mutations identified based on ACMG (The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics) standard categorization. To cover all FAD cases by targeting all the mutations site by site, more than 400 targeting tools will be needed, making clinical translation difficult (Figure 1A) .
Instead, targeting the SNP pairs that are in cis with the causative mutations can also specifically disrupt the mutant alleles independent of the specific mutations involved (Figure 1B) . These SNP pairs are natural variants present as heterozygous and at high frequency in the population so that they can be used to identify either of the alleles encompassing the mutation sites in most people. Disruption of gene expression can then be achieved through exon excision, which would lead to a frameshift and the formation of a premature stop codon (Figure 2) . This mutation-independent genome editing approach could realize increased coverage with fewer CRISPR targeting tools.
[Rectified under Rule 91, 13.11.2024]
This invention resides in the development of a mutation-independent allele-specific CRISPR targeting strategy for treating FAD. A pipeline is first developed for analyzing all kinds of rare autosomal dominant disorders involving numerous pathogenic mutations, including the identification of common targetable SNPs and the combined frequencies of the SNP pairs in the population, and the design of sgRNAs for these SNPs. Applying this pipeline to study FAD, a targeting strategy is then developed with determined target site combinations and their population frequencies (Tables 1-3, 5) . Meanwhile, lists of targeting sgRNAs for APP and PSEN1 mutant gene disruption were also generated (Table 4, Table 6) . Analysis shows that one pair of targeting tools is already sufficient to cover 48%of individuals with any APP mutations (Figure 2, Figure 3) . Further, targeting of the best SNP combination requires the use of only 3 pairs of CRISPR targeting tools to cover 76%of FAD patients carrying any type of APP mutations (Table 3) . Using a surrogate reporter system, the present inventors systematically validated the targeting specificity and efficiency of all sgRNAs that target the best SNP combination sites (Figures 4, 5, 6A-6D, and 7) . To validate efficacy of the genome editing approach for APP, FAD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying APP mutation were used as the experimental model. Through genome editing for APP using top sgRNA candidates that target the SNP-pair rs6516719 and rs2830026 (Figure 5) , the inventors successfully abolished the expression of mutant alleles, leading to reduced Aβ42 generation in iPSC-induced neurons. This validation further supports the potential of this approach as a valid therapeutic strategy for FAD (Fig. 8A and Fig. 8B) .
This invention resides in the development of a mutation-independent allele-specific CRISPR targeting strategy for treating FAD. A pipeline is first developed for analyzing all kinds of rare autosomal dominant disorders involving numerous pathogenic mutations, including the identification of common targetable SNPs and the combined frequencies of the SNP pairs in the population, and the design of sgRNAs for these SNPs. Applying this pipeline to study FAD, a targeting strategy is then developed with determined target site combinations and their population frequencies (Tables 1-3, 5) . Meanwhile, lists of targeting sgRNAs for APP and PSEN1 mutant gene disruption were also generated (Table 4, Table 6) . Analysis shows that one pair of targeting tools is already sufficient to cover 48%of individuals with any APP mutations (Figure 2, Figure 3) . Further, targeting of the best SNP combination requires the use of only 3 pairs of CRISPR targeting tools to cover 76%of FAD patients carrying any type of APP mutations (Table 3) . Using a surrogate reporter system, the present inventors systematically validated the targeting specificity and efficiency of all sgRNAs that target the best SNP combination sites (Figures 4, 5, 6A-6D, and 7) . To validate efficacy of the genome editing approach for APP, FAD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying APP mutation were used as the experimental model. Through genome editing for APP using top sgRNA candidates that target the SNP-pair rs6516719 and rs2830026 (Figure 5) , the inventors successfully abolished the expression of mutant alleles, leading to reduced Aβ42 generation in iPSC-induced neurons. This validation further supports the potential of this approach as a valid therapeutic strategy for FAD (Fig. 8A and Fig. 8B) .
Table 1: Candidate target SNP sites in the APP gene and their respective population frequency
Table 2: Two-SNP site combinations in the APP gene and their respecitve population frequency
Table 3: Three SNP-site combinations in the APP gene and their population frequency
[Rectified under Rule 91, 13.11.2024]
Table 4: Sequences of sgRNAs for targeting top candidate SNP sites in the APP gene
Table 4: Sequences of sgRNAs for targeting top candidate SNP sites in the APP gene
Table 5: Candidate target SNP sites in the PSEN1 gene and population frequency.
[Rectified under Rule 91, 13.11.2024]
Table 6: Sequences of sgRNAs for targeting top candidate SNP sites in the PSEN1 gene
Table 6: Sequences of sgRNAs for targeting top candidate SNP sites in the PSEN1 gene
METHODS
Molecular cloning
The sgRNA-Cas9 plasmids are modified from the pX458--AAV-EFS: : NLS-SpCas9-NLS-3xHA-SPA; U6: : BsaI-sgRNA and pX601-AAV-EFS: : NLS-SaCas9-NLS-3xHA-SPA; U6: : BsaI-sgRNA constructs. To examine the transfection efficiency, a mCherry reporter is added. A mCherry fragment is obtained from another plasmid using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , while double restriction digestion was conducted to cut the original plasmid. By Gibson assembly, the mCherry fragment was inserted into the new plasmid. Lastly, the sgRNA-Cas9 vector with the mCherry reporter was generated by cutting the new plasmid with the BsaI restriction enzyme. The template plasmid used is a modified version of pCAG-EGxxFP (Addgene plasmid 50716) . The template vectors were prepared by double restriction digestion. The dephosphorylated DNA oligos for the templates and sgRNA spacers were synthesized by Invitrogen (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . The forward and reverse primers were first phosphorylated using T4 polynucleotide kinase and annealed together in a thermocycler. Next, the products were inserted into their corresponding vectors using T7 ligase. To amplify the plasmids to sufficient amounts for transfection, the plasmids were subjected to transformation into NEB-Stable competent E. coli cells according to the manufacturer’s protocol (New England Biolabs) . The bacteria were allowed to grow overnight in an incubator shaker. Finally, the plasmids were prepared using DNA extraction.
Transfection
HEK293 cells were plated on a 100 mm dish 1-2 days prior to transfection. Before transfection, the cells at 50%-70%confluency were trypsinized and suspended in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) . Then, 1.5x105 cells were added to the DNA-Lipofectamine 3000 complex formed by 1 μg of template plasmids and/or 0.5 μg of Cas9-sgRNA constructs with 2 μl of Lipofectamine 3000 reagent and 2.5 μl of p3000 reagent in Opti-MEM (OMEM) according to the manufacturer’s protocol (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . Subsequently, the mixture was transferred to a 12-well plate and filled up to 1 ml with DMEM. The cells were collected 24 h after transfection.
Surrogate reporter assay
The EGFP coding sequence was divided into two segments separated by a stop codon and the template sequence. Both segments contain an identical 200-bp homologous region. Upon a double-strand break induced by CRISPR-Cas9 nuclease, cells may undergo homology-directed-repair-mediated or single-strand annealing to repair DNA. The two EGFP segments would join together to form a complete EGFP coding sequence (Fig. 2) . As a result, EGFP is expressed, and the green fluorescence signals can be detected. The EGFP assay provides a highly efficient and rapid detection of the cleavage activity compared to other strategies such as the T7EI assay. After collection, the cells were fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde and stained with DAPI (1: 5000 in 0.3%DPBST) to visualize the cell nuclei. Imaging was performed using a Leica TCS SP8 confocal system. The images obtained were analyzed using ImageJ, through which the number of cells with fluorescence signals was measured. The threshold of the signals for each site is adjusted to minimize background signals according to the control group with only the template plasmid delivered. The editing efficiency is calculated based on the percentage of the number of cells with EGFP signals over that with mCherry signals.
All patents, patent applications, and other publications, including GenBank Accession Numbers or equivalents, cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.
Claims (27)
- A method for treating an autosomal dominant disease or reducing risk of the disease in a person in need thereof, comprising the step of administering to the person an effective amount of a composition disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5, wherein the person is heterozygous at all of the SNPs and has a genetic mutation relevant to the disease located within one gene exon with all of the SNPs.
- The method of claim 1, further comprising, prior to the administering step, sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genome comprising the gene exon.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the autosomal dominant disease is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) .
- The method of claim 3, wherein the gene is amyloid precursor protein (APP) or presenilin-1 (PSEN1) gene.
- The method of claim 3, wherein the person has been diagnosed with AD, or the person is not yet diagnosed with AD but has known risk factors for AD.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1.
- The method of claim 6, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise rs2830026 and rs6516719.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any one pair of SNPs listed in Table 5.
- The method of claim 8, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise rs17125457 and rs17408630.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any two pairs of SNPs listed in Table 2.
- The method of claim 10, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise rs2830026 and rs6516719; rs2248682 and rs8130594.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise any three pairs of SNPs listed in Table 3.
- The method of claim 12, wherein the at least one pair of SNPs comprise rs2830026 and rs6516719; rs10154121 and rs2070655; rs2830046 and rs2070654.
- The method of claim 1, wherein the composition comprising one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and at least two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- The method of claim 14, wherein the at least two sgRNAs comprise at least two nucleotide sequences listed in Table 4 or 6.
- The method of claim 14, wherein the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
- The method of any one of claims 14-16, wherein each of the one or more vectors is a viral vector.
- The method of any one of claims 14-17, wherein the composition is administered by subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection or by oral or nasal administration.
- The method of claim 18, wherein the composition is administered in the form of a solution, a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
- A kit for treating an autosomal dominant disease or reducing risk of the disease in a person in need thereof, comprising a container containing a composition disrupting a genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- The kit of claim 20, wherein the autosomal dominant disease is Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) .
- The kit of claim 20, wherein the composition comprising one or more vectors encoding an endonuclease guided by a small guide RNA (sgRNA) and two sgRNAs targeting at least one pair of SNPs listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
- The kit of claim 20, wherein the endonuclease is a Cas9 nuclease.
- The kit of claim 20, wherein each of the one or more vectors is a viral vector.
- The kit of claim 20, wherein the composition is formulated for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, or intracranial injection, or for oral or nasal administration.
- The kit of claim 20, wherein the composition is in the form of a solution, a suspension, a powder, a paste, a tablet, or a capsule.
- The kit of claim 20, further comprising a second container containing one or more reagents for sequencing at least a portion of the person’s genomic sequence encompassing at least one pair of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) listed in Table 1, 2, 3, or 5.
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