WO2025042657A1 - Kappa-opioid receptor antagonists - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist compounds of Formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and pharmaceutical compositions thereof: (I) The compounds are useful in methods of treatment of various diseases and disorders for which KOR antagonism is indicated, including substance abuse disorders, depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric conditions.

Description

KAPPA-OPIOID RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS

[0001] The present application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/520,496 filed on August 18, 2023, which application is incorporated as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND

[0002] The kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is a member of the opioid receptor family that binds the opioid peptide dynorphin as the primary endogenous ligand. The KOR has a wide, yet distinct, distribution in the brain, spinal cord, and in peripheral tissues, and particularly in brain areas implicated in reward, cognitive function, and stress responsiveness. Evidence indicates that dynorphins are elevated under painful and stressful conditions, and that KOR disruption produces anti-stress effects. Such findings have led to development of KOR antagonists for treatment of depressive, anxiety, addictive disorders, as well as other psychiatric conditions associated with stress [M. Urbano et al., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 24:2021-2032, 2014 ("Urbano 2014"); Jacobson et al., Anna. Rev.

Pharmacol. Toxicol., 60:615-636 (2020); see also'. Handbook in Experimental Pharmacology, 271: Eds. Lee -Yuan Liu-Chen Saadet Inan (2022)].

[0003] Pharmacological studies with prototypical KOR antagonists (i.e., the morphinanderived ligands nor-BNI and GNTI, and the non-morphinan JDTic) have confirmed the therapeutic potential of the KOR/dynorphin system [Urbano 2014]. However, such prototypical KOR antagonists display delayed onset of action in the range of hours to days, followed by antagonism effects lasting weeks at minimally effective doses. Furthermore, such compounds showed poor blood-brain barrier penetration. For these reasons, more recent research has focused on the development of short(er) -acting KOR antagonists with improved pharmacokinetics .

[0004] The mechanisms by which KOR antagonists provide therapeutic action are generally understood. Both direct modulation of KOR and the modulation of down-stream signaling pathways modulated by dynorphin-KOR signaling can contribute to therapeutic efficacy. Indeed, KOR antagonists have been extensively studied precisely because they are known to block a prominent stress-induced neuroadaptation; namely, elevated expression of dynorphin in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). The NAc is an element of the mesolimbic system which plays a role in motivation and the pathology of psychiatric illness. Stress, in addition to repeated exposure to drugs of abuse, triggers a complex sequence of intracellular events involving the transcription factor CREB, a cAMP response element binding protein, in the NAc. KOR antagonists mitigate depressive-like signs that are produced though CREB- mediated increases in the expression of dynorphin [W. A. Carlezon et al. , Depression and Anxiety, 33:895-906, 2016]. According to the model set forth by Carlezon et al., stress activates CREB in the NAc, which leads to an increase in dynorphin expression. Increased dynorphin, in turn, promotes activation of KORs. KORs are expressed on the cell bodies and terminals of mesocorticolimbic dopamine (DA) neurons, and activation of KORs inhibit DA release. Thus, treatment with a KOR antagonist blocks the action of dynorphin, restoring DA function, and thereby providing antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects.

[0005] The neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin also function in pathways that are operative in neuropsychiatric disorders including depression, anxiety, autism, schizophrenia, PTSD, addiction, ADHD, etc. [Cid-Jofre et al., Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22:12077, (2021)]. These are amplifying neuropeptide pathways, down-stream of dynorphin responses, and they can be modulated by KOR antagonists allowing multi-step modulation of the indicated psychiatric pathologies. Indeed, the multistep interdiction in amplifying pathways is a well-established principle in disease-modifying therapeutics.

[0006] Mu and kappa opioid binding sites are found in the pituitary, which is significant for oxytocin and vasopressin release [Jordan et al., J. Neuroendocrinal., 8: 883-887, (1996); Shuster et al., Neuroscience, 96(2), 373-383, (2000); Morris et al., J Clin. Pharmacol., 50:1112-1117, (2010)]. Secretion of oxytocin is inhibited by both mu and kappa agonists centrally and by kappa agonists directly by activation of kappa receptors [Lutz-Bucher & Koch, Euro J Pharmaco ., 66: 375-378, (1980)]. Accordingly, kappa and mu opioid antagonists both caused increases in oxytocin levels; however, only kappa antagonists enhanced both oxytocin and vasopressin levels when given by intracerebroventricular (icv) administration [Van de Heijning et al., Eur J Pharmacol., 197:175-180, (1991), ibid, idem, 209:199-206, (1991)]. Additionally, the endogenous kappa opioid receptor agonist dynorphin modulates serotonin (5-HT) release and, for example, it exerts effects on social deficits in rodents during substance withdrawal: as manifested in humans, these effects can lead to relapse [Pomrenze et al., Neuron 110:4125-4143, (2022)].

[0007] Physiologically, dynorphin/KOR signaling promotes REM sleep. In addition, while KOR antagonists do not promote somnolence in the absence of pain, they do normalize disrupted sleep in chronic pain, revealing a pathophysiological role of KOR signaling that is selectively recruited to promote vigilance and increased survival. Notably, while this mechanism is likely beneficial in the short-term, disruption of the homeostatic need for sleep over longer periods may become maladaptive resulting in sustained pain chronicity. A novel approach for treatment of chronic pain may thus result from normalization of chronic pain- related sleep disruption by KOR antagonism [Ito, et al., Brain: 00; 1-14 (2022)].

Furthermore, sleep disturbances not only can result from chronic pain, but they are also common symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and they are significant adverse effects of most existing anti-depressant drug classes, most especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) [E. C. Settle, J. Clin. Psychiatry 59: 25-30 (1998)]. Accordingly, that KOR antagonism can normalize sleep disruption without somnolence is a broad advantage in therapeutic intervention for MDD and in clinical settings that are characterized by sleep disturbance as an adverse effect of drug therapies.

[0008] The mechanisms of action, as well as considerable development and testing of KOR antagonists to date, including recent clinical study results (e.g., Aticaprant and ALKS-5461), provide strong evidence that KOR antagonists offer therapeutic effects in humans suffering from a wide range of disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders and substance abuse disorders as defined, for example, in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM). The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) project provides an additional framework for classifying psychopathology disorders: RDoC aims to classify such disorders based on dimensions of observable behavior and neurobiological dimensions. In this context, KOR antagonists have therapeutic effect on at least two types of RDoC-defined domains; namely, those related to reward and those related to adverse effects of stress. Within these domains, the use of KOR antagonists is recognized for the treatment of anhedonia ("positive valence system") and for blocking the adverse effects of stress ("negative valence system").

[0009] Offering benefits from advances made in this field, KOR antagonists are acknowledged for their utility in treating major depression and substance abuse related disorders, particularly in the context of rapidly acting treatments that avoid the drawbacks associated with the prototypical KOR antagonists discussed above. Additional advances have shown that KOR antagonists can be particularly useful for the treatment of stress-mediated symptoms, as well as for treating social anxiety disorder and phobias. Prophylactic therapy has also been suggested to prevent adverse conditions arising from stress, and in this regard KOR antagonism has been proposed as a preventative treatment of PTSD in individuals at risk of the same. Other therapeutic applications of KOR antagonism include the treatment of impairment in a reward-related function because it frequently occurs in patients with mood and anxiety spectrum disorders, and that also may present with other types of conditions such as schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder.

[0010] KOR antagonism is an established therapeutic pathway for the treatment of a wide variety of disorders and conditions. Despite the advances made in the art, there remains a need for new and improved KOR antagonists to treat a variety of conditions, including substance abuse disorders, major depression, anhedonia, and stress-related symptoms.

SUMMARY

[0011] The present disclosure addresses this need and others by providing, in various embodiments, a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

[0012] Ar is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S) substituted with (R³)_n.

[0013] n is 0, 1, or 2.

[0014] Y is -N(R²)-, -N(R²)C(=N-CN)NR⁹-, or -N(R²)C(O)-.

[0015] In some embodiments, R¹ and R^la are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, and halo.

[0016] In other embodiments, R¹ or R^la, together with Y and the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused C s-Cs-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S).

[0017] In still additional embodiments, R¹ and R^la, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1 -4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S).

[0018] R² and R^2a are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C i-Cs-cycloalkyl optionally fused to 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-Ce-alkyljCs-Cs-cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S)).

[0019] R³ in each instance is independently Ci-Ce-alkyl or Ci-Ce-haloalkyl.

[0020] R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, CN, OH, halo, NRR’, Ci-C₆-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, Ci-C₆-haloalkyl, O(Ci-C₆- alkyl), O(Ci-C₆-haloalkyl), -C(O)(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -C(O)O(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -C(0)(C₆-Cio-aryl), - SO₂(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)C(O)O(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -(Ci-C₆-alkyl)N(RR’), -CONRR’, - COOR’, -NRCOOR’, -(Ci-C₆-alkyl)C(O)N(RR’), C₆-Cio-aryl, C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl, O(C₃-C₈- cycloalkyl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C6-Cio-aryl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl), 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), - (Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl (wherein 1 -4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S)).

[0021] R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C₃-C₈- cycloalkyl, and -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl).

[0022] R and R’ are independently selected from H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, and C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl.

[0023] Any alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl in R¹, R^la, R², R^2a, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R, and R’ is optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-Ce-alkyl, halo, NO₂, OH, CN, and Ci- Ce-haloalkyl;

[0024] It should be understood that, notwithstanding the definitions disclosed herein, Formula (I) is not:

[0025] In additional embodiments, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0026] In still further embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder in a subject suffering therefrom, wherein the disorder is one for which antagonism of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is therapeutically indicated. The method comprises administering to the subject a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as disclosed herein.

[0027] In other embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder in a subject suffering therefrom, wherein the disorder is selected from those disclosed herein, such as substance abuse or addiction, a psychiatric disorder, obesity and eating disorders, migraine, postnatal depression, a neurodegenerative disease or disorder, epilepsy, status epilepticus, and seizure. The method comprises administering to the subject a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as disclosed herein.

[0028] In an embodiment, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for treating a disorder as disclosed herein in a subject suffering therefrom. In another embodiment, there is provided a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disorder as disclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] The present disclosure relates in part to compounds that antagonize the kappa opioid receptor (KOR). One advantage of the compounds resides in their high potencies, particularly in combination with their selectivity for KOR over mu-opioid receptor (MOR).

[0030] Definitions

[0031] “Alkyl” refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl including from 1 to about 20 carbon atoms. For instance, an alkyl can have from 1 to 10 carbon atoms or 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Exemplary alkyl includes straight chain alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like, and also includes branched chain isomers of straight chain alkyl groups, for example without limitation, -CH(CH₃)₂, -CH(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃), -CH(CH₂CH3)₂, -C(CH₃)₃, -C(CH₂CH₃)₃, -CH₂ CH(CH₃)2, -CH₂CH(CH3)(CH₂CH3), -CH₂CH(CH₂CH₃)₂, -CH₂C(CH₃)₃, -CH₂C(CH₂CH₃)3, - CH(CH3)CH(CH₃)(CH₂CH₃), -CH₂CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, -CH₂CH₂CH(CH3)(CH₂CH₃), -CH₂CH₂C H(CH₂CH₃)₂, -CH₂CH₂C(CH₃)3, -CH₂CH₂C(CH₂CH₃)3, -CH(CH₃)CH₂CH(CH₃)₂, -CH(CH₃) CH(CH3)CH(CH3)₂, and the like. Thus, alkyl groups include primary alkyl groups, secondary alkyl groups, and tertiary alkyl groups. An alkyl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein, such as halogen(s), for example.

[0032] Each of the terms “halogen,” “halide,” and “halo” refers to -F or fluoro, -Cl or chloro, -Br or bromo, or -I or iodo.

[0033] The term “alkenyl” refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl groups including from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms having 1-3, 1-2, or at least one carbon to carbon double bond. An alkenyl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein.

[0034] “Alkyne or “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain unsaturated hydrocarbon having the indicated number of carbon atoms and at least one triple bond. Examples of a (C₂- Cs)alkynyl group include, but are not limited to, acetylene, propyne, 1 -butyne, 2-butyne, 1- pentyne, 2-pentyne, 1 -hexyne, 2-hexyne, 3-hexyne, 1-heptyne, 2-heptyne, 3-heptyne, 1- octyne, 2-octyne, 3-octyne and 4-octyne. An alkynyl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein.

[0035] The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated monocyclic, bicyclic, bicyclic, or polycyclic, 3- to 14-membered ring system, such as a C s-Cs-cycloalkyl. The cycloalkyl may be attached via any atom. Representative examples of cycloalkyl include, but are not limited to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. A cycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein.

[0036] “Aryl” when used alone or as part of another term means a carbocyclic aromatic group whether or not fused having the number of carbon atoms designated or if no number is designated, up to 14 carbon atoms, such as a Ce-Cio-aryl or Ce-Cu-aryl. Examples of aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, phenanthrenyl, naphthacenyl, and the like (see e.g. Lang’s Handbook of Chemistry (Dean, J. A., ed) 13^th ed. Table 7-2 [1985]). “Aryl” also contemplates an aryl ring that is part of a fused polycyclic system, such as aryl fused to cycloalkyl as defined herein. An exemplary aryl is phenyl. An aryl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein.

[0037] The term “heteroatom” refers to N, O, and S. Compounds of the present disclosure that contain N or S atoms can be optionally oxidized to the corresponding N-oxide, sulfoxide, or sulfone compounds.

[0038] “Heteroaryl,” alone or in combination with any other moiety described herein, is a monocyclic aromatic ring structure containing 5 to 10, such as 5 or 6 ring atoms, or a bicyclic aromatic group having 8 to 10 atoms, containing one or more, such as 1-4, 1-3, or 1-2, heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, S, and N. Heteroaryl is also intended to include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl and N-oxide of a tertiary ring nitrogen. A carbon or heteroatom is the point of attachment of the heteroaryl ring structure such that a stable compound is produced. Examples of heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, quinaoxalyl, indolizinyl, benzo [b] thienyl, quinazolinyl, purinyl, indolyl, quinolinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, thienyl, isoxazolyl, oxathiadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, tetrazolyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl, furanyl, benzofuryl, and indolyl. A heteroaryl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein.

[0039] “Heterocycloalkyl” is a saturated or partially unsaturated non-aromatic monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic or polycyclic ring system that has from 3 to 14, such as 3 to 6, atoms in which 1 to 3 carbon atoms in the ring are replaced by heteroatoms of O, S or N. The ring heteroatoms can also include oxidized S or N, such as sulfinyl, sulfonyl, and N-oxides of a tertiary ring nitrogen. A heterocycloalkyl can be fused to another ring system, such as with an aryl or heteroaryl of 5-6 ring members. The point of attachment of the heterocycloalkyl ring is at a carbon or heteroatom such that a stable ring is retained. Examples of heterocycloalkyl groups include without limitation morpholino, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperazinyl, dihydrobenzofuryl, and dihydroindolyl. A heterocycloalkyl group can be unsubstituted or optionally substituted with one or more substituents as described herein.

[0040] The term “nitrile” or “cyano” can be used interchangeably and refers to a -CN group.

[0041] As used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "and," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. When ranges are used herein for physical properties, such as molecular weight, or chemical properties, such as chemical formulae, all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific embodiments therein are intended to be included. The term "about" when referring to a number or a numerical range means that the number or numerical range referred to is an approximation within experimental variability (or within statistical experimental error), and thus the number or numerical range, in some instances, will vary between 1% and 15% of the stated number or numerical range. The term "comprising" (and related terms such as "comprise" or "comprises" or "having" or "including") is not intended to exclude that in other certain embodiments, for example, an embodiment of any composition of matter, composition, method, or process, or the like, described herein, "consist of" or "consist essentially of" the described features.

[0042] Compounds described herein can exist in various isomeric forms, including configurational, geometric, and conformational isomers, including, for example, cis- or transconformations. The compounds may also exist in one or more tautomeric forms, including both single tautomers and mixtures of tautomers. The term “isomer” is intended to encompass all isomeric forms of a compound of this disclosure, including tautomeric forms of the compound. The compounds of the present disclosure may also exist in open-chain or cyclized forms. In some cases, one or more of the cyclized forms may result from the loss of water. The specific composition of the open-chain and cyclized forms may be dependent on how the compound is isolated, stored or administered. For example, the compound may exist primarily in an open-chained form under acidic conditions but cyclize under neutral conditions. All forms are included in the disclosure.

[0043] Some compounds described herein can have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms. A compound as described herein can be in the form of an optical isomer or a diastereomer. Accordingly, the disclosure encompasses compounds and their uses as described herein in the form of their optical isomers, diastereoisomers and mixtures thereof, including a racemic mixture. Optical isomers of the compounds of the disclosure can be obtained by known techniques such as asymmetric synthesis, chiral chromatography, simulated moving bed technology or via chemical separation of stereoisomers through the employment of optically active resolving agents.

[0044] Unless otherwise indicated, the term “stereoisomer” means one stereoisomer of a compound that is substantially free of other stereoisomers of that compound. Thus, a stereomerically pure compound having one chiral center will be substantially free of the opposite enantiomer of the compound. A stereomerically pure compound having two chiral centers will be substantially free of other diastereomers of the compound. A typical stereomerically pure compound comprises greater than about 80% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 20% by weight of other stereoisomers of the compound, for example greater than about 90% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 10% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, or greater than about 95% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 5% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, or greater than about 97% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 3% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound, or greater than about 99% by weight of one stereoisomer of the compound and less than about 1% by weight of the other stereoisomers of the compound. The stereoisomer as described above can be viewed as composition comprising two stereoisomers that are present in their respective weight percentages described herein.

[0045] If there is a discrepancy between a depicted structure and a name given to that structure, then the depicted structure controls. Additionally, if the stereochemistry of a structure or a portion of a structure is not indicated with, for example, bold or dashed lines, the structure or portion of the structure is to be interpreted as encompassing all stereoisomers of it. In some cases, however, where more than one chiral center exists, the structures and names may be represented as single enantiomers to help describe the relative stereochemistry. Those skilled in the art of organic synthesis will know if the compounds are prepared as single enantiomers from the methods used to prepare them.

[0046] As used herein, the term “isotopologue” is an isotopically enriched compound. As used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “isotopically enriched” refers to an atom having an isotopic composition other than the naturally abundant isotopic composition of that atom. “Isotopically enriched” can also refer to a compound containing at least one atom having an isotopic composition other than the natural isotopic composition of that atom. In an isotopologue, “isotopic enrichment” refers to the percentage of incorporation of an amount of a specific isotope of a given atom in a molecule in the place of that atom’s natural isotopic composition. For example, deuterium enrichment of 1% at a given position means that 1% of the molecules in a given sample contain deuterium at the specified position. Because the naturally occurring distribution of deuterium is about 0.0156%, deuterium enrichment at any position in a compound synthesized using non-enriched starting materials is about 0.0156%.

[0047] Thus, as used herein, and unless otherwise indicated, the term “isotopic enrichment factor” refers to the ratio between the isotopic composition and the natural isotopic composition of a specified isotope.

[0048] With regard to the compounds provided herein, when a particular atom’s position is designated as having deuterium or “D,” it is understood that the abundance of deuterium at that position is substantially greater than the natural abundance of deuterium, which is about 0.015%. A position designated as having deuterium typically has a minimum isotopic enrichment factor of, in particular embodiments, at least 1000 (15% deuterium incorporation), at least 2000 (30% deuterium incorporation), at least 3000 (45% deuterium incorporation), at least 3500 (52.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 4000 (60% deuterium incorporation), at least 4500 (67.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 5000 (75% deuterium incorporation), at least 5500 (82.5% deuterium incorporation), at least 6000 (90% deuterium incorporation), at least 6333.3 (95% deuterium incorporation), at least 6466.7 (97% deuterium incorporation), at least 6600 (99% deuterium incorporation), or at least 6633.3 (99.5% deuterium incorporation) at each designated deuterium atom. The isotopic enrichment and isotopic enrichment factor of the compounds provided herein can be determined using conventional analytical methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, including mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

[0049] As used herein, and unless otherwise specified to the contrary, the term “compound” is inclusive in that it encompasses a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, isotopologue, and/or tautomer thereof. Thus, for instance, a compound includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a tautomer of the compound. Similarly, a compound of includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an isotopologue of the compound.

[0050] In this disclosure, a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is a pharmaceutically acceptable, organic or inorganic acid or base salt of a compound described herein. Representative pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, e.g., alkali metal salts, alkali earth salts, ammonium salts, water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, amsonate (4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonate), benzenesulfonate, benzonate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulariate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fiunarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexafluorophosphate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, isothionate, lactate, lactobionate, laurate, malate, maleate, mandelate, mesylate, methylbromide, methylnitrate, methylsulfate, mucate, napsylate, nitrate, N-methylglucamine ammonium salt, 3-hydroxy-2 -naphthoate, oleate, oxalate, palmitate, pamoate (l,l-methene-bis-2-hydroxy-3- naphthoate, einbonate), pantothenate, phosphate/diphosphate, picrate, polygalacturonate, propionate, p-toluenesulfonate, salicylate, stearate, subacetate, succinate, sulfate, sulfosaliculate, suramate, tannate, tartrate, teoclate, tosylate, triethiodide, and valerate salts. A pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have more than one charged atom in its structure. In this instance the pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have multiple counterions. Thus, a pharmaceutically acceptable salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counterions.

[0051] The terms “treat”, “treating” and “treatment” refer to the amelioration or eradication of a disease or symptoms associated with a disease. In various embodiments, the terms refer to minimizing or slowing the spread, progression, or worsening of the disease resulting from the administration of one or more prophylactic or therapeutic compounds described herein to a patient with such a disease.

[0052] The terms “prevent,” “preventing,” and “prevention” refer to the prevention of the onset, recurrence, or spread of the disease in a patient resulting from the administration of a compound described herein.

[0053] The term “effective amount” refers to an amount of a compound as described herein or other active ingredient sufficient to provide a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit in the treatment or prevention of a disease or to delay or minimize symptoms associated with a disease. Further, a therapeutically effective amount with respect to a compound as described herein means that amount of therapeutic agent alone, or in combination with other therapies, that provides a therapeutic benefit in the treatment or prevention of a disease. Used in connection with a compound as described herein, the term can encompass an amount that improves overall therapy, reduces or avoids symptoms or causes of disease, or enhances the therapeutic efficacy of or is synergistic with another therapeutic agent. [0054] A “patient” or subject” includes an animal, such as a human, cow, horse, sheep, lamb, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit or guinea pig. In accordance with some embodiments, the animal is a mammal such as a non -primate and a primate (e.g., monkey and human). In one embodiment, a patient is a human, such as a human infant, child, adolescent or adult. In the present disclosure, the terms “patient” and “subject” are used interchangeably.

[0055] COMPOUNDS

[0056] In various embodiments, the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

[0057] Ar is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S) substituted with (R³)_n.

[0058] n is 0, 1, or 2.

[0059] Y is -N(R²)-, -N(R²)C(=N-CN)NR⁹-, or -N(R²)C(O)-.

[0060] In some embodiments, R¹ and R^la are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, and halo.

[0061] In other embodiments, R¹ or R^la, together with Y and the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused C s-Cs-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S).

[0062] In still additional embodiments, R¹ and R^la, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1 -4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S).

[0063] R² and R^2a are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C s-Cs-cycloalkyl optionally fused to 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-Ce-alkyljCs-Cs-cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S)).

[0064] R³ in each instance is independently Ci-Ce-alkyl or Ci-Ce-haloalkyl.

[0065] R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, CN, OH, halo, NRR’, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C₂-C₆-alkenyl, C₂-C₆-alkynyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, O(Ci-C₆- alkyl), O(Ci-C₆-haloalkyl), -C(O)(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -C(O)O(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -C(0)(C₆-Cio-aryl), - SO₂(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)C(O)O(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -(Ci-C₆-alkyl)N(RR’), -CONRR’, - COOR’, -NRCOOR’, -(Ci-C₆-alkyl)C(O)N(RR’), C₆-Cio-aryl, C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl, O(C₃-C₈- cycloalkyl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C6-Cio-aryl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl), 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), - (Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(5- to 10- membered heteroaryl (wherein 1 -4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S)).

[0066] R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C₃-C₈- cycloalkyl, and -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl).

[0067] R and R’ are independently selected from H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, and C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl.

[0068] Any alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl in R¹, R^la, R², R^2a, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R, and R’ is optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-Ce-alkyl, halo, NO₂, OH, CN, and Ci- Ce-haloalkyl.

[0069] It should be understood that, notwithstanding the definitions disclosed herein, Formula (I) is not:

[0070] In some embodiments, Ar is a 5-membered heteroaryl. Illustrative heteroaryls include pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl. In an embodiment, Ar is selected from the group consisting of pyrazolyl and oxadiazolyl, and an exemplary heteroaryl is oxadiazolyl.

[0071] In additional embodiments, optionally in combination with any other embodiment described herein, Y is -N(R²)-. In an illustrative embodiment, R² is H.

[0072] In various embodiments, R^2a is an optionally substituted -(Ci-C6-alkyl)C3-Cs- cycloalkyl or -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S)). For example, in some embodiments, R^2a is an optionally substituted -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S)). In exemplary embodiments, R^2a is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted:

[0074] Optionally in combination with any embodiment described herein, R^2a is substituted with 1 to 3 halo.

[0075] In some embodiments, n n is 0. In other embodiments, n is 1.

[0076] In still additional embodiments, one of R¹ and R^la is H and the other is halo. For example, one of R¹ and R^la is H and the other is F. In other embodiments, each of R¹ and R^la is H.

[0077] The present disclosures also provides, in various embodiments, Formula I compounds wherein R¹ or R^la, together with Y and the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl. In an embodiment, the fused 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl is a fused 5-membered heterocycloalkyl. In an exemplary embodiment, the fused 5-membered heterocycloalkyl is of the formula:

[0078] In further embodiments, R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, and Ci-Ce-alkyl. In certain embodiments, R⁴ is Ci-Ce-alkyl.

[0079] In still additional embodiments, optionally in combination with any other embodiment described herein, R⁵ and R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and CN. In one embodiment, at least one of R⁵ and R⁷ is H. In another embodiment, each of R⁵ and R⁷ is H.

[0080] In accordance with various embodiments, R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C2-Ce-alkynyl, and C s-Cs-cycloalkyl. A particular R⁶ is Ci-C₆-alkyl.

[0081] In further embodiments, R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, Ci- Ce-alkyl, C i-Cs-cycloalkyl, Ce-Cio-aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -CONRR’. For example, R⁸ is halo or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S). In an illustrative embodiment, R⁸ is F.

[0082] The present disclosure also provides, in various embodiments, a Formula I compound wherein:

Ar is pyrazolyl or oxadiazolyl; n is 0 or 1 ;

Y is NH; each of R¹ and R^la is H;

R^2a is an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1 ring member is O);

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, and Ci-Ce-alkyl;

R⁵ and R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and CN, wherein at least one of R⁵ and R⁷ is H;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C2-C6- alkynyl, and Cs-Cs-cycloalkyl; and R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, Ci-Ce-alkyl, CT-Cs-cycloalkyl, Ce-Cio-aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -CONRR’.

[0083] Specific examples constituting additional embodiments of the present disclosure are presented in Table 1 and in the examples below.

[0085] PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION

[0086] The disclosure also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of one or more compounds according to Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, isotopologue, and/or tautomer thereof in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the composition further contains, in accordance with accepted practices of pharmaceutical compounding, one or more additional therapeutic agents, pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, diluents, adjuvants, stabilizers, emulsifiers, preservatives, colorants, buffers, flavor imparting agents.

[0087] In one embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a compound selected from those illustrated in Table 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, isotopologue, and/or tautomer thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. [0088] The pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure is formulated, dosed, and administered in a fashion consistent with good medical practice. Factors for consideration in this context include the particular disorder being treated, the particular subject being treated, the clinical condition of the subject, the cause of the disorder, the site of delivery of the agent, the method of administration, the scheduling of administration, and other factors known to medical practitioners.

[0089] The “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, isotopologue, and/or tautomer thereof that is administered is governed by such considerations, and is the minimum amount necessary to exhibit antagonism against the kappa opioid receptor. Such amount may be below the amount that is toxic to normal cells, or the subject as a whole. Generally, the initial therapeutically effective amount of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof) of the present disclosure that is administered is in the range of about 0.01 to about 200 mg/kg or about 0.1 to about 20 mg/kg of patient body weight per day, with the typical initial range being about 0.3 to about 15 mg/kg/day. Oral unit dosage forms, such as tablets and capsules, may contain from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof) of the present disclosure. In another embodiment, such dosage forms contain from about 50 mg to about 500 mg of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof) of the present disclosure. In yet another embodiment, such dosage forms contain from about 25 mg to about 200 mg of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof) of the present disclosure. In still another embodiment, such dosage forms contain from about 10 mg to about 100 mg of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof) of the present disclosure. In a further embodiment, such dosage forms contain from about 5 mg to about 50 mg of a compound (or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, stereoisomer, or tautomer thereof) of the present disclosure. In any of the foregoing embodiments the dosage form can be administered once a day or twice per day.

[0090] In certain embodiments, the compound as described herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, is substantially pure, in that it contains less than about 5%, or less than about 2%, or less than about 1%, or less than about 0.5%, or less than about 0.1%, of other organic small molecules, such as unreacted intermediates or synthesis byproducts that are created, for example, in one or more of the steps of a synthesis method.

[0091] The compositions of the present disclosure can be administered orally, topically, parenterally, by inhalation or spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous injections, intravenous, intramuscular, intrasternal injection or infusion techniques.

[0092] Suitable oral compositions as described herein include without limitation tablets, troches, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, dispersible powders or granules, emulsion, hard or soft capsules, syrups or elixirs.

[0093] In another embodiment, also encompassed are pharmaceutical compositions suitable for single unit dosages that comprise a compound of the disclosure or its pharmaceutically acceptable stereoisomer, salt, or tautomer and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

[0094] The compositions of the present disclosure that are suitable for oral use may be prepared according to any method known to the art for the manufacture of pharmaceutical compositions. For instance, liquid formulations of the compounds of the present disclosure contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preserving agents in order to provide pharmaceutically palatable preparations of a compound of the present disclosure.

[0095] For tablet compositions, a compound of the present disclosure in admixture with nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable excipients is used for the manufacture of tablets.

Examples of such excipients include without limitation inert diluents, such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example starch, gelatin or acacia, and lubricating agents, for example magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known coating techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby to provide a sustained therapeutic action over a desired time period. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be employed.

[0096] Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin, or as soft gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.

[0097] For aqueous suspensions, a compound of the present disclosure is admixed with excipients suitable for maintaining a stable suspension. Examples of such excipients include without limitation are sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, hydroxpropylmethylcellulose, sodium alginate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, gum tragacanth and gum acacia.

[0098] Oral suspensions can also contain dispersing or wetting agents, such as naturally- occurring phosphatide, for example, lecithin, or condensation products of an alkylene oxide with fatty acids, for example polyoxyethylene stearate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with long chain aliphatic alcohols, for example, heptadecaethyleneoxycetanol, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and a hexitol such as polyoxyethylene sorbitol monooleate, or condensation products of ethylene oxide with partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol anhydrides, for example polyethylene sorbitan monooleate. The aqueous suspensions may also contain one or more preservatives, for example ethyl, or n-propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, one or more coloring agents, one or more flavoring agents, and one or more sweetening agents, such as sucrose or saccharin.

[0099] Oily suspensions may be formulated by suspending a compound of the present disclosure in a vegetable oil, for example arachis oil, olive oil, sesame oil or coconut oil, or in a mineral oil such as liquid paraffin. The oily suspensions may contain a thickening agent, for example beeswax, hard paraffin or cetyl alcohol.

[00100] Sweetening agents such as those set forth above, and flavoring agents may be added to provide palatable oral preparations. These compositions may be preserved by the addition of an anti-oxidant such as ascorbic acid.

[00101] Dispersible powders and granules suitable for preparation of an aqueous suspension by the addition of water provide a compound of the present disclosure in admixture with a dispersing or wetting agent, suspending agent and one or more preservatives. Suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents are exemplified by those already mentioned above. Additional excipients, for example sweetening, flavoring and coloring agents, may also be present. [00102] Pharmaceutical compositions of the present disclosure may also be in the form of oil-in-water emulsions. The oily phase may be a vegetable oil, for example olive oil or arachis oil, or a mineral oil, for example liquid paraffin or mixtures of these. Suitable emulsifying agents may be naturally-occurring gums, for example gum acacia or gum tragacanth, naturally-occurring phosphatides, for example soy bean, lecithin, and esters or partial esters derived from fatty acids and hexitol, anhydrides, for example sorbitan monoleate, and condensation reaction products of the said partial esters with ethylene oxide, for example polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoleate. The emulsions may also contain sweetening and flavoring agents.

[00103] Syrups and elixirs may be formulated with sweetening agents, for example glycerol, propylene glycol, sorbitol or sucrose. Such formulations may also contain a demulcent, a preservative, and flavoring and coloring agents. The pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable, an aqueous suspension or an oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to the known art using those suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents which have been mentioned above. The sterile injectable preparation may also be sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parentally acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer’s solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono -or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables.

[00104] A compound of the present disclosure can be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration of the drug. These compositions can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at ordinary temperatures but liquid at the rectal temperature and will therefore melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials are cocoa butter and polyethylene glycols.

[00105] Compositions for parenteral administrations are administered in a sterile medium. Depending on the vehicle used and concentration the concentration of the drug in the formulation, the parenteral formulation can either be a suspension or a solution containing dissolved drug. Adjuvants such as local anesthetics, preservatives and buffering agents can also be added to parenteral compositions. [00106] METHODS OF USE

[00107] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for antagonizing the KOR. The method comprises contacting the receptor with an effective amount of a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein. The contacting can occur, for instance, in vivo or in vitro, in accordance with various embodiments.

[00108] The present disclosure also provides, in some embodiments, a method for treating a disorder in a subject suffering therefrom. The disorder is one for which antagonism of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is therapeutically indicated.

[00109] As described in summary above, the KOR is a member of the opioid receptor family which binds the opioid peptide dynorphin as the primary endogenous ligand. The term “antagonism” refers generally to molecules that interact with a receptor and thereby function as an antagonist, either by binding to the receptor at the binding site of its natural ligand or at locations other than the binding site. Thus, the expression “antagonism of KOR” or the like refers to antagonistic interaction with KOR either by binding to KOR at the site of dynorphin, or at a location other than the binding site (i.e., allosteric binding).

[00110] In another embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder in a subject suffering therefrom, comprising administering to the subject a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as described herein. The disorder is one or more selected from a substance abuse or addiction, psychiatric disorder, obesity and eating disorders, migraine, postnatal depression, neurodegenerative disease or disorder, epilepsy, status epilepticus, and seizure.

[00111] In some embodiments, the disorder is disrupted sleep that is occasioned by, or is concomitant with, pain, a psychiatric disorder as described herein, or a drug therapy of a psychiatric disorder. The pain can be a chronic pain or a neuropathic pain. The disruption of sleep, in various embodiments, can be characterized as sleep disturbance, such as occurs by disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS, insomnias), excessive somnolence, disorders of sleep-wake schedule, or partial arousals (parasomnias) [Cormier RE. Sleep Disturbances. In: Walker HK, Hall WD, Hurst JW, editors. Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations. 3rd edition. Boston: Butterworths; 1990. Chapter 77]. In other embodiments, the disruption of sleep is loss of sleep, such as occurs by abnormal frequency and/or duration of periods of wakefulness. In some embodiments, the disrupted sleep is characterized by a disrupted stage of sleep, such as rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Treatment in this context, in accordance with the methods described herein, can result in the normalization of sleep, that is, a lessening or elimination of the disturbances of sleep. In various embodiments, normalized sleep includes restoration of REM sleep, extension of REM sleep duration, reduced frequency of interruption of REM sleep, and combinations thereof.

[00112] In some embodiments, the disorder is one of substance abuse or addiction. For example, the disorder can be chosen from gambling, drug addiction, drug abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse, and substance -induced depression or mood disorders.

[00113] In other embodiments, the disorder is a psychiatric disorder. Examples of psychiatric disorders amenable to treatment by the methods described herein include anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, stress-related disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), personality disorders, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

[00114] The term “anxiety disorder,” as understood in the art, refers generally to various forms of abnormal and pathological fear and anxiety. Current psychiatric diagnostic criteria recognize a wide variety of anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, stress-related disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobia, social anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In one embodiment, the anxiety disorder is a social anxiety disorder. In another embodiment, the anxiety disorder is phobia

[00115] Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by chronic and long-lasting anxiety whose focus is not any particular object or situation. A person suffering from generalized anxiety can experience non-specific persistent fear and worry and/or exhibit exaggerated concern with routine matters. Generalized anxiety disorder is the most common anxiety disorder to affect older adults.

[00116] A person suffering from panic disorder can unexpectedly experience brief attacks of intense terror and apprehension. Accompanying manifestations include trembling, shaking, confusion, dizziness, nausea, difficulty breathing. The APA defines the attacks as fear or discomfort that abruptly arises and peaks in less than ten minutes, that can last for several hours, and that can be triggered by stress, fear, or even exercise; the specific cause is not always apparent. A diagnosis of panic disorder additionally attaches chronic consequences to the attacks: these include worry over potential implications of the attack, persistent fear of future attacks, or significant behavioral changes occasioned by the attacks. Accordingly, those suffering from panic disorder can experience symptoms outside of specific panic episodes. For example, the panic sufferer can notice normal changes in heartbeat underlying a misplaced concern about cardiac health or onset of another panic attack. In some instances, a person may experience heightened awareness (hypervigilance) of body function during panic attacks, wherein any perceived physiological change is interpreted as a possible life threatening illness, i.e., extreme hypochondriasis.

[00117] Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder primarily characterized by repetitive obsessions (distressing, persistent, and intrusive thoughts or images) and compulsions (urges to perform specific acts or rituals). The OCD thought pattern resides in a belief invoking a causative relationship where one does not actually exist. Compulsions can be entirely illogical, such as walking in a certain pattern to alleviate the obsession of impending harm. Compulsions can be outright inexplicable, often residing in an urge to complete a ritual triggered by nervousness. A minority of OCD sufferers may experience only obsessions with no overt compulsions; even fewer sufferers experience only compulsions.

[00118] Phobia is the single largest category of anxiety disorders, including all instances in which a specific stimulus or situation triggers fear or anxiety. Sufferers typically anticipate terrifying consequences from encountering the object of their fear: examples include social phobia, specific phobia, agoraphobia, and phobia of an animal, location, or a bodily fluid.

[00119] Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder resulting from a traumatic experience. Post-traumatic stress can follow an extreme situation, such as combat, rape, hostage situations, or even serious accident. It can also result from chronic exposure to a severe stressor; for example, soldiers may endure individual battles but suffer stress from protracted combat. Common PTSD symptoms include flashbacks, avoidant behaviors, and depression.

[00120] The methods described herein can be useful in the treatment of a depressive disorder, depression, or depressive illness. Examples include major depression, drugresistant depression, dysthymia, and bipolar disorder. [00121] In embodiments, the methods described herein are useful in treating a mood or affective disorder. Examples include major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder, anhedonia, dysthymia, major depression, psychotic major depression (PMD), psychotic depression, postpartum depression, seasonal affective disorder (SAD), and catatonic depression, which is a rare and severe form of major depression involving disturbances of motor behavior and other symptoms.

[00122] As used herein, the terms “anhedonia” and “anhedonic symptom” are interchangeable and are defined as the inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable, such as exercise, hobbies, music, sexual activities, or social interactions. Anhedonia resembles the criterion of “depressive disorder with melancholic features” given by the DSM-5 as melancholic depression characterized by a loss of pleasure in most or all activities, a failure of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli, a quality of depressed mood more pronounced than that of grief or loss, a worsening of symptoms in the morning hours, early morning waking, psychomotor retardation, excessive weight loss, or excessive guilt. It should be understood that, in various embodiments, treatment of depressive disorder with melancholic features comprises treatment of both the depressive disorder and the melancholic features associated therewith. In an embodiment, the mood disorder is anhedonia. In another embodiment, the mood disorder is major depression. In yet another embodiment, the mood disorder is seasonal affective disorder (SAD).

[00123] In additional embodiments, the methods described herein are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia or a schizoaffective disorder, or obesity or an eating disorder, such as bulimia, anorexia nervosa, and the like.

[00124] In still further embodiments, the methods are use in treating migraine. Also contemplated is prophylactic therapy, by which administration of a KOR antagonist compound described herein prevents migraine in individuals who are at risk of or otherwise predisposed to reoccurrence of migraine.

[00125] In another embodiment, the methods described herein are useful for the treatment of postnatal depression (PND). Immediately after birth, significant decreases in progesterone levels can lead to the onset of PND. Symptoms of PND include mild depression to the more sever psychosis requiring hospitalization. PND also can be accompanied by, or manifested in, severe anxiety and irritability. Frustrating typical treatment regimens, PND is not amenable to treatment by classic antidepressants, and women suffering from PND show greater incidence of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

[00126] In various embodiments, the methods described herein are useful for the treatment of a neurodegenerative disease or disorder, including disorders of mood and behavior associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The scope of neurodegenerative diseases contemplated herein includes diseases and disorders that are associated with the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, or death of neurons. Neurodegenerative diseases and disorders include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer’s disease (including the associated symptoms of mild, moderate, or severe cognitive impairment); amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); anoxic and ischemic injuries; ataxia and convulsion; seizures that are caused by schizoaffective disorder or by drugs administered to treat schizophrenia; benign forgetfulness; brain edema; cerebellar ataxia, including McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome (MLS); closed head injury; coma; contusive injuries, such as spinal cord injury and head injury; dementias including multi-infarct dementia and senile dementia; disturbances of consciousness; Down syndrome; drug-induced or medication-induced Parkinsonism, such as neuroleptic -induced acute akathisia, acute dystonia, Parkinsonism, tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and medication-induced postural tremor; epilepsy; fragile X syndrome; Gilles de la Tourette’s syndrome; head trauma; hearing impairment and loss; Huntington’s disease; Lennox syndrome; levodopa-induced dyskinesia; mental retardation; movement disorders including akinesias and akinetic (rigid) syndromes, including basal ganglia calcification, corticobasal degeneration, multiple system atrophy, Parkinsonism-ALS dementia complex, Parkinson’s disease, postencephalitic parkinsonism, and progressively supranuclear palsy; muscular spasms and disorders associated with muscular spasticity or weakness including chorea (such as benign hereditary chorea, drug-induced chorea, hemiballism, Huntington’s disease, neuro acanthocytosis, Sydenham’s chorea, and symptomatic chorea), dyskinesia (such as tics including complex tics, simple tics, and symptomatic tics), myoclonus (including generalized myoclonus and focal cyloclonus), tremor (such as rest tremor, postural tremor, and intention tremor) and dystonia (including axial dystonia, dystonic writer’s cramp, hemiplegic dystonia, paroxysmal dystonia, and focal dystonia such as blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, and spasmodic dysphonia and torticollis); neuronal damage including ocular damage, retinopathy, or macular degeneration of the eye; neurotoxic injury that follows cerebral stroke, thromboembolic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, cerebral ischemia, cerebral vasospasm, hypoglycemia, amnesia, hypoxia, anoxia, perinatal asphyxia and cardiac arrest; Parkinson’s disease; seizure; status epilecticus; stroke; tinnitus; tubular sclerosis; and neurodegeneration induced by viral infection such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and encephalopathies. The methods also contemplate treatment of prevention of loss of neuronal function characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders.

[00127] In some embodiments, the methods described herein are useful in the treatment of epilepsy. Epilepsy is a brain disorder characterized by repeated seizures over time. Various types of epilepsy contemplated for treatment include generalized epilepsy, childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, epilepsy with grand-mal seizures on awakening, West syndrome, Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, partial epilepsy, temporal lobe epilepsy, frontal lobe epilepsy, and benign focal epilepsy of childhood.

[00128] In embodiments, the methods described herein are useful in the treatment of status epilepticus. Status epilepticus (SE) can include convulsive status epilepticus, early status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, super-refractory status epilepticus; non-convulsive status epilepticus, generalized status epilepticus, complex partial status epilepticus; generalized periodic epileptiform discharges; and periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges.

[00129] Convulsive status epilepticus is characterized by the presence of convulsive status epileptic seizures, and can include early status epilepticus, established status epilepticus, refractory status epilepticus, or super-refractory status epilepticus. Early status epilepticus is treated with a first line therapy. Established status epilepticus is characterized by status epileptic seizures that persist despite treatment with a first line therapy; therefore, a second line therapy is administered. Refractory status epilepticus is characterized by status epileptic seizures which persist despite treatment with first- and second-line therapies; a general anesthetic is typically administered. Super refractory status epilepticus is characterized by status epileptic seizures that persist despite treatment with first- and second- line therapies and a general anesthetic for 24 hours or more.

[00130] Non-convulsive status epilepticus includes focal non-convulsive status epilepticus, such as complex partial non-convulsive status epilepticus, simple partial non- convulsive status epilepticus, and subtle non-convulsive status epilepticus; and generalized non-convulsive status epilepticus, such as late onset absence non-convulsive status epilepticus, atypical absence non-convulsive status epilepticus, or typical absence non- convulsive status epilepticus.

[00131] In embodiments, the methods described herein are useful in the treatment of a seizure. As used herein, the term “seizure” refers to physical manifestations or changes in behavior that occur after an episode of abnormal electrical activity in the brain. In addition, the term “seizure” is often used interchangeably with “convulsion,” referring to rapid and uncontrollable shaking of a person’s body. During a convulsion, the person’s muscles contract and relax repeatedly. The type of behavior and brain activity define two categories of seizures, specifically generalized and partial (also called local or focal), respectively. Classification of a seizure informs a diagnose of epilepsy.

[00132] Electrical impulses produced throughout the entire brain give rise to generalized seizures, whereas impulses localized to a part of the brain give rise to partial seizures. The part of the brain generating the seizures is sometimes called the focus.

[00133] Generalized seizures are categorized according to six types. The most common and dramatic, and therefore the best-known, is the generalized convulsion: it is also called the grand-mal seizure. In this type of seizure, a sufferer loses consciousness and usually collapses. The loss of consciousness is followed by generalized body stiffening for 30 to 60 seconds - the "tonic" phase - then by violent jerking for 30 to 60 seconds - the "clonic" phase - after which the sufferer progresses into a deep - the "postictal" or afterseizure phase. During grand-mal seizures, a person can suffer injuries and accidents, such as tongue biting and urinary incontinence.

[00134] Second, absence seizures cause brief loss of consciousness, typically a few seconds, with few or no symptoms. The sufferer, who is most often a child, typically interrupts an activity with a blank stare. These seizures begin and end abruptly and they can occur several times a day. Sufferers are usually unaware of the seizure aside from possible awareness of "losing time." Third, myoclonic seizures consist of sporadic jerks, usually on both sides of the body. Patients sometimes describe the jerks as brief electrical shocks.

When violent, these seizures can result in dropping or involuntarily throwing objects. Fourth, clonic seizures consist of repetitive and rhythmic jerks that simultaneously involve both sides of the body. Fifth, tonic seizures are characterized by stiffening of the muscles. Finally, atonic seizures consist of sudden and general loss of muscle tone, particularly in the arms and legs, often resulting in a fall. [00135] In various embodiments, the seizures described herein include epileptic seizures; acute repetitive seizures; cluster seizures; continuous seizures; unremitting seizures; prolonged seizures; recurrent seizures; status epilepticus seizures, such as refractory convulsive status epilepticus and non-convulsive status epilepticus seizures; refractory seizures; myoclonic seizures; tonic seizures; tonic-clonic seizures; simple partial seizures; complex partial seizures; secondarily generalized seizures; atypical absence seizures; absence seizures; atonic seizures; benign Rolandic seizures; febrile seizures; emotional seizures; focal seizures; gelastic seizures; generalized onset seizures; infantile spasms; Jacksonian seizures; massive bilateral myoclonus seizures; multifocal seizures; neonatal onset seizures; nocturnal seizures; occipital lobe seizures; post traumatic seizures; subtle seizures; Sylvan seizures; visual reflex seizures; and withdrawal seizures.

[00136] EXAMPLES

[00137] The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples. The examples below are non-limiting and constitute additional embodiments of the present disclosure.

[00138] General Methods. Unless otherwise stated, commercially available reagents and solvents were used without purification. Solvents for extraction: ACS grade. Solvents for reaction: reagent grade. Reagents: unless otherwise noted, from Alfa Aesar, Fisher, Combi- Blocks, and Aldrich highest quality available. TLC: silica gel 60 F254 aluminum plates, (whatman, type Al Sil G/UV, 250 pm layer); visualization by UV absorption. Flash chromatography was performed on silica gel 60 (0.40-0.63 mm, 230-440 mesh, EM Science). Biotage Flash-i- systems were used for medium-pressure column chromatography. NMR: 'H and ¹³C spectra were obtained at Bruker AV NEO 500 MHz spectrometer and Bruker AVIII 400 MHz spectrometers. 'H, and ¹³C NMR data are reported with chemical shifts (5) in parts- per-million (ppm) relative to the residual signal of the deuterated solvent as follows: chemical shift, multiplicity (s = singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, q = quartet, qn = quintet, m = multiplet, and br = broad), coupling constant in Hz. Reactions were monitored by Agilent 1260 Infinity with Agilent 6120 Quadrupole LC/MS detector. Purity was determined by LCMS using a Agilent SB-C18 column (1.8pm, 2. 1 x 50mm) and detection was performed with a UV at 254 and 230 nm wavelength. Elution was carried out with a 10-90% gradient over 5 min of CH3CN in water containing 0.1% HCO2H at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 25 °C. The purity of all test compounds is higher than 95%. High resolution mass spectra were obtained on an Agilent 6230 TOF LC/MS system using electrospray ionization (ESI) in positive mode. [00139] Synthesis of Compounds

[00140] The following exemplary procedures are offered to illustrate syntheses of specific compounds described in the present disclosure. The skilled person in the art can readily adapt the procedures, starting materials, and reagents to the syntheses of all compounds described herein.

[00141] Example 1: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fhioro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl- l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (11)

[00142] A mixture of Int-1 (100 mg, 0.327 mmol), Int-2 (92 mg, 0.5 mmol), DIPEA (87 pL, 0.5 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under micro wave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product (Int-3) was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 92 % yield (136mg). ’H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃) 5 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.23 (dd, 7 = 11.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (bs, 1H), 4.23 (bs, 1H), 3.53 - 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.37 - 3.29 (m, 2H), 3.16 - 3.10 (m, 1H), 2.76 (q, 7 = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.14 - 2.06 (m, 1H), 1.87 - 1.79 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 456.

[00143] A mixture of Int-3 (130mg, 0.285 mmol) and 4M dioxane HCI (1.07 mL, 4.28 mmol) in CH2Q2 (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated and used without further purification to give lnt-4. 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCh) 5 7.40 (s, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 7 = 11.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 3.58 - 3.52 (m, 1H), 3.48 - 3.42 (m, 2H), 3.36 - 3.29 (m, 1H), 3.00 - 2.95 (m, 1H), 2.75 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.10 - 2.01 (m, 1H), 1.73 - 1.65 (m, 1H), 1.29 (t. 7 = 7.6 Hz. 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 356. [00144] A mixture of Int-4 (12 mg, 0.034 mmol), Int-5 (25 mg, 0.102 mmol) and DIPEA (12 pL, 0.068 mmol) in CH3CN (200 pL) was stirred at 100 °C for 20h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed sequentially with brine and sat. aq. NaHC'Ch. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative -TLC (DCM:MeOH, 95:5) to give 11 in 29% yield (4.2 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C23H28FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 426.2300, found 426.2302.

[00145] Example 2: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fhioro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl- l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (16)

[00146] Compound 16 was obtained through the procedure in Example 1 from the reaction of Int-4 and the appropriate tosylate in 28% yield (4.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C23H28FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 426.2300, found 426.2302.

[00147] Example 3A: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(l-methyl- lH-pyrazol-3-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (12)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-6 (1.0 equiv.), Int-2 (1.5 equiv.), DIPEA (1.5 equiv.), nBuOH, 140°C, mw, 3h, 86%; ii) lnt-7 (1.0 equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, quant.; iii) lnt-8 (1.0 equiv.), Int-5 (20 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv.), CH₃CN, 100 °C, 19h, 22%.

[00148] A mixture of Int-6 (30 mg, 0.1 mmol), Int-2 (28 mg, 0.15 mmol), DIPEA (26 pL, 0. 15 mmol) in nBuOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 140°C for 3h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product (Int-7) was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 86 % yield (39mg). ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃) 5 7.46 (d, 7 = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.40 - 7.36 (m, 1H), 7.14 (dd, 7 = 11.8, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (d, J = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (bs, 1H), 4.15 - 4.08 (m, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.42 - 3.31 (m, 3H), 3.14 - 3.07 (m, 1H), 2.75 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.05 - 1.95 (m, 1H), 1.79 - 1.70 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 454.

[00149] A mixture of Int-7 (lOOmg, 0.22 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (0.83 mL, 3.3 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.3 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated and used without further purification to give Int-8. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 354.

[00150] A mixture of Int-8 (12 mg, 0.034 mmol), Int-5 (16 mg, 0.068 mmol) and DIPEA (12 pL, 0.068 mmol) in CH3CN (200 pL) was stirred at 100 °C for 20h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed sequentially with brine and sat. aq. NaHCCL. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative-TLC (CH2C12:MeOH, 95:5) to give 12 in 22% yield (3.2 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H30FN5O [M + H]⁺ 424.2507 , found 424.2516.

[00151] Example 3B: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methylisoxazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (17)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-9 (1.0 equiv.), lnt-2 (1.5 equiv.), DIPEA (1.5 equiv.), IPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,76%; ii) lnt- 10 (1 .0 equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, quant.; iii) lnt-11 (1 .0 equiv.), Int-5 (3.0 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv.), CH₃CN, 100 °C, 20h, 26%.

[00152] A mixture of Int-9 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), Int-2 (45 mg, 0.25 mmol), DIPEA (43 pL, 0.25 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 76 % yield (57mg). 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCL) 5 7.39 (d, 7 = 1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.20 (dd, 7 = 11.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.17 (s, 1H), 4.61 (bs, 1H), 4.20 (bs, 1H), 3.56 - 3.50 (m, 1H), 3.41 - 3.29 (m, 2H), 3.17 (dd, J = 11.2, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.75 (q, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.11 - 2.07 (m, 1H), 1.84 - 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 455. [00153] A mixture of Int-10 (50mg, 0.11 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (412 pL, 1.65 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated, and Int-11 used without further purification. 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCh) 5 7.38 (dd, 7 = 1.9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.18 (dd, 7 = 11.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.15 (s, 1H), 3.57 - 3.43 (m, 3H), 3.37 - 3.32 (m, 1H), 3.05 - 2.98 (m, 1H), 2.74 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.08 - 1.96 (m, 1H), 1.69 - 1.59 (m, 1H), 1.29 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 355.

[00154] A mixture of Int-11 (10 mg, 0.028 mmol), Int-5 (20.5 mg, 0.084 mmol) and DIPEA (10 pL, 0.056 mmol) in CH3CN (200 pL) was stirred at 100 °C for 20h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed sequentially with brine and sat. aq. NaHCCh. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative-TLC (CTfcChiMeOH, 95:5) to give 17 in 26% yield (3.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H29FN4O2 [M + H]⁺ 425.2347 , found 425.2347.

[00155] Example 4: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl- l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2- yI)methyI)pyrro!idin-3-amine (36)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (1 .0 equiv.), lnt-12 (1 .5 equiv.), DIPEA (1 .5 equiv.), iPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,88%; ii) Int- 13 (1 0 equiv), HOI (15 0 equiv ) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, quant ; ill) lnt-14 (1 0 equiv ), lnt-15 (40 equiv ), DIPEA (2 0 equiv.), CH3CN, 80 °C, 48h, 13%.

[00156] A mixture of lnt-1 (100 mg, 0.327 mmol), lnt-12 (98 mg, 0.49 mmol), DIPEA (85 pL, 0.49 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under micro wave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product (int-13) was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 88 % yield (136mg). ’H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) 57.40 (d, J = 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 7 = 11.6, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (bs, 1H), 3.45 (d, J = 11. 1 Hz, 1H), 3.35 - 3.23 (m, 3H), 2.75 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.38- 2.27 (m, 1H), 1.85 - 1.75 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 3H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H).

LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 470.

[00157] A mixture of Int-13 (130mg, 0.277 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (1.04 mL, 4.15 mmol) in CH2Q2 (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-14 used without further purification. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C20H24FN5O [M + H]⁺ 370.2038 , found 370.2040.

[00158] A mixture of Int-14 (12 mg, 0.032 mmol), Int-15 (32 mg, 0.128 mmol) and DIPEA (11 pL, 0.064 mmol) in CH3CN (200 pL) was stirred at 80 °C for 48 h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed sequentially with brine and sat. aq. NaHC'CL. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative-TLC (ClLCRMcOH, 95:5) to give 36 in 13% yield (1.9 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H32FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 454.2613 , found 454.2633.

[00159] Example 5: Synthesis of 5-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((3aR,6aR)-l-

( (tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-4- yl)methyl)hexahydropyrrolo[3, 4-b]pyrrol-5(lH)-yl)quinolin-3- yl)-3-methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazole (21)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (1.0 equiv.), Int-16 (1.2 equiv.), DIPEA (2.5 equiv.), IPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,95%; ii) lnt- 17 (1.0 equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, quant.; ill) lnt-18 (1.0 equiv.), lnt-19 (2.0 equiv.), NaBH(OAc)₃ (2.0 equiv.), AcOH (2.0 equiv.), DCE, rt , overnight, 66%.

[00160] A mixture of Int-1 (60 mg, 0.196 mmol), Int-16 (50 mg, 0.236 mmol), DIPEA (85 pL, 0.49 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under micro wave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product (lnt-17) was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 95 % yield (90 mg). ¹ H NMR (500 MHz, CDCh) 57.40 (s, 1H), 7.22 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 4.27 - 4.13 (m, 1H), 3.70 (dd, J = 11.6, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.61 - 3.48 (m, 1H), 3.49 - 3.34 (m, 2H), 3.30 - 3.21 (m, 1H), 3.14 (dd, J = 11.2, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.91 - 2.82 (m, 1H), 2.75 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.00 - 1.92 (m, 1H), 1.83 - 1.73 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.29 0. 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z - 482.

[00161] A mixture of Int-17 (80mg, 0.166 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (622 pL, 2.5 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-18 used without further purification. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C21H24FN5O [M + H]⁺ 382.2038 , found 382.2038.

[00162] A mixture of Int-18 (10 mg, 0.026 mmol), Int-19 (6.0 mg, 0.052 mmol), NaBH(OAc)3 (11 mg, 0.052 mmol) and AcOH (3 pL, 0.052 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (0.4 mL) was stirred at rt overnight. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with brine. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative-TLC using CtLCL/McOH to give 21 in 66 % yield (8.3 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C27H34FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 480.2769, found 480.2773.

[00163] Example 6: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(l-methyl-lH- pyrazol-3-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3- amine (33)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-20 (1 0 equiv), lnt-12 (1.5 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv.), IPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,98%; ii) lnt-21 (I .O equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH2CI2, rt, 30 min, quant.; iii) lnt-22 (1 0 equiv.), lnt-15 (4.0 equiv), DIPEA (30 equiv.), CH3CN, 110 °C, MW, 12h, 28%.

[00164] A mixture of lnt-20 (70 mg, 0.123 mmol), lnt-12 (69 mg, 0.345 mmol), DIPEA (82 pL, 0.47 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under micro wave irradiation at 130 C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product (lnt-21) was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 98 % yield (106 mg). 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃) 57.46 (d, J = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.14 (dd, 7 = 12.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (d, 7 = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (bs, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.39 (d, 7 = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34 - 3.17 (m, 3H), 2.74 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.30 - 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.76 - 1.67 (m, 1H), 1.40 (bs, 12H), 1.29 (t, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 468. [00165] A mixture of Int-21 (lOOmg, 0.1214 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (800 pL, 3.2 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-22 used without further purification. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C21H26FN5 [M + H]⁺ 368.2245, found 368.2251.

[00166] A mixture of Int-22 (12 mg, 0.032 mmol), Int-15 (32 mg, 0.13 mmol) and DIPEA (17 pL, 0.096 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was stirred at 110 °C under microwave irradiation for 12h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed sequentially with brine and sat. aq. NaHC'Ch. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative-TLC (CPFCHMcOH, 95:5) to give 33 in 28% yield (4.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C26H34FN5O [M + H]⁺ 452.2820, found 452.2830.

[00167] Example 7: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methylisoxazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (35)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-23 (1.0 equiv.), lnt-12 (1.05 equiv), DIPEA (2.5 equiv.), iPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,60%; ii) lnt-24 (1.0 equiv.), HCI (50 equiv) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 1 h, quant.; iii) lnt-24 (1 0 equiv.), Int-15 (4.0 equiv.), DIPEA (5.0 equiv.), CH₃CN, 110 °C, MW, 11 h, 57%.

[00168] A mixture of lnt-23 (14 mg, 0.046 mmol), lnt-12 (10 mg, 0.048 mmol), DIPEA (20 pL, 0.115 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product (lnt-24) was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 60 % yield (13 mg). ’H NMR (400 MHz, CDC13) 5 7.41 (m, 1H), 7.22 (dd, 7 = 11.7, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.19 (s, 1H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 3.51 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.42 - 3.38 (m, 2H), 3.29 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (q, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 2.38 - 2.30 (m, 1H), 1.84 - 1.78 (m, 1H), 1.44 (bs, 12H), 1.32 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 469. [00169] A mixture of Int-24 (12mg, 0.026 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (32 pL, 0. 128 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for Ih. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-25 used without further purification.

HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + H]⁺ 369.2085, found 369.2089.

[00170] A mixture of Int-25 (10 mg, 0.027 mmol), Int-15 (28 mg, 0.109 mmol) and DIPEA (24 pL, 0.136 mmol) in CH3CN (500 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 110°C for llh. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CPECRMcOH, 95:5) to give 35 in 57% yield (7 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for [M + H]⁺ 453.2660, found 453.2661.

[00171] Example 8: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fhioro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl- l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (38)

[00172] In a procedure analogous to Example 4, compound 38 was obtained from the reaction of Int-14 and the appropriate tosylate in 44% yield (7.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H32FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 454.2613, found 454.2617.

[00173] Example 9: Synthesis of (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fhioro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl- l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (39)

[00174] In a procedure analogous to Example 4, 39 was obtained from the reaction of Int-14 and the appropriate tosylate in 40% yield (6.3 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H32FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 454.2613, found 454.2616. [00175] Example 10A: (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(l-methyl-lH-pyrazol-3- yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (33)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-20 (1 .0 equiv.), lnt-12 (1 .5 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv.), IPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,98%; ii) lnt-21 (1 .0 equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, quant.; ill) lnt-22 (1 .0 equiv.), lnt-15 (4.0 equiv.), DIPEA (3.0 equiv.), CH3CN, 110 °C, MW, 12h, 28%.

[00176] A mixture of lnt-20 (70 mg, 0.123 mmol), lnt-12 (69 mg, 0.345 mmol), DIPEA (82 pL, 0.47 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under micro wave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 98 % yield (106 mg). ’H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1₃) 5 7.46 (d, 7 = 2.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.14 (dd, 7 = 12.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (d, 7 = 2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (bs, 1H), 4.00 (s, 3H), 3.39 (d, 7 = 11.4 Hz, 1H), 3.34 - 3.17 (m, 3H), 2.74 (q, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.37 (s, 3H), 2.30 - 2.20 (m, 1H), 1.76 - 1.67 (m, 1H), 1.40 (bs, 12H), 1.29 (t, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 468.

[00177] A mixture of lnt-21 (lOOmg, 0.1214 mmol) and 4M dioxane HCI (800 p L, 3.2 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and lnt-22 used without further purification.

HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C21H26FN5 [M + H]⁺ 368.2245, found 368.2251.

[00178] A mixture of lnt-22 (12 mg, 0.032 mmol), lnt-15 (32 mg, 0.13 mmol) and DIPEA (17 pL, 0.096 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was stirred at 110 °C under microwave irradiation for 12h. The mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed sequentially with brine and sat. aq. NaHCCh. The organic phase was dried over Na2SC>4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by preparative-TLC (CH2C12:MeOH, 95:5) to give 33 in 28% yield (4.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C26H34FN5O [M + H]⁺ 452.2820, found 452.2830. [00179] Example 10B: (S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(l-methyl-lH-pyrazol-3- yl)quinolin-2-yl)-3-methyl-N-(((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (50)

[00180] In a procedure analogous to Example 10A, 50 was obtained from the reaction of Int-22 and the appropriate tosylate in 43% yield (6.2 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C26H34FN5O [M + H]⁺ 452.2820, found 452.2832.

[00181] Example 11: Synthesis of 5-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((S)-l-(((R)- tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)-l,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-7-yl)quinolin-3-yl)-3-methyl- 1,2,4-oxadiazole (40)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (1.0 equiv.), Int-26 (1 .2 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv), iPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,94%; ii) Int- 27 (1 0 equiv), HCI (15 0 equiv ) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, 86%; iii) lnt-28 (1 0 equiv ), lnt-15 (20 equiv ), DIPEA (20 equiv ), CH3CN, 120 °C, 12h, 68%.

[00182] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), Int-26 (44 mg, 0.196 mmol), DIPEA (56 pL, 0.32 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 130°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 94 % yield (75 mg). 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCE) d 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 11.6 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (bs, 0.5H), 3.65 - 3.30 (m, 3.5H), 3.25 - 3.05 (m, 1H), 3.02 - 2.83 (m, 1H), 2.75 (q, J= 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.95 - 1.88 (m, 1H), 1.86 - 1.68 (m, 3H), 1.59 - 1.46 (m, 2H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 496.

[00183] A mixture of Int-27 (65mg, 0.131 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (492 pL, 1.97 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-28 was obtained in 86% yield (45mg) and the product used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 396.

[00184] A mixture of Int-28 (12 mg, 0.03 mmol), Int-15 (15.5 mg, 0.06 mmol) and DIPEA (11 pL, 0.06 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 12h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CHiCRMcOH, 95:5) to give 40 in 68% yield (9.8 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C27H34FN5O3 [M + H]⁺ 480.2769, found 480.2760.

[00185] Example 12: Synthesis of 5-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-2-((S)-l-(((S)- tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)methyl)-l,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-7-yl)quinolin-3-yl)-3-methyl- 1,2,4-oxadiazoIe (41)

[00186] In a manner analogous to that of Example 11, 41 was obtained from the reaction of Int-28 and the appropriate tosylate in 46% yield (6.7 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C27H34FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 480.2769, found 480.2779.

[00187] Example 13: Synthesis of 5(lS,5R)-3-(6-ethyl-8-fhioro-4-methyl-3-(3- methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methyl)-3- azabicyclo[3.1.0] hexan- 1 -amine (42)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (1 0 equiv.), lnt-29 (1 .2 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv.), iPrOH, 120°C, mw, 2h,93%; ii) Int- 13 (1.0 equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, 86%; ill) lnt-31 (1.0 equiv.), Int-15 (4.0 equiv.), DIPEA (3.0 equiv.), CH3CN, 120 °C, 14h, 36%.

[00188] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), lnt-29 (39 mg, 0.196 mmol), DIPEA

(56 pL, 0.32 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 93 % yield (70 mg). 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCI3) 5 7.38 (d, 7 = 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.21 (dd, 7 = 11.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.94 (bs, 1H), 3.78 (bs, 1H), 3.58 -

3.43 (m, 2H), 3.23 (bs, 1H), 2.75 (q, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 1.68 (bs, 1H),

1.44 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.96 (ddd, 7 = 8.7, 5.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 0.72 (t, 7 = 5.1 Hz, 1H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 468.

[00189] A mixture of Int-30 (60mg, 0.128 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (481 pL, 1.93 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-31 was obtained in 82% yield (39mg), the product used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 368.

[00190] A mixture of Int-31 (12 mg, 0.032 mmol), Int-15 (34 mg, 0.13 mmol) and DIPEA (17 pL, 0.096 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 14h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CH2Ch:MeOH, 95:5) to give 42 in 36% yield (5.2 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H30FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 452.2456, found 452.2458.

[00191] Example 14: Synthesis of (3S,4S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-4-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (43)

-

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (I .O equiv.), lnt-32 (1.2 equiv), DIPEA (20 equiv), IPrOH, 120°C, mw, 2h,89%; ii) Int- 33 (1 .0 equiv.), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, 87% ; iii) lnt-34 (1 .0 equiv.), Int-15 (2.0 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv.), CH3CN, 110 °C, 11 h, 63%.

[00192] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), Int-29 (46 mg, 0.196 mmol), DIPEA (56 pL, 0.32 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 89 % yield (67 mg). 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCE) d 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.23 (dd, 7 = 11.6, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.57 (d. 7 = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 3.50 (dd, 7 = 11.1, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.44 (t, 7 = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.15 (d, 7 = 11.1 Hz, 1H), 2.95 (t, 7 = 9.8 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.40 - 2.33 (m, 1H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 0.98 (d, 7 = 6.8 Hz, 3H) . LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 470.

[00193] A mixture of Int-33 (60mg, 0.127 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (480 pL, 1.91 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and Int-34 was obtained in 87% yield (41mg), the product used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 370.

[00194] A mixture of Int-34 (12 mg, 0.032 mmol), Int-15 (17 mg, 0.065 mmol) and DIPEA (11 pL, 0.065 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for llh. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CPEC McOH, 95:5) to give 43 in 63% yield (9.2 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H32FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 454.2613, found 454.2601.

[00195] Example 15: Synthesis of (3S,4S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-4-methyl-N-(((S)-tetrahydrofuran-3- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (44)

[00196] In a manner analogous to that in Example 14, 44 was obtained from the reaction of Int-34 and the appropriate tosylate in 42% yield (6.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C27H34FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 454.2613, found 454.2626.

[00197] Example 16: Synthesis of (3aS,6aR)-2-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl)hexahydrocyclopenta[c]pyrrol-3a(lH)-amine (45)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (1 .0 equiv.), Int-35 (1 .2 equiv.), DIPEA (3.0 equiv.), iPrOH, 130°C, mw, 2h,85%; ii) Int- 36 (1 0 equiv), HCI (15.0 equiv.) , CH₂CI₂, rt, 30 min, 88% ; ill) lnt-37 (1 .0 equiv), lnt-15 (40 equiv), DIPEA (40 equiv), CH3CN, 110 °C, 18h, 32%.

[00198] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), Int-35 (45 mg, 0.196 mmol), DIPEA (84 pL, 0.48 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 85 % yield (68 mg). 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCE) 3 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.22 (dd, J = 11.5, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78 (bs, 1H), 3.58 (t, J = 9.5 Hz, 1H), 3.52 - 3.43 (m, 1H), 3.35 (d, J = 11. 1 Hz, 1H), 3.08 - 2.97 (m, 1H), 2.75 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.66 - 2.56 (m, 1H), 2.55 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.05 - 1.80 (m, 4H), 1.78 - 1.69 (m, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.29 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 496.

[00199] A mixture of Int-36 (60mg, 0.12 mmol) and 4M dioxane HCI (454 pL, 1.81 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 30 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was dissolved in methanol and filtered through a PL-HCO3 MP Agilent resin and washed with methanol (3X). The organic phase was concentrated under reduced pressure, and lnt-37 was obtained in 88% yield (42mg), the product used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 396.

[00200] A mixture of lnt-37 (12 mg, 0.03 mmol), Int-15 (31 mg, 0.12 mmol) and DIPEA (21 pL, 0.12 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 110°C for 18h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CH2C12:MeOH, 95:5) to give 45 in 32% yield (4.6 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C27H34FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 480.2769, found 480.2780. [00201] Example 17: Synthesis of (3S,4R)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-4-methyl-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (46)

[00202] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), Int-38 (38 mg, 0.19 mmol), DIPEA (56 pL, 0.32 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 51 % yield (38 mg). 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCE) 5 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.23 (dd, 7 = 11.7, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (bs, 1H), 3.84 - 3.75 (m, 1H), 3.65 - 3.58 (m, 1H), 3.53 - 3.44 (m, 1H), 3.05 - 2.93 (m, 2H), 2.76 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.08 - 1.98 (m, 1H), 1.44 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t. 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.05 (d, 7 = 6.7 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 470.

[00203] A mixture of lnt-39 (15mg, 0.032 mmol) and 4M dioxane HC1 (40 pL, 0. 16 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 50 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Int-40 was obtained quantitatively and used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 370.

[00204] A mixture of Int-40 (13 mg, 0.032 mmol), Int-15 (33 mg, 0.128 mmol) and DIPEA (28 pL, 0.16 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 110°C for llh. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CH2C12:MeOH, 95:5) to give 46 in 48% yield (7.0 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C25H32FN5O2 [M + H]⁺ 454.2613, found 454.2617. [00205] Example 18: Synthesis of (3R,4S)-l-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3- methyl-l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-4-fluoro-N-(((R)-tetrahydrofuran-2- yl)methyl)pyrrolidin-3-amine (47)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-1 (1.0 equiv.), lnt-41 (1.2 equiv.), DIPEA (2.0 equiv), iPrOH, 120°C, mw, 2h,52%; ii) Int- 42 (1.0 equiv.), HCI (50 equiv.) , CH2CI2, rt, 30 min, quant.; iii) lnt-43 (1.0 equiv.), lnt-15 (4.0 equiv.), DIPEA (5.0 equiv.), CH3CN, 110 °C, 11 h, 35%.

[00206] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), Int-38 (38 mg, 0.19 mmol), DIPEA (56 pL, 0.32 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 2h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 51 % yield (38 mg). 'H NMR (400 MHz, CDCh) d 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.24 (dd, 7 = 11.7, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.10 - 5.06 (m, 0.5H), 4.96 - 4.92 (m, 0.5H), 4.86 (d, 7 = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.41 - 4.27 (m, 1H), 3.70 - 3.53 (m, 3H), 3.12 (t, 7 = 10.3 Hz, 1H), 2.76 (q, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.56 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 474.

[00207] A mixture of Int-42 (15mg, 0.032 mmol) and 4M dioxane HCI (40 pL, 0.16 mmol) in CH2Q2 (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 50 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Int-43 was obtained quantitatively and used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 374.

[00208] A mixture of Int-43 (13 mg, 0.032 mmol), lnt-15 (33 mg, 0.127 mmol) and DIPEA (28 pL, 0.159 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 110°C for llh. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CH2C12:MeOH, 95:5) to give 47 in 35% yield (5.1 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C24H29F2N5O2 [M + H]+ 458.2363, found 458.2361. [00209] Example 19: Synthesis of 2-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl-l,2,4- oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-N-((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl)-2- azabicyclo[2.1.1] hexan-4-amine (48)

[00210] A mixture of Int-1 (50 mg, 0.16 mmol), lnt-44 (42 mg, 0.21 mmol), DIPEA (56 pL, 0.32 mmol) in iPrOH was heated under microwave irradiation at 120°C for 3h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by column chromatography using hexanes/EtOAc in 92 % yield (70 mg). 'H NMR (500 MHz, CDCh) 3 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.23 (dd, 7 = 11.5, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.88 (bs, 1H), 4.81 (bs, 1H), 2.88 (bs, 2H), 2.76 (q, 7 = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.57 (s, 3H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.19 - 2.00 (m, 2H), 1.80 (dd, 7 = 4.5, 1.9 Hz, 2H), 1.42 (s, 9H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H). LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 468.

[00211] A mixture of Int-45 (65mg, 0.139 mmol) and 4M dioxane HCI (520 pL, 2.08 mmol) in CH2Q2 (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 50 min. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. Int-46 was obtained quantitatively and used without further purification. LCMS: (M+l) m/z = 368.

[00212] A mixture of Int-46 (15 mg, 0.037 mmol), lnt-47 (25 mg, 0.11 mmol) and DIPEA (26 pL, 0.148 mmol) in CH3CN (300 pL) was heated under microwave irradiation at 100°C for 12h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative- TLC (CH2Ch:MeOH, 95:5) to give 48 in 27% yield (4.7 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C26H32FN5O2 [M + H]+ 466.2613, found 466.2612. [00213] Example 20: Synthesis of (S)-4-((7-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl- l,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)-l,7-diazaspiro[4.4]nonan-l-yl)methyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-ol (49)

Reagents and conditions: i) lnt-28 (1.0 equiv), lnt-48 (2.0 equiv.), DIPEA (4.0 equiv.), iPrOH, 105 °C, 3h, 55%

[00214] A mixture of lnt-28 (10 mg, 0.025 mmol), lnt-48 (5.5 pL , 0.05 mmol) and DIPEA (17 pL, 0.1 mmol) in iPrOH (300 pL) was heated at 105 °C for 3h. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The product was purified by preparative-TLC (CH₂Cl₂:MeOH, 95:5) to give 49 in 55% yield (7.0 mg). HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C28H36FN5O3 [M + H]+ 510.2875, found 510.2882.

[00215] Biological Activity

[00216] General Methods and Materials

[00217] OPRKappa 1 Tango B-Arrestin Assay Protocol- Antagonist Mode. The purpose of this assay is to confirm the potency of the present compounds as OPRK1 antagonists. The assay uses Tango OPRKl-bla U2OS cells which express OPRK1 linked to a GAL4-VP16 transcription factor via a TEV protease site. The cells also express a P- arrestin/TEV protease fusion protein and a -lactamase (BLA) reporter gene under the control of a UAS response element. Stimulation of the OPRK1 receptor by agonist causes migration of the -arrestin fusion protein to the GPCR, and through proteolysis liberates GAL4-VP16 from the receptor. The liberated VP16-GAL4 migrates to the nucleus, where it induces transcription of the BLA gene. BLA expression is monitored by measuring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) of a cleavable, Anorogenic, cell-permeable BLA substrate. As designed, test compounds that are OPRK1 antagonists inhibit agonist activation and migration of the fusion protein, thus preventing proteolysis of GAL4-VP16 and BLA transcription, leading to no increase in well FRET. Compounds were tested in quadruplicate using a 10-point, 1:3 dilution series starting at a nominal concentration of 10 micromolar. [00218] The Tango OPRK1-U20S Dividing cell line was routinely cultured in 150mm dishes at 37C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity (RH). The growth media consisted of McCoys 5 A Media supplemented with 10% v/v dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 25mM HEPES, O.lmM non-essential amino acids, ImM Sodium Pyruvate, and IX antibiotic mix (penicillin streptomycin).

[00219] On Day 1 of the assay, 16,000 cells in lOpL of assay media (DMEM- Glutamax- with Sodium Pyruvate, 10% fetal bovine serum stripped with charcoal-dextran (CDS), 25mM HEPES, O.lmM non-essential amino acids, antibiotic mix (penicillin streptomycin)) were seeded into each well of a 384 Greiner 788092 black low profile, clear bottom, low volume plate, and incubated 16-24 hours at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95%(RH).

[00220] On Day 2, 50nL of test compound in DMSO was added to the appropriate wells and plates were incubated for 30min at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% (RH). Next was added 0.65pL of commercially available U50488 OPRK1 agonist or DMSO in assay media: this EC80 Challenge consists of 0.6pL of 11 InM U50488 to yield a final assay concentration of 6nM). After incubation for 4 hours at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95%(RH), 2.5pL of LiveBLazer™FRET B/G (CCF4-AM) Mix (Soln.’s A,B,C,&D) was added to each well and incubated at room temperature in the dark for 2 hours. Well fluorescence was measured on Perkin Elmer’ s Envision using an Excitation filter 409nm, Emission filters at 460nm and 590nm, bottom read.

[00221] The Percent Inhibition was calculated from the median ratio as follows: 100

where: test compound is defined as wells containing test compound; low control is defined as wells containing U50488 challenge (6nM final) = 0% inhibition; and high control is defined as wells containing DMSO = 100% inhibition.

[00222] List of Reagents:

Tango™OPRKl-bla U20S Cells (Invitrogen K1576)

McCoy’s 5A Medium, (Invitrogen 16600-082)

Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, (Invitrogen 26400-036)

Non Essential Amino Acids 100X ( Invitrogen part 11140-050) HEPES (pH 7.3) IM, (Invitrogen 15630-080)

Sodium Pyruvate 100X (Invitrogen 11360-070)

Penicillin Streptomycin, (Invitrogen 15640)

Trypsin 0.25%EDTA ( Invitrogen 25200056)

DPBS without Calcium /Magnesium (Invitrogen 14190-136)

DMEM, High Glucose, GlutaMAX (Invitrogen 10569-010)

Fetal Bovine Serum, Charcoal Stripped (Invitrogen 12676-011)

DMSO Dry (Sigma D2650 )

U50488 OPRK1 Agonist MW410.29 (Tocris 67198-19-0)

GNTI dihydrochloride OPRK1 Antagonist MW571.5 (Tocris 1282) Nor-Binaltorphimine dihydrochloride MW770.75 (Tocris 0347)

[00223] LiveBLAzer™-FRET/BG Loading Mix: (Invitrogen K1030 (5mg)), composed of Solutions A, B, C, and D:

Solution A (6pL): LiveBLAzer™-FRET/BG Substrate (CCF4-AM)

Solution B (60pL)

Solution C (904 pL)

Solution C (must add 250ul of IN NaOH to 45mL of Solution C prior to use)

Solution D (30 pL) [Probinicid] (Sigma P8161 ) make 200mM stock in NaOHTLO.

[00224] OPRMul Discover X -0-ar restin Assay - Antagonist Mode. The purpose of this assay is to confirm the potency and specificity of compounds synthesized to be OPRK1 antagonists. This assay evaluates the OPRMul activation in membrane recruitment of P-arrestin. In addition, the assay evaluates GPCR- -arrestin proximity using low affinity fragment complementation of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal). The assay employs U20S cells, which express OPRMul fused to the complementary beta-gal fragment (enzyme acceptor). As designed, compounds that act as antagonists will prevent receptor activation resulting in reduced well luminescence. Compounds were tested in quadruplicate using a 10-point, 1:3 dilution series starting at a nominal concentration of 10 micro molar.

[00225] The Discover X OPRMul -U20S cell line was cultured in 150mm dishes at 37

°C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity (RH). The growth media consisted of DMEM/F12 1:1 Media supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 25mM HEPES, O.lmM non-essential amino acids, ImM Sodium Pyruvate, and IX antibiotic mix (penicillin streptomycin).

[00226] On Day 1 of the assay, 5000 cells in 20pL of assay buffer (Discover X’s Cell Plating Reagent 5) were seeded into each well of a 384 Corning 3570 standard white plate, and incubated 16-24 hours at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% RH.

[00227] On Day 2, lOOnL of test compound in DMSO were added to the appropriate wells and the plates were then incubated for 30 min at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% RH. Next, 2.2pL of DAMGO OPRMul agonist (commercially available) or DMSO in assay media. (The EC80 Challenge consists of 1.8pL of 3.7pM DAMGO, 0.4 pL of Assay Buffer, with a final assay concentration of 303nM). After incubation for 3 hours at 37 °C, 5% CO2, and 95% RH, lOpL of Path Hunter Detection Mix was added to each well, and the plate was then incubated at room temperature in the dark for 1 hour. Well luminescence was measured on Perkin Elmer’ s Envision.

[00228] The Percent Inhibition was calculated from the median ratio as follows: 100

where: test compound is defined as wells containing test compound; low control is defined as wells containing DAMGO challenge (200nM final) = 0% inhibition; and high control is defined as wells containing DMSO = 100% inhibition.

[00229] List of Reagents:

DMEM Medium, (Invitrogen 11965)

F12 Medium, (Invitrogen 11765)

Heat Inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum, (Invitrogen 10082147)

Non Essential Amino Acids 100X (Invitrogen 11140-050)

HEPES (pH 7.3) IM, (Invitrogen 15630-080)

Sodium Pyruvate 100X (Invitrogen 11360-070)

Penicillin Streptomycin, (Invitrogen 15640) Trypsin 0.25%EDTA (Invitrogen 25200056) DPBS without Calcium /Magnesium (Invitrogen 14190-136) DMSO Dry (Sigma D2650)

DAMGO OPRMul Agonist MW513.19 (Sigma E7384-5MG)

B-Funaltrexamine Hydrochloride OPRM1 Antagonist MW (SIGMA 0003 -2MG) PathHunter Cell Plating 5 Reagent (Discover X 93-0563R5A) Corning 3750 Standard 384 well white plate with lid.

[00230] PathHunter Detection Mix (DiscoverX 93-0001): 1 part Galacton Star/5 parts Emerald II/ 19parts PH Cell Assay Buffer.

[00231] OPRDelta 1 Tango B-Arrestin Assay Protocol - Antagonist Mode. The Tango OPRDeltal -U20S Dividing cell line was cultured in 150mm dishes at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% relative humidity (RH). The growth media consisted of McCoys 5 A Media supplemented with 10% (v/v) dialyzed fetal bovine serum, 25 mM HEPES, O.lmM non- essential amino acids, ImM Sodium Pyruvate, and IX antibiotic mix (penicillin streptomycin).

[00232] On Day 1 of the assay, 16,000 cells in lOpL of assay media (DMEM- Glutamax- with Sodium Pyruvate, 10% fetal bovine serum stripped with charcoal-dextran (CDS), 25mM HEPES, O.lmM non-essential amino acids, antibiotic mix (penicillin streptomycin)) were seeded into each well of a 384 Greiner 788092 black low profile, clear bottom, low volume plate. 50nL of test compound in DMSO was added to the appropriate wells and then the plates were incubated for 30min at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% RH. Next, l.lpL of SNC80 OPRD1 agonist (commercially available) or DMSO in assay media (EC80 Challenge consists of l.lpL of 3.7pM SNC80, final assay concentration = 370nM) was added to appropriate wells and incubated 16-24hours at 37 °C, 5% CO2 and 95% RH.

[00233] On Day 2, 2.5pL of LiveBLazer™FRET B/G (CCF4-AM) Mix (Soln.’s A, B, C, and D) was added to each well, and the plate was then incubated at room temperature in the dark for 2 hours. Well fluorescence was measured on Perkin Elmer’s Envision using an Excitation filter 405 nm, Emission filters at 460nm and 590nm, bottom read.

[00234] The Percent Inhibition was calculated from the median ratio as follows: 100

where: test compound is defined as wells containing test compound; low control is defined as wells containing SNC80 challenge (370nM final) = 0% inhibition; and high control is defined as wells containing DMSO = 100% inhibition.

[00235] List of Reagents:

Tango™OPRDl-bla U20S (Invitrogen K1778)

McCoy’s 5A Medium, (Invitrogen 16600-082)

Dialyzed Fetal Bovine Serum, (Invitrogen 26400-036)

Non Essential Amino Acids 100X (Invitrogen 11140-050)

HEPES (pH 7.3) IM, (Invitrogen 15630-080)

Sodium Pyruvate 100X (Invitrogen 11360-070)

Penicillin Streptomycin, (Invitrogen 15640)

Trypsin 0.25%EDTA (Invitrogen 25200056)

DPBS without Calcium /Magnesium (Invitrogen 14190-136)

DMEM, High Glucose, GlutaMAX (Invitrogen 10569-010)

Fetal Bovine Serum, Charcoal Stripped (Invitrogen 12676-011)

DMSO Dry (Sigma D2650 )

SNC80 OPRD1 Agonist MW449.63 (Sigma S2812)

SDM25N hydrochloride OPRD1 Antagonist MW468.98 (Tocris 1410)

[00236] LiveBLAzer™-FRET/BG Loading Mix: (Invitrogen K1030 (5mg)), composed of Solutions A, B, C, and D:

Solution A (6pL): LiveBLAzer™-FRET/BG Substrate (CCF4-AM)

Solution B (60pL)

Solution C (904 pL)

Solution C (must add 250ul of IN NaOH to 45mL of Solution C prior to use)

Solution D (30 pL) [Probinicid] (Sigma P8161 ) make 200mM stock in NaOHTLO.

[00237] Biological Examples

[00238] Results of the assays are provided in Table 2 below. Activities of representative compounds are expressed as IC50 against the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and mu opioid receptor (MOR). Table 2 also presents selectivity of representative compounds for KOR. [00239] Table 2. Activity of Representative Compounds

Claims

WE CLAIM:

1. A compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof:

Ar is a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S) substituted with (R³)_n; n is 0, 1, or 2;

Y is -N(R²)-, -N(R²)C(=N-CN)NR⁹-, or -N(R²)C(O)-;

R¹ and R^la are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, and halo; optionally, R¹ or R^la, together with Y and the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S); or, optionally, R¹ and R^la, together with the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused C s-Cs-cycloalkyl or 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S);

R² and R^2a are independently selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C s-Cs- cycloalkyl optionally fused to 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)C3-Cs- cycloalkyl, 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S));

R³ in each instance is independently Ci-Ce-alkyl or Ci-Ce-haloalkyl;

R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, and R⁸ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, CN, OH, halo, NRR’, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C2-Ce-alkynyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, ©(Ci- Ce-alkyl), O(Ci-Ce-haloalkyl), -C(O)(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -C(O)O(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -C(O)(C₆- Cio-aryl), -SO₂(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)C(O)O(Ci-C₆-alkyl), -(Ci-C₆- alkyl)N(RR’), -CONRR’, -COOR’, -NRCOOR’, -(Ci-C₆-alkyl)C(O)N(RR’), C₆-Cio- aryl, C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl, O(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl), -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C₆-Cio-aryl), -(Ci-C₆- alkyl)(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl), 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6- membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S), 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S));

R⁹ is selected from the group consisting of H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, Ci-Ce-haloalkyl, C₃-C₈- cycloalkyl, and -(Ci-C6-alkyl)(C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl);

R and R’ are independently selected from H, Ci-Ce-alkyl, and C₃-C₈-cycloalkyl; any alkyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heteroaryl in R¹, R^la, R², R^2a, R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, R⁷, R⁸, R⁹, R, and R’ is optionally substituted with 1 to 6 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of Ci-Ce-alkyl, halo, NO2, OH, CN, and Ci-Ce-haloalkyl; and wherein the compound is not:

2. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein Ar is a 5-membered heteroaryl.

3. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1 or 2, wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, and thiadiazolyl.

4. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims

1 to 3, wherein Ar is selected from the group consisting of pyrazolyl and oxadiazolyl.

5. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein Ar is oxadiazolyl.

6. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein Y is -N(R²)-.

7. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein R² is H.

8. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 7, wherein R^2a is an optionally substituted -(Ci-C6-alkyl)C3-Cs-cycloalkyl or -(Ci-Ce- alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S)).

9. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 8, wherein R^2a is an optionally substituted -(Ci-Ce-alkyl)(3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1-4 ring members are independently selected from N, O, and S)).

10. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 9, wherein R^2a is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted:

11. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims

12. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 11, wherein R^2a is substituted with 1 to 3 halo.

13. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein n is 0.

14. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 12, wherein n is 1.

15. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims

1 to 14, wherein one of R¹ and R^la is H and the other is halo.

16. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 15, wherein one of R¹ and R^la is H and the other is F.

17. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein each of R¹ and R^la is H.

18. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 14, wherein R¹ or R^la, together with Y and the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused 5- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl.

19. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 14 and 18, wherein R¹ or R^la, together with Y and the carbon atoms to which they are bound, form a fused 5-membered heterocycloalkyl.

20. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 19, wherein the fused 5-membered heterocycloalkyl is of the formula:

21. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 20, wherein R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, and Ci-Ce-alkyl.

22. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 21, wherein R⁴ is Ci-Ce-alkyl.

23. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 22, wherein R⁵ and R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and CN.

24. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 23, wherein at least one of R⁵ and R⁷ is H.

25. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 24, wherein each of R⁵ and R⁷ is H.

26. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 25, wherein R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-C6- alkenyl, C2-Ce-alkynyl, and C s-Cs-cycloalkyl.

27. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 26, wherein R⁶ is Ci-Ce-alkyl.

28. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 27, wherein R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C3-C8- cycloalkyl, Ce-Cio-aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -CONRR’.

29. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 28, wherein R⁸ is halo or 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S).

30. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 29, wherein R⁸ is F.

31. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein:

Ar is pyrazolyl or oxadiazolyl; n is 0 or 1 ;

Y is NH; each of R¹ and R^la is H;

R^2a is an optionally substituted 3- to 6-membered heterocycloalkyl (wherein 1 ring member is O);

R⁴ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, and Ci-Ce-alkyl;

R⁵ and R⁷ are independently selected from the group consisting of H, halo, and CN, wherein at least one of R⁵ and R⁷ is H;

R⁶ is selected from the group consisting of halo, CN, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C2-Ce-alkenyl, C2-C6- alkynyl, and Cs-Cs-cycloalkyl; and

R⁸ is selected from the group consisting of H, CN, halo, Ci-Ce-alkyl, C s-Cs-cycloalkyl, Ce-Cio-aryl, 5- to 10-membered heteroaryl (wherein 1-4 heteroaryl members are independently selected from N, O, and S), and -CONRR’.

32. The compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the following table:

33. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 32 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

34. A method for treating a disorder in a subject suffering therefrom, wherein the disorder is one for which antagonism of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is therapeutically indicated, comprising administering to the subject a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 32.

35. A method for treating a disorder in a subject suffering therefrom, comprising administering to the subject a compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to any of claims 1 to 32, wherein the disorder is selected from substance abuse or addiction, psychiatric disorder, obesity and eating disorders, migraine, postnatal depression, neurodegenerative disease or disorder, epilepsy, status epilepticus, seizure, and disruption of sleep associated with pain, a psychiatric disorder, or a drug therapy of a psychiatric disorder.

36. The method according to claim 35, wherein the disorder is substance abuse or addiction.

37. The method according to claim 36, wherein substance abuse or addiction is selected from gambling, drug addiction, drug abuse, alcohol dependence, alcohol abuse, and substance-induced depression or mood disorders.

38. The method according to claim 35, wherein the disorder is a psychiatric disorder.

39. The method according to claim 38, wherein the psychiatric disorder is selected from an anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, stress-related disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), personality disorders, and autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

40. The method according to claim 35, wherein the condition is disruption of sleep associated with pain, a psychiatric disorder, or a drug therapy of a psychiatric disorder.

41. The method according to claim 35 or 40, wherein the pain is chronic pain or neuropathic pain.

42. The method according to any of claims 35, 40, and 41, wherein the sleep is REM sleep.

43. The method according to any of claims 35 and 40 to 42, wherein the disruption of sleep is disturbance of sleep, loss of sleep, or a combination thereof.