WO2025040595A1

WO2025040595A1 - A dispersant for cathode active material

Info

Publication number: WO2025040595A1
Application number: PCT/EP2024/073126
Authority: WO
Inventors: Huiguang Kou; Li Mei SUN; Wen Jing LI; Johannes Hermann WILLENBACHER; Clemens Auschra
Original assignee: BASF SE
Current assignee: BASF SE
Priority date: 2023-08-18
Filing date: 2024-08-16
Publication date: 2025-02-27
Anticipated expiration: 2026-02-18

Abstract

A first aspect of the present invention relates to a cathode active material dispersion comprising at least one dispersant obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; and optionally at least one compound having one hydroxyl group, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected form the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether-ester copolymer and mixtures of two or more thereof. A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing the cathode active material dispersion of the present invention, and a third aspect of the present invention is directed to coated cathode comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention, and a conductive substrate. A fourth aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing a coated cathode. A fifth aspect of the present invention is directed to a lithium ion battery comprising at least one coated cathode. A sixth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention for preparing a coated cathode for a lithium ion battery. A seventh aspect of the present invention is directed to a sodium ion battery comprising at least one cathode. An eighth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of the cathode active material dispersion of the present invention for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery.

Description

A DISPERSANT FOR CATHODE ACTIVE MATERIAL

Field of the invention

A first aspect of present invention relates to a cathode active material dispersion comprising at least one dispersant obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; and optionally at least one compound having one hydroxyl group, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected form the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether-ester copolymer and mixtures of two or more thereof. The present invention is also directed to a coated cathode comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion.

Background of the invention

A secondary battery has been widely used. A coated cathode is commonly used in secondary battery. A coated cathode comprises a current collector having a layer of a cathode active material. The cathode active material layer is prepared by applying a cathode material dispersion comprising an electrode active material, a conductive material, a binder, on the electrode current collector, followed by drying, and then roll-pressing.

The solids present cathode active material dispersion tends to aggregate without being uniformly distributed in the slurry.

The electrode active material dispersion may be associated with a high viscosity which results in difficulty in handling. An increase in the viscosity of the electrode active material dispersion also limits amount of the electrode active material that can be incorporated in the dispersion. Further, the electrode active material dispersion may not have storage stability. The viscosity of the electrode active material dispersion increases rapidly upon storage due to gelation.

Therefore, there is a need to provide a dispersant that can address the above-mentioned problems associated with a cathode active material dispersion. Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a dispersant that furnishes cathode active material dispersions having a low viscosity. Further, it is an object to provide a dispersant that provides stable cathode active material dispersions and dispersions that contain a high amount of cathode active material.

Summary of the invention

It was surprisingly found that a dispersant obtainable by from a mixture as defined in detail below provides cathode active material dispersions having a low viscosity. These cathode active material dispersions are stable, and they are capable of holding a high amount of cathode active material.

Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a cathode active material dispersion comprising a. at least one cathode active material; b. at least one carbon-based conductive material; c. at least one dispersant; d. at least one binder; and e. a dispersion medium; wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; optionally at least one compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected form the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether-ester copolymer and mixtures of two or more thereof.

A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing the cathode active material dispersion of the present invention, the process comprises mixing the at least one cathode active material, at least one carbon-based conductive material, the dispersion medium, and the at least one binder; and adding the at least one dispersant as defined in the first aspect of the invention to the mixture obtained in the previous step and homogenizing the mixture. A third aspect of the present invention is directed to coated cathode comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention, and a conductive substrate.

A fourth aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing a coated cathode, comprising a. coating the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention onto a conductive substrate; and b. drying the coated conductive substrate; wherein the conductive substrate is preferably an aluminum foil.

A fifth aspect of the present invention is directed to a lithium ion battery comprising at least one coated cathode according to the third aspect of the present invention or as obtained or obtainable from the process of the fourth aspect of the present invention comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention.

A sixth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention for preparing a coated cathode for a lithium ion battery.

A seventh aspect of the present invention is directed to a sodium ion battery comprising at least one cathode according to the third aspect of the present invention or as obtained or obtainable from the process of the fourth aspect of the present invention comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion of the first aspect of the present invention.

Yet an eighth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of the cathode active material dispersion of the present invention for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery.

Detailed Description

Before the present compositions and formulations of the present invention are described, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to particular compositions and formulations described, since such compositions and formulation may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims. If hereinafter a group is defined to comprise at least a certain number of embodiments, this is meant to also encompass a group which preferably consists of these embodiments only. Furthermore, the terms 'first', 'second', 'third' or 'a', 'b', 'c', etc. and the like in the description and in the claims, are used for distinguishing between similar elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or chronological order. It is to be understood that the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate circumstances and that the embodiments of the present invention described herein are capable of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated herein. In case the terms 'first', 'second', 'third' or '(A)', '(B)' and '(C)' or '(a)', '(b)', '(c)', '(d)', 'i', 'ii' etc. relate to steps of a method or use or assay there is no time or time interval coherence between the steps, that is, the steps may be carried out simultaneously or there may be time intervals of seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or even years between such steps, unless otherwise indicated in the application as set forth herein above or below.

Furthermore, the ranges defined throughout the specification include the end values as well i.e. a range of 1 to 10 implies that both 1 and 10 are included in the range. For the avoidance of doubt, applicant shall be entitled to any equivalents according to applicable law.

In the following passages, different aspects of the present invention are defined in more detail. Each aspect so defined may be combined with any other aspect or aspects unless clearly indicated to the contrary. In particular, any feature indicated as being preferred or advantageous may be combined with any other feature or features indicated as being preferred or advantageous.

Reference throughout this specification to 'one embodiment' or 'an embodiment' means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases 'in one embodiment' or 'in an embodiment' in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment but may refer to so.

Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to a person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one or more embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein include some, but not other features included in other embodiments, combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be within the scope of the present invention, and form different embodiments, as would be understood by those in the art. For example, in the appended claims, any of the claimed embodiments can be used in any combination. Accordingly, a first aspect of the present invention is directed to a cathode active material dispersion comprising a. at least one cathode active material; b. at least one carbon-based conductive material; c. at least one dispersant; d. at least one binder; and e. a dispersion medium; wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; optionally at least one compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected form the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether-ester copolymer and mixtures of two or more thereof.

In a preferred embodiment, the cathode active material dispersion comprises a. at least one cathode active material; b. at least one carbon-based conductive material; c. at least one dispersant; d. at least one binder; and e. N-methylpyrrolidone as a dispersion medium; wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture as defined above.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “active material” and like terms mean, as used in the context of a lithium ion battery, a substance that is either the source of lithium ions or that can receive and accept lithium ions. In the context of the ‘cathode active material’ of a lithium ion cell, the active material is the source of the lithium ions, e.g., lithium cobalt oxide, lithium manganese oxide, etc. In the context of the anode of a lithium ion cell, the active material is the receptor of the lithium ions, e.g., graphite.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “cathode” and like terms, as used in the context of a lithium ion battery, mean the positive electrode in the discharge cycle. The lithium in a lithium ion battery is in the cathode. The cathode is the electrode where reduction takes place within the battery during discharge. Within the context of the present invention, the term ‘battery’ and like terms mean a collection of cells or cell assemblies which are ready for use. A battery typically contains an appropriate housing, electrical interconnections, and, possibly, electronics to control and protect the cells from failure, e.g., fire, thermal runaway, explosion, loss of charge, etc. The simplest battery is a single cell. Batteries can be primary, i.e. , non-rechargeable, and secondary, i.e. , rechargeable.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “binder polymers” and like terms mean, as used in the context of a lithium ion battery, a polymer that holds the active material particles within an electrode of a lithium-ion battery together in order to maintain a strong connection between the electrode and the contacts. Binder polymers are normally inert to the substances in which they are in contact within the lithium ion battery during discharging, charging and storage.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “cell” and like terms mean a basic electrochemical unit that contains electrodes, separator, and electrolyte.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “conductive agent” and like terms mean, as used in the context of a lithium ion battery, a substance that promotes the flow of ions between the electrodes of a cell.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “dispersant” and like terms mean a substance added to a suspension, usually a colloid, to improve the separation of particles and to prevent settling or clumping.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “lithium ion battery” and like terms mean a rechargeable, i.e., secondary, battery in which lithium ions move from the negative electrode to the positive electrode during discharge and back when charging.

Within the context of the present invention, the term “separator” and like terms mean, as used in the context of a lithium ion battery, a thin, porous membrane that physically separates the anode and cathode. The primary function of the separator is to prevent physical contact between the anode and cathode, while facilitating lithium ion transport within the cell.

As defined above, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol or polyacrylate, preferably polyacrylate having multiple hydroxy groups, and mixtures of two or more thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting o polyether, polyester or polyether-polyester copolymer having 2 terminal hydroxy groups, and mixtures of two or more thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a sugar having 3 to 6 hydroxy groups.

In some embodiments, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected form polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, poly- ether-ester copolymer, or sugar.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 700 to 1500mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The polyglycerol has 3 to 20 units repeating monomer units.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 950 to 990 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 870 to 910 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a e-capro- lactone modified polyglycerol copolymer having a hydroxyl value in the range of 300 to 800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The e-caprolactone modified polyglycerol copolymer is obtained or obtainable by reacting e-caprolactone and polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 700 to 1500mgKOH/g.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is an ethylhexyl glycidyl ether modified polyglycerol copolymer having a hydroxyl value in the range of 300 to 800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The ethylhexyl glycidyl ether modified polyglycerol copolymer is obtainable by reacting ethylhexyl glycidyl ether and polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 700 to 1500mgKOH/g. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is polyvinyl alcohol having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 500,000 g/mol according to DIN 55672-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyacrylate selected from poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), poly(2- hydroxypropyl methacrylate), or poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-butylactrylate) with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 50,000 g/mol according to DIN 55672-1 and a hydroxyl value in the range of 200 to 500mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected form polyester, polyether, or polyether-polyester copolymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is homo- poly-6-gluconolactone with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 2,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 800 to 1200mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is poly-6- gluconolactone having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 500 to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The poly-6-gluconolactone is obtained or obtainable by polymerizing 6-gluconolactone.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a copolymer of 6-gluconolactone and e-caprolactone having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 500 to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The copolymer is obtainable by polymerizing 6-gluconolactone and e-caprolactone.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a hyperbranched polyester with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-1 , and a hydroxyl value in the range of 300 to 800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In some embodiments, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected form sugars. In some embodiments, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is lactose monohydrate.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the polyols as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, the cathode active material dispersion according to embodiment 1 , wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; at least one phosphorylating agent; and

- at least one further polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; or

- at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group; or from a mixture comprising a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; or at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups and the at least one further polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups are independently selected from the polyols as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxy groups are independently selected from the polyols as defined above. In a preferred embodiment, the at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups are mixed in a weight based ratio in the range of from 1 : 10 to 10: 1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5: 1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :3 to 3: 1.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected from the polyols as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group has a formula R-OH wherein:

R is selected from the group consisting of linear or a branched C4 to C22 alkyl, linear or branched C4 to C22 alkenyl, C6 to C12 cycloalkyl,

C7 to C12 aralkyl, a radical of formula C_mH2m+i(O-C_nH2n)x-, a radical of formula C_mH2m+i[0- C(=O)-C_VH₂V]X-, and a radical of formula C_mH2m+i(O-CnH2n)x[O-C(=O)-C_vH2v]y-, wherein for each radical: m is an integer selected from the range of from 1 to 22, n is an integer selected from the range of from 2 to 4, x, y independent is an integer selected from the range of from 1 to 25 and v is an integer selected from the range of from 4 to 6.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group is a polymer having 1 hydroxyl group, preferably selected from polyester, polyether, or polyether-polyester copolymer.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether having 1 hydroxyl group, preferably a mono C1 to C5 alkyl ether of poly C2 to C5 alkylene glycol having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 25, more preferably mono methyl ether of polyethylene glycol having repeating monomer units in the range from 5 to 15.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether-polyester copolymer, preferably based on a lactone and a monohydroxylpolyether, wherein the lactone is preferably selected from propiolactone, 6-valerolactone, y- valerolactone and e-caprolac- tone and the monohydroxylpolyether is preferably a poly(C1 to C5 alkylene glycol)mono C1 to C5 alkyl ether having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 20, wherein more prefer- arbly, the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether-polyester copolymer based on e-caprolactone and tri(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups and the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group are mixed in a weight based ratio in the range of from 1 :10 to 10:1 , preferably in the range of from 1:5 to 5:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :3 to 3:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; at least one phosphorylating agent; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is as defined above and the dispersant is a dispersant as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the dispersants are dispersants as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one phosphorylating agent is selected from polyphosphoric acid and phosphorous pentoxide.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one phosphorylating agent is polyphosphoric acid.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is in the range of 10:1 to 1 :5; more preferably 5:1 to 1:5; and even more preferably 5:1 to 1:2.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 1:1. In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 2:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 1.4:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 4:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 1:1.4.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 3.3:1.

In a preferred embodiment, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is 1:1.5.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 0.01 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%. More preferably the content of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 0.05 to 5.0 wt.%; even more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 wt.%; and most preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one dispersant is 0.13 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the acid number of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 200mgKOH/g to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN 53402:1990-09.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one cathode active material is selected from lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lithium-iron-manganese-phosphate (LMFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO). In a preferred embodiment, the at least one cathode active material is lithium iron phosphate (LFP).

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one cathode active material is in the range of 30 to 80 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one cathode active material is 61 .0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one cathode active material is selected from NaO.NiO.22CoO.11 IVInO.66O2, polyanionic type compounds Na3V2(PO₄)3, and Na_xFe2(CN)e.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one cathode active material is a layered transition metal oxide NaO.NiO.22CoO.11 IVInO.66O2.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one cathode active material is a polyanionic compound Na₃V₂(PO₄)3.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one cathode active material is a prussian blue analogue Na_xFe₂(CN)₆.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one carbon-based conductive material is selected from carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one carbon-based conductive material is carbon black.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one carbon-based conductive material is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one carbon-based conductive material is 2.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%. In a preferred embodiment, the at least one binder is polyvinylidene difluoride.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one binder is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the at least one binder is 2.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the dispersion medium is selected from NMP and water.

In a preferred embodiment, the dispersion medium is NMP.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the dispersion medium is in the range of 5.0 to 50.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the content of the dispersion medium is 35.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment, the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion calculated after 1 hour of preparation is in the range of 1000 to 100,000 mPas@10 s’¹ according to DIN 51810-2.

More preferably, the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion calculated after 1 hour of preparation is in the range of 1000 to 50,000 mPas@10 s’¹; even more preferably in the range of 1000 to 25000; and most preferably in the range of 2000 to 15000 according to DIN 51810-2.

In a preferred embodiment, the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0% to 100.0% according to DIN 51810-2.

More preferably, the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0% to 70.0% according to DIN 51810-2. Even more preferably, the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0% to 50.0% according to DIN 51810-2.

2^nd aspect - process for preparing the cathode active material dispersion

A second aspect of the present invention is directed to a process for preparing the cathode active material dispersion of the present invention, the process comprising mixing the at least one cathode active material, the at least one carbon-based conductive material, the dispersion medium, and the at least one binder; and adding the at least one dispersant as defined in the first aspect of the present invention to the mixture obtained in the previous step and homogenizing the mixture.

All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed above in the section related to the first aspect of the present invention apply also to the second aspect of the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether ester, and mixtures of two or more thereof.

In some embodiments, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether ester or sugar.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the content of the at least one dispersant in the cathode active material dispersion is in the range of 0.01 wt.% to 5.0 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the acid number of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 200mgKOH/g to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN 53402:1990-09.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 700 to 1500mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The polyglycerol has 3 to 20 units repeating monomer units.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 950 to 990 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 870 to 910 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a modified polyglycerol copolymer is a e-caprolactone modified polyglycerol copolymer having a hydroxyl value in the range of 300 to 800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The e-caprolactone modified polyglycerol copolymer is obtainable by reacting e-capro- lactone and polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 700 to 1500mgKOH/g.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is an ethylhexyl glycidyl ether modified polyglycerol copolymer having a hydroxyl value in the range of 300 to 800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The ethylhexyl glycidyl ether modified polyglycerol copolymer is obtainable by reacting ethylhexyl glycidyl ether and polyglycerol having a hydroxyl value in the range of 700 to 1500mgKOH/g.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is polyvinyl alcohol having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 500,000 g/mol according to DIN 55672-2.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is homo-poly-6-gluconolactone with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 2,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 800 to 1200mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is poly-6-gluconolactone having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 500 to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The poly-6-gluconolactone is obtained or obtainable by polymerizing 6-gluconolactone.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a copolymer of 6-gluconolactone and e-caprolactone having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 500 to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 500 to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The copolymer is obtained or obtainable by polymerizing 6-gluconolactone and e-caprolactone. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a hyperbranched polyester with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-1 , and a hydroxyl value in the range of 300 to 800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In some embodiments of the process, the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is lactose monohydrate.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one cathode active material is selected from lithium iron phosphate(LFP), lithium-iron-manganese-phosphate (LMFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO).

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one cathode active material is lithium iron phosphate (LFP).

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the content of the at least one cathode active material is in the range of 30 to 80 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one cathode active material is a layered transition metal oxide NaO.NiO.22CoO.11IVInO.66O2.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one cathode active material is a polyanionic compound Na3V2(PO4)3).

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one cathode active material is a Prussian blue analogue Na_xFe2(CN)e.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one carbon-based conductive material is selected from carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one carbon-based conductive material is carbon black.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the polyols as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; at least one phosphorylating agent; and

- at least one further polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; or

- at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group; or from a mixture comprising a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; and

- a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; or

- at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups and the at least one further polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups are independently selected from the polyols as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxy groups are independently selected from the polyols as defined above. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups are mixed in a weight based ratio in the range of from 1 : 10 to 10: 1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5: 1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :3 to 3: 1.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected from the polyols as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group has a formula R-OH wherein:

07 to C12 aralkyl, a radical of formula CmH2m+i(O-C_nH₂n)x-, a radical of formula CmH₂m+i[0- C(=0)-0VH2V]X-, and a radical of formula C_mH2m+i(O-C_nH2n)x [O-C(=O) -C_vH2v]y-, wherein for each radical: m is an integer selected from the range of from 1 to 22, n is an integer selected from the range of from 2 to 4, x, y independent is an integer selected from the range of from 1 to 25 and v is an integer selected from the range of from 4 to 6.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group is a polymer having 1 hydroxyl group, preferably selected from polyester, polyether, or poly- ether-polyester copolymer.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether having 1 hydroxyl group, preferably a mono C1 to C5 alkyl ether of poly C2 to C5 alkylene glycol having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 25, more preferably mono methyl ether of polyethylene glycol having repeating monomer units in the range from 5 to 15.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether-polyester copolymer, preferably based on a lactone and a monohydroxylpolyether, wherein the lactone is preferably selected from propiolactone, 6-valerolactone, y- valerolactone and e-caprolactone and the monohydroxylpolyether is preferably a poly(C1 to C5 alkylene glycol) mono C1 to C5 alkyl ether having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 20, wherein more preferarbly, the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether-poly- ester copolymer based on e-caprolactone and tri(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether.

In a preferred embodiment, the at least one polyol having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups and the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group are mixed in a weight based ratio in the range of from 1 :10 to 10:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1, more preferably in the range of from 1 :3 to 3:1.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; at least one phosphorylating agent; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is as defined above and the dispersant is a dispersant as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the dispersants are dispersants as defined above.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one phosphorylating agent is selected from polyphosphoric acid and phosphorous pentoxide.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is in the range of 5:1 to 1:5.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the at least one binder is polyvinylidene difluoride. In a preferred embodiment of the process, the content of the at least one binder is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the dispersion medium is selected from NMP and water.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the dispersion medium is NMP.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the content of the dispersion medium is in the range of 5.0 to 50.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion calculated 1 hour of after preparation is in the range of 1000 to 100,000 mPas@10 s’¹ according to DIN 51810-2.

In a preferred embodiment of the process, the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0% to 100.0%.

According to a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a process, preferably to the process as described above, comprising the step of converting the cathode active material dispersion obtainable or obtained by the process described herein or the coated cathode obtainable or obtained by the process described herein or a chemical material obtainable or obtained by the process described herein to obtain a product Q.

Preferably, the product Q is selected from: building block or monomer; or polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product, preferably polymer product A; or cleaning polymer, cleaning surfactant, descaling compound, cleaning biocide or composition or formulation thereof; or agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition or formulation thereof; or polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coating or coated substrate.

Regarding this process from which the product Q is obtained, it is preferred: that the content of the cathode active material dispersion or the coated cathode or the chemical material in the product Q is 1 weight- % or more, preferably 2 weight- % or more, more preferably 5 weight- % or more, more preferably 15 weight- % or more, more preferably 30 weight- % or more, more preferably 40 weight- % or more, more preferably 60 weight- % or more, more preferably 80 weight- % or more, more preferably 90 weight- % or more, more preferably 95 weight- % or more; and/or that the content of the cathode active material dispersion or the coated cathode the chemical material in the product Q is 100 weight- % or less, preferably 95 weight- % or less, more preferably 90 weight- % or less, more preferably 50 weight- % or less, more preferably 25 weight- % or less, more preferably 10 weight- % or less; and wherein it is more preferred that the respective content is determined based on identity preservation and/or segregation and/or mass balance and/or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.

The publication Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs [1000] to [8005]; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024 will be regarded as Reference RF1 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Preferably, the product Q is a product as described in Reference RF1 ; paragraphs [1000] to [8005], Preferably, the process described herein is further a process for the production of a product. The converting step to obtain the product Q preferably comprises one or more step(s) as described below and can be performed by conventional methods well known to a person skilled in the art. The converting step preferably comprises one or more step(s) selected from: recycling, preferably depolymerizing, gasifying, pyrolyzing, and/or steam cracking; and/or purifying, preferably crystallizing, (solvent) extracting, distilling, evaporating, hydrotreating, absorbing, adsorbing and/or subjecting to ion exchanger; and/or assembling, preferably foaming, synthesizing, chemical conversion, chemically transforming, polymerizing and/or compounding; and/or forming, preferably foaming, extruding and/or molding; and/or finishing, preferably coating and/or smoothing.

In addition, the one or more step(s) are described in detail in Reference RF1 ; paragraphs [1000] to [8005],

The term “monomer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises molecules, which can react with each other to form polymer chains by polymerization. The monomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid; in particular sodium, potassium and zinc salts; (meth)acrolein and (meth)acrylates. (Meth)acry- lates comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred, in particular comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The terms (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrolein or (meth)acrylate relate to acrylic acid, acrolein or acrylate and also to methacrylic acid, methacrolein or methacrylate, where applicable. Further, the monomer can be selected from hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.

The building block can further be an intermediate compound. The term “intermediate compound”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises organic reagents, which are applied for formation of compounds with higher molecular complexity. The intermediate compound can be selected for example from the group consisting of phosgene, polyisocyanates and propylene oxide. The polyisocyanates are in particular aromatic di- and polyisocyanates, preferably toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and/or diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI).

The building block and the monomer and typical converting step(s) to obtain the building block or monomer are described in more detail in paragraphs [1000] to [1012] of Reference RF1.

The term “polymer A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises thermoplastic, e.g., polyamide or thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoset, e.g., polyurethane, elastomer, e.g., polybutadiene, or a copolymer or a mixture thereof and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2001] to [2007] of Reference RF1. The term “polymer composition A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises all compositions comprising a polymer as described above and one or more additive(s), e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and/or flame retardant, and is defined in more detail in paragraph [2008] of Reference RF1.

The term “polymer product A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any product comprising the polymer A and/or polymer composition A as described above and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2009] and [2010] of Reference RF1.

The step(s) to obtain the polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A or polymer product, preferably polymer product A is/are described in more detail in paragraph [2011] of Reference RF1.

The term “industrial use polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises rheology, polycarboxylate, alkoxylated polyalkylenamine, alkoxylated polyalkylenimine, poly- ether-based, dye inhibition and soil release cleaning polymers defined in more detail in paragraphs [3035] to [3044] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic and amphoteric industrial use surfactants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3008] to [3034] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use descaling compound”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-phosphate based builders (NPB) and phosphonates (CoP) described in more detail in paragraphs [3001] to [3005] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use biocide”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth or reproduction defined in more detail in paragraphs [3006] to [3007] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use solvent”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises alkyl amides, alkyl lactamides, alkyl esters, lactate esters, alkyl diester, cyclic alkyl diester, cyclic carbonates, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic esters defined in more detail in paragraphs [3045] to [3055] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises anionic and non-ionic industrial use dispersants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3056] to [3058] of Reference RF1. The term “composition and/or formulation thereof” with reference to the industrial use polymers, industrial use surfactants, descaling compounds and/or industrial use biocides refers to industrial use compositions and/or institutional use products and/or fabric and home care products and/or personal care products defined in more detail in paragraph [3059] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3060] of Reference RF1. The converting steps to obtain the industrial use composition or formulation of the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3061] of Reference RF1. The term “agrochemical composition”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, typically relates to a composition comprising an agrochemically active ingredient and at least one agrochemical formulation auxiliary. Examples of agrochemical compositions, active ingredients and auxiliaries are described in more detail in Reference RF1 , paragraph [4001],

The agrochemical composition may take the form of any customary formulation. The agrochemical compositions are prepared in a known manner, e.g. described by Mollet and Grubemann, Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001 ; or Knowles, New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005. The converting step(s) to obtain the agrochemically active ingredients and auxiliaries may be conducted in analogy to the production step(s) of their analogues that are based on petrochemicals or other precursors that are not gained by recycling processes. In addition, conversion to compounds mentioned in sections “Polymer” and “Cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or compositions or formulations thereof” may be performed as described in these sections as well as the respective paragraphs in Reference RF1.

The term active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises substances that provide pharmacological activity or other direct effect in the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or to affect the structure or any function of the body. Intermediates thereof are isolated products that are generated during a multi-step route of synthesis of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. The term pharmaceutical excipients, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises compounds or compound mixtures used in compositions for various pharmaceutical applications, which are not substantially pharmaceutically active on itself. Active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients are defined in more detail in paragraph [5001] of Reference RF1.

The converting step(s) to obtain the active pharmaceutical ingredients and/or intermediates thereof and pharmaceutical excipients may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.

The terms animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises Vitamins, Pro-Vitamins and active metabolites thereof including intermediates and precursors, especially Vitamin A, B, E, D, K and esters thereof, like acetate, propionate, palmitate esters or alcohols thereof like retinol or salts thereof and any combinations thereof; Tetraterpenes, especially isoprenoids like carotenoids and xanthophylls including their intermediates and precursors as well as mixtures and derivates thereof, especially beta carotene, Canthaxanthin, Citranaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Apo-carotenoids, and any combinations thereof; organic acids, especially formic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, calcium or ammonium salts, and any combinations thereof, such as but not limited to mixtures of formic acid and sodium formiate, propionic acid and ammonium propionate, formic acid and propionic acid, formic acid and sodium formiate and propionic acid, propionic acid and sodium propionate and formic acid and sodium formiate; glycerides of carboxylic acids and short and medium chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, such as omega-6 fatty acid (C18:2) methyl ester and 1 ,2-propandiol and beverage stabilizers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-polymer or polyvinylimidazole/polyvinylpyrrolidone-co- polymer. Animal feed additives, human food additives and dietary supplements are defined in more detail in paragraph [5002] of Reference RF1.

The converting step(s) to obtain the animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.

The terms aroma chemical and aroma composition as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprise a volatile organic substance with a molecular weight between 70-250 g/mol comprising a functional group with a carbon skeleton of C5-C16 carbon atoms comprising linear, branched, cyclic, for example with a ring size of C5-C18, bicyclic or tricyclic aliphatic chains and but not necessarily one or more unsaturated structural elements like double bonds, triple bonds, aromatics or heteroaromatics and preferably the one or more additional functional groups are selected from alcohol, ether, ester, ketone, aldehyde, acetal, carboxylic acid, nitrile, thiol, amine. In one aspect, the aroma chemical is a terpene-based aroma chemical, for example selected from monoterpenes and monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, diterpenes, triterpenes or tetraterpenes. Aroma chemicals can be combined with further aroma chemicals to give an aroma composition. Aroma chemicals and aroma compositions are defined in more detail in paragraph [5003] of Reference RF1.

The converting step(s) to obtain the aroma chemical and aroma composition may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.

The term “aqueous polymer dispersion”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises aqueous composition(s) comprising dispersed polymer(s) and is defined in more detail in the section [6001] entitled “aqueous polymer dispersion” of Reference RF1. The dispersed polymers) may be selected from acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene acrylic emulsion polymer(s), styrene butadiene dispersion(s), aqueous dispersion(s) comprising composite particles, acrylate alkyd hybrid dispersion(s), polyurethane(s) (including UV-curable polyurethanes) and polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s). The term “emulsion polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises polymer(s) made by free-radical emulsion polymerization. Aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) are defined in more detail in the section [6002] entitled “Polyurethane dispersions” of Reference RF1. UV-curable polyurethane(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6017] of Reference RF1. Polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6016] of Reference RF1.

The term “polymeric dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises preferably polymer(s) comprising polyether side chain, in particular polycarboxylate ether polymer(s) and polycondensation product(s) defined in more detail in paragraph [6020] entitled “Polymeric dispersant” of Reference RF1.

The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polymer dispersion(s) comprising emulsion polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6003] entitled “Emulsion polymerization” of Reference RF1.

The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6014] entitled “Process for the preparation of aqueous polyurethane dispersions” and section [6017)] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” of Reference RF1. Composition(s) and uses of aqueous polymer dispersion(s) and of polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in the following sections of Reference RF1 : section [6004] entitled “Uses of aqueous polymer dispersions”, section [6005] entitled “Binders for architectural and construction coatings” section [6006] entitled “Binders for paper coating” section [6007] entitled “Binders for fiber bonding” section [6008] entitled “Adhesive polymers and adhesive compositions” section [6015] entitled “Aqueous polyurethane dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions” section [6016] entitled “Aqueous polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybride polymer dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions” section [6017] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” section [6018] entitled “Inorganic binder compositions comprising polymeric dispersants and their use” [6019] 100% curable coating compositions UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylate(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6009] entitled “UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylates for use in UV-curable solvent-free hotmelt adhesives and their use for making pressure-sensitive self-adhesive articles” of Reference RF1.

Polyisocyanate(s), composition(s) comprising them and their uses are defined in more detail in section [6010] entitled “Polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1.

Hyperbranched polyester polyol(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6011] entitled “Organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols suitable for use in coating compositions” of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the hyperbranched polyester polyols is/are defined in more detail in the section [6012] entitled “Preparation of organic solvent based hyperbranched polyester polyols” of Reference RF1. Coating composition(s) comprising hyperbranched polyester polyol(s), polyisocyanate(s) and additive(s) and substrate(s) coated therewith are defined in more detail in section [6013] entitled “Organic solvent based two component coating compositions comprising hyperbranched polyester polyols and polyisocyanates” of Reference RF1.

Unsaturated polyester polyol(s), solvent-based coating composition(s) comprising said unsaturated polyester polyol(s) and substrate(s) for coating with said coating composition(s) are defined in more detail in section [6018] entitled “Organic solvent based coating composition comprising unsaturated polyester polyols” of Reference RF1.

100% curable coating composition(s) is/are defined in more detail in section [6019] of Reference RF1.

Polymeric dispersant(s) for inorganic binder compositions is/are defined in more detail in section [6020] of Reference RF1. The inorganic binder composition(s) comprising the polymeric dispersants and their use are defined in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in section [6020] of Reference RF1. The term “inorganic binder composition” comprising the polymeric dispersants), as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises preferably in particular hydraulically setting compositions and compositions comprising calcium sulfate and is defined in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1 entitled “Inorganic binder compositions comprising the polymeric dispersant and their use”. Specific building material formulation(s) comprising polymeric dispersant(s) or building product(s) produced by a building material formulation comprising a polymeric dispersant are disclosed in more detail in section [6021] of Reference RF1.

The term “cosmetic surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7002] of Reference RF1. The term “emollient”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound used for protecting, moisturizing, and/or lubricating the skin and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7003] of Reference RF1. The term “wax”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises pearlizers and opacifiers and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7004] of Reference RF1. The term “cosmetic polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any polymer that can be used as an ingredient in a cosmetic formulation and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7005] of Reference RF1. The term “UV filter”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet light and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7006] of Reference RF1. The term “further cosmetic ingredient”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any ingredient suitable for making a cosmetic formulation. Several sources disclose cosmetically acceptable ingredients. E.g. the database Cosing on the internet pages of the European Commission discloses cosmetic ingredients and the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, edited by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), discloses cosmetic ingredients. The term “composition and/or formulation thereof” with reference to the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter and/or further cosmetic ingredient refers to personal care and/or cosmetic compositions or formulations defined in more detail in paragraph [7007] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter or further cosmetic ingredient is/are defined in more detail in paragraph [7008] of Reference RF1.

The terms “polymer B”, “polymer composition B”, “coating composition”, “other functional composition”, “foil”, “molded body”, “coating” and “coated substrate” are well known to the person skilled in the art and are defined in more detail from paragraph [8000] to [8005] of Reference RF1.

3^rd aspect - Coated cathode

A third aspect of the present invention is directed to a coated cathode comprising a coating based on cathode active material dispersion according to the present invention, and a conductive substrate.

All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed for the first aspect of the present invention and for the second aspect of the present invention also apply for the third aspect of the present invention.

In a preferred embodiment of the coated cathode, the conductive substrate is an aluminum foil. 4^th aspect - Method for preparing a coated cathode

A fourth aspect of the present invention is directed to a method for preparing a coated cathode comprising coating the cathode active material dispersion according to the present invention to a conductive substrate; and drying the coated conductive substrate; wherein the conductive substrate is preferably an aluminum foil.

All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed for the first aspect of the present invention, for the second aspect of the present invention and for the third aspect of the present invention also apply for the fourth aspect of the present invention.

According to a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a process, preferably to the process as described above, (further) comprising the step of converting the coated cathode obtainable by or obtained by the process described herein or a chemical material obtainable by or obtained by the process described herein to obtain a product Q.

Regarding this process from which the product Q is obtained, it is preferred: that the content of the coated cathode or the chemical material in the product Q is 1 weight- % or more, preferably 2 weight- % or more, more preferably 5 weight- % or more, more preferably 15 weight- % or more, more preferably 30 weight- % or more, more preferably 40 weight- % or more, more preferably 60 weight- % or more, more preferably 80 weight- % or more, more preferably 90 weight- % or more, more preferably 95 weight- % or more; and/or that the content of the coated cathode or the chemical material in the product Q is 100 weight- % or less, preferably 95 weight- % or less, more preferably 90 weight- % or less, more preferably 50 weight- % or less, more preferably 25 weight- % or less, more preferably 10 weight- % or less; and wherein it is more preferred that the respective content is determined based on identity preservation and/or segregation and/or mass balance and/or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.

The publication Prior Art Disclosure; Issue 684; paragraphs [1000] to [8005]; ISSN: 2198-4786; published: February 12, 2024 will be regarded as Reference RF1, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Preferably, the product Q is a product as described in Reference RF1 ; paragraphs [1000] to [8005], Preferably, the process described herein is further a process for the production of a product.

The converting step to obtain the product Q preferably comprises one or more step(s) as described below and can be performed by conventional methods well known to a person skilled in the art. The converting step preferably comprises one or more step(s) selected from: recycling, preferably depolymerizing, gasifying, pyrolyzing, and/or steam cracking; and/or purifying, preferably crystallizing, (solvent) extracting, distilling, evaporating, hydrotreating, absorbing, adsorbing and/or subjecting to ion exchanger; and/or assembling, preferably foaming, synthesizing, chemical conversion, chemically transforming, polymerizing and/or compounding; and/or forming, preferably foaming, extruding and/or molding; and/or finishing, preferably coating and/or smoothing.

In addition, the one or more step(s) are described in detail in Reference RF1 ; paragraphs [1000] to [8005], The term “monomer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises molecules, which can react with each other to form polymer chains by polymerization. The monomer is preferably selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid, salts of (meth)acrylic acid; in particular sodium, potassium and zinc salts; (meth)acrolein and (meth)acrylates. (Methacrylates comprising 1 to 22 carbon atoms are preferred, in particular comprising 1 to 8 carbon atoms. The terms (meth)acrylic acid, (meth)acrolein or (meth)acrylate relate to acrylic acid, acrolein or acrylate and also to methacrylic acid, methacrolein or methacrylate, where applicable. Further, the monomer can be selected from hexamethylenediamine (HMD) and adipic acid.

The term “polymer A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises thermoplastic, e.g., polyamide or thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoset, e.g., polyurethane, elastomer, e.g., polybutadiene, or a copolymer or a mixture thereof and is defined in more detail in paragraphs [2001] to [2007] of Reference RF1.

The term “polymer composition A”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises all compositions comprising a polymer as described above and one or more additive(s), e.g. reinforcement, colorant, modifier and/or flame retardant, and is defined in more detail in paragraph [2008] of Reference RF1.

The term “industrial use polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises rheology, polycarboxylate, alkoxylated polyalkylenamine, alkoxylated polyalkylenimine, poly- ether-based, dye inhibition and soil release cleaning polymers defined in more detail in paragraphs [3035] to [3044] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-ionic, anionic and amphoteric industrial use surfactants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3008] to [3034] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use descaling compound”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises non-phosphate based builders (NPB) and phosphonates (CoP) described in more detail in paragraphs [3001] to [3005] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use biocide”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound that kills microorganisms or inhibits their growth or reproduction defined in more detail in paragraphs [3006] to [3007] of Reference RF1 . The term “industrial use solvent”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises alkyl amides, alkyl lactamides, alkyl esters, lactate esters, alkyl diester, cyclic alkyl diester, cyclic carbonates, aromatic aldehydes and aromatic esters defined in more detail in paragraphs [3045] to [3055] of Reference RF1. The term “industrial use dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises anionic and non-ionic industrial use dispersants defined in more detail in paragraphs [3056] to [3058] of Reference RF1. The term “composition and/or formulation thereof” with reference to the industrial use polymers, industrial use surfactants, descaling compounds and/or industrial use biocides refers to industrial use compositions and/or institutional use products and/or fabric and home care products and/or personal care products defined in more detail in paragraph [3059] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3060] of Reference RF1. The converting steps to obtain the industrial use composition or formulation of the industrial use polymer, industrial use surfactant, descaling compound and/or industrial use biocide are defined in more detail in paragraph [3061] of Reference RF1.

The term “agrochemical composition”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, typically relates to a composition comprising an agrochemically active ingredient and at least one agrochemical formulation auxiliary. Examples of agrochemical compositions, active ingredients and auxiliaries are described in more detail in Reference RF1 , paragraph [4001],

The terms animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises Vitamins, Pro-Vitamins and active metabolites thereof including intermediates and precursors, especially Vitamin A, B, E, D, K and esters thereof, like acetate, propionate, palmitate esters or alcohols thereof like retinol or salts thereof and any combinations thereof; Tetraterpenes, especially isoprenoids like carotenoids and xanthophylls including their intermediates and precursors as well as mixtures and derivates thereof, especially beta carotene, Canthaxanthin, Citranaxanthin, Astaxanthin, Zeaxanthin, Lutein, Lycopene, Apo-carotenoids, and any combinations thereof; organic acids, especially formic acid, propionic acid and salts thereof, such as sodium, calcium or ammonium salts, and any combinations thereof, such as but not limited to mixtures of formic acid and sodium formiate, propionic acid and ammonium propionate, formic acid and propionic acid, formic acid and sodium formiate and propionic acid, propionic acid and sodium propionate and formic acid and sodium formiate; glycerides of carboxylic acids and short and medium chain fatty acids, conjugated linoleic acids, such as omega-6 fatty acid (C18:2) methyl ester and 1 ,2-propandiol and beverage stabilizers, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone-polymer or polyvinylimidazole/polyvinylpyrrolidone-co- polymer. Animal feed additives, human food additives and dietary supplements are defined in more detail in paragraph [5002] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the animal feed additives, human food additives, dietary supplements may comprise one or more synthesis steps and can be performed by conventional synthesis and techniques well known to a person skilled in the art.

The term “polymeric dispersant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises preferably polymer(s) comprising polyether side chain, in particular polycarboxylate ether polymer(s) and polycondensation product(s) defined in more detail in paragraph [6020] entitled “Polymeric dispersant” of Reference RF1. The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polymer dispersion(s) comprising emulsion polymer(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6003] entitled “Emulsion polymerization” of Reference RF1.

The converting (polymerization) step(s) to obtain the aqueous polyurethane dispersion(s) is/are defined in more detail in the section [6014] entitled “Process for the preparation of aqueous polyurethane dispersions” and section [6017)] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” of Reference RF1.

Composition(s) and uses of aqueous polymer dispersion(s) and of polymeric dispersant(s) are defined in more detail in the following sections of Reference RF1: section [6004] entitled “Uses of aqueous polymer dispersions”, section [6005] entitled “Binders for architectural and construction coatings” section [6006] entitled “Binders for paper coating” section [6007] entitled “Binders for fiber bonding” section [6008] entitled “Adhesive polymers and adhesive compositions” section [6015] entitled “Aqueous polyurethane dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions” section [6016] entitled “Aqueous polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybride polymer dispersions suitable for use in coating compositions” section [6017] entitled “Aqueous UV-curable polyurethane dispersions, their preparation and use and compositions containing them” section [6018] entitled “Inorganic binder compositions comprising polymeric dispersants and their use” [6019] 100% curable coating compositions

UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylate(s) and its/their uses are defined in more detail in section [6009] entitled “UV-crosslinkable poly(meth)acrylates for use in UV-curable solvent-free hotmelt adhesives and their use for making pressure-sensitive self-adhesive articles” of Reference RF1.

The term “cosmetic surfactant”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surfactants and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7002] of Reference RF1. The term “emollient”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound used for protecting, moisturizing, and/or lubricating the skin and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7003] of Reference RF1. The term “wax”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises pearlizers and opacifiers and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7004] of Reference RF1. The term “cosmetic polymer”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any polymer that can be used as an ingredient in a cosmetic formulation and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7005] of Reference RF1. The term “UV filter”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, refers to a chemical compound that blocks or absorbs ultraviolet light and is defined in more detail in paragraph [7006] of Reference RF1. The term “further cosmetic ingredient”, as used in the context of the product Q herein, comprises any ingredient suitable for making a cosmetic formulation. Several sources disclose cosmetically acceptable ingredients. E.g. the database Cosing on the internet pages of the Euro- pean Commission discloses cosmetic ingredients and the International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, edited by the Personal Care Products Council (PCPC), discloses cosmetic ingredients. The term “composition and/or formulation thereof” with reference to the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter and/or further cosmetic ingredient refers to personal care and/or cosmetic compositions or formulations defined in more detail in paragraph [7007] of Reference RF1. The converting step(s) to obtain the cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter or further cosmetic ingredient is/are defined in more detail in paragraph [7008] of Reference RF1.

5^th aspect - Lithium ion battery

A fifth aspect of the present invention is directed to a lithium ion battery comprising at least one cathode according to the third aspect of the present d invention or as obtained or obtainable from the method of the fourth aspect of the present invention.

All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed for the first aspect of the present invention, for the second aspect of the present invention, for the third aspect of the present invention and for the fourth aspect of the present invention also apply for the fifth aspect of the present invention.

6^th aspect - Use of the cathode active material dispersion

A sixth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of the cathode active material dispersion according to the present invention for preparing a coated cathode for a lithium ion battery.

According to the sixth aspect, the invention also relates to a method for preparing a coated cathode for a lithium ion battery comprising the application of the cathode active material dispersion onto a conductive substrate. All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed for the first aspect of the present invention, for the second aspect of the present invention, for the third aspect of the present invention, for the fourth aspect of the present invention and for fifth aspect of the present invention also apply for the sixth aspect of the present invention.

7^th aspect - Sodium ion battery

A seventh aspect of the present invention is directed to a sodium ion battery comprising at least one cathode according to the present invention.

All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed for the first aspect of the present invention, for the second aspect of the present invention, for the third aspect of the present invention, for the fourth aspect of the present invention, for fifth aspect of the present invention and for the sixth aspect of the present invention also apply for the seventh aspect of the present invention.

8^th aspect - Use of the cathode active material dispersion for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery

An eighth aspect of the present invention is directed to use of the cathode active material dispersion according to the present invention for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery.

According to the eighth aspect, the invention also relates to a method for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery comprising the application of the cathode active material dispersion onto a conductive substrate.

All details, embodiments and preferred embodiments disclosed for the first aspect of the present invention, for the second aspect of the present invention, for the third aspect of the present invention, for the fourth aspect of the present invention, for fifth aspect of the present invention, for the sixth aspect of the present invention and for the seventh aspect of the present invention also apply for the eighth aspect of the present invention.

The present invention offers one or more of the following advantages:

The cathode active material dispersion according to the present invention can incorporate a high amount of cathode active material.

The cathode active material dispersants of the present invention have a low viscosity. The cathode active material dispersants of the present invention have a high storage stability as evidence by the viscosity after 24-hour storage.

The present invention is further illustrated by the following set of embodiments and combinations of embodiments resulting from the dependencies and back-references as indicated. In particular, it is noted that in each instance where a range of embodiments is mentioned, for example in the context of a term such as "The cathode active material dispersion of any one of embodiments 1 to 4", every embodiment in this range is meant to be explicitly disclosed for the skilled person, i.e. the wording of this term is to be understood by the skilled person as being synonymous to "The cathode active material dispersion of any one of embodiments 1 , 2, 3 and 4". Further, it is explicitly noted that the following set of embodiments represents a suitably structured part of the general description directed to preferred aspects of the present invention, and, thus, suitably supports, but does not represent the claims of the present invention.

1 . A cathode active material dispersion comprising a. at least one cathode active material; b. at least one carbon-based conductive material; c. at least one dispersant; d. at least one binder; and e. a dispersion medium; wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group;

- optionally at least one compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected form the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether-ester copolymer and mixtures of two or more thereof.

2. The cathode active material dispersion according to embodiment 1 , wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, and mixtures of two or more thereof. The cathode active material dispersion according to embodiment 1 or 2, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyglycerol having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 20, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 700-1500 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a modified polyglycerol copolymer obtainable by reacting e-caprolactone and polyglycerol having repeat monomer units in the range from 3 to 20; wherein the e-caprolactone-polyglycerol copolymer has a hydroxyl value in the range of 300-800mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a modified polyglycerol copolymer obtainable by reacting ethylhexyl glycidyl ether and polyglycerol having repeat monomer units in the range from 3 to 20; wherein the copolymer has a hydroxyl value in the range of 300- 800 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 5, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is polyvinyl alcohol having a weight average molecular weight in the range of 5,000 to 500,000 g/mol according to DIN 55672-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 6, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a polyacrylate selected from poly(2- hydroxyethyl methacrylate), poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate), poly(2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate), or poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate-co-butylactrylate) with a weight average molecular weight in the range of 1000 g/mol to 50,000 g/mol according to DIN 55672-1 and a hydroxyl value in the range of 200-500 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected form polyester, polyether, or polyether-polyester copolymer. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is homo-poly-6-gluconolactone with a weight average molecular weight 500 g/mol to 2,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 800-1200 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a copolymer obtained or obtainable by polymerizing 6-gluconolactone and e-caprolactone with a weight average molecular weight 500 g/mol to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-2, and a hydroxyl value in the range of 500-1000 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is a hyperbranched polyester with a weight average molecular weight 1000 g/mol to 5,000 g/mol determined according to DIN 55672-1, and hydroxyl value in the range of 300-800 mgKOH/g according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 11, wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising

- at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and

- at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups is selected from the polyols as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 11. The cathode active material dispersion according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising

- at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups;

- at least one phosphorylating agent; and at least one further polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; or at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group; or from a mixture comprising

- a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; or at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups and the at least one further polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups are independently selected from the polyols as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 11 .

14. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxy groups are independently selected from the polyols as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 11 .

15. The cathode active material dispersion according to embodiment 14, wherein the at least two polyols having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups are mixed in a weight based ratio in the range of from 1 :10 to 10:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :3 to 3: 1.

16. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group; and at least one phosphorylating agent; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected from the polyols as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 12.

17. The cathode active material dispersion according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or 16, wherein the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group has a formula R-OH wherein:

C7 to C12 aralkyl, a radical of formula C_mH2m+i(O-C_nH2n)x-, a radical of formula C_mH2m+i[0- C(=O)-CVH_2V]X-, and a radical of formula C_mH2m+i(O-C_nH2n)x[O-C(=O)-CvH2v]_y-, wherein for each radical: m is an integer selected from the range of from 1 to 22, n is an integer selected from the range of from 2 to 4, x, y independent is an integer selected from the range of from 1 to 25 and v is an integer selected from the range of from 4 to 6. The cathode active material dispersion according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or 16 or 17, wherein the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group is a polymer having 1 hydroxyl group, preferably selected from polyester, polyether, or polyether-polyester copolymer. The cathode active material dispersion according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or 16 to 18, wherein the at least one compound having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether having 1 hydroxyl group, preferably a mono C1 to C5 alkyl ether of poly C2 to C5 alkylene glycol having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 25, more preferably mono methyl ether of polyethylene glycol having repeating monomer units in the range from 5 to 15. The cathode active material dispersion according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or 16 to 19, wherein the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether-polyester copolymer, preferably based on a lactone and a monohydroxylpolyether, wherein the lactone is preferably selected from propiolactone, 5-valerolactone, y- valerolactone and e-caprolac- tone and the monohydroxylpolyether is preferably a poly(C1 to C5 alkylene glycol)mono C1 to C5 alkyl ether having repeating monomer units in the range from 3 to 20, wherein more preferarbly, the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group is a polyether-polyester copolymer based on e-caprolactone and tri(ethylene glycol) monoethyl ether. The cathode active material dispersion according to according to any one of embodiments 1 to 12 or 16 to 20, wherein the at least one polyol having each at least 2 hydroxyl groups and the at least one polymer having 1 hydroxyl group are mixed in a weight based ratio in the range of from 1 :10 to 10:1 , preferably in the range of from 1 :5 to 5:1 , more preferably in the range of from 1 :3 to 3:1. The cathode active material dispersion according to according to any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture, preferably from reacting the mixture, the mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; at least one phosphorylating agent; and a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 12 and the dispersant is a dispersant as defined in any one of embodiments 15 to 20.

23. The cathode active material dispersion according to according to any one of embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising

- a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and

- a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the dispersants are dispersants as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 20.

24. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 23, wherein the at least one phosphorylating agent is selected from polyphosphoric acid and phosphorous pentoxide.

25. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 24, wherein the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is in the range of 5:1 to 1 :5.

26. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 25, wherein the acid number of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 200mgKOH/g to 1000mgKOH/g according to DIN 53402:1990-09.

27. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 26, wherein the content of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 0.01 wt.% to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

28. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 27, wherein the at least one cathode active material is selected from lithium iron phosphate (LFP), lith- ium-iron-manganese-phosphate (LMFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO).

29. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 28, wherein the at least one cathode active material is lithium iron phosphate (LFP). 30. The cathode active material dispersion according to embodiment 29, wherein the content of the at least one cathode active material is in the range of 30 to 80 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

31. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 30, wherein the at least one cathode active material is selected from NaO.NiO.22CoO.11IVInO.66O2, polyanionic type compounds Na3V2(PO4)s, and Na_xFe2(CN)e.

32. The cathode active material dispersion according to embodiment 31 , wherein the content of the at least one cathode active material is in the range of 30 to 80 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

33. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 32, wherein the at least one carbon-based conductive material is selected from carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes.

34. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 33, wherein the content of the at least one carbon-based conductive material is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

35. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 34, wherein the at least one binder is polyvinylidene difluoride.

36. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 35, wherein the content of the at least one binder is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

37. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 36, wherein the dispersion medium is selected from NMP and water.

38. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 37, wherein the content of the dispersion medium is in the range of 5.0 to 50.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%. 39. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 38, where the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion calculated after 1 hour of preparation is in the range of 1000 to 100,000 mPas@10 s’¹ according to DIN 51810-2.

40. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 39, wherein the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0 % to 100.0 % according to DIN 51810-2.

41. A process for preparing the cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 40, the process comprising mixing the at least one cathode active material, the at least one carbon-based conductive material, the dispersion medium, and the at least one binder; and adding at least one dispersant as defined in any one of embodiments 1 to 26 to the mixture obtained in the previous step and homogenizing the mixture.

42. The process according to embodiment 41 , wherein the at least one cathode active material is selected from lithium iron phosphate(LFP), lithium-iron-manganese-phosphate (LMFP), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), lithium cobalt oxide (LCO).

43. The process according to embodiment 41 or 42, wherein the content of the at least one cathode active material is in the range of 30 to 80 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

44. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 43, wherein the at least one carbonbased conductive material is selected from carbon black, graphite, and carbon nanotubes.

45. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 44, wherein the content of the at least one carbon-based conductive material is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

46. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 45, wherein the at least one binder is polyvinylidene difluoride. 47. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 46, wherein the content of the at least one binder is in the range of 0.5 to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion being 100 wt.%.

48. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 47, wherein the dispersion medium is selected from NMP and water.

49. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 48, wherein the content of the at least one dispersant in the cathode active material dispersion is in the range of 0.01 wt.% to 5.0 wt.%.

50. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 49, wherein the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion calculated 1 hour of after preparation is in the range of 1000 to 100,000 mPas@10 s^-1 according to DIN 51810-2.

51. The process according to any of embodiments 41 to 50, wherein the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0 % to 100.0 %.

52. A coated cathode comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 51, and a conductive substrate.

53. The coated cathode according to embodiment 52, wherein the conductive substrate is an aluminum foil.

54. A process for preparing a coated cathode comprising a. coating the cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 40 onto a conductive substrate; and b. drying the coated conductive substrate; wherein the conductive substrate is preferably an aluminum foil.

55. A lithium ion battery comprising at least one coated cathode according to embodiment 52 or 53 or as obtained or obtainable from the process of embodiment 56.

56. Use of the cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 40 for preparing a coated cathode for a lithium ion battery. 57. A sodium ion battery comprising at least one coated cathode according to embodiment 52 or 53 or as obtained or obtainable from the process of embodiment 54.

58. Use of the cathode active material dispersion according to any of embodiments 1 to 40 for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery.

59. A process, preferably according to any one of embodiments 41 to 51 or 54, comprising the step of converting the cathode active material dispersion obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 41 to 51 or the coated cathode obtainable or obtained by the process according to embodiment 54 or a chemical material obtainable or obtained by the process according to any one of embodiments 41 to 51 or 54 to obtain a product Q.

60. The process according to embodiment 59, wherein the product Q is selected from: building block or monomer; or polymer, preferably polymer A, polymer composition, preferably polymer composition A, or polymer product, preferably polymer product A; or cleaning polymer, cleaning surfactant, descaling compound, cleaning biocide or composition or formulation thereof; or agrochemical composition, agrochemical formulation auxiliary or agrochemically active ingredient; or active pharmaceutical ingredient or intermediate thereof, pharmaceutical excipient, animal feed additive, human food additive, dietary supplements, aroma chemical or aroma composition; or aqueous polymer dispersion, preferably polyurethane or polyurethane - poly(meth)acrylate hybrid polymer dispersion, emulsion, binder for paper and fiber coatings, UV-curable acrylic polymer for hot melts and coatings polyisocyanates, hyperbranched polyester polyol, polymeric dispersant for inorganic binder compositions, unsaturated polyester polyol or 100% curable composition; or cosmetic surfactant, emollient, wax, cosmetic polymer, UV filter, further cosmetic ingredient or composition or formulation thereof; or polymer B, polymer composition B, coating composition, other functional composition, foil, molded body, coating or coated substrate.

61 . The process according to embodiment 59 or 60, wherein the content of the cathode active material dispersion or the coated cathode or the chemical material in the product Q is 1 weight- % or more, preferably 2 weight- % or more, more preferably 5 weight- % or more, more preferably 15 weight- % or more, more preferably 30 weight- % or more, more preferably 40 weight- % or more, more preferably 60 weight- % or more, more preferably 80 weight- % or more, more preferably 90 weight- % or more, more preferably 95 weight- % or more; and/or wherein the content of the cathode active material dispersion or the coated cathode or the chemical material in the product Q is 100 weight- % or less, preferably 95 weight- % or less, more preferably 90 weight- % or less, more preferably 50 weight- % or less, more preferably 25 weight- % or less, more preferably 10 weight- % or less; and preferably wherein the content is determined based on identity preservation and/or segregation and/or mass balance and/or book and claim chain of custody models, preferably based on mass balance, preferably the International Sustainability and Carbon Certification (ISCC) standard.

While the present invention has been described in terms of its specific embodiments, certain modifications and equivalents will be apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.

Examples

The present invention is illustrated in detail by non-restrictive working examples which follow. More particularly, the test methods specified hereinafter are part of the general disclosure of the application and are not restricted to the specific working examples.

Materials

The following materials are used in the Examples:

* Molecular weight data, according to supplier, were obtained by gel permeation chromatography in dimethylacetamide (DMAC), calibrated using a polystyrene standard.

Methods Molecular weight: The Mw was determined according to DIN 55672-2.

Acid number: The acid number was determined according to DIN 53402:1990-09.

Viscosity: Viscosity was determined by analogy to DIN 53019-1 :2008-09, using a Thermo- Haake RheoStress 600 equipment under the CR mode at 22 °C and a shear rate of 1 sec¹ (Spindle CP50). Hydroxy number: The hydroxy number was determined according to DIN EN ISO 4692-2.

In case of synthesized polymers, the properties such as acid number and hydroxy number were determined for active polymer (active), i.e. the polymer separated from solvent. Thus, the acid number and hydroxy number were determined for active polymer, not for its delivery form (delivery form = polymer + solvent).

Example 1 : Preparation of polyols The commercially available Polyol A1 and Polyol A2 were dried by purging dry nitrogen at 120 °C for 2 hours.

A) Preparation of Polyol A3

A reaction mixture containing 100.0 g Polyol A1 , 40.0 g e-caprolactone and 0.1 g titanium (IV) butoxide was stirred at 170 °C until the solid content of the reaction mixture was > 98 % according to DIN 53715:1991-05. A solid polyol polymer was obtained having a hydroxy number of 670-700 mgKOH/g, and a weight molecular weight of 1850 g/mol.

B) Preparation of Polyol A4

A reaction mixture containing 100.0 g Polyol A2, 40.0 g 2-ethyl-hexyl glycidyl ether and 0.1 g ethoxycarbonylmethyl triphenylphosphonium bromide was stirred at 170 °C until the epoxy titration number was 0 %. A solid polyol was obtained having a hydroxy number of 620-650 mgKOH/g, and a weight molecular weight of 2150 g/mol.

C) Preparation of Polyol B1

50.0 g 6-gluconolactone was dissolved in 50.0 g N-methyl-pyrrolidone under stirring at room temperature. 0.05 g butyltinhydroxide-oxide was added and the reaction mixture was heated at 170 °C for 6 hours. A viscous homopolygluconolactone polymer having a hydroxy number of 1150 mgKOH/g (active polymer) was obtained, and a weight molecular weight of 1250 g/mol.

D) Preparation of Polyol B2

50.0 g 6-gluconolactone, 50.0 g e-caprolactone were dissolved in 100.0 g N-methyl-pyrrolidone under stirring at room temperature. 0.1 g butyltinhydroxide-oxide was added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 170 °C until the solid content of the mixture > 98 % (0.5 g, 200 °C for 10 min). A viscous polyol solution having a hydroxy number of 550 mgKOH/g (active polymer) was obtained, and a weight molecular weight of 1650 g/mol.

E) Preparation of Polyol F2

The mixture of 100 g Polyol F1 , 50 g e-caprolactone and 0.1 g titanium(IV) butoxide was stirred at 170 °C until the solid content > 98 % (0.5g, 200 °C for 10 min). A liquid polyol polymer was obtained with OH number of 360 mgKOH/g, and a weight molecular weight of 350 g/mol.

Example 2: Preparation of dispersants D1-D17

General procedure I: The polyol and N-methylpyrrolidone were mixed and the mixture was dried by purging dry nitrogen at 100 °C for 2 hours. The mixture was cooled to 80 °C, followed by addition of phosphoric agent slowly. During the rate of addition of phosphoric agent was controlled in such a way that the internal temperature of the reaction mixture did not rise above 100 °C. After complete addi- tion of the phosphoric agent, the reaction mixture was stirred at 100 °C for 4 hours.

The amounts of polyol, solvent and phosphorylating agent used for preparation of dispersants D1-D17 are given in Table 1.

Table 1 : Dispersant 1-17

Example 3: Preparation of Conductive material dispersion

Conductive material dispersion were prepared as described in the following, wherein all conductive material dispersion prepared had a solid content of 65 weight- % based on the total weight of the dispersion being 100 weight-%: The mixture containing 61.0 g LFP active material (DY-3, Shenzhen Dynanonic Co., Ltd), 2.0 g carbon based conductive material (Denka Black Li400, Denka JP Company), 2.0 g Solef 5130 (PVDF binder, Solvay) and solvent NMP (here, 35 g NMP for dispersants having 50 weight- % of active, 34.74 g NMP for dispersants having 25 weight- % of active, 33.96 g NMP for dispersants having 10 weight- % of active) was mixed thoroughly with speedmix (2000 rpm) for 30 min.

A dispersant (0.26 g for dispersants having 50 weight- % of active, 0.52 g for dispersants having 25 weight- % of active, 1.3 g for dispersants having 10 weight- % active) was added to the mixture and the resultant mixture was subjected to thorough mixing with speedmix (2000 rpm) for 30 min.

Table 2: Properties of the conductive material dispersion

*: Comparative dispersant 1 was prepared according to EP 0417490 A2, Example No. 12.

From Table 2, it is evident that the performance of the dispersants D1-D17 was generally very good. The dispersants of the present invention provided dispersions having a low viscosity.

These dispersions showed a lower increase in the viscosity after 24 hours storage as compared to a dispersion made without dispersant (blank) and a dispersion made from comparative dispersant 1. Accordingly, the dispersants of the present invention provided dispersions having a high stability after 24h storage.

Example 4: Preparation of dispersants D18-D21

General procedure II: Mixtures of polyols or of polyol and compound with 1 hydroxyl group respectively were stirred at 60 °C, followed by addition of phosphoric agent slowly. During the rate of addition of phosphoric agent was controlled in such a way that the internal temperature of the reaction mixture did not rise above 80 °C. After complete addition of the phosphoric agent, the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 4 hours. The amounts of polyol(s), polymer with 1 hydroxyl group and phosphorylating agent used for preparation of dispersants D18-D21 as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Dispersants D18-D21

Example 5: Preparation of dispersant D22

60 g comparative dispersant 1 (prepared according to EP 0417490 A2, Example No. 12) and

16 g Polyol A1 were stirred in the reactor at 60 °C, then 24 g polyphosphoric acid were slowly added to keep the internal temperature of the reaction mixture so as to not rise above 80 °C. After complete addition of the polyphosphoric acid, the reaction mixture was stirred at 80 °C for 4 hours. Finally, a viscous dispersant D22 having 100 weight- % of active with acid number of 595 mgKOH/g was obtained. The amounts of polyol(s), comparative dispersant 1 and phosphorylating agent used for preparation of dispersant D22 as also shown in Table 4.

Table 4: Dispersant D22

Example 6: Preparation of dispersant D23

50 g comparative dispersant 1 (prepared according to EP 0417490 A2, Example No. 12), 50 g NMP and 50 g D13 (having itself 50 wt.% of active in the dispersion) were stirred in the reactor at 60 °C for 1 h. Finally, a viscous dispersant D23 having 50 weight- % of active and with acid number of 585 mgKOH/g active polymer was obtained. The amounts of dispersant D13, comparative dispersant 1 and NMP used for preparation of dispersant D23 as also shown in Table 5.

Table 5: Dispersant D23

Example 7: Preparation of conductive material dispersion

Conductive material dispersion were prepared as described in the following, wherein all conductive material dispersion prepared had a solid content in the dispersion of 65 weight- % based on the total weight of the dispersion being 100 weight-%:

A mixture of 61g LFP active material (DY-3, Shenzhen Dynanonic Co., Ltd), 2 g carbon based conductive material (Denka Black Li400, Denka JP Company) and 2 g Solef 5130 (PVDF binder, Solvay) were mixed with speedmix (2000 rpm) for 10 min firstly. Then, solvent NMP (here, 35.13 g NMP for dispersants having 100 weight-% of active, 35 g NMP for disper- sants having 50 weight- % of active, 34.74 g NMP for dispersants having 25 weight- % of active, 33.96 g NMP for dispersants having 10 weight- % of active) was added.

The dispersants (0.13 g for dispersants having 100 weight- % o f active, 0.26 g for dispersants having 50 weight- % of active, 0.52 g for dispersants having 25 weight- % of active, 1.3 g for dispersants having 10 weight- % of active) were added and kept in speedmix (2500 rpm) for 30 min. The conductive material dispersion was obtained.

The performance of the dispersion was generally very good with low viscosity and much more stable after 24 hours storage (lower increase in the viscosity) compared with the comparative examples (Table 6). It could also be seen that the dispersants D18 and D20, both prepared with addition of compound having 1 OH group G1 showed a still better performance in view of a lower increase in the viscosity after 24 hours of storage compared to the dispersants D19, D21 , were mixtures of polyols were used.

Table 6: Properties of the conductive material dispersion

Comparative dispersant 1 was prepared according to EP 0417490 A2, Example No. 12.

Example 8: Preparation of battery and testing thereof

The conductive material dispersions made from dispersants D1 , D13 and blank were each applied on aluminum foil with 300 pm wet thickness and dried at 105°C for 8h to form the cathode film. Then, one lithium ion battery was made for the cyclic voltammetry test to determine the electrical chemical stability of the dispersant polymer (results shown in Fig. 1). The results showed the electrical chemical stability of the functional polymers was acceptable, i .e. there was no visible peak apparent for the cathode film based on dispersants D1 , D13 compared with the cathode film based made from the blank formulation until 4.8V.

Claims

1 . A cathode active material dispersion comprising a. at least one cathode active material; b. at least one carbon-based conductive material; c. at least one dispersant; d. at least one binder; and e. a dispersion medium; wherein the at least one dispersant is obtained or obtainable from a mixture comprising at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups; and at least one phosphorylating agent and/or a dispersant, obtained or obtainable from reacting at least one phosphorylating agent with a compound having one hydroxyl group; optionally at least one compound having one hydroxyl group; wherein the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxyl groups is selected form the group consisting of polyglycerol, modified polyglycerol, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylate, polyester, polyether, polyether-ester copolymer and mixtures of two or more thereof.

2. The cathode active material dispersion according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one phosphorylating agent is selected from polyphosphoric acid and phosphorous pentoxide.

3. The cathode active material dispersion according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the weight ratio of the at least one polyol having at least 2 hydroxy groups relative to the at least one phosphorylating agent is in the range of 5:1 to 1 :5; and/or wherein the content of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 0.01 wt.% to 5.0 wt.% based on the total weight of the cathode active material dispersion.

4. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the acid number of the at least one dispersant is in the range of 200 mg(KOH)/g to 1000 mg(KOH)/g according to DIN 53402:1990-09.

5. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the at least one cathode active material is selected from lithium iron phosphate (LFP), I ithium-iron- manganese-phosphate (LMFP), llithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), lithium manganese oxide (LMO), and lithium cobalt oxide (LCO), wherein the at least one cathode active material is preferably lithium iron phosphate (LFP); or wherein the at least one cathode active material is selected from NaO.NiO.22CoO.11MnO.66O2, polyanionic type compounds Na3V2(PO4)3, and Na_xFe₂(CN)₆.

6. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the at least one carbon-based conductive material is selected from carbon black, graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes; and/or, preferably and, wherein the at least one binder is polyvinylidene difluoride; and/or, preferably and, wherein the dispersion medium is selected from NMP and water.

7. The cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 6, where the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion, calculated after 1 hour of preparation, is in the range of 1000 to 100,000 mPas@10 s’¹ according to DIN 51810-2; and/or, preferably and, wherein the increase in the viscosity of the cathode active material dispersion during the period from 1 hour to 24 hours from its preparation is in the range of 5.0 % to 100.0 % according to DIN 51810-2.

8. A process for preparing the cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 7, the process comprising

- mixing the at least one cathode active material, the at least one carbon-based conductive material, the dispersion medium, and the at least one binder; and

- adding the at least one dispersant according to any one of claims 1 to 7 to the mixture obtained in the previous step and homogenizing the mixture.

9. A coated cathode comprising a coating based on the cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 7, and a conductive substrate; wherein the conductive substrate is preferably an aluminum foil.

10. A process for preparing a coated cathode comprising a. coating the cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 7 onto a conductive substrate; and b. drying the coated conductive substrate; wherein the conductive substrate is preferably an aluminum foil.

11 . A lithium ion battery comprising at least one coated cathode according to claim 9.

12. Use of the cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 7 for preparing a coated cathode for a lithium ion battery.

13. A sodium ion battery comprising at least one coated cathode according to claim 9.

14. Use of the cathode active material dispersion according to any of claims 1 to 7 for preparing a coated cathode for a sodium ion battery.

15. A process, preferably according to claim 8 or 10, comprising the step of converting the cathode active material dispersion obtainable or obtained by the process according to claim 8 or the coated cathode obtainable or obtained by the process according to claim 10 or a chemical material obtainable or obtained by the process according to 8 or 10 to obtain a product Q.