WO2024229461A2 - Anti-cd161 antibodies and methods of use thereof - Google Patents
Anti-cd161 antibodies and methods of use thereof Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024229461A2 WO2024229461A2 PCT/US2024/028001 US2024028001W WO2024229461A2 WO 2024229461 A2 WO2024229461 A2 WO 2024229461A2 US 2024028001 W US2024028001 W US 2024028001W WO 2024229461 A2 WO2024229461 A2 WO 2024229461A2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2851—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the lectin superfamily, e.g. CD23, CD72
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
- A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
- C07K2317/21—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin from primates, e.g. man
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
- C07K2317/70—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by effect upon binding to a cell or to an antigen
- C07K2317/76—Antagonist effect on antigen, e.g. neutralization or inhibition of binding
Definitions
- FIELD [0003] The present disclosure relates to antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof that bind CD161 and methods of using the same to treat a subject in need thereof.
- BACKGROUND [0004] Human cancers harbor numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations, generating neoantigens potentially recognizable by the immune system (Sjoblom et al., Science 2006)314(5797):268-274).
- the adaptive immune system comprised of T and B lymphocytes, has powerful anti-cancer potential, with a broad capacity and extraordinar specificity to respond to diverse tumor antigens.
- the use of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer is based on the premise that tumors evade the endogenous immune response by being recognized as self and non-self.
- Tumors can escape immune surveillance and develop immune resistance using different mechanisms. Novel approaches in cancer immunotherapy are to counteract these resistance mechanisms, allowing the endogenous immune system to reject tumors.
- the recent success of immune- modulating agents in patients with refractory solid tumors has provided proof-of-concept of the efficacy of immune system activation as a immunotherapeutic modality, such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 treatments.
- a immunotherapeutic modality such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 treatments.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds CD161, comprising a heavy chain variable region (VH) and a light chain variable region (VL); wherein the VH comprises a VH complementarity determining region 1 (VH-CDR1), a VH-CDR2, and a VH-CDR3; wherein the VL comprises a VL-CDR1, a VL-CDR2, and a VL-CDR3; and wherein the VH-CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73, 83, 93, 103, 113, 123, 133, 143, 153, 163, 173, 183, 193, 203, 213, 223, 233, 243, 253, 263, 273, 283, 293, 303, 313, 323, and 333.
- VH VH complementarity determining region 1
- the VH-CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92, 102, 112, 122, 132, 142, 152, 162, 172, 182, 192, 202, 212, 222, 232, 242, 252, 262, 272, 282, 292, 302, 312, 322, and 332.
- the VH-CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 201, 211, 221, 231, 241, 251, 261, 271, 281, 291, 301, 311, 321, and 331.
- the VL-CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, 76, 86, 96, 106, 116, 126, 136, 146, 156, 166, 176, 186, 196, 206, 216, 226, 236, 246, 256, 266, 276, 286, 296, 306, 316, 326, and 336.
- the VL- CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125, 135, 145, 155, 165, 175, 185, 195, 205, 215, 225, 235, 245, 255, 265, 275, 285, 295, 305, 315, 325, and 335.
- the VL-CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4, 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74, 84, 94, 104, 114, 124, 134, 144, 154, 164, 174, 184, 194, 204, 214, 224, 234, 244, 254, 264, 274, 284, 294, 304, 314, 324, and 334.
- the antibody or the antigen-binding portion thereof comprises: (i) a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6; (ii) a VH- CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
- the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 117, 127, 137, 147, 157, 167, 177, 187, 197, 207, 217, 227, 237, 247, 257, 267, 277, 287, 297, 707, 317, 327, and 337.
- the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98, 108, 118, 128, 138, 148, 158, 168, 178, 188, 198, 208, 218, 228, 238, 248, 258, 268, 278, 288, 298, 308, 318, 328, and 338.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds CD161, comprising a variable heavy (VH) domain and a variable light (VL) domain, wherein the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 117, 127, 137, 147, 157, 167, 177, 187, 197, 207, 217, 227, 237, 247, 257, 267, 277, 287, 297, 707, 317, 327, and 337; and wherein the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 9
- the VH comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 117, 127, 137, 147, 157, 167, 177, 187, 197, 207, 217, 227, 237, 247, 257, 267, 277, 287, 297, 707, 317, 327, and 337.
- the VL comprises an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98, 108, 118, 128, 138, 148, 158, 168, 178, 188, 198, 208, 218, 228, 238, 248, 258, 268, 278, 288, 298, 308, 318, 328, and 338.
- the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 7; and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 8; (ii) the VH comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NO: 97; and the VL comprises an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%,
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises: (i) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; (ii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; (iii) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118; (iv) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148; (v) a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218; (vi)
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that binds the same epitope as an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein. Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof that cross-competes for binding CD161 with an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein. [0014] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds CD161 with a KD of less than about 1000 nM, less than about 500 nM, less than about 100 nM, less than about 50 nM, or less than about 10 nM. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds CD161 with a K D of less than about 50 nM.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds CD161 with a KD of less than about 10 nM [0015] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof inhibits the interaction between CD161 and C-type lectin domain family 2 member D (CLEC2D). [0016] In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is capable of inducing or enhancing production of one or more cytokine by an immune cell. In some aspects, the one or more cytokine comprises IL2, TNFa, IFNg, or any combination thereof.
- the antigen-binding portion of the antibody comprises a VHH, a vNAR, a microbody, a nanobody, an scFv, or any combination thereof.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a multi-specific antibody comprising an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a bispecific antibody comprising an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules encoding an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, or a bispecific antibody disclosed herein.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a vector or a set of vectors comprising a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein.
- the vector is a viral vector.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a host cell comprising a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein or a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a pharmaceutical composition
- a pharmaceutical composition comprising an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, or a host cell disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, a host cell disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
- the disease or disorder comprises a cancer.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of inducing an immune response in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, a host cell disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
- the subject is afflicted with a cancer.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, a host cell disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
- the cancer is selected from acoustic neuroma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, adenocarcinoma, and cancer of the urinary system, and carcinomas, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, biliary tract cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, brain stem glioma, breast cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and marginal zone B cell lymphoma, cancer of the adrenal gland, cancer of the anal region, cancer of the digestive system, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the penis, cancer of the respiratory system, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the ureter, cancer of the urethra, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, carcinoma of
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of treating an infectious disease in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antibody or antigen- binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, a host cell disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
- the infectious disease comprises: (i) infection by Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, or any combination thereof; (ii) infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis virus herpes virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus, or arboviral encephalitis virus, or any combination thereof; (iii) infection by chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumonococci, meningococci, conococci, klebsiella, prote
- HIV
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of treating an autoimmune disease in subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, a host cell disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of activating an immune cell, comprising contacting the immune cell with an antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein, a multi-specific antibody disclosed herein, a bispecific antibody disclosed herein, a nucleic acid molecule or a set of nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein, a vector or a set of vectors disclosed herein, a host cell disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein.
- FIG.1 is a violin plot of scRNA-seq gene expression profiles of Killer cell lectin-like receptor B1 protein (KLRB1/CD161), PDCD1, LAG3, CTLA4, HAVCR2, and TIGIT in CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, monocytes, na ⁇ ve B-cells, NK cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs) from specific tumor samples, as indicated.
- KLRB1/CD161 Killer cell lectin-like receptor B1 protein
- PDCD1 PDCD1, LAG3, CTLA4, HAVCR2
- TIGIT TIGIT
- FIG. 2 is a violin plot of scRNA-seq gene expression of CD161, PDCD1, LAG3, CTLA4, HAVCR2, and TIGIT in na ⁇ ve-like CD8 T cells, early active CD8 T cells, effector memory CD8 T cells, CD8 Tpex cells, and CD8 Tex cells for specific tumor samples, as indicated.
- FIG.3 is a graphical representation of cell-based binding of anti-CD161-positive hits/ antibodies cross-reactive to human and cyno CD161 proteins expressed on CHOK1 cells as measured by flow cytometry.
- FIG. 4 is a graphical representation of binding of specific anti-CD161 antibodies to human CD161 (hCD161) protein in an ELISA assay.
- FIGs. 5A-5C are FACS plots of cell-based binding with isotype control (FIG. 5A) or anti-CD161 positive antibodies (01D17, FIG. 5B; and 03K18, FIG. 5C).
- FIG. 5D is a graphical representation of binding of the various anti-CD161 antibodies to human CD161 expressing CHOK1 cells.
- FIG.6 is a graphical representation of binding of the human CLEC2D multimer with human CD161 expressing CHOK1 cells. HP-3G10, anti-CD161 reference monoclonal antibody, that blocks hCLEC2D multimer binding with hCD161 expressing CHOK1 cells.
- FIG.7 is a bar graph illustrating the percent blocking of hCD161:hCLEC2D interaction of anti-CD161 antibodies using a cell-based assay.
- FIG. 8 is a graphical representation of an ELISA assay showing concentration- dependent inhibition of the interaction of hCD161:hCLE2CD by various anti-CD161 antibodies.
- FIG. 9 is a bar graph illustrating IL-2 cytokine release in SEB (Staphylococcal enterotoxin B) stimulated healthy human donors PBMCs following contact with various anti- CD161 antibodies, as measured by ELISA.
- SEB Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
- FIG.10 is a bar graph illustrating IL-2 cytokine release in hCD161 expressing Jurkat cells activated by T cell engager with Raji cells following treatment with various anti-CD161 antibodies, as measured by ELISA.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic representation TCR activation impacted by CD161-CLEC2D interaction, using Jurkat-MART-1 TCR cells and MeWo cells as an example.
- FIG.12 is a graphical representation of TCR activation (as measured by IL-2 release, pg/mL) in MART1 TCR-specific T cells contacted with hCLEC2D-GFP overexpressing MeWo cells (HLA; A*0201) in the presence of varying concentrations of an anti-CD161 antibody described herein.
- the top dashed line (1) represents the level of IL-2 release when Jurkat-MART1 TCR CD161 cells are contacted with mock (GFP) MeWo cells (control, no inhibition of TCR activity).
- FIG.13 is a graphical representation of dose-dependent anti-CD161 antibody binding to TALL-104 effector cells, which express CD161.
- FIGs.14A-14C provide a schematic representation of a cytotoxicity assay (FIG.14A) and preliminary data showing that the cytotoxicity assay is capable of detecting a change in TALL- 104 cytolysis of MeWo cells (FIG.14B) and PC3 cells (FIG.14C).
- FIG.15 is a graphical representation of TALL-104 effector cell cytolysis (%) of human CLEC2D overexpressing-PC3 target cells in the presence of increasing doses of an anti-CD161 monoclonal antibody.
- the top dashed line (1) represents the level of TALL-104 cytolysis (%) of MOCK-PC3 cells (which do not express human CLEC2D, and thus do not inhibit the TALL-104 effector cells).
- the lower dashed line (2) represents the level of TALL-104 cytolysis (%) of CLEC2D overexpressing-PC3 target cells, in the absence of an anti-CD161 antibody.
- FIG. 16A-16B are dot plots showing the relative tumor killing capacity from the coculture of primary NK cells with PC-3 CLEC2D-OE cells (overexpressing CLEC2D; FIG.16A) or Raji cells (FIG. 16B) in the presence of anti-CD161 mAbs. *p ⁇ 0.05 , ****p ⁇ 0.00001, as determined by one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons.
- the present disclosure relates to antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof that specifically bind CD161, referred to herein as anti-CD161 antibodies. Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to bispecific or multispecific antibodies comprising the anti-CD161 antibody. Other aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof described herein to the subject.
- antibody refers, in some aspects, to a protein comprising at least two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected by disulfide bonds or an antigen-binding portion thereof. Each heavy chain is comprised of a heavy chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VH) and a heavy chain constant region (abbreviated herein as CH).
- VH heavy chain variable region
- CH heavy chain constant region
- the heavy chain constant region is comprised of a hinge and three domains, CH1, CH2 and CH3.
- each light chain is comprised of a light chain variable region (abbreviated herein as VL) and a light chain constant region.
- the light chain constant region is comprised of one domain (abbreviated herein as CL).
- CL complementarity determining regions
- FR framework regions
- Each VH and VL is composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, and FR4.
- the variable regions of the heavy and light chains contain a binding domain that interacts with an antigen.
- the constant regions of the antibodies can mediate the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) and the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
- a heavy chain may have the C-terminal lysine or not.
- the amino acids in the variable regions are numbered using the Kabat numbering system and those in the constant regions are numbered using the EU system.
- IgG antibody e.g., a human IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibody, as used herein has, in some aspects, the structure of a naturally-occurring IgG antibody, i.e., it has the same number of heavy and light chains and disulfide bonds as a naturally-occurring IgG antibody of the same subclass.
- an anti-CD161 IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 or IgG4 antibody consists of two heavy chains (HCs) and two light chains (LCs), wherein the two HCs and LCs are linked by the same number and location of disulfide bridges that occur in naturally-occurring IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies, respectively (unless the antibody has been mutated to modify the disulfide bridges).
- Antibodies typically bind specifically to their cognate antigen with high affinity, reflected by a dissociation constant (KD) of 10 -5 to 10 -11 M or less. Any KD greater than about 10 -4 M is generally considered to indicate nonspecific binding.
- an antibody that "binds specifically" to an antigen refers to an antibody that binds to the antigen and substantially identical antigens with high affinity, which means having a KD of 10 -7 M or less, 10 -8 M or less, 5 x 10 -9 M or less, or between 10 -8 M and 10 -10 M or less, but does not bind with high affinity to unrelated antigens.
- An immunoglobulin can be from any of the commonly known isotypes, including but not limited to IgA, secretory IgA, IgG and IgM.
- the IgG isotype is divided in subclasses in certain species: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 in humans, and IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3 in mice.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein are of the IgG1 subtype.
- Immunoglobulins, e.g., IgG1 exist in several allotypes, which differ from each other in at most a few amino acids.
- Antibody includes, by way of example, both naturally-occurring and non- naturally-occurring antibodies; monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; chimeric and humanized antibodies; human and nonhuman antibodies and wholly synthetic antibodies.
- antigen-binding portion of an antibody refers to one or more fragments of an antibody that retain the ability to specifically bind to an antigen (e.g., human CD161). It has been shown that the antigen-binding function of an antibody can be performed by fragments of a full-length antibody.
- binding fragments encompassed within the term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody include (i) a Fab fragment (fragment from papain cleavage) or a similar monovalent fragment consisting of the VL, VH, LC and CH1 domains; (ii) a F(ab')2 fragment (fragment from pepsin cleavage) or a similar bivalent fragment comprising two Fab fragments linked by a disulfide bridge at the hinge region; (iii) a Fd fragment consisting of the V H and CH1 domains; (iv) a Fv fragment consisting of the VL and VH domains of a single arm of an antibody, (v) a dAb fragment (Ward et al., (1989) Nature 341:544-546), which consists of a VH domain; (vi) an isolated complementarity determining region (CDR) and (vii) a combination of two or
- the two domains of the Fv fragment, VL and VH are coded for by separate genes, they can be joined, using recombinant methods, by a synthetic linker that enables them to be made as a single protein chain in which the V L and V H regions pair to form monovalent molecules (known as single chain Fv (scFv); see, e.g., Bird et al. (1988) Science 242:423-426; and Huston et al. (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5879-5883).
- single chain Fv single chain Fv
- Such single chain antibodies are also intended to be encompassed within the term "antigen-binding portion" of an antibody.
- antibody fragments are obtained using conventional techniques known to those with skill in the art, and the fragments are screened for utility in the same manner as are intact antibodies.
- Antigen-binding portions can be produced by recombinant DNA techniques, or by enzymatic or chemical cleavage of intact immunoglobulins.
- a "bispecific antibody” or “bifunctional antibody” is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites.
- a “multispecific antibody” or “multifunctional antibody” is an artificial hybrid antibody having more than two different heavy/light chain pairs and two different binding sites.
- Bispecific and multispecific antibodies can be produced by a variety of methods including fusion of hybridomas or linking of Fab' fragments.
- the term "monoclonal antibody,” as used herein, refers to an antibody from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies, i.e., the individual antibodies comprised in the population are substantially similar and bind the same epitope(s) (e.g., the antibodies display a single binding specificity and affinity), except for possible variants that may arise during production of the monoclonal antibody, such variants generally being present in minor amounts.
- human monoclonal antibody indicates the character of the antibody as being obtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, and is not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by any particular method.
- human monoclonal antibody refers to an antibody from a population of substantially homogeneous antibodies that display(s) a single binding specificity, and which has variable and optional constant regions derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
- human monoclonal antibodies are produced by a hybridoma which includes a B cell obtained from a transgenic non-human animal, e.g., a transgenic mouse, having a genome comprising a human heavy chain transgene and a light chain transgene fused to an immortalized cell.
- recombinant human antibody includes all human antibodies that are prepared, expressed, created or isolated by recombinant means, such as (a) antibodies isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse) that is transgenic or transchromosomal for human immunoglobulin genes or a hybridoma prepared therefrom, (b) antibodies isolated from a host cell transformed to express the antibody, e.g., from a transfectoma, (c) antibodies isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human antibody library, and (d) antibodies prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involve splicing of human immunoglobulin gene sequences to other DNA sequences.
- variable human antibodies comprise variable and constant regions that utilize particular human germline immunoglobulin sequences encoded by the germline genes, but include subsequent rearrangements and mutations which occur, for example, during antibody maturation.
- the variable region contains the antigen binding domain, which is encoded by various genes that rearrange to form an antibody specific for a foreign antigen.
- the variable region can be further modified by multiple single amino acid changes (referred to as somatic mutation or hypermutation) to increase the affinity of the antibody to the foreign antigen.
- the constant region will change in further response to an antigen (i.e., isotype switch).
- a "human” antibody refers to an antibody having variable regions in which both the framework and CDR regions are derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences. Furthermore, if the antibody contains a constant region, the constant region also is derived from human germline immunoglobulin sequences.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein can include amino acid residues not encoded by human germline immunoglobulin sequences (e.g., mutations introduced by random or site-specific mutagenesis in vitro or by somatic mutation in vivo).
- human antibody as used herein, is not intended to include antibodies in which CDR sequences derived from the germline of another mammalian species, such as a mouse, have been grafted onto human framework sequences.
- the terms “human” antibodies and “fully human” antibodies are used synonymously.
- a “humanized” antibody refers to an antibody in which some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains of a non-human antibody are replaced with corresponding amino acids derived from human immunoglobulins.
- a humanized form of an antibody some, most or all of the amino acids outside the CDR domains have been replaced with amino acids from human immunoglobulins, whereas some, most or all amino acids within one or more CDR regions are unchanged. Small additions, deletions, insertions, substitutions or modifications of amino acids are permissible as long as they do not abrogate the ability of the antibody to bind to a particular antigen.
- a "humanized" antibody retains an antigenic specificity similar to that of the original antibody.
- a "chimeric antibody” refers to an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from one species and the constant regions are derived from another species, such as an antibody in which the variable regions are derived from a mouse antibody and the constant regions are derived from a human antibody.
- isotype refers to the antibody class (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgM, IgA1, IgA2, IgD, and IgE antibody) that is encoded by the heavy chain constant region genes.
- an antibody recognizing an antigen and “an antibody specific for an antigen” are used interchangeably herein with the term “an antibody which binds specifically to an antigen.”
- An “isolated antibody,” as used herein, is intended to refer to an antibody which is substantially free of other proteins and cellular material.
- CD161 refers to a polypeptide encoded by the human KLRB1 gene, which is expressed in a subset of NK cells and in peripheral blood T cells.
- CD161 can also be referred to as "killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1,” “KLRB1,” "C-type lectin domain family 5 member B,” “CLEC5B,” “C-type lectin domain family 5 member B,” and “NKRP1a.” CD161 is believed to inhibit NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma secretion in target cells by binding CLEC2D/LLT1.
- CD161 leads to specific acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) stimulation, with subsequent marked elevation of intracellular ceramide.
- CD161 acts as a lectin that binds to the terminal carbohydrate Gal-alpha(1,3)Gal epitope as well as to the N-acetyllactosamine epitope.
- the canonical human CD161 sequence is provided in Table 1 (UniProt Q12918). Table 1: Canonical human CD161 amino acid sequence.
- an antibody that inhibits "CD161 activity” is intended to refer to an antibody that inhibits or reduces one or more activity of CD161.
- an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein inhibits or reduces the interaction between human CD161 and CLEC2D. In some aspects, an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein increases NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, i.e., by removing CD161-mediated inhibition. In some aspects, an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein increases target cell interferon-gamma secretion, i.e., by removing CD161-mediated inhibition. In some aspects, an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein inhibits or reduces specific acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) stimulation in a target cell.
- aSMase specific acid sphingomyelinase
- an "Fc region” fragment crystallizable region or “Fc domain” or “Fc” refers to the C- terminal region of the heavy chain of an antibody that mediates the binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, including binding to Fc receptors located on various cells of the immune system (e.g., effector cells) or to the first component (C1q) of the classical complement system.
- an Fc region comprises the constant region of an antibody excluding the first constant region immunoglobulin domain (e.g., CH1 or CL).
- the Fc region comprises two identical protein fragments, derived from the second (CH2) and third (CH3) constant domains of the antibody's two heavy chains; IgM and IgE Fc regions comprise three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2-4) in each polypeptide chain.
- the Fc region comprises immunoglobulin domains CH2 and CH3 and the hinge between CH1 and CH2 domains.
- the human IgG heavy chain Fc region is defined to stretch from an amino acid residue D221 for IgG1, V222 for IgG2, L221 for IgG3 and P224 for IgG4 to the carboxy- terminus of the heavy chain, wherein the numbering is according to the EU index as in Kabat.
- the CH2 domain of a human IgG Fc region extends from amino acid 237 to amino acid 340, and the CH3 domain is positioned on C-terminal side of a CH2 domain in an Fc region, i.e., it extends from amino acid 341 to amino acid 447 or 446 (if the C-terminal lysine residue is absent) or 445 (if the C-terminal glycine and lysine residues are absent) of an IgG.
- the Fc region can be a native sequence Fc, including any allotypic variant, or a variant Fc (e.g., a non-naturally- occurring Fc).
- a "native sequence Fc region” or “native sequence Fc” comprises an amino acid sequence that is identical to the amino acid sequence of an Fc region found in nature.
- Native sequence human Fc regions include a native sequence human IgG1 Fc region; native sequence human IgG2 Fc region; native sequence human IgG3 Fc region; and native sequence human IgG4 Fc region as well as naturally-occurring variants thereof.
- Native sequence Fc include the various allotypes of Fcs (see, e.g., Jefferis et al. (2009) mAbs 1: 1).
- epitopes refers to a site on an antigen (e.g., CD161) to which an immunoglobulin or antibody specifically binds, e.g., as defined by the specific method used to identify it.
- Epitopes can be formed both from contiguous amino acids (usually a linear epitope) or noncontiguous amino acids juxtaposed by tertiary folding of a protein (usually a conformational epitope). Epitopes formed from contiguous amino acids are typically, but not always, retained on exposure to denaturing solvents, whereas epitopes formed by tertiary folding are typically lost on treatment with denaturing solvents.
- An epitope typically includes at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15 amino acids in a unique spatial conformation.
- Methods for determining what epitopes are bound by a given antibody i.e., epitope mapping
- epitope mapping include, for example, immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation assays, wherein overlapping or contiguous peptides from (e.g., from CD161) are tested for reactivity with a given antibody (e.g., anti-CD161 antibody).
- epitope mapping refers to the process of identification of the molecular determinants for antibody-antigen recognition.
- binds to the same epitope with reference to two or more antibodies means that the antibodies bind to the same segment of amino acid residues, as determined by a given method.
- Techniques for determining whether antibodies bind to the "same epitope on CD161" with the antibodies described herein include, for example, epitope mapping methods, such as, x-ray analyses of crystals of antigen:antibody complexes which provides atomic resolution of the epitope and hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS). Other methods monitor the binding of the antibody to antigen fragments or mutated variations of the antigen where loss of binding due to a modification of an amino acid residue within the antigen sequence is often considered an indication of an epitope component.
- computational combinatorial methods for epitope mapping can also be used.
- Antibodies having the same VH and VL or the same CDR1, 2, and 3 sequences are expected to bind to the same epitope.
- Antibodies that "compete with another antibody for binding to a target" refer to antibodies that inhibit (partially or completely) the binding of the other antibody to the target. Whether two antibodies compete with each other for binding to a target, i.e., whether and to what extent one antibody inhibits the binding of the other antibody to a target, can be determined using known competition experiments, e.g., BIACORE ® surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis.
- SPR surface plasmon resonance
- an antibody competes with, and inhibits binding of another antibody to a target by at least 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90% or 100%.
- the level of inhibition or competition can be different depending on which antibody is the "blocking antibody” (i.e., the cold antibody that is incubated first with the target).
- Competition assays can be conducted as described, for example, in Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harb Protoc; 2006; doi: 10.1101/pdb.prot4277 or in Chapter 11 of "Using Antibodies” by Ed Harlow and David Lane, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA 1999.
- Two antibodies "cross-compete” if antibodies block each other both ways by at least 50%, i.e., regardless of whether one or the other antibody is contacted first with the antigen in the competition experiment.
- Competitive binding assays for determining whether two antibodies compete or cross- compete for binding include: competition for binding to cells expressing CD161, e.g., by flow cytometry, such as described in the Examples.
- SPR solid phase direct or indirect radioimmunoassay
- RIA solid phase direct or indirect enzyme immunoassay
- EIA enzyme immunoassay
- sandwich competition assay see Stahli et al., Methods in Enzymology 9:242 (1983)
- solid phase direct biotin-avidin EIA see Kirkland et al., J. Immunol.137:3614 (1986)
- solid phase direct labeled assay solid phase direct labeled sandwich assay (see Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press (1988)); solid phase direct label RIA using 1-125 label (see Morel et al., Mol.
- the antibody (i) binds with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) of approximately less than 10 -7 M, such as approximately less than 10 -8 M, 10 -9 M or 10 -10 M or even lower when determined by, e.g., surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology in a BIACORE ® 2000 instrument using the predetermined antigen, e.g., recombinant human CD161, as the analyte and the antibody as the ligand, or Scatchard analysis of binding of the antibody to antigen positive cells, and (ii) binds to the predetermined antigen with an affinity that is at least two-fold greater than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the predetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen.
- KD equilibrium dissociation constant
- an antibody that "specifically binds to CD161" refers to an antibody that binds to CD161 with a K D of 10 -7 M or less, such as approximately less than 10 -8 M, 10 -9 M or 10 -10 M or even lower.
- such antibodies that do not cross-react with CD161 from a non-human species exhibit essentially undetectable binding against these proteins in standard binding assays.
- the term “k assoc " or "k a ", as used herein, is intended to refer to the association rate of a particular antibody- antigen interaction, whereas the term “kdis” or “kd,” as used herein, is intended to refer to the dissociation rate of a particular antibody-antigen interaction.
- K D is intended to refer to the dissociation constant, which is obtained from the ratio of k d to k a (i.e.,. kd/ka) and is expressed as a molar concentration (M).
- KD values for antibodies can be determined using methods well established in the art. Available methods for determining the KD of an antibody include surface plasmon resonance, a biosensor system such as a BIACORE ® system or flow cytometry and Scatchard analysis.
- the term "high affinity" for an IgG antibody refers to an antibody having a K D of 10 -8 M or less, 10 -9 M or less, or 10 -10 M or less for a target antigen.
- high affinity binding can vary for other antibody isotypes.
- “high affinity” binding for an IgM isotype refers to an antibody having a KD of 10 -10 M or less, or 10 -8 M or less.
- the term "naturally-occurring" as used herein as applied to an object refers to the fact that an object can be found in nature.
- polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism (including viruses) that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by man in the laboratory is naturally-occurring.
- a "polypeptide” refers to a chain comprising at least two consecutively linked amino acid residues, with no upper limit on the length of the chain.
- One or more amino acid residues in the protein can contain a modification such as, but not limited to, glycosylation, phosphorylation or disulfide bond formation.
- a “protein” can comprise one or more polypeptides.
- nucleic acid molecule as used herein, is intended to include DNA molecules and RNA molecules.
- a nucleic acid molecule can be single- stranded or double- stranded, and can be cDNA.
- Constant amino acid substitutions refer to substitutions of an amino acid residue with an amino acid residue having a similar side chain. Families of amino acid residues having similar side chains have been defined in the art.
- amino acids with basic side chains e.g., lysine, arginine, histidine
- acidic side chains e.g., aspartic acid, glutamic acid
- uncharged polar side chains e.g., glycine, asparagine, glutamine, serine, threonine, tyrosine, cysteine, tryptophan
- nonpolar side chains e.g., alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, proline, phenylalanine, methionine
- beta-branched side chains e.g., threonine, valine, isoleucine
- aromatic side chains e.g., tyrosine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, histidine
- a predicted nonessential amino acid residue in an anti-CD161 antibody is replaced with another amino acid residue from the same side chain family.
- Methods of identifying nucleotide and amino acid conservative substitutions which do not eliminate antigen binding are well-known in the art (see, e.g., Brummell et al., Biochem. 32: 1180-1187 (1993); Kobayashi et al. Protein Eng. 12(10):879-884 (1999); and Burks et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:412-417 (1997)).
- nucleic acids For nucleic acids, the term “substantial homology” indicates that two nucleic acids, or designated sequences thereof, when optimally aligned and compared, are identical, with appropriate nucleotide insertions or deletions, in at least about 80% of the nucleotides, at least about 90% to 95%, or at least about 98% to 99.5% of the nucleotides. Alternatively, substantial homology exists when the segments will hybridize under selective hybridization conditions, to the complement of the strand.
- the term "substantial homology” indicates that two polypeptides, or designated sequences thereof, when optimally aligned and compared, are identical, with appropriate amino acid insertions or deletions, in at least about 80% of the amino acids, at least about 90% to 95%, or at least about 98% to 99.5% of the amino acids.
- the comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm, as described in the non-limiting examples below.
- the percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at worldwideweb.gcg.com), using a NWSgapdna.CMP matrix and a gap weight of 40, 50, 60, 70, or 80 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
- the percent identity between two nucleotide or amino acid sequences can also be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W.
- the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. (48):444-453 (1970)) algorithm which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http://www.gcg.com), using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
- nucleic acid and protein sequences described herein can further be used as a "query sequence" to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify related sequences.
- Such searches can be performed using the NBLAST and XBLAST programs (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 215:403-10.
- Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al., (1997) Nucleic Acids Res.25(17):3389-3402.
- the default parameters of the respective programs e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST
- the nucleic acids can be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form.
- a nucleic acid is "isolated” or “rendered substantially pure” when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids (e.g., the other parts of the chromosome) or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York (1987). [0095] Nucleic acids, e.g., cDNA, can be mutated, in accordance with standard techniques to provide gene sequences.
- vector is intended to refer to a nucleic acid molecule capable of transporting another nucleic acid to which it has been linked.
- vector is a "plasmid,” which refers to a circular double stranded DNA loop into which additional DNA segments can be ligated.
- viral vector Another type of vector is a viral vector, wherein additional DNA segments can be ligated into the viral genome.
- vectors are capable of autonomous replication in a host cell into which they are introduced (e.g., bacterial vectors having a bacterial origin of replication and episomal mammalian vectors).
- Other vectors e.g., non-episomal mammalian vectors
- certain vectors are capable of directing the expression of genes to which they are operatively linked. Such vectors are referred to herein as "recombinant expression vectors" (or simply, "expression vectors").
- expression vectors of utility in recombinant DNA techniques are often in the form of plasmids.
- plasmid and “vector” can be used interchangeably as the plasmid is the most commonly used form of vector.
- other forms of expression vectors such as viral vectors (e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses), which serve equivalent functions.
- viral vectors e.g., replication defective retroviruses, adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses
- recombinant host cell is intended to refer to a cell that comprises a nucleic acid that is not naturally present in the cell, and can be a cell into which a recombinant expression vector has been introduced. It should be understood that such terms are intended to refer not only to the particular subject cell but to the progeny of such a cell.
- administering refers to the physical introduction of a composition comprising a therapeutic agent to a subject, using any of the various methods and delivery systems known to those skilled in the art.
- Different routes of administration for the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravesical, transdermal, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion.
- the administration comprises a parental administration.
- parenteral administration means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intraocular, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intralymphatic, intralesional, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrasternal injection and infusion, as well as in vivo electroporation.
- an antibody described herein can be administered via a non- parenteral route, such as a topical, epidermal or mucosal route of administration, for example, intranasally, orally, vaginally, rectally, sublingually or topically.
- Administering can also be performed, for example, once, a plurality of times, and/or over one or more extended periods.
- treat refers to any type of intervention or process performed on, or administering an active agent to, the subject with the objective of reversing, alleviating, ameliorating, inhibiting, or slowing down or preventing the progression, development, severity or recurrence of a symptom, complication, condition or biochemical indicia associated with a disease or enhancing overall survival.
- Treatment can be of a subject having a disease or a subject who does not have a disease (e.g., for prophylaxis).
- effective dose or "effective dosage” is defined as an amount sufficient to achieve or at least partially achieve a desired effect.
- a “therapeutically effective amount” or “therapeutically effective dosage” of a drug or therapeutic agent is any amount of the drug that, when used alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent, promotes disease regression evidenced by a decrease in severity of disease symptoms, an increase in frequency and duration of disease symptom-free periods, an increase in overall survival (the length of time from either the date of diagnosis or the start of treatment for a disease, such as cancer, that patients diagnosed with the disease are still alive), or a prevention of impairment or disability due to the disease affliction.
- a therapeutically effective amount or dosage of a drug includes a "prophylactically effective amount” or a “prophylactically effective dosage”, which is any amount of the drug that, when administered alone or in combination with another therapeutic agent to a subject at risk of developing a disease or of suffering a recurrence of disease, inhibits the development or recurrence of the disease.
- a therapeutic agent to promote disease regression or inhibit the development or recurrence of the disease can be evaluated using a variety of methods known to the skilled practitioner, such as in human subjects during clinical trials, in animal model systems predictive of efficacy in humans, or by assaying the activity of the agent in in vitro assays.
- the term "patient” includes human and other mammalian subjects that receive either prophylactic or therapeutic treatment.
- the term "subject” includes any human or non-human animal.
- the methods and compositions described herein can be used to treat a subject having cancer.
- non-human animal includes all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, reptiles, etc.
- the terms “ug” and “uM” are used interchangeably with “ ⁇ g” and " ⁇ ,” respectively.
- compositions of the Disclosure relate to antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof that specifically bind CD161.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein block or reduce the interaction between CD161 and CLEC2D. Binding of CD161 to CLEC2D inhibits T cell activation.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein are capable of enhancing an immune response in a human subject but blocking or reducing CD161-CLEC2D induced inhibition of T cell activation.
- Any method can be used to determine the ability of an anti-CD161 to overcome the inhibition of T cell activation mediated by CD161-CLEC2D interaction.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein induce or enhance cytokine production by an immune cell, for example, as determined by a cytokine assay.
- the cytokine assay determines an amount of at least one cytokine secreted from an immune cell contacted with the anti-CD161 antibody, wherein an increase in the amount of the at least one cytokine indicates induction or enhancement of cytokine production by the anti-CD161 antibody.
- an increase in cytokine production is at least 1.5 fold, 2 fold, 3 fold, 4 fold, 5 fold, 6 fold, 7 fold, 8 fold, 9 fold, or 10 fold higher compared to a control antibody (e.g., an equivalent antibody isotype that does not bind to CD161, e.g., and antibody that does not induce cytokine production).
- a control antibody e.g., an equivalent antibody isotype that does not bind to CD161, e.g., and antibody that does not induce cytokine production.
- the immune cell is a T cell either CD8+ or CD4+ T cell.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof induce or enhance cytokine production by an immune cell.
- cytokine production by an immune cell contacted with the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof is increased by at least about 1.5 fold, at least about 2 fold, at least about 3 fold, at least about 4 fold, at least about 5 fold, at least about 6 fold, at least about 7 fold, at least about 8 fold, at least about 9 fold, or at least about 10, as compared to an immune cell prior to contacting or contacted with a control antibody (e.g., an equivalent antibody isotype that does not bind to CD161).
- the immune cell is a T cell.
- the T cell is a CD8 + T cell or a CD4 + T cell.
- the immune cell is an NK cell.
- contacting an immune cell with the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein results in increased expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by the immune cell.
- IL-2 expression is increased by at least about 1.5 fold, at least about 2 fold, at least about 3 fold, at least about 4 fold, at least about 5 fold, at least about 6 fold, at least about 7 fold, at least about 8 fold, at least about 9 fold, or at least about 10, as compared to the expression of IL-2 by an immune cell prior to contacting or contacted with a control antibody.
- contacting an immune cell with the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein results in increased expression of interferon- gamma (IFNg) by the immune cell.
- IFNg expression is increased by at least about 1.5 fold, at least about 2 fold, at least about 3 fold, at least about 4 fold, at least about 5 fold, at least about 6 fold, at least about 7 fold, at least about 8 fold, at least about 9 fold, or at least about 10, as compared to the expression of IFNg by an immune cell prior to contacting or contacted with a control antibody.
- contacting an immune cell with the anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein results in increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) by the immune cell.
- TNF-a expression is increased by at least about 1.5 fold, at least about 2 fold, at least about 3 fold, at least about 4 fold, at least about 5 fold, at least about 6 fold, at least about 7 fold, at least about 8 fold, at least about 9 fold, or at least about 10, as compared to the expression of TNF-a by an immune cell prior to contacting or contacted with a control antibody.
- anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein bind to human CD161 with high affinity, for example, with a K D of 10 -6 M or less, 10 -7 M or less, 10 -8 M or less, 10 -9 M or less, 10 -10 M or less, 10 -11 M or less, 10 -12 M or less, 10 -12 M to 10- 7 M, 10 -11 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -10 M to 10 -7 M, or 10 -9 M to 10 -7 M.
- anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein binds to human CD161, e.g., as determined by Surface Plasmon Resonance, e.g., using BIACORETM, with a KD of 10 -6 M or less, 10 -7 M or less, 10 -8 M or less, 10 -9 M (1 nM) or less, 10 -10 M or less, 10 -12 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -11 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -10 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -9 M to 10 -7 M, or 10 -8 M to 10 -7 M.
- KD a KD of 10 -6 M or less, 10 -7 M or less, 10 -8 M or less, 10 -9 M (1 nM) or less, 10 -10 M or less, 10 -12 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -11 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -10 M to 10 -7 M, 10 -9 M to 10 -7 M, or 10 -8 M to 10 -7 M.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a heavy chain and a light chain, wherein the heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (VH), and wherein the light chain comprises a light chain variable region (VL); wherein the VH comprises a VH complementarity determining region 1 (VH-CDR1), a VH-CDR2, and a VH- CDR3; wherein the VL comprises a VL-CDR1, a VL-CDR2, and a VL-CDR3; and wherein the VH-CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 3, 13, 23, 33, 43, 53, 63, 73, 83, 93, 103, 113, 123, 133, 143, 153, 163, 173, 183, 193, 203, 213, 223, 233, 243, 253, 263, 273, 283, 293, 303, 313, 323, and 333
- the VH- CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 2, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92, 102, 112, 122, 132, 142, 152, 162, 172, 182, 192, 202, 212, 222, 232, 242, 252, 262, 272, 282, 292, 302, 312, 322, and 332.
- the VH-CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 1, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 191, 201, 211, 221, 231, 241, 251, 261, 271, 281, 291, 301, 311, 321, and 331.
- the VL-CDR3 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 6, 16, 26, 36, 46, 56, 66, 76, 86, 96, 106, 116, 126, 136, 146, 156, 166, 176, 186, 196, 206, 216, 226, 236, 246, 256, 266, 276, 286, 296, 306, 316, 326, and 336.
- the VL-CDR2 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, 115, 125, 135, 145, 155, 165, 175, 185, 195, 205, 215, 225, 235, 245, 255, 265, 275, 285, 295, 305, 315, 325, and 335.
- the VL-CDR1 comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 4 SEQ ID NOs: 4, 14, 24, 34, 44, 54, 64, 74, 84, 94, 104, 114, 124, 134, 144, 154, 164, 174, 184, 194, 204, 214, 224, 234, 244, 254, 264, 274, 284, 294, 304, 314, 324, and 334.
- Anti-CD161 Antibody Sequences SEQ ID NO Antibody Region Sequence 1 01C07 VH-CDR1 SNYWT 2 01C07 VH-CDR2 YIYYIGTTNYNPSLKS 3 01C07 VH-CDR3 ARDGGYSGTYWGLDP 4 01C07 VL-CDR1 RASQSVSSSHLA 5 01C07 VL-CDR2 GASSRAT 6 01C07 VL-CDR3 QQYGSSPIT QVQLQESGPGLVKPSETLSLTCTVSGGSISSNYWTWIRQPPGKGLEWIG 7 01C07 VH YIYYIGTTNYNPSLKSRVTISLDTSKNHFSLRLSSVTAADTAVYYCARD GGYSGTYWGLDPWGQGTLVTVSS EIVLTQSPGTLSLSPGERATLSCRASQSVSSSHLAWYQQKPGQAPRLLI 8 01C07 VL YGASSRATGIPDRFSGSGSGTDFTLTISRLE
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, and a VL- CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 93, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 94, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 95, and a VL- CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 96.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 113, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 114, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 115, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 116.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 144, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 145, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 146.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 144, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 145, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 146.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 143, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 144, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 145, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 146.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 212, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 213, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 214, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 215, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 216.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 212, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 213, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 214, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 215, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 216.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 212, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 213, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 214, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 215, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 216.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 221, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 222, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 223, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 225, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 226.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 221, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 222, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 223, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 225, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 226.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 221, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 222, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 223, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 224, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 225, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 226.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 273, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 274, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 275, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 276.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 273, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 274, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 275, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 276.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 273, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 274, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 275, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 276.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 281, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 282, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 283, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 284, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 285, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 281, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 282, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 283, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 284, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 285, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 281, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 282, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 283, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 284, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 285, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 286.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 291, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 292, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 293, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 294, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 295, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 296.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 291, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 292, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 293, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 294, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 295, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 296.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 291, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 292, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 293, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 294, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 295, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 296.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 301, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 302, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 304, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 305, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 306.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross-competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 301, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 302, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 304, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 305, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 306.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope on human CD161 as a reference antibody
- the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 301, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 302, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 303, a VL-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 304, a VL-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 305, and a VL-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 306.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 117, 127, 137, 147, 157, 167, 177, 187, 197, 207, 217, 227, 237, 247, 257, 267, 277, 287, 297, 307, 317, 327, and 337.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117.
- the antibody or antigen- binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98, 108, 118, 128, 138, 148, 158, 168, 178, 188, 198, 208, 218, 228, 238, 248, 258, 268, 278, 288, 298, 308, 318, 328, and 338.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118.
- the antibody or antigen- binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, 117, 127, 137, 147, 157, 167, 177, 187, 197, 207, 217, 227, 237, 247, 257, 267, 277, 287, 297, 307, 317, 327, and 337.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 8, 18, 28, 38, 48, 58, 68, 78, 88, 98, 108, 118, 128, 138, 148, 158, 168, 178, 188, 198, 208, 218, 228, 238, 248, 258, 268, 278, 288, 298, 308, 318, 328, and 338.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in S
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in S
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 91, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 92, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in S
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 111, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 112, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in S
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 141, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 142, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in S
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 211, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 212, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 221, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 221, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 221, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 222, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 271, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 272, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 281, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 281, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 281, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 282, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 291, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 291, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 291, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 292, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 301, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in S
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 301, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises (i) a VH comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307; and (ii) a VL comprising an amino acid sequence having at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence selected set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308; wherein the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH-CDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 301, a VH-CDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 302, a VH-CDR3 comprising the amino acid
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 7, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 97, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 98.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 117, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 118.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 147, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 148.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 217, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 218.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 227, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 228.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 277, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 278.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 287, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 288.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 297, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 298.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof binds the same epitope as a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof cross competes for binding to human CD161 with a reference antibody, wherein the reference antibody comprises a VH comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 307, and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 308.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises one or more post-translation modification.
- the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof comprises one or more post-translation modification that increases the in vivo half-life of the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof. In some aspects, the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof is pegylated. [0199] In some aspects, the antigen-binding portion of the antibody comprises a VHH, a vNAR, a microbody, a nanobody, an scFv, or any combination thereof. II.B. Bispecific and Multispecific Antibodies [0200] Anti-CD161 antibodies and antigen-binding portions thereof described herein can be used for forming bispecific and multispecific molecules.
- An anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen- binding portions thereof can be derivatized or linked to another functional molecule, e.g., another peptide or protein (e.g., another antibody or ligand for a receptor) to generate a bispecific molecule that binds to at least two different binding sites or target molecules.
- another functional molecule e.g., another peptide or protein (e.g., another antibody or ligand for a receptor) to generate a bispecific molecule that binds to at least two different binding sites or target molecules.
- an anti-CD161 antibody can be linked to an antibody or scFv that binds specifically to a tumor antigen.
- the antibody described herein can in fact be derived or linked to more than one other functional molecule to generate multispecific molecules that bind to more than two different binding sites and/or target molecules.
- an antibody described herein can be functionally linked (e.g., by chemical coupling, genetic fusion, noncovalent association or otherwise) to one or more other binding molecules, such as another antibody, antibody fragment, peptide or binding mimetic, such that a bispecific molecule results.
- bispecific molecules comprising at least one first binding specificity for CD161 and a second binding specificity for a second target epitope.
- multispecific molecules comprising at least one first binding specificity for CD161, a second binding specificity for a second target epitope, and a third binding specificity for a third target epitope.
- the bispecific and multispecific molecules described herein comprise as a binding specificity at least one antibody, or an antibody fragment thereof, including, e.g., an Fab, Fab', F(ab')2, Fv, or a single chain Fv (scFv).
- the antibody can also be a light chain or heavy chain dimer, or any minimal fragment thereof such as a Fv or a single chain construct as described in Ladner et al. U.S. Patent No.4,946,778.
- human monoclonal antibodies are preferred, other antibodies which can be employed in the bispecific and multispecific molecules described herein are murine, chimeric and humanized monoclonal antibodies.
- the bispecific and multispecific molecules described herein can be prepared by conjugating the constituent binding specificities using methods known in the art. For example, each binding specificity of the bispecific or multispecific molecule can be generated separately and then conjugated to one another. When the binding specificities are proteins or peptides, a variety of coupling or cross-linking agents can be used for covalent conjugation.
- cross-linking agents examples include protein A, carbodiimide, N-succinimidyl-S-acetyl-thioacetate (SATA), 5,5'- dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), o-phenylenedimaleimide (oPDM), N-succinimidyl-3-(2- pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP), and sulfosuccinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohaxane-1- carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) (see, e.g., Karpovsky et al. (1984) J. Exp.
- the hinge region is modified to contain an odd number of sulfhydryl residues, preferably one, prior to conjugation.
- the multiple binding specificities can be encoded in the same vector and expressed and assembled in the same host cell. This method is particularly useful where the bispecific molecule is a mAb x mAb, mAb x Fab, mAb x (scFv)2, Fab x F(ab')2 or ligand x Fab fusion protein.
- a bispecific antibody can comprise an antibody comprising an scFv at the C- terminus of each heavy chain.
- a bispecific molecule described herein can be a single chain molecule comprising one single chain antibody and a binding determinant, or a single chain bispecific molecule comprising two binding determinants.
- Bispecific molecules can comprise at least two single chain molecules.
- Methods for preparing bispecific molecules are described for example in U.S. Patent Number 5,260,203; U.S. Patent Number 5,455,030; U.S. Patent Number 4,881,175; U.S. Patent Number 5,132,405; U.S. Patent Number 5,091,513; U.S. Patent Number 5,476,786; U.S. Patent Number 5,013,653; U.S. Patent Number 5,258,498; and U.S. Patent Number 5,482,858.
- the bispecific antibody comprises (i) an anti-CD161 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein and (ii) an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds a tumor antigen.
- the tumor antigen is selected from CD19, TRAC, TCR ⁇ , BCMA, CLL-1, CS1, CD38, CD19, TSHR, CD123, CD22, CD30, CD70, CD171, CD33, EGFRvIII, GD2, GD3, Tn Ag, PSMA, ROR1, ROR2, GPC1, GPC2, FLT3, FAP, TAG72, CD44v6, CEA, EPCAM, B7H3, KIT, IL- 13Ra2, mesothelin, IL-l lRa, PSCA, PRSS21, VEGFR2, LewisY, CD24, PDGFR-beta, SSEA-4, CD20, folate receptor alpha, ERBB2 (Her2/neu), MUC1, MUC16, EGFR, NCAM, prostase, PAP, ELF2M, Ephrin B2, IGF-I receptor, CAIX, LMP2, gplOO, bcr-abl, tyrosinase,
- the TCR targets AFP, CD19, TRAC, TCR ⁇ , BCMA, CLL-1, CS1, CD38, CD19, TSHR, CD123, CD22, CD30, CD171, CD33, EGFRvIII, GD2, GD3, Tn Ag, PSMA, ROR1, ROR2, GPC1, GPC2, FLT3, FAP, TAG72, CD44v6, CEA, EPCAM, B7H3, KIT, IL- 13Ra2, mesothelin, IL-l lRa, PSCA, PRSS21, VEGFR2, LewisY, CD24, PDGFR- beta, SSEA-4, CD20, folate receptor alpha, ERBB2 (Her2/neu), MUC1, MUC16, EGFR, NCAM, prostase, PAP, ELF2M, Ephrin B2, IGF-I receptor, CAIX, LMP2, gplOO, bcr-abl, tyrosinase, EphA2, fu
- the bispecific antibody comprises (i) an anti-CD161 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof disclosed herein and (ii) an antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof that specifically binds a tumor antigen selected from CD19, TRAC, TCR ⁇ , BCMA, CLL-1, CS1, CD38, CD19, TSHR, CD123, CD22, CD30, CD70, CD171, CD33, EGFRvIII, GD2, GD3, Tn Ag, PSMA, ROR1, ROR2, GPC1, GPC2, FLT3, FAP, TAG72, CD44v6, CEA, EPCAM, B7H3, KIT, IL- 13Ra2, mesothelin, IL-l lRa, PSCA, PRSS21, VEGFR2, LewisY, CD24, PDGFR-beta, SSEA-4, CD20, folate receptor alpha, ERBB2 (Her2/neu), MUC1, MUC16, EGFR, NCAM, prostase, PAP
- the TCR targets AFP, CD19, TRAC, TCR ⁇ , BCMA, CLL-1, CS1, CD38, CD19, TSHR, CD123, CD22, CD30, CD171, CD33, EGFRvIII, GD2, GD3, Tn Ag, PSMA, ROR1, ROR2, GPC1, GPC2, FLT3, FAP, TAG72, CD44v6, CEA, EPCAM, B7H3, KIT, IL- 13Ra2, mesothelin, IL-l lRa, PSCA, PRSS21, VEGFR2, LewisY, CD24, PDGFR-beta, SSEA-4, CD20, folate receptor alpha, ERBB2 (Her2/neu), MUC1, MUC16, EGFR, NCAM, prostase, PAP, ELF2M, Ephrin B2, IGF-I receptor, CAIX, LMP2, gplOO, bcr-abl, tyrosinase, EphA
- nucleic acid molecules that encode the anti- CD161 antibodies described herein.
- the nucleic acids can be present in whole cells, in a cell lysate, or in a partially purified or substantially pure form.
- a nucleic acid is "isolated” or “rendered substantially pure” when purified away from other cellular components or other contaminants, e.g., other cellular nucleic acids (e.g., other chromosomal DNA, e.g., the chromosomal DNA that is linked to the isolated DNA in nature) or proteins, by standard techniques, including alkaline/SDS treatment, CsCl banding, column chromatography, restriction enzymes, agarose gel electrophoresis and others well known in the art. See, F. Ausubel, et al., ed. (1987) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing and Wiley Interscience, New York.
- a nucleic acid described herein can be, for example, DNA or RNA and can or cannot contain intronic sequences.
- the nucleic acid is a cDNA molecule.
- Nucleic acids described herein can be obtained using standard molecular biology techniques. For antibodies expressed by hybridomas (e.g., hybridomas prepared from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes as described further below), cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or cDNA cloning techniques. For antibodies obtained from an immunoglobulin gene library (e.g., using phage display techniques), nucleic acid encoding the antibody can be recovered from the library.
- hybridomas e.g., hybridomas prepared from transgenic mice carrying human immunoglobulin genes as described further below
- cDNAs encoding the light and heavy chains of the antibody made by the hybridoma can be obtained by standard PCR amplification or cDNA cloning techniques.
- nucleic acids molecules described herein are those encoding the VH and VL sequences of the anti-CD161 antibodies disclosed herein.
- the nucleic acid molecules of the present disclosure can be modified to delete specific sequences, e.g., restriction enzyme recognition sequences, or to optimize codons.
- a method for making the anti-CD161 antibodies disclosed herein can comprise expressing the heavy chain and the light chains in a cell line comprising the nucleotide sequences encoding the heavy and light chains with a signal peptide. Host cells comprising these nucleotide sequences are encompassed herein.
- VH and VL segments are obtained, these DNA fragments can be further manipulated by standard recombinant DNA techniques, for example to convert the variable region genes to full-length antibody chain genes, to Fab fragment genes or to a scFv gene.
- a VL- or VH-encoding DNA fragment is operatively linked to another DNA fragment encoding another protein, such as an antibody constant region or a flexible linker.
- the term "operatively linked”, as used in this context, is intended to mean that the two DNA fragments are joined such that the amino acid sequences encoded by the two DNA fragments remain in-frame.
- the isolated DNA encoding the VH region can be converted to a full-length heavy chain gene by operatively linking the VH-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding heavy chain constant regions (hinge, CH1, CH2, and/or CH3).
- heavy chain constant regions hinge, CH1, CH2, and/or CH3
- sequences of human heavy chain constant region genes are known in the art (see, e.g., Kabat, E. A., et al. (1991) Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, Fifth Edition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No.91-3242) and DNA fragments encompassing these regions can be obtained by standard PCR amplification.
- the heavy chain constant region can be an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA, IgE, IgM or IgD constant region, for example, an IgG1 region.
- the VH-encoding DNA can be operatively linked to another DNA molecule encoding only the heavy chain CH1 constant region.
- the isolated DNA encoding the VL region can be converted to a full-length light chain gene (as well as a Fab light chain gene) by operatively linking the VL-encoding DNA to another DNA molecule encoding the light chain constant region, CL.
- the sequences of human light chain constant region genes are known in the art (see, e.g., Kabat, E.
- VH- and VL-encoding DNA fragments are operatively linked to another fragment encoding a flexible linker, e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence (Gly4-Ser)3, such that the VH and VL sequences can be expressed as a contiguous single-chain protein, with the VL and VH regions joined by the flexible linker.
- a flexible linker e.g., encoding the amino acid sequence (Gly4-Ser)3
- the vector is a viral vector.
- the vector is a viral particle or a virus.
- the vector is a mammalian vector.
- the vector is a bacterial vector.
- the vector is a retroviral vector.
- the vector is selected from an adenoviral vector, a lentivirus, a Sendai virus, a baculoviral vector, an Epstein Barr viral vector, a papovaviral vector, a vaccinia viral vector, a herpes simplex viral vector, and an adeno associated virus (AAV) vector.
- the vector is an AAV vector.
- the vector is a lentivirus.
- the vector is an AAV vector.
- the vector is a Sendai virus.
- the vector is a hybrid vector. Examples of hybrid vectors that can be used in the present disclosure can be found in Huang and Kamihira, Biotechnol. Adv.
- compositions comprising a nucleic acid molecule, a set of nucleic acid molecules, a vector, or a set of vectors disclosed herein.
- the host cells is a mammalian cell.
- the host cell is an in vitro cell. II.D.
- compositions e.g., a pharmaceutical compositions, comprising an anti-CD161 antibody, a nucleic acid molecule, a vector, or a host cell disclosed herein and one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
- the composition further comprises a bulking agent.
- a bulking agent can be selected from the group consisting of NaCl, mannitol, glycine, alanine, and any combination thereof.
- the composition comprises a stabilizing agent.
- the stabilizing agent can be selected from the group consisting of sucrose, trehalose, raffinose, arginine; or any combination thereof.
- the composition comprises a surfactant.
- the surfactant is selected from polysorbate 80 (PS80), polysorbate 20 (PS20), and any combination thereof.
- the composition further comprises a chelating agent.
- the chelating agent is selected from diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, and any combination thereof.
- the composition further comprises NaCl, mannitol, pentetic acid (DTPA), sucrose, PS80, or any combination thereof.
- pharmaceutically acceptable carrier includes any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible.
- the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion).
- the active compound i.e., antibody, immunoconjugate, or bispecific molecule
- the pharmaceutical compounds described herein can include one or more pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
- a "pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to a salt that retains the desired biological activity of the parent compound and does not impart any undesired toxicological effects (see e.g., Berge, S.M., et al. (1977) J. Pharm. Sci.
- salts include acid addition salts and base addition salts.
- Acid addition salts include those derived from nontoxic inorganic acids, such as hydrochloric, nitric, phosphoric, sulfuric, hydrobromic, hydroiodic, phosphorous and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic acids such as aliphatic mono- and dicarboxylic acids, phenyl- substituted alkanoic acids, hydroxy alkanoic acids, aromatic acids, aliphatic and aromatic sulfonic acids and the like.
- Base addition salts include those derived from alkaline earth metals, such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, as well as from nontoxic organic amines, such as ⁇ , ⁇ '-dibenzylethylenediamine, N- methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
- alkaline earth metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like
- nontoxic organic amines such as ⁇ , ⁇ '-dibenzylethylenediamine, N- methylglucamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, procaine and the like.
- a pharmaceutical composition described herein can also include a pharmaceutically acceptable anti-oxidant.
- antioxidants examples include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha- tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
- water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
- oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), le
- aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
- polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
- vegetable oils such as olive oil
- injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
- Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
- These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents.
- compositions Prevention of presence of microorganisms can be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
- Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art.
- a pharmaceutical composition can comprise a preservative or can be devoid of a preservative.
- Supplementary active compounds can be incorporated into the compositions.
- Therapeutic compositions typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage.
- the composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration.
- the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof.
- compositions can include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition.
- Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
- Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration.
- dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein.
- sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, some methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
- the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the subject being treated, and the particular mode of administration.
- the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the composition which produces a therapeutic effect.
- a composition described herein can be administered via one or more routes of administration using one or more of a variety of methods known in the art. As will be appreciated by the skilled artisan, the route and/or mode of administration will vary depending upon the desired results. Routes of administration for the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein can include intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion.
- the active compounds can be prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
- a controlled release formulation including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems.
- Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See, e.g., Sustained and Controlled Release Drug Delivery Systems, J.R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978. III. Methods of the Disclosure III.A.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein, a polynucleotide encoding the anti-CD161 antibody, a vector comprising the polynucleotide, a host cell comprising the polynucleotide, or any combination thereof.
- the disease or disorder comprises a cancer.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of treating a cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of a composition disclosed herein (e.g., an antibody, polynucleotide, vector, host cell, or pharmaceutical composition).
- the present disclosure is directed to a method of killing a tumor cell in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of a composition disclosed herein. In other aspects, the present disclosure is directed to a method of reducing the size of a tumor in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of a composition disclosed herein. In other aspects, the present disclosure is directed to inhibiting metastasis of a tumor in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an effective dose of a composition disclosed herein. In some aspects, the subject is a human.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to methods of inducing an immune response in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein, a polynucleotide encoding the anti-CD161 antibody, a vector comprising the polynucleotide, a host cell comprising the polynucleotide, or any combination thereof.
- the subject is afflicted with a cancer.
- Some aspects of the present disclosure are directed to a method of activating an immune cell, comprising contacting the immune cell with an anti-CD161 antibody disclosed herein, a polynucleotide encoding the anti-CD161 antibody, a vector comprising the polynucleotide, a host cell comprising the polynucleotide, or any combination thereof.
- the immune cell is contacted in vitro.
- the immune cell is contacted ex vivo.
- the immune cell is present in a human subject, i.e., the immune cell is contacted in vivo.
- the subject is afflicted with a cancer.
- the cancer comprises a solid tumor.
- the cancer comprises a hematological malignancy. In some aspects, the cancer is locally advanced. In some aspects, the cancer is metastasized. In some aspects, the tumor is recurrent. In some aspects, the tumor is refractory. In some aspects, the tumor is recurrent and/or refractory following one or more prior therapy to treat the tumor. In some aspects, the one or more prior therapy comprises a standard of care therapy. In some aspects, the one or more prior therapy comprises a chemotherapy. In some aspects, the one or more prior therapy comprises an immunotherapy. In some aspects, the one or more prior therapy comprises a surgery. In some aspects, the one or more prior therapy comprises a radiotherapy.
- the cancer is selected from acoustic neuroma, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, adenocarcinoma, and cancer of the urinary system, and carcinomas, angiosarcoma, astrocytoma, basal cell carcinoma, bile duct carcinoma, biliary tract cancer, bladder cancer, bone cancer, brain cancer, brain stem glioma, breast cancer, bronchogenic carcinoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and marginal zone B cell lymphoma, cancer of the adrenal gland, cancer of the anal region, cancer of the digestive system, cancer of the endocrine system, cancer of the esophagus, cancer of the parathyroid gland, cancer of the penis, cancer of the respiratory system, cancer of the small intestine, cancer of the ureter, cancer of the urethra, carcinoma of the cervix, carcinoma of the endometrium, carcinoma of the fallopian tubes, carcinoma of the renal pelvis, carcinoma of
- the subject is afflicted with an infectious disease, i.e., in some aspects the disease or disorder comprises an infectious disease.
- the infectious disease is selected from a bacterial infection, a fungal infection, a viral infection, a parasitic infection, or any combination thereof.
- the infectious disease comprises infection by Influenza, Herpes, Giardia, Malaria, Leishmania, or any combination thereof.
- the infectious diseases comprises infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis virus herpes virus, adenovirus, influenza virus, flaviviruses, echovirus, rhinovirus, coxsackie virus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps virus, rotavirus, measles virus, rubella virus, parvovirus, vaccinia virus, HTLV virus, dengue virus, papillomavirus, molluscum virus, poliovirus, rabies virus, JC virus, or arboviral encephalitis virus, or any combination thereof.
- HCV human immunodeficiency virus
- the infectious disease comprises infection by chlamydia, rickettsial bacteria, mycobacteria, staphylococci, streptococci, pneumonococci, meningococci, conococci, klebsiella, proteus, serratia, pseudomonas, legionella, diphtheria, salmonella, bacilli, cholera, tetanus, botulism, anthrax, plague, leptospirosis, and Lyme’s disease bacteria, or any combination thereof.
- the infectious disease comprises infection by Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus, genus Mucorales, Sporothrix schenkii, Blastomyces dermatitidis, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Coccidioides immitis, or Histoplasma capsulatum, or any combination thereof.
- the infectious disease comprises infection by Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Naegleriafowleri, Acanthamoeba sp., Giardia lambia, Cryptosporidium sp., Pneumocystis carinii, Plasmodium vivax, Babesia microti, Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania donovani, Toxoplasma gondi, or Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, or any combination thereof.
- the subject is afflicted with an autoimmune disease.
- the compositions of the present disclosure can be administered using any pharmaceutically acceptable route.
- the composition (e.g., antibody, polynucleotide, vector, host cell, or pharmaceutical composition) is administered intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intraarterially, intrathecally, intralymphaticly, intralesionally, intracapsularly, intraorbitally, intracardiacly, intradermally, transtracheally, subcutaneously, subcuticularly, intraarticularly, subcapsularly, subarachnoidly, intraspinally, epidurally, intrasternally, topically, epidermally, mucosally, or any combination thereof.
- the composition is administered intravenously.
- the composition is administered subcutaneously.
- the method reduces the size of a cancer, e.g., the size of a tumor, in the subject.
- the size of the caner is reduced by at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 60%, at least about 70%, at least about 80%, or at least about 90%.
- the method increases the over survival of the subject. In some aspects, the overall survival is increased relative to the average overall survival of a subject having the same cancer but treated with a different therapy.
- the overall survival is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 2 fold, at least about 3 fold, at least about 5 fold. In some aspects, the overall survival is increased by at least about one month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 7 months, at least about 8 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 10 months, at least about 1 months, at least about 12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18 months, at least about 21 months, at least about 2 years, at least about 3 years, at least about 4 years, at least about 5 years, or at least about 10 years.
- the method increases the progression free survival of the subject.
- the overall survival is increased relative to the average progression free survival of a subject having the same cancer but treated with a different therapy.
- the progression free survival is increased by at least about 10%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 50%, at least about 2 fold, at least about 3 fold, at least about 5 fold.
- the overall survival is increased by at least about one month, at least about 2 months, at least about 3 months, at least about 4 months, at least about 5 months, at least about 6 months, at least about 7 months, at least about 8 months, at least about 9 months, at least about 10 months, at least about 1 months, at least about 12 months, at least about 15 months, at least about 18 months, at least about 21 months, at least about 2 years, at least about 3 years, at least about 4 years, at least about 5 years, or at least about 10 years.
- the method increases the objective response rate of the subject. In certain aspects, the method induces a complete response in the subject. In some aspects, the method induces a partial response in the subject.
- the method comprises administering an anti-CD161 antibody (or a polynucleotide, vector, or host cell) disclosed herein and a second therapy.
- the second therapy is administered prior to the anti-CD161 antibody.
- the second therapy is administered after the anti-CD161 antibody.
- the second therapy is administered concurrently with the anti-CD161 antibody.
- the anti-CD161 antibody and the second therapy are administered separately.
- the anti-CD161 antibody and the second therapy are administered in a single formulation.
- the second therapy can be any other therapy.
- the second therapy comprises an immunotherapy.
- the second therapy comprises a chemotherapy.
- the second therapy comprises a radiotherapy. In some aspects, the second therapy comprises a surgery. In some aspects, the second therapy comprises administering a second therapeutic agent.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a PD-1 antagonist, a TIM-3 inhibitor, a LAG-3 inhibitor, a TIGIT inhibitor, a CD112R inhibitor, a TAM inhibitor, a STING agonist, a 4-1BB agonist, or a combination thereof.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist, a CCR8 antagonist, or a combination thereof.
- the anti-CD73 is any anti-CD73 antibody disclosed in, e.g., U.S.
- the anti-CD39 is any anti-CD39 antibody disclosed in, e.g., Int'l Publication No. WO 2019/178269 A2, which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
- the second therapeutic agent comprises a second antibody.
- the second therapeutic agent comprises an effective amount of an antibody that specifically binds a protein selected from Inducible T cell Co-Stimulator (ICOS), CD137 (4-1BB), CD134 (OX40), NKG2A, CD27, Glucocorticoid-Induced TNFR-Related protein (GITR), and Herpes Virus Entry Mediator (HVEM), Programmed Death-1 (PD-1), Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD- L1), CTLA-4, B and T Lymphocyte Attenuator (BTLA), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin domain-3 (TIM-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3), adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR), Killer cell Lectin-like Receptor G1 (KLRG-1), Natural Killer Cell Receptor 2B4 (CD244), CD160, T cell Immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), the receptor for V-domain Ig Suppressor of T
- An anti-CD161 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof described herein can replace or augment a previously or currently administered therapy. For example, upon treating with an anti-CD161 antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, administration of the one or more additional therapeutics can cease or diminish, e.g., be administered at lower levels. In some aspects, administration of the previous therapy can be maintained. In some aspects, a previous therapy will be maintained until the level of the anti-CD161 antibody reaches a level sufficient to provide a therapeutic effect. [0252] An anti-CD161 antibody or an antigen-binding portion thereof described herein can be used as a diagnostic. In some aspects, the anti-CD161 antibody is used to identify a subject suitable for an immunotherapy.
- the anti-CD161 antibody is used to identify a subject having expression of CD161 in NK cells.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a PD-1 antagonist.
- the PD-1 antagonist is selected from the group consisting of: PDR001, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, MEDI0680, REGN2810, TSR-042, PF-06801591, and AMP-224.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a PD-L1 inhibitor.
- the PD-L1 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of: FAZ053, Atezolizumab, Avelumab, Durvalumab, and BMS-936559.
- the disclosure provides a method of enhancing one or more activities of an anti-PD-1 antibody (e.g., enhances PD-1-mediated cytokine secretion; enhances anti-PD-1 mediated TNF ⁇ secretion; enhances anti-PD-1 mediated IL-6 secretion from a cell exposed to anti-PD-1 antibodies), the method comprising exposing a cell to an antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, provided by the disclosure, concurrently with or sequentially to an anti-PD-1 antibody, thereby to enhance one or more activities of the anti-PD1 antibody.
- an anti-PD-1 antibody e.g., enhances PD-1-mediated cytokine secretion; enhances anti-PD-1 mediated TNF ⁇ secretion; enhances anti-PD-1 mediated IL-6 secretion from a cell exposed to anti-PD-1 antibodies
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is Sunitinib (Sutent ® ), Cabozantinib (CABOMETYX ® ), Axitinib (INLYTA ® ), Lenvatinib (LENVIMA ® ), Everolimus (AFINITOR ® ), Bevacizumab (AVASTIN ® ), epacadostat, NKTR-214 (CD-122-biased agonist), tivozanib (FOTIVDA ® ), abexinostat, Ipilimumab (YERVOY ® ), tremelimumab, Pazopanib (VOTRIENT ® ), Sorafenib (NEXAVAR ® ), Temsirolimus (TORISEL ® ), Ramucirumab (CYRAMZA ® ), niraparib, savolitinib, vorolanib (X-82), Regorafeni
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a TIM-3 inhibitor, optionally wherein the TIM-3 inhibitor is MGB453 or TSR-022.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a LAG-3 inhibitor, optionally wherein the LAG-3 inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of LAG525, BMS- 986016, and TSR-033.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a TIGIT inhibitor.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a CD112R inhibitor.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a TAM (Axl, Mer, Tyro) inhibitor.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a STING agonist.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a 4-1BB agonist.
- the one or more additional therapeutic agents is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an agent targeting the adenosine axis (for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist), a CCR8 antagonist, a CTLA4 antagonist, a VEG-F inhibitor or a combination thereof.
- an agent targeting the adenosine axis for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist
- CCR8 antagonist for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist
- CCR8 antagonist for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist
- CCR8 antagonist for example a CD39 antagonist
- Chemotherapeutic agents suitable for combination and/or co-administration with compositions of the present invention include, for example: taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxyanthrancindione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs or homologs thereof.
- Further agents include, for example, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioTEPA, chlorambucil, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU), lomustine (CCNU), cyclophosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, cis-dichlordiamine platinum (II)(DDP), procarbazine, altretamine, cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin, nedaplatin, satraplatin, or triplatin tetranitrate), anthracycline (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dact
- the anti-CD161 antibodies, or antigen binding portions thereof, provided by the disclosure are combined (e.g., administered in combination) with one or more PD- 1 antagonist that specifically binds to human PD-1 or PD-L1 and inhibits PD-1/PD-L1 biological activity and/or downstream pathway(s) and/or cellular processed mediated by human PD-1/PD-L1 signaling or other human PD-1/PD-L1-mediated functions.
- PD-1 antagonists that directly or allosterically block, antagonize, suppress, inhibit or reduce PD-1/PD-L1 biological activity, including downstream pathways and/or cellular processes mediated by PD-1/PD-L1 signaling, such as receptor binding and/or elicitation of a cellular response to PD-1/PD-L1. Also provided herein are PD-1 antagonists that reduce the quantity or amount of human PD-1 or PD-L1 produced by a cell or subject. [0262] In some aspects, the disclosure provides a PD-1 antagonist that binds human PD-1 and prevents, inhibits or reduces PD-L1 binding to PD-1.
- the PD-1 antagonist binds to the mRNA encoding PD-1 or PD-L1 and prevents translation. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist binds to the mRNA encoding PD-1 or PD-L1 and causes degradation and/or turnover. [0263] In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist inhibits PD-1 signaling or function. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist blocks binding of PD-1 to PD-L1, PD-L2, or to both PD-L1 and PD- L2. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist blocks binding of PD-1 to PD-L1. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist blocks binding of PD-1 to PD-L2.
- the PD-1 antagonist blocks the binding of PD-1 to PD-L1 and PD-L2. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist specifically binds PD-1. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist specifically binds PD-L1. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist specifically binds PD-L2. [0264] In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist inhibits the binding of PD-1 to its cognate ligand. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist inhibits the binding of PD-1 to PD-L1, PD-1 to PD-L2, or PD-1 to both PD-L1 and PD-L2. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist does not inhibit the binding of PD-1 to its cognate ligand.
- the PD-1 antagonist is an isolated antibody (mAb), or antigen binding fragment thereof, which specifically binds to PD-1 or PD-L1.
- the PD-1 antagonist is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human PD-1.
- the PD-1 antagonist is an antibody or antigen binding fragment thereof that specifically binds to human PD-L1.
- the PD-1 antagonist is an antibody or antigen binding fragment that binds to human PD-L1 and inhibits the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1.
- the PD-1 antagonist is an antibody or antigen binding fragment that binds to human PD-1 and inhibits the binding of PD-L1 to PD-1.
- anti-human PD-1 antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, that may comprise the PD-1 antagonist in any of the compositions, methods, and uses provided by the disclosure include, but are not limited to: KEYTRUDA ® (pembrolizumab, MK-3475, h409A11; see US8952136, US8354509, US8900587, and EP2170959, all of which are included herein by reference in their entirety; Merck), OPDIVO ® (nivolumab, BMS-936558, MDX-1106, ONO-4538; see US7595048, US8728474, US9073994, US9067999, EP1537878, US8008449, US8779105, and EP2161336, all of
- the PD-1 antagonist is pembrolizumab.
- the PD-1 antagonist is nivolumab.
- Examples of anti-human PD-L1 antibodies, or antigen binding fragments thereof, that may comprise the PD-1 antagonist in any of the compositions, methods, and uses provided by the disclosure include, but are not limited to: BAVENCIO ® (avelumab, MSB0010718C, see WO2013/79174, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; Merck/Pfizer), IMFINZI ® (durvalumab, MEDI4736), TECENTRIQ ® (atezolizumab, MPDL3280A, RG7446; see WO2010/077634, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety; Roche), MDX-1105 (BMS-936559, 12A4; see US7943743 and WO2013/173223, both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety; Medarex
- the PD-1 antagonist is avelumab. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist is durvalumab. In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist is atezolizumab. [0269] In some aspects, the PD-1 antagonist is an immunoadhesin that specifically bind to human PD-1 or human PD-L1, e.g., a fusion protein containing the extracellular or PD-1 binding portion of PD-L1 or PD-L2 fused to a constant region such as an Fc region of an immunoglobulin molecule.
- the PD-1 antagonist is AMP-224 (also known as B7-DCIg), which is a PD-L2-FC fusion protein that specifically binds to human PD-1.
- AMP-224 also known as B7-DCIg
- B7-DCIg B7-DCIg
- any PD-1 antagonist which binds to PD-1 or PD-L1 and disrupts the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway is suitable for compositions, methods, and uses disclosed herein.
- the PD-1/PD-L1 antagonist is a small molecule, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a peptide mimetic, a protein, a carbohydrate, a carbohydrate derivative, or a glycopolymer.
- Exemplary small molecule PD-1 inhibitors are described in Zhan et al., (2016) Drug Discov Today 21(6):1027-1036. III.A.3.
- Combinations with TIM-3 Inhibitors [0272]
- an anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, provided by the disclosure is combined (e.g., administered in combination) with a TIM-3 inhibitor.
- the TIM-3 inhibitor may be an antibody, an antigen binding fragment thereof, an immunoadhesin, a fusion protein, or an oligopeptide.
- the TIM-3 inhibitor is chosen from MGB453 (Novartis), TSR-022 (Tesaro), or LY3321367 (Eli Lilly).
- the anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof is administered in combination with MGB453.
- the anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof is administered in combination with TSR-022. III.A.4.
- an anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, provided by the disclosure is combined (e.g., administered in combination) with a LAG-3 inhibitor.
- the LAG-3 inhibitor may be an antibody, an antigen binding fragment thereof, an immunoadhesin, a fusion protein, or oligopeptide.
- the LAG-3 inhibitor is chosen from LAG525 (Novartis), BMS-986016 (Bristol-Myers Squibb), TSR-033 (Tesaro), MK-4280 (Merck & Co), or REGN3767 (Regeneron).
- an anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, provided by the disclosure is combined (e.g., administered in combination) with a TIGIT inhibitor, a kinase inhibitor (e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)), a CD112R inhibitor, a TAM receptor inhibitor, a STING agonist and/or a 4-1BB agonist, or a combination thereof.
- a TIGIT inhibitor e.g., a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)
- TKI tyrosine kinase inhibitor
- an anti-CD161 antibody, or antigen binding portion thereof, provided by the disclosure is combined (e.g., administered in combination) with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, an agent targeting the adenosine axis (for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist), a CCR8 antagonist, a CTLA4 antagonist, a VEG-F inhibitor or a combination thereof III.B.
- a tyrosine kinase inhibitor for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist
- a CCR8 antagonist for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist
- CTLA4 antagonist for example a CD39 antagonist, a CD73 antagonist or a A2AR, A2BR or dual A2AR/A2BR antagonist
- anti-CD161 antibodies having VH and VL sequences disclosed herein can be used to create new anti-CD161 antibodies by modifying the VH and/or VL sequences, or the constant region(s) attached thereto.
- structural features of an anti-CD161 antibody described herein are used to create structurally related anti-CD161 antibodies that retain at least one functional property of the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein, such as inhibiting the interaction between human CD161 and CLEC2D.
- one or more CDR regions of the antibodies disclosed herein can be combined recombinantly with known framework regions and/or other CDRs to create additional, recombinantly-engineered, anti-CD161 antibodies described herein, as discussed above.
- the starting material for the engineering method is one or more of the VH and/or VL sequences provided herein, or one or more CDR regions thereof.
- To create the engineered antibody it is not necessary to actually prepare (i.e., express as a protein) an antibody having one or more of the VH and/or VL sequences provided herein, or one or more CDR regions thereof.
- the information contained in the sequence(s) is used as the starting material to create a "second generation" sequence(s) derived from the original sequence(s) and then the "second generation" sequence(s) is prepared and expressed as a protein.
- the antibodies disclosed herein can be improved through known techniques such as affinity maturation. Affinity maturation is a technique which allows for the selection of derivative antibodies that bind to an antigen with greater affinity than a starting antibody. In some aspects, the antibodies disclosed herein are used as the starting antibody for affinity maturation. [0277] Accordingly, provided herein are methods for preparing an anti-CD161 antibody described herein. III.C.
- Anti-CD161 antibodies described herein can be produced using a variety of known techniques, such as the standard somatic cell hybridization technique described by Kohler and Milstein, Nature 256: 495 (1975). Although somatic cell hybridization procedures are common, in principle, other techniques for producing monoclonal antibodies also can be employed, e.g., viral or oncogenic transformation of B lymphocytes, phage display technique using libraries of human antibody genes. [0279] In some aspects, the animal system for preparing hybridomas is the murine system. Hybridoma production in the mouse is a very well-established procedure. Immunization protocols and techniques for isolation of immunized splenocytes for fusion are known in the art.
- Chimeric or humanized anti-CD161 antibodies can be prepared based on the sequence of a murine monoclonal antibody prepared as described above.
- DNA encoding the heavy and light chain immunoglobulins can be obtained from the murine hybridoma of interest and engineered to contain non-murine (e.g., human) immunoglobulin sequences using standard molecular biology techniques.
- the murine variable regions can be linked to human constant regions using methods known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No.4,816,567 to Cabilly et al.).
- the murine CDR regions can be inserted into a human framework using methods known in the art (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No.5,225,539 to Winter, and U.S. Patent Nos.5,530,101; 5,585,089; 5,693,762 and 6,180,370 to Queen et al).
- the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein are human monoclonal antibodies.
- Such human monoclonal antibodies directed against CD161 can be generated using transgenic or transchromosomic mice carrying parts of the human immune system rather than the mouse system.
- the HUMAB-MOUSE ® (Medarex, Inc.) contains human immunoglobulin gene miniloci that encode unrearranged human heavy ( ⁇ and ⁇ ) and ⁇ light chain immunoglobulin sequences, together with targeted mutations that inactivate the endogenous ⁇ and ⁇ chain loci (see, e.g., Lonberg, et al., (1994) Nature 368(6474): 856-859).
- mice exhibit reduced expression of mouse IgM or ⁇ , and in response to immunization, the introduced human heavy and light chain transgenes undergo class switching and somatic mutation to generate high affinity human IgGK monoclonal (Lonberg, N. et al. (1994), supra; reviewed in Lonberg, N. (1994) Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 113:49-101; Lonberg, N. and Huszar, D. (1995) Intern. Rev. Immunol.13: 65-93, and Harding, F. and Lonberg, N. (1995) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.764:536- 546).
- the anti-CD161 antibodies described herein are raised using a mouse that carries human immunoglobulin sequences on transgenes and transchomosomes, such as a mouse that carries a human heavy chain transgene and a human light chain transchromosome.
- KM mice human heavy chain transgene and a human light chain transchromosome.
- alternative transgenic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available that can be used to raise anti-CD161 antibodies described herein.
- mice For example, an alternative transgenic system referred to as the Xenomouse (Abgenix, Inc.) can be used; such mice are described in, for example, U.S. Patent No.5,939,598.
- alternative transchromosomic animal systems expressing human immunoglobulin genes are available in the art and can be used to raise anti-CD161 antibodies described herein.
- mice carrying both a human heavy chain transchromosome and a human light chain tranchromosome referred to as "TC mice” can be used; such mice are described in Tomizuka et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:722-727.
- cows carrying human heavy and light chain transchromosomes have been described in the art (Kuroiwa et al. (2002) Nature Biotechnology 20:889-894) and can be used to raise anti-CD161 antibodies described herein.
- Additional mouse systems described in the art for raising human antibodies, e.g., human anti-CD161 antibodies include (i) the VELOCLMMUNE ® mouse (Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), in which the endogenous mouse heavy and light chain variable regions have been replaced, via homologous recombination, with human heavy and light chain variable regions, operatively linked to the endogenous mouse constant regions, such that chimeric antibodies (human V/mouse C) are raised in the mice, and then subsequently converted to fully human antibodies using standard recombinant DNA techniques; and (ii) the MEMO® mouse (Merus Biopharmaceuticals, Inc.), in which the mouse contains unrearranged human heavy chain variable regions but a single rearranged human common light chain variable region.
- Human monoclonal anti-CD161 antibodies described herein can also be prepared using phage display methods for screening libraries of human immunoglobulin genes. Such phage display methods for isolating human antibodies are established in the art. See for example: U.S. Patent Nos.5,223,409; 5,427,908; 5,969,108; and 5,885,793.
- Human monoclonal anti-CD161 antibodies described herein can also be prepared using SCID mice into which human immune cells have been reconstituted such that a human antibody response can be generated upon immunization. Such mice are described in, for example, U.S.
- Patent No.5,476,996 The practice of the present disclosure will employ, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques of cell biology, cell culture, molecular biology, transgenic biology, microbiology, recombinant DNA, and immunology, which are within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explained fully in the literature. See, for example, Sambrook et al., ed. (1989) Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual (2nd ed.; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press); Sambrook et al., ed. (1992) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, (Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, NY); D. N. Glover ed., (1985) DNA Cloning, Volumes I and II; Gait, ed.
- CD161 positive antibody titers were checked on Day 21 and Day 28 post immunizations by flow cytometry using human and cyno CD161 overexpressing cell-lines including CHOK1:huCD161, CHOK1:cyCD161, and CHOK1:Parental cells. The eight mice received four DNA and eight protein immunizations prior to the Day 28 titer check. Day 28 plasma titer analysis indicated strong CD161 positive antibody titers in all the eight immunized mice. [0293] Hybridoma Generation and Antibody Screening Assays [0294] Spleen and lymph nodes were harvested from the eight immunized mice on Day 32 post immunization regimen with CD161 protein and DNA to generate hybridomas.
- Hybridoma fusion with enriched B cells from spleen and lymph nodes was performed and plated out in fourteen 384 well plates. After eight days primary multiplex fluorescence–activated cell sorting (FACS) binding screening was performed using CHOK1:huCD161, CHOK1:cyCD161, CHOK1:P cells (cell mix) to isolate CD161 positive binding hits.
- FACS primary multiplex fluorescence–activated cell sorting
- supernatants of 15 ⁇ L/well were transferred to a 384-well plate containing 15 ⁇ L of 20,000/well cell mix. The plate was incubated for 30 minutes (min) at 4° C and then washed 2.5x with FACS buffer.
- the cells were then stained with 15 ⁇ L/well of 1 ⁇ g/mL AF647-Goat ⁇ Human-Fc and incubated for 30 min at 4° C. Subsequently, the cells were washed 2.5x with FACS buffer before reading on the flow cytometer.
- Anti-CD161 reference monoclonal antibody HP-3G10 Biolegend; Cat# 39910) was used as a positive control.
- 134 binders to human and cyno CD161 were identified.
- hybridomas that bound to HEK293T:huCD161 with >50K geometric mean fluorescence intensity (gMFI) and >30K gMFI to HEK293T:cyCD161 were selected for further validation as shown in FIG.3.
- These CD161 positive binders were then evaluated for their blocking or inhibiting of the CD161-CLEC2D interaction.
- 34 hybridomas that demonstrated effective blocking of the interaction of CD161 with its ligand, CLEC2D were selected for subcloning.
- Cell-based Binding Assay with CD161 Antibodies were performed with the CD161 antibodies to assess the cell surface binding capacity of anti-CD161 antibodies with huCD161 antigen expressed on CHOK1 cell surface using FACS. CHOK1 suspension cells expressing full-length membrane anchored huCD161 antigen were used to screen hybridoma antibody samples. The 50,000 cells were washed and transferred to 96 well round bottom plate followed by adding 50 ⁇ l of purified antibody (0.001 - 10 ⁇ g/ml in Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)) and incubated for 30 min at 4° C.
- DPBS Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline
- the plate was centrifuged at 300 x g for 5 min.
- the cells were further washed twice with FACS buffer (1% FBS in DPBS) and were stained with goat ⁇ -Mouse IgG, Fc ⁇ AF647 (1:2000 dilution).
- the plate was incubated for 20 min at 4° C in the dark. After incubation, the plate was centrifuged at 300 x g for 5 min.
- the cells were further washed twice with FACS buffer and suspended again in 100 ⁇ l FACS buffer for FACS analysis.
- Commercially available anti- CD161 monoclonal Ab (HP-3G10, Biolegend) was used as a positive control and mouse IgG1 isotype (MOCP1, BioXcell) as the negative control.
- Anti-CD161 antibodies generated from the hybridomas can bind with huCD161 antigen expressed on CHOK1 cell surface as shown in FIGs. 5A-5D.
- Representative antibody clones as exemplified by 01D17, 03K18, 09H07, and HP-3G10 (control), were evaluated for binding on CHOK1 transfected with the full length huCD161 construct as shown in FIGs.5A-5C. Full-dose response curves are shown in FIG.5D.
- the plate was then incubated at 37 o C on a gentle shaker at 120 rpm for 2 hours (hrs) then washed 3x with ELISA wash buffer.
- Purified antibody of 0.0001 – 10 ⁇ g/ml in 100 ⁇ l assay buffer (1% BSA in DPBS) was added to each well and incubated for 2 hrs at 37 o C on gentle shaker at 120 rpm then subsequently washed 3x with ELISA wash buffer.
- Goat anti- mouse detection antibody HRP (1:3000) in 100 ⁇ l/well assay buffer was added and incubated for 1 hour (h) at 37 o C on gentle shaker at 120 rpm then washed 5x with ELISA wash buffer.
- ⁇ l TMB substrate was added per well and incubated at RT for 5 min. Following, 100 ⁇ l TMB stop solution was added to stop the reaction.
- Optical density (OD) of each well of the ELISA plate was read with a microplate reader set to the wavelength of 450 nm as illustrated in FIG. 4.
- mAb monoclonal antibody
- MOPC1, BioXcell mouse IgG1 isotype
- Anti-CD161 antibodies can bind with immobilized rhCD161-hFc as depicted with positive OD values shown in FIG.4.
- CHOK1 cells expressing huCD161 antigen were used to screen anti-CD161 antibody samples. Between 50,000 and 100,000 cells were washed and transferred to 96 well round bottom plate. Pre-prepared hCLEC2D multimer complex (20 ul) plus 50 ⁇ l of purified CD161 antibody sample was added to the CD161 expression cells and incubated for 30 min at 4° C in the dark. After incubation, the plate was centrifuged at 300 x g for 5 min. The cells were further washed twice with FACS buffer and suspended again in 100 ⁇ l FACS buffer for FACS analysis.
- % of blocking (1 - % CLEC2D multimer bound to CHOK1-CD161 with antibody / % CLEC2D multimer bound to CHOK1-CD161 without antibody) x 100%. As shown in FIG.6, hCLEC2D multimer effectively binds to CHOK1 expressing huCD161.
- Reference anti-CD161 monoclonal Ab HP-3G10 at 10 ug/ml resulted in full blocking of hCLEC2D multimer (FIG. 6).
- the percentage of blocking of anti-CD161 antibodies able to block the interaction between the CLEC2D multimer and huCD161 expressed on the cell surface are shown in FIG. 7.
- Anti-CD161 antibodies from the selected hybridomas were assessed by FACS and CLEC2D multimer bound to CHOK1 expressing CD161. The percentage of blocking was ranked based on blocking of the interaction between hCLEC2D multimer and hCD161.
- ELISA-based CD161:CLEC2D Blocking Assay [0305] The capacity of anti-CD161 antibodies to block the interaction between rhCLEC2D and immobilized rhCD161-hFc was evaluated by ELISA. A high-binding 96-well ELISA plate was coated with 100 ⁇ l rhCD161-hFc (5 ⁇ g/ml) protein (R&D) in DPBS overnight at 4 o C.
- the plate was washed 3x with ELISA wash buffer (Biolegend) then blocked with 200 ⁇ l DPBS with 5% milk and incubated at 37 o C on gentle shaker at 120 rpm for 2 hrs then washed 3x with ELISA wash buffer.
- Biotinylated 10 ⁇ g /ml CLEC2D-hFc (Kactus) and 0.03 - 66.7 nM of purified antibody in 100 ⁇ l assay buffer (1% BSA in DPBS) was added to each well and incubated for 2 hrs at 37 o C on gentle shaker at 120 rpm then subsequently washed 3x with ELISA wash buffer.
- anti-CD161 antibodies can block the interaction between rhCLEC2D and immobilized rhCD161-hFc.
- Representative anti-CD161 hybridoma clones including 01D17, 03K18, 12G06, and HP-3G10 (positive control), were evaluated for competing with CLEC2D-CD161 contact sites and disrupting the interaction.
- Example 2
- PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- SEB Staphylococcal enterotoxin B
- test anti-CD161 antibody for 24 hrs in complete cell culture media (RPMI + 10% FBS) at 37°C, followed by measurement of IL-2 cytokine in cell culture supernatants.
- mAb anti-CD161 monoclonal antibody
- MOPC1, BioXcell mouse IgG1 isotype
- FIG.9 a representative ELISA analysis for IL-2 cytokine expression from PBMC supernatants of one donor.
- Anti-CD161 antibodies were ranked based on IL-2 release level compared to without test antibody added in the SEB stimulated PBMC as percent increase of IL-2 (FIG.9).
- T Cell Activity Mediated by T Cell Engager [0310] An ELISA assay was used to analyze IL-2 cytokine level in PBMC supernatant, and anti-CD161 antibodies were assessed and ranked based on IL-2 release. For this assay, Raji cells were washed and transferred to a 96-well round bottom plate at 30,000 cells per well and were pre- incubated with 100 ⁇ g/ml CD3xCD19 T cell engager (InvivoGen) for 30 min at 37°C.
- Anti-CD161 Monoclonal Antibodies Enhance Activation of T cells when Inhibiting the CD161-CLEC2D Interaction
- the anti-CD161 monoclonal antibodies were assayed for the ability to rescue the activation of MART-1 TCR+hCD161+ Jurkat cells by hCLEC2D overexpressing MeWo cells (HLA-A2+) in the presence of MART-1 peptide (HLA-A2-restricted).
- Mock-GFP and hCLEC2D-GFP over expressing MeWo cell line were cultured overnight at 20K/well in FB 96 well plate (see FIG. 11). On the next day, the plate was centrifuged at 300g/5 min, the medium was carefully removed without touching adherent MeWo cells, and then 0.1ug/well of MART-1 peptide prepared in RPMI complete medium was added and the cells were incubated for 30 min/37°C.
- a round bottom plate 50 ⁇ L of Jurkat-MART-1 TCR with human CD161 overexpressing cells 100K/well was prepared, and then 50 ⁇ L of anti-CD161 mAbs was added at a final concentration from 0.005 to 10 ⁇ g/mL.
- TCR activation is influenced by human CLEC2D, and it can be rescued with an anti-CD161 antibody, which blocks the interaction between CD161-receptor (Jurkat) and its ligand CLEC2D expressed on MeWo cells.
- the control hIgG1 LALA-PG antibody did not increase further TCR activation.
- the anti-CD161 antibodies thus inhibit the negative interaction between CD161 and CLEC2D and enhance T cell activation, as measured by IL-2 release.
- TALL-104 effector cells are a clinically relevant MHC non-restricted human cytotoxic T cell line.
- TALL-104 Binding [0318] TALL-104 cells were washed and counted, then placed in a 96-well round bottom plate at 100,000 cells/well. The plate was centrifuged at 500g for 5 minutes, and the supernatant discarded. Next, 50 ⁇ L of anti-CD161 mAbs prepared in FACS buffer was added, the samples were mixed, and then incubated on ice for 30 minutes. After incubation, the plate was washed with 100 ⁇ L FACS buffer (DPBS+1%FBS), centrifuged at 500g for 5 minutes, and the supernatant was discarded.
- FACS buffer DPBS+1%FBS
- the plates were then incubated with 50 ⁇ L of goat anti-Human IgG (H+L) cross- adsorbed secondary antibody, ALEXA FLUORTM Plus 647 with zombie aqua, and a 1:2000 diluted live dead dye, for 20 minutes on ice. After incubation, the plate was washed with 100 ⁇ L of FACS buffer (DPBS + 1% FBS). The plate was then centrifuged at 500g for 5 minutes. Then the supernatant was discarded and the cell pellet was resuspended in 100 ⁇ L/well FACS buffer before acquiring with a flow cytometer. [0320] Each of the anti-CD161 mAbs tested was capable of binding TALL-104 cells, in a dose- dependent manner (FIG.13).
- Step 1 Adherent target cells (i.e., tumor cells – PC3)
- Step 2 TALL-104 addition as effector cells (i.e., immune cells)
- TALL-104 cells were counted and spun down.
- the TALL-104 cells were then resuspended in media and treated with the anti-CD161 mAbs or the isotype IgG1 LALA-PG control for 30 min/37°C. After incubation, the TALL-104 cells were contacted with PC3 cells at a 1:1 ratio in an E-Plate and incubated at RT for 30 minutes to facilitate uniform distribution of TALL-104 cells on top of the PC3 target cells. The plates were then placed back into xCELLigence instrument located inside incubator, and data was acquired for 20hr at 37°C.
- Step 3 If effector cells induce the destruction of the target adherent tumor cells, this cytolytic activity can be sensitively and precisely detected
- the xCELLigence RTCA label-free technology counts cells using impedance changes in gold electrodes embedded in proprietary E-Plates.
- hCLEC2D OE PC3 tumor cells are adhered to the surface of interdigitated gold microelectrodes that are embedded in the bottoms of microtiter plates (E-Plates).
- E-Plates microtiter plates
- TALL-104 cells are not naturally adherent simplifies this system because they generate a low impedance signal that can be easily subtracted.
- TALL-104 attacks and kills PC3 cells via cytolysis, the viability of the target PC3 cells is reflected by real- time changes in impedance, providing a kinetic assessment of killing.
- TALL-104's cytolytic activity causes adherent cells to round up and detach, leading to a lower CI value
- the RTCA system uses cellular impedance readout to monitor real-time changes in cell number, cell size, and cell-substrate attachment strength as a single parameter called Cell Index (CI) to reflect the viability of target PC3 cells.
- CI Cell Index
- PC3 prostate cancer cells engineered to be either mock as a control (Mock-PC3) or human CLEC2D overexpressing cells (CLEC2D OE PC3), were cultured in E-Plates and their proliferation was measured using xCELLigence.
- TALL-104 effector cells were added to the wells at an E:T ratio of 1:1, and the target PC3 cells' viability was monitored.
- PC3 cells treated with effector cell growth media alone served as a negative control.
- the addition of TALL-104 cells to PC3 cells resulted in an immediate and time-dependent decrease in CI.
- Each anti-CD161 mAbs showed a dose dependent increase in cytolysis only in human CLEC2D OE-PC3 cells (FIG.15), indicating that TALL-104-based PC3 killing is influenced by human CLEC2D and can be rescued with an anti-CD161 antibody that blocks the interaction between CD161-receptor (TALL-104) and its ligand CLEC2D express on PC3 cells.
- TALL-104 CD161-receptor
- Example 5 Anti-CD161 mAbs Increase NK Cytotoxicity
- the anti-CD161 mAbs were assayed for effects on primary human NK cell cytotoxicity.
- NK cells were activated overnight with 200 U/mL IL-2, then co-cultured with cell trace violet (CTV) labeled PC-3 CLEC2D-OE (overexpressing CLEC2D) or Raji cells for 18 hours in the presence of Fc block plus either 1 ug/mL of an anti-CD161 mAb or an hIgG1- LALAPG control antibody. Cytotoxicity on tumor cells was measured by tumor cell viability (Zombie+) within the CTV+ population. [0332] Contact with the anti-CD161 mAbs resulted in increased NK cytotoxicity of PC-3 CLEC2D-OE (FIG. 16A) or Raji (FIG.
- CTV cell trace violet
- mice received two administrations of 5x10 6 human NK cells intratumorally on Day 4 and Day 10.
- NK cells were freshly isolated from frozen human PBMC and cultured with recombinant human IL-2 100U/mL in NK MACS media (Miltenyi Biotech) the night before injection.
- Tumor growth was measured with calipers in two dimensions, and tumor volume (mm 3 ) was calculated using the formula (width 2 x length)/2.
- Administration of the 12G06 antibody significantly enhanced the tumor growth inhibition in the presence of NK cells, as compared to a vehicle control group, in the xenograft model (FIG.17).
- Healthy mice NOD.Cg-Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ NSG; Jackson Laboratory
- mice were subcutaneously injected into the right flank with 4.5x10 6 cells of a 1:4 mixture of PBMCs and U- 87 MG (glioblastoma) human tumor cells.
- the anti-CD161 antibody 12G06 was administered intraperitoneally 1 hour after implantation, and the mice received a total of eight doses of 20mg/kg 12G06 every 3 days. [0338] Tumor growth was measured with calipers in two dimensions, and tumor volume (mm 3 ) was calculated using the formula (width 2 x length)/2. [0339] Administration of the 12G06 antibody significantly enhanced the tumor growth inhibition in the presence of human PBMC, as compared to a vehicle control group, in xenograft model (FIG.18). These experiments will be repeated with additional anti-CD161 antibodies (e.g., 01C07, 09O13, 12H24, 06M03 S, and/or 06M03 L). Example 8.
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