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WO2024229454A2 - Nouvelles ergolines et procédés de traitement de troubles de l'humeur - Google Patents

Nouvelles ergolines et procédés de traitement de troubles de l'humeur Download PDF

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WO2024229454A2
WO2024229454A2 PCT/US2024/027896 US2024027896W WO2024229454A2 WO 2024229454 A2 WO2024229454 A2 WO 2024229454A2 US 2024027896 W US2024027896 W US 2024027896W WO 2024229454 A2 WO2024229454 A2 WO 2024229454A2
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alkyl
group
optionally substituted
disorder
compound
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WO2024229454A3 (fr
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Andrew Carry KRUEGEL
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Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals Inc
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Gilgamesh Pharmaceuticals Inc
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/22—Anxiolytics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/30—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abuse or dependence
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D457/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing indolo [4, 3-f, g] quinoline ring systems, e.g. derivatives of ergoline, of the formula:, e.g. lysergic acid
    • C07D457/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing indolo [4, 3-f, g] quinoline ring systems, e.g. derivatives of ergoline, of the formula:, e.g. lysergic acid with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached in position 8
    • C07D457/06—Lysergic acid amides

Definitions

  • BACKGROUND Ergolines are a diverse class of alkaloids containing the structural scaffold of the natural alkaloid ergoline.
  • ergoline There are a significant number of ergoline compounds that include naturally occurring compounds, as well as synthetic and semi-synthetic chemical derivatives with similar structure. Ergolines are known to have diverse psychoactive and physiological effects.
  • Some ergolines are serotonin 2a (5-HT 2A ) receptor agonists and/or modulators of other serotonin receptors and are known to be psychoactive and/or induce vasoconstriction. In some cases, such compounds induce prolonged hallucinations.
  • Other ergolines are agonists of dopamine receptors. Perhaps the most well-known ergoline is the psychedelic compound lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). This compound is known to have significant effects on thought, perception, and behavior. However, it is currently classified as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act due to its high abuse potential, no accepted medical use, and lack of established safety.
  • FIG.1 depicts the effect of Compound 1 in the mouse head twitch response (HTR) assay as quantified by the number of head twitches recorded during a 20-minute observation period.
  • HTR mouse head twitch response
  • FIG.2 depicts time immobile in the rat forced swim test 23.5 hours after administration of Compound 1. Data points represent mean ⁇ SEM. Comparisons to vehicle: ** p ⁇ 0.01, **** p ⁇ 0.0001.
  • FIG 3. depicts the total number of marbles buried during a 30-minute observation period in the mouse marble burying test. Data points represent mean ⁇ SEM. Comparisons to vehicle: * p ⁇ 0.05, **** p ⁇ 0.0001.
  • FIG.4 depicts the effects of LSD, the control, and representative compounds of the present disclosure in the mouse head twitch response (HTR) assay as quantified by the number of head twitches recorded during a 20-minute observation period using an automated video tracking procedure.
  • HTR mouse head twitch response
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon, having the number of carbon atoms specified herein, for example, 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, straight or branched hydrocarbons of 1-6, 1-4, or 1-3 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and C 1 -C 3 alkyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4- methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1- butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, etc.
  • alkenyl as used herein is a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having a specified number of carbon atoms and containing at least one double bond as defined hereinbelow, for example, having 2-6 carbon atoms and 1-3 carbon-carbon double bonds.
  • alkenyl refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group having three carbon atoms (C 3 ).
  • alkenyl refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having six carbon atoms (C 6 ).
  • the term “alkenyl” includes, but is not limited to, vinyl or allyl.
  • alkynyl as used herein is a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having a specified number of carbon atoms and containing at least one triple bond as described hereinbelow, for example, having 2-6 carbon atoms, and 1-3 carbon-carbon triple bonds.
  • alkynyl refers to a branched or unbranched saturated hydrocarbon group having three carbon atoms (C 3 ).
  • alkynyl refers to a branched or unbranched hydrocarbon group having six carbon atoms (C 6 ).
  • the term “alkynyl” includes, but is not limited to, ethynyl or propargyl.
  • cyano refers to the radical -CN.
  • cycloalkyl or a “carbocyclic group” or “” or “carbocyclyl “ are synonymous and as used herein refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated hydrocarbon group of, for example, 3-6, or 4-6 carbons, referred to herein as C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl or C 4 -C 6 cycloalkyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary cycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited to, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclobutyl or cyclopropyl.
  • halo or “halogen” as used herein refer to F, Cl, Br, or I.
  • aryl used alone or as part of a larger moiety as in “aralkyl”, “aralkoxy”, or “aryloxyalkyl”, refers to monocyclic and bicyclic ring systems having a total of five to fourteen ring members, wherein at least one ring in the system is aromatic and wherein each ring in the system contains three to seven ring members.
  • aryl may be used interchangeably with the term “aryl ring”.
  • aryl refers to an aromatic ring system which includes, but not limited to, phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, anthracyl and the like, which may bear one or more substituents. Also included within the scope of the term “aryl”, as it is used herein, is a group in which an aromatic ring is fused to one or more non-aromatic rings, such as indanyl, phthalimidyl, naphthimidyl, phenanthridinyl, or tetrahydronaphthyl, and the like.
  • heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, used alone or as part of a larger moiety refer to groups having 5 to 10 ring atoms, preferably 5, 6, or 9 ring atoms; having 6, 10, or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and having, in addition to carbon atoms, from one to five heteroatoms.
  • heteroatom refers to nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur, and includes any oxidized form of nitrogen or sulfur, and any quaternized form of a basic nitrogen.
  • Heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyridyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, indolizinyl, purinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl.
  • heteroaryl and “heteroar-”, as used herein, also include groups in which a heteroaromatic ring is fused to one or more aryl, cycloaliphatic, or heterocyclyl rings, where the radical or point of attachment is on the heteroaromatic ring.
  • Nonlimiting examples include indolyl, isoindolyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, dibenzofuranyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, phenoxazinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, and pyrido[2,3-b]-l,4-oxazin- 3(4 ⁇ )-one.
  • a heteroaryl group may be mono- or bicyclic.
  • heteroaryl may be used interchangeably with the terms “heteroaryl ring”, “heteroaryl group”, or “heteroaromatic”, any of which terms include rings that are optionally substituted.
  • heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by a heteroaryl, wherein the alkyl and heteroaryl portions independently are optionally substituted.
  • heterocyclyl or “heterocyclic group” are art-recognized and refer to saturated or partially unsaturated, 4-10 membered ring structures, including bridged or fused rings, and whose ring structures include one to three heteroatoms, such as nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • heterocyclyl rings may be linked to the adjacent radical through carbon or nitrogen.
  • heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, piperazine, oxetane, azetidine, tetrahydrofuran or dihydrofuran etc.
  • hydroxy and “hydroxyl” as used herein refers to the radical -OH.
  • linear C 2 -C 6 alkyl is synonymous with a straight-chained C 2 -C 6 alkyl.
  • “Pharmaceutically or pharmacologically acceptable” include molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic, or other untoward reaction when administered to an animal, or a human, as appropriate. For human administration, preparations should meet sterility, pyrogenicity, and general safety and purity standards as required by FDA Office of Biologics standards.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used herein refers to any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like, which are compatible with pharmaceutical administration. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art.
  • the compositions may also contain other active compounds providing supplemental, additional, or enhanced therapeutic functions.
  • composition refers to a composition comprising at least one compound as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • “Individual,” “patient,” or “subject” are used interchangeably and include any animal, including mammals, preferably mice, rats, other rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats, swine, cattle, sheep, horses, or primates, and most preferably humans.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can be administered to a mammal, such as a human, but can also be administered to other mammals such as an animal in need of veterinary treatment, e.g., domestic animals (e.g., dogs, cats, and the like), farm animals (e.g., cows, sheep, pigs, horses, and the like) and laboratory animals (e.g., rats, mice, guinea pigs, and the like).
  • the mammal treated in the methods of the present disclosure is desirably a mammal in which treatment of psychiatric disease or disorder is desired.
  • “Modulation” includes antagonism (e.g., inhibition), agonism, partial antagonism and/or partial agonism.
  • the term “therapeutically effective amount” means the amount of the subject compound that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, or animal, (e.g., mammal or human) that is being sought by the researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or other clinician.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure are administered in therapeutically effective amounts to treat a disease.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of a compound is the quantity required to achieve a desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic effect, such as an amount which results in a decrease in symptoms of a psychiatric disorder.
  • prophylactic effect refers to preventing the worsening of the condition, disease, disorder, and the like.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s) refers to salts of acidic or basic groups that may be present in compounds used in the compositions.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are basic in nature are capable of forming a wide variety of salts with various inorganic and organic acids.
  • the acids that may be used to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of such basic compounds are those that form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, including, but not limited to, malate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, acetate, lactate, salicylate, citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate (i.e., 1,1'-methylene-
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that are acidic in nature are capable of forming base salts with various pharmacologically acceptable cations.
  • Examples of such salts include alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, particularly calcium, magnesium, sodium, lithium, zinc, potassium, and iron salts.
  • Compounds included in the present compositions that include a basic or acidic moiety may also form pharmaceutically acceptable salts with various amino acids.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain both acidic and basic groups; for example, one amino and one carboxylic acid group. In such a case, the compound can exist as an acid addition salt, a zwitterion, or a base salt.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)” as used herein refers to a hemi- tartrate salt.
  • a hemitartrate salt of a compound of Formula (I) is salt wherein the molar ratio of a compound of Formula (I) to tartaric acid is 2:1.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt(s)” as used herein refers to a tartrate salt.
  • a tartrate salt of a compound of Formula (I) is salt wherein the molar ratio of a compound of Formula (I) to tartaric acid is 1:1.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more chiral centers and, therefore, exist as stereoisomers.
  • stereoisomers when used herein consist of all enantiomers or diastereomers. These compounds may be designated by the symbols “(+),” “ ” “R” or “S,” depending on the configuration of substituents around the stereogenic carbon atom, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
  • the present disclosure encompasses various stereoisomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of enantiomers or diastereomers may be designated “( ⁇ )” in nomenclature, but the skilled artisan will recognize that a structure may denote a chiral center implicitly.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may contain one or more double bonds and, therefore, exist as geometric isomers resulting from the arrangement of substituents around a carbon- carbon double bond.
  • the symbol denotes a bond that may be a single, double, or triple bond as described herein.
  • Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond are designated as being in the “Z” or “E” configuration wherein the terms “Z” and “E” are used in accordance with IUPAC standards. Unless otherwise specified, structures depicting double bonds encompass both the “E” and “Z” isomers.
  • Substituents around a carbon-carbon double bond alternatively can be referred to as “cis” or “trans,” where “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the double bond and “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the double bond.
  • Compounds of the disclosure may contain a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring and therefore, exist as geometric isomers resulting from the arrangement of substituents around the ring.
  • Substituents around a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring may also be referred to as “cis” or “trans,” where the term “cis” represents substituents on the same side of the plane of the ring and the term “trans” represents substituents on opposite sides of the plane of the ring.
  • Stereoselective syntheses a chemical or enzymatic reaction in which a single reactant forms an unequal mixture of stereoisomers during the creation of a new stereocenter or during the transformation of a pre-existing one, are well known in the art.
  • Stereoselective syntheses encompass both enantio- and diastereoselective transformations and may involve the use of chiral auxiliaries.
  • Carreira and Kvaerno Classics in Stereoselective Synthesis, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2009.
  • the compounds disclosed herein can exist in solvated as well as unsolvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, ethanol, and the like, and it is intended that the present disclosure embrace both solvated and unsolvated forms.
  • the compound is amorphous. In one embodiment, the compound is a single polymorph. In another embodiment, the compound is a mixture of polymorphs. In another embodiment, the compound is in a crystalline form.
  • the present disclosure also embraces isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure which are identical to those recited herein, except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes examples include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 Cl, respectively.
  • a compound of the present disclosure may have one or more H atom replaced with deuterium.
  • Certain isotopically-labeled disclosed compounds e.g., those labeled with 3 H and 14 C are useful in compound and/or substrate tissue distribution assays.
  • Tritiated (i.e., 3 H) and carbon-14 (i.e., 14 C) isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability (e.g., increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements) and hence may be preferred in some circumstances.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of the present disclosure can generally be prepared by following procedures analogous to those disclosed in the examples herein by substituting an isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent. I.
  • the present disclosure provides a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl,
  • each C 1 -C 8 and C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 and C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 and C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, and C 3 -C 8 and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, or -OMe refers to each C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl substituents on R3, to C 1 -C 8 alkyl, C 2 -C 8 alkenyl, C 2 -C 8 alkynyl, and C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl substituents of R 7 and R 8 and to C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alken
  • C 1 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl refer to the definitions of R 9 and R 10 , wherein C 1 -C 4 alkyl, as well as the C 1 -C 4 alkyl of -OC(O)(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), -O(C 1 -C 4 alkyl), C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, and C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl may optionally be substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, or OMe.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, -CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-heteroaryl, wherein C 1 -C 4 alkyl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- heteroaryl, is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe, and wherein aryl and heteroaryl of aryl and heteroaryl-(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -CN, -NO 2 , -NR 7 R 8 , -CO 2 R 7 , -C(O)NR 7 R 8 , C 1
  • the present disclosure relates to a compound of formula I wherein R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, - CH 2 -(cyclopropyl),
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-5 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-6 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 3 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, - CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-5 membered cycloalkyl,
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-5 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 4 alkyl;
  • R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 3 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 4 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-6 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 3 alkyl;
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, - CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-5 membered cycloalkyl,
  • R 4 is hydrogen.
  • R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 5 is Me, Et, -CH 2 F, CHF 2 , -CF 3 , or halogen.
  • R 5 is Br.
  • R 6 is hydrogen.
  • R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are each hydrogen.
  • R 4 , R 5 , and R 6 are each hydrogen.
  • R 4 and R 6 are each hydrogen and R 5 is Me, Et, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3 , or halogen.
  • R 5 is bromo.
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl;
  • R 4 is hydrogen or -C(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl);
  • R 5 is Me, Et, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF 3
  • the present disclosure elates to a compound of Formula II or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 4 is hydrogen or -C(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl); R 5 is Me, Et, -CH 2 F, -CHF 2 , -CF
  • the following compounds are excluded from Formula (II): (a) when R 1 and R 2 are both ethyl, and R 4 is hydrogen, then R 5 is not chloro, bromo, iodo, or unsubstituted methyl; (b) when R 2 is hydrogen, R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is bromo, then R 1 is not ethyl, isopropyl, or propargyl; and (c) when R 2 is methyl, R 4 is hydrogen, and R 5 is bromo, then R 1 is not propargyl or cyclopropyl.
  • the present disclosure includes a compound of formula (Ia) or (IIa): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are defined above and embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the present disclosure includes a compound of formula (Ib): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 3 and R 5 is as defined above and in the embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the present disclosure includes a compound of formula (Ic):
  • the present disclosure includes a compound of formula (Id): (Id), ( IId) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 3 , and R 5 are defined above and in embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the present disclosure includes a compound of formula (Ie): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 3 , and R 5 are defined above and in the classes and embodiments disclosed herein.
  • R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is linear C 1 -C 6 alkyl.
  • R 1 is branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is C 2 -C 5 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is selected from the group consisting of ethyl, sec-butyl, 2-pentyl, and 3-pentyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-5 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 4 alkyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is linear C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is branched C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In some embodiments, R 2 is C 2 -C 5 alkyl.
  • R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, ethyl, sec-butyl, 2-pentyl, and 3-pentyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted group selected from the group consisting of azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperizinyl, and morpholinyl.
  • R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form dimethylazetidinyl.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, and 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, and phenyl, wherein cycloalkyl or phenyl are optionally substituted with one, two, or three substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, and phenyl, wherein cycloalkyl or phenyl are optionally substituted with one, two, or three substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is C 1 -C 3 alkyl, or C 2 -C 3 alkenyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, and phenyl, wherein cycloalkyl or phenyl are optionally substituted with one, two, or three substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and allyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of fluoro, 2- methoxyphenyl, and 2-hydroxyphenyl.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, -CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe; or R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 - C2 alkyl)-phenyl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-(6-membered heteroaryl), wherein C 1 -C 2 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe, and wherein phenyl and 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, -OC(O)(C 1 -C
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, -CH 2 - (cyclopropyl), and 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, hydroxyl, and - OMe.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-phenyl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-(6-membered heteroaryl), wherein C 1 -C 2 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe, and wherein phenyl and 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, -OC(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -C(O)NH 2 , C 1 - C 4 alkyl, C 3 -C 5 cycloalkyl, and C 1 -C 4 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-5 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe; or R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 - C2 alkyl)-phenyl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-(6-membered heteroaryl), wherein C 1 -C 2 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, and wherein phenyl and 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, -OC(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), -CN,
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 4 alkyl, C 2 -C 4 alkenyl, C 2 -C 4 alkynyl, -CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-5 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-phenyl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-(6-membered heteroaryl), wherein C 1 -C 2 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, and wherein phenyl and 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, -OC(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -C(O)NH 2 , C 1 -C 3 alkyl, cyclopropyl, and C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)- phenyl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-(6-membered heteroaryl),wherein C 1 -C 2 alkyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, and wherein phenyl and 6-membered heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or more substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, -OC(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -C(O)NH 2 , C 1 - C 3 alkyl, cyclopropyl, and C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-phenyl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-pyridinyl, wherein phenyl and pyridinyl are optionally substituted with one or more substitutents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxyl, -OC(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl), -CN, -NO 2 , -NH 2 , -C(O)NH 2 , C 1 - C 3 alkyl, cyclopropyl, and C 1 -C 3 alkoxy.
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-heteroaryl, wherein C 1 -C 4 alkyl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- heteroaryl, is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe, and wherein aryl and heteroaryl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-hetero
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 2 -C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, --CH 2 -(cyclopropyl), and 3-7 membered cycloalkyl, wherein R 3 may be substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe; or R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- heteroaryl, wherein C 1 -C 4 alkyl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-heteroaryl of R 3 , is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe, and wherein aryl and heteroaryl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl
  • R 3 is selected from the group consisting of -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 2 alkyl)-heteroaryl, wherein C 1 -C 2 alkyl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)- heteroaryl, is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro, hydroxyl, and -OMe, and wherein aryl and heteroaryl of -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-aryl and -(C 1 -C 4 alkyl)-heteroaryl, are optionally substituted with one or more substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, -OR 7 , -OC(O)R 7 , -CN, -NO 2 , -NR 7 R 8 , -CO 2 R 7 , -C(O)NR 7 R 8 , C 1 -C 6 al
  • R 4 is hydrogen or -C(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen or -C(O)(C 1 -C 3 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 4 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 4 is -C(O)(C 1 -C 8 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 4 is -C(O)(C 1 -C 3 alkyl). In some embodiments, R 5 is Me, Et, -CH 2 F, CHF 2 , -CF 3 , or halogen. In some embodiments, R 5 is Me, Et, or halogen. In some embodiments, R 5 is Me, Et, or bromo.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or halogen. In some embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen. In some embodiments, R 5 is halogen. In some embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen or bromo. In some embodiments, R 5 is bromo. In some embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen, Me, or Et. In some embodiments, R 5 is Me or Et. In some embodiments, the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of: O O O O O
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present disclosure includes a compound selected from the group consisting of: 43 , 44 , , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • Salts of compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared by the reaction of a compound of the present disclosure with an appropriate acid or base in a suitable solvent, or mixture of solvents (such as an ether, for example, diethyl ether, or an alcohol, for example ethanol, or an aqueous solvent) using conventional procedures.
  • Salts of compounds of General Formula I can be exchanged for other salts by treatment using conventional ion-exchange chromatography procedures.
  • Preferred salts of compounds of the present disclosure include tartrate, fumarate, and maleate.
  • enantiomer of a compound of the present disclosure this may be produced from a corresponding mixture of enantiomers by employing any suitable conventional procedure for resolving enantiomers.
  • diastereomeric derivatives such as salts
  • a mixture of enantiomers of a compound the present disclosure such a racemate
  • an appropriate chiral compound such as a chiral base
  • the diastereomers can then be separated by any conventional means such as crystallization, and the desired enantiomer recovered (such as by treatment with an acid in the instance where the diastereomer is a salt).
  • a racemic mixture of esters can be resolved by kinetic hydrolysis using a variety of biocatalysts (for example, see Patel Stereoselective Biocatalysts, Marcel Decker; New York 2000).
  • a racemate of compounds of the present disclosure can be separated using chiral High Performance Liquid Chromatography.
  • a particular enantiomer can be obtained by using an appropriate chiral intermediate in one of the processes described above. Chromatography, recrystallisation and other conventional separation procedures may also be used with intermediates or final products where it is desired to obtain a particular geometric isomer of the present disclosure. II.
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of the present disclosure.
  • pharmaceutical compositions that include a compound of the present disclosure.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Depressive Disorders, e.g., Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder, Postpartum Depression, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, Seasonal Affective Disorder, Psychotic Depression, Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Depressive Disorder, or Depressive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Bipolar and Related Disorders.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Substance-Related Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Anxiety Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Feeding and Eating Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Neurocognitive Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Neurodevelopmental Disorders.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Personality Disorders. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include sexual Dysfunctions. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat mood disorders that include Gender Dysphoria. In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions may treat migraine or cluster headache. Also provided herein are methods of treating refractory depression, e.g., patients suffering from a depressive disorder that does not, and/or has not, responded to adequate courses of at least one, or at least two, other antidepressant compounds or therapeutics. As used herein "depressive disorder” encompasses refractory depression.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Bipolar and Related Disorders, e.g., Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Bipolar and Related Disorder, Bipolar and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition,
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Substance-Related Disorders, e.g., preventing a substance use craving, diminishing a substance use craving, and/or facilitating substance use cessation or withdrawal.
  • Substance use disorders involve abuse of psychoactive compounds such as alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, nicotine, and tobacco.
  • psychoactive compounds such as alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, nicotine, and tobacco.
  • “substance” or “substances” are psychoactive compounds which can be addictive such as alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, stimulants, nicotine, and tobacco.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to facilitate smoking cessation or cessation of opioid use.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Anxiety Disorders, e.g., Separation Anxiety Disorder, Selective Mutism, Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia), Panic Disorder, Panic Attack, Agoraphobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder, or Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition.
  • Anxiety Disorders e.g., Separation Anxiety Disorder, Selective Mutism, Specific Phobia, Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia), Panic Disorder, Panic Attack, Agoraphobia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Anxiety Disorder, or Anxiety Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, e.g., Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania (Hair- Pulling Disorder), Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorder, or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition.
  • Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders e.g., Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder, Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder, Trichotillomania (Hair- Pulling Disorder), Excoriation (Skin-Picking) Disorder, Substance/Medication-Induced Obsessive-Compulsive, and Related Disorder, or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders, e.g., Reactive Attachment Disorder, Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorder, or Adjustment Disorders.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Feeding and Eating Disorders, e.g., Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, Pica, Rumination Disorder, or Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Neurocognitive Disorders, e.g., Delirium, Major Neurocognitive Disorder, Mild Neurocognitive Disorder, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Alzheimer’s Disease, Major or Mild Frontotemporal Neurocognitive Disorder, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder With Lewy Bodies, Major or Mild Vascular Neurocognitive Disorder, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Traumatic Brain Injury, Substance/Medication- Induced Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to HIV Infection, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Prion Disease, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Parkinson’s Disease, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Huntington’s Disease, Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Another Medical Condition, or Major or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder Due to Multiple Etiologies, In embodiments, the methods, compounds, and compositions
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including sexual Dysfunctions, e.g., Delayed Ejaculation, Erectile Disorder, Female Orgasmic Disorder, Female sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder, Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder, Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder, Premature (Early) Ejaculation, or Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction.
  • the methods, compounds, and compositions may be used to treat a mood disorder including Gender Dysphoria, e.g., Gender Dysphoria.
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7- propyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a method of treating a mood disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to Formula I or II, as defined hereinabove, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, or Formulae Ia or IIa, or Ib or IIb, or Ic or IIc, or Id or IId, or Ie or IIe or pharmaceutically salts of Formulae Ia or IIa, or Ib or IIb, or Ic or IIc, or Id or IId, or Ie or IIe.
  • a method of treating a mood disorder comprising administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition comprising an effective amount of a compound according to Formula (I): (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R 1 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or 3-7 membered carbocyclyl, wherein R 1 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 2 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl, wherein R 2 is optionally substituted with one or more halogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or wherein R 1 and R 2 can be taken together with the atom on which they are attached to form an optionally substituted 3-7 membered heterocyclyl comprising 1-3 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, wherein the heterocyclyl is optionally substituted with one or more fluoro or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; R 3 is selected from the group consisting of C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of: O O O
  • compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • methods and compositions for treating a mood disorder by administering to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of a compound selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compounds of the present disclosure are found to be agonists of 5-HT2A receptors.
  • compounds of the present disclosure, especially those compounds with substituents at the 2-position of the indole ring are non-hallucinogenic or less hallucinogenic agonists of 5- HT2A receptors than other agonists of 5-HT2A receptors.
  • compounds wherein the 2-substituent is halo or alkyl, such as Me, Et, -CH 2 F, CHF 2 , or -CF 3 are non-hallucinogenic or less hallucinogenic.
  • this reduced hallucinogenic effect can be demonstrated by an attenuated maximal response in the mouse head twitch assay compared to hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonists.
  • methods and compositions for treating migraine or cluster headache by administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound disclosed herein to a patient in need thereof.
  • methods include treating a mood disorder, e.g., a depressive disorder, by administering to a patient in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition including about 0.001 mg to about 20 mg of a compound disclosed herein.
  • doses may be, e.g., in the range of about 0.001 to 20 mg, 0.001 to 10 mg, 0.001 to 5 mg, 0.001 to 2 mg, 0.001 to 1 mg, 0.001 to 0.5 mg, 0.001 to 0.25 mg, 0.001 to 0.15 mg, 0.001 to 0.1 mg, 0.001 to 0.075 mg, 0.001 to 0.05 mg, 0.001 to 0.025 mg, 0.001 to 0.015 mg, 0.001 to 0.01 mg, 0.01 to 5 mg, 0.01 to 2 mg, 0.01 to 1 mg, 0.01 to 0.5 mg, 0.01 to 0.25 mg, 0.01 to 0.15 mg, 0.01 to 0.1 mg, 0.01 to 0.075 mg, 0.01 to 0.05 mg, 0.01 to 0.025 mg, 0.01 to 0.015 mg, 0.025 to 2 mg, 0.025 to 1 mg, 0.025 to 0.5 mg, 0.025 to 0.25 mg, 0.025 to 0.15 mg, 0.025 to 0.1 mg, 0.025 mg,
  • dosages may include amounts of a compound disclosed herein in the range of about, e.g., 0.001 to 20 mg, 0.001 to 10 mg, 0.001 to 5 mg, 0.001 to 2 mg, 0.001 to 1 mg, 0.001 to 0.5 mg, 0.001 to 0.25 mg, 0.001 to 0.15 mg, 0.001 to 0.1 mg, 0.001 to 0.075 mg, 0.001 to 0.05 mg, 0.001 to 0.025 mg, 0.001 to 0.015 mg, 0.001 to 0.01 mg, 0.01 to 5 mg, 0.01 to 2 mg, 0.01 to 1 mg, 0.01 to 0.5 mg, 0.01 to 0.25 mg, 0.01 to 0.15 mg, 0.01 to 0.1 mg, 0.01 to 0.075 mg, 0.01 to 0.05 mg, 0.01 to 0.025 mg, 0.01 to 0.015 mg, 0.025 to 2 mg, 0.025 to 1 mg, 0.025 to 0.5 mg, 0.025 to 0.25 mg, 0.025 to 0.15 mg, 0.025 to 0.
  • dosages of a compound disclosed herein are administered once, twice, three or four times daily, every other day, every three days, twice weekly, once weekly, twice monthly, or once monthly to a patient in need thereof.
  • the dosage is about, e.g., 0.001-20 mg/day, or 0.001-10 mg/day, or 0.001-1 mg/day, or 0.001-0.25 mg/day, for example 20 mg/day, 5 mg/day, 1 mg/day, 0.5 mg/day, 0.25 mg/day, 0.15 mg/day, 0.1 mg/day, 0.05 mg/day, 0.025 mg/day, 0.01 mg/day, 0.005 mg/day, or 0.001 mg/day.
  • the foregoing example dose ranges may be delivered over intervals longer than one day, e.g., 0.001-20 mg/week.
  • pharmaceutical compositions for parenteral or inhalation e.g., a spray or mist, administration of a compound disclosed herein having a concentration of about 0.001 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL.
  • the compositions include a compound disclosed herein, at a concentration of, e.g., about 0.05 mg/mL to about 100 mg/mL, about 0.05 mg/mL to about 50 mg/mL, about 0.05 mg/mL to about 25 mg/mL, about 0.05 mg/mL to about 10 mg/mL, about 0.05 mg/mL to about 5 mg/mL, about 0.005 mg/mL to about 1 mg/mL, about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.25 mg/mL, about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.05 mg/mL, about 0.005 mg/mL to about 0.025 mg/mL, about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.05 mg/mL, about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.025 mg/mL, about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.01 mg/mL, or about 0.001 mg/mL to about 0.005 mg/mL.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions are formulated as a total volume of about, e.g., 0.1 mL, 0.25 mL, 0.5 mL, 1 mL, 2 mL, 5 mL, 10 mL, 20 mL, 25 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 200 mL, 250 mL, or 500 mL.
  • dosages may be administered to a subject once, twice, three times or four times daily, every other day, every three days, twice weekly, once weekly, twice monthly, once monthly, every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 6 months, or every 12 months.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject once in the morning, or once in the evening.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject once in the morning, and once in the evening. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject three times a day (e.g., at breakfast, lunch, and dinner), at a dose, e.g., of 0.005 mg/administration (e.g., 0.015 mg/day). In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.005 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.01 mg/day in one or more doses.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.025 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.05 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.1 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.15 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.2 mg/day in one or more doses.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.25 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.3 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.4 mg/day in one or more doses. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a subject at a dose of 0.5 mg/day in one or more doses.
  • the dosage of a compound disclosed herein is 0.000025-0.25 mg/kg, 0.0001-0.1 mg/kg, 0.001-0.1 mg/kg, or 0.01-0.25 mg/kg once, twice, three times or four times daily.
  • the dosage is 0.000025 mg/kg, 0.00005 mg/kg, 0.0001 mg/kg, 0.0005 mg/kg, 0.001 mg/kg, 0.002 mg/kg, 0.003 mg/kg, 0.004 mg/kg, 0.005 mg/kg, 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, once, twice, three times or four times daily.
  • a subject is administered a total daily dose of 0.001 mg to 20 mg of a compound disclosed herein once, twice, three times, or four times daily.
  • the total amount administered to a subject in 24-hour period is, e.g., 0.001 mg, 0.0025 mg, 0.005 mg, 0.0075 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.015 mg, 0.02 mg, 0.025 mg, 0.03 mg, 0.04 mg, 0.05 mg, 0.075 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.125 mg, 0.15 mg, 0.175 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.75 mg, 1 mg, 1.5 mg, 2 mg, 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg, 7.5 mg, 10 mg, 15 mg, or 20 mg.
  • the subject may be started at a low dose and the dosage is escalated. In embodiments, the subject may be started at a high dose and the dosage is decreased.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered to a patient under the supervision of a healthcare provider. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered to a patient under the supervision of a healthcare provider at a clinic specializing in the delivery of psychoactive treatments.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered to a patient under the supervision of a healthcare provider at a high dose intended to induce a psychedelic experience in the subject, e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.075 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.125 mg, 0.15 mg, 0.175 mg, 0.2 mg, 0.25 mg, 0.3 mg, 0.4 mg, 0.5 mg, 0.6 mg, 0.7 mg, 0.8 mg, 0.9 mg, or 1 mg.
  • the administration to a patient of a high dose under the supervision of a healthcare provider occurs periodically in order to maintain a therapeutic effect in the patient, e.g., once weekly, twice monthly, once monthly, every 2 months, every 3 months, every 4 months, every 6 months, or every 12 months.
  • a compound disclosed herein is administered by a patient on their own at home or otherwise away from the supervision of a healthcare provider. In embodiments, a compound disclosed herein is administered by a patient on their own at home or otherwise away from the supervision of a healthcare provider at a low dose intended to be sub-perceptual or to induce threshold psychoactive effects, e.g., 0.001 mg, 0.0025 mg, 0.005 mg, 0.0075 mg, 0.01 mg, 0.015 mg, 0.02 mg, 0.025 mg, 0.03 mg, or 0.04 mg.
  • the administration by a patient of a low dose on their own occurs periodically in order to maintain a therapeutic effect in the patient, e.g., daily, every other day, every three days, twice weekly, once weekly, twice monthly, or once monthly.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be administered to patients (animals and humans) in need of such treatment in dosages that will provide optimal pharmaceutical efficacy. It will be appreciated that the dose required for use in any particular application will vary from patient to patient, not only with the particular compound or composition selected, but also with the route of administration, the nature of the condition being treated, the age and condition of the patient, concurrent medication or special diets then being followed by the patient, and other factors which those skilled in the art will recognize, with the appropriate dosage ultimately being at the discretion of the attendant physician.
  • a compound of this present disclosure may be administered orally, subcutaneously, topically, parenterally, by inhalation spray or rectally in dosage unit formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, and vehicles.
  • Parenteral administration may include subcutaneous injections, intravenous or intramuscular injections or infusion techniques. Treatment can be continued for as long or as short a period as desired.
  • the compositions may be administered on a regimen of, for example, one to four or more times per day.
  • a suitable treatment period can be, for example, at least about one week, at least about two weeks, at least about one month, at least about six months, at least about 1 year, or indefinitely.
  • a treatment period can terminate when a desired result, for example a decrease in symptoms of a psychiatric disorder, is achieved.
  • a treatment regimen can include a corrective phase, during which a dose sufficient to provide symptomatic relief is administered, and can be followed by a maintenance phase, during which a lower dose sufficient to prevent a return of symptoms is administered.
  • a suitable maintenance dose is likely to be found in the lower parts of the dose ranges provided herein, but corrective and maintenance doses can readily be established for individual subjects by those of skill in the art without undue experimentation, based on the disclosure herein. Maintenance doses can be employed to maintain remission in subjects whose symptoms have been previously controlled by other means, including treatments employing other pharmacological agents. III.
  • compositions and Kits Another aspect of the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds as disclosed herein formulated together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the present disclosure provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds as disclosed herein formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • These formulations include those suitable for oral, rectal, topical, buccal, parenteral (e.g., subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, or intravenous) rectal, vaginal, or aerosol administration, although the most suitable form of administration in any given case will depend on the degree and severity of the condition being treated and on the nature of the particular compound being used.
  • disclosed compositions may be formulated as a unit dose, and/or may be formulated for oral or subcutaneous administration.
  • Exemplary pharmaceutical compositions of this present disclosure may be used in the form of a pharmaceutical preparation, for example, in solid, semisolid, or liquid form, which contains one or more of the compounds of the present disclosure, as an active ingredient, in admixture with an organic or inorganic carrier or excipient suitable for external, enteral, or parenteral applications.
  • the active ingredient may be compounded, for example, with the usual non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for tablets, pellets, capsules, suppositories, solutions, emulsions, suspensions, and any other form suitable for use.
  • the active object compound is included in the pharmaceutical composition in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect upon the process or condition of the disease.
  • the principal active ingredient may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier, e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of a compound of the present disclosure, or a non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier e.g., conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutical diluents, e.g., water
  • the subject composition is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid
  • compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface- active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the subject composition moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • Tablets, and other solid dosage forms such as dragees, capsules, pills, and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art.
  • Compositions for inhalation or insufflation include solutions and suspensions in pharmaceutically acceptable, aqueous, or organic solvents, or mixtures thereof, and powders.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, cyclodextrins and mixtures thereof.
  • inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate
  • Suspensions in addition to the subject composition, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.
  • Formulations for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing a subject composition with one or more suitable non- irritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax, or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will
  • Dosage forms for transdermal administration of a subject composition include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants.
  • the active component may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams, and gels may contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.
  • Powders and sprays may contain, in addition to a subject composition, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
  • Sprays may additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
  • Compositions and compounds of the present disclosure may alternatively be administered by aerosol. This is accomplished by preparing an aqueous aerosol, liposomal preparation or solid particles containing the compound. A non-aqueous (e.g., fluorocarbon propellant) suspension could be used.
  • Sonic nebulizers may be used because they minimize exposing the agent to shear, which may result in degradation of the compounds contained in the subject compositions.
  • an aqueous aerosol is made by formulating an aqueous solution or suspension of a subject composition together with conventional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and stabilizers.
  • the carriers and stabilizers vary with the requirements of the particular subject composition, but typically include non-ionic surfactants (Tweens, Pluronics, or polyethylene glycol), innocuous proteins like serum albumin, sorbitan esters, oleic acid, lecithin, amino acids such as glycine, buffers, salts, sugars, or sugar alcohols.
  • Aerosols generally are prepared from isotonic solutions.
  • compositions of this present disclosure suitable for parenteral administration comprise a subject composition in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or non-aqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
  • aqueous and non-aqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate and cyclodextrins.
  • Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • the present disclosure provides enteral pharmaceutical formulations including a disclosed compound and an enteric material; and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient thereof.
  • Enteric materials refer to polymers that are substantially insoluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, and that are predominantly soluble in intestinal fluids at specific pHs.
  • the small intestine is the part of the gastrointestinal tract (gut) between the stomach and the large intestine, and includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
  • the pH of the duodenum is about 5.5
  • the pH of the jejunum is about 6.5
  • the pH of the distal ileum is about 7.5.
  • enteric materials are not soluble, for example, until a pH of about 5.0, of about 5.2, of about 5.4, of about 5.6, of about 5.8, of about 6.0, of about 6.2, of about 6.4, of about 6.6, of about 6.8, of about 7.0, of about 7.2, of about 7.4, of about 7.6, of about 7.8, of about 8.0, of about 8.2, of about 8.4, of about 8.6, of about 8.8, of about 9.0, of about 9.2, of about 9.4, of about 9.6, of about 9.8, or of about 10.0.
  • Exemplary enteric materials include cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP), polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS), cellulose acetate trimellitate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose succinate, cellulose acetate succinate, cellulose acetate hexahydrophthalate, cellulose propionate phthalate, cellulose acetate maleate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, copolymer of methylmethacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate, copolymer of methyl acrylate, methylmethacrylate and methacrylic acid, copolymer of methylvinyl ether and maleic anhydride (Gantrez ES series), ethyl methyacrylate-methylmethacrylate- chlorotrimethylammonium ethyl acrylate copolymer, natural resins such
  • the present disclosure also provides kits for use by e.g., a consumer in need of treatment with a disclosed compound.
  • kits include a suitable dosage form such as those described above and instructions describing the method of using such dosage form to treat a medical disorder, for example, a psychiatric disease or disorder.
  • the instructions would direct the consumer or medical personnel to administer the dosage form according to administration modes known to those skilled in the art.
  • kits could advantageously be packaged and sold in single or multiple kit units.
  • An example of such a kit is a so-called blister pack.
  • Blister packs are well known in the packaging industry and are being widely used for the packaging of pharmaceutical unit dosage forms (tablets, capsules, and the like). Blister packs generally consist of a sheet of relatively stiff material covered with a foil of a preferably transparent plastic material. During the packaging process recesses are formed in the plastic foil.
  • the recesses have the size and shape of the tablets or capsules to be packed.
  • the tablets or capsules are placed in the recesses and the sheet of relatively stiff material is sealed against the plastic foil at the face of the foil which is opposite from the direction in which the recesses were formed.
  • the tablets or capsules are sealed in the recesses between the plastic foil and the sheet.
  • the strength of the sheet is such that the tablets or capsules can be removed from the blister pack by manually applying pressure on the recesses whereby an opening is formed in the sheet at the place of the recess. The tablet or capsule can then be removed via said opening.
  • a memory aid on the kit, e.g., in the form of numbers next to the tablets or capsules whereby the numbers correspond with the days of the regimen which the tablets or capsules so specified should be ingested.
  • a memory aid is a calendar printed on the card, e.g., as follows “First Week, Monday, Tuesday, ... etc.... Second Week, Monday, Tuesday, ... “ etc.
  • a “daily dose” can be a single tablet or capsule or several pills or capsules to be taken on a given day.
  • a daily dose of a first compound can consist of one tablet or capsule while a daily dose of the second compound can consist of several tablets or capsules and vice versa.
  • the memory aid should reflect this.
  • methods and compositions that include a second active agent or administering a second active agent.
  • EXEMPLIFICATION The compounds described herein can be prepared in a number of ways based on the teachings contained herein and synthetic procedures known in the art. In the description of the synthetic methods described below, it is to be understood that all proposed reaction conditions, including choice of solvent, reaction atmosphere, reaction temperature, duration of the experiment and workup procedures, can be chosen to be the conditions standard for that reaction, unless otherwise indicated. It is understood by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on various portions of the molecule should be compatible with the reagents and reactions proposed.
  • Triethylamine (106 ⁇ L, 0.760 mmol), diethylamine (60 ⁇ L, 0.570 mmol), and propanephosphonic acid anhydride (T3P, 332 ⁇ L, 0.570 mmol, 50% in DMF) were added and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour. Ice-cold water (50 mL) was added, followed by ice-cold 1% ammonium hydroxide solution (5 mL), and the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (5x30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
  • LC-MS purity 97% (ELSD), 96% (UV310).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 05:95 to 100:0 + 0.1% FA in 10 min): 8.20 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 352.2 (M+H) + .
  • Method 2 Synthetic Protocols (Method 2): A solution of (6aR)-N,N-diethyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide (Int7m, 45.0 mg, 0.145 mmol; mixture of epimers at position 9) and propanal (52 ⁇ L, 0.72 mmol) in methanol (10 mL) was purged with argon and cooled to 0 °C. Sodium cyanoborohydride (46.0 mg, 0.72 mmol) was added, the mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, and then acetic acid (160 ⁇ L) was added.
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hour, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between dichloromethane and a 1% solution of ammonium hydroxide.
  • the aqueous phase was extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated.
  • the reaction mixture was diluted with water (50 mL), extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL), and the combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
  • the obtained crude product was purified by silica gel chromatography (silica gel 60, 0.040–0.063 mm; eluent: dichloromethane/methanol 98:2) to afford (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-(3-fluoropropyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline- 9-carboxamide (2, faster moving fluorescent band) as a colorless foam. Yield: 6 mg (10%).
  • Tetrabutylammonium iodide (53.5 mg, 0.145 mmol) was then introduced in one portion and the reaction was heated to 60 °C and stirred for 9 days. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (50 mL) and silica gel (10 g) was introduced.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 96% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.71 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 370.2 (M+H) + .
  • the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 hour at 0 °C and then diluted with water (200 mL) and washed with ethyl acetate (3 x 150 mL).
  • the mixture was then extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 200 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.29 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 324.2 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 50:50 to 100:0 + 0.1% FA in 10 min): 5.13 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 340.2 (M+H) + .
  • aqueous phase was further extracted with ethyl acetate (2 x 50 mL) and the combined organic phases were washed with 5% lithium chloride solution (4x50 mL), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and concentrated in vacuo.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (combined isomers, ELSD), 98% (combined isomers, UV310).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 20:80 to 100:0 + 0.1% FA in 10 min): 3.59 min (diastereomer 1); 3.95 min (diastereomer 2).
  • LC-MS purity 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 50:50 to 100:0 + 0.1% FA in 10 min): 1.92 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 352.0 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 96% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.51 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 364.1 (M+H) + .
  • the reaction was stirred at 0 °C for 1 hour, the solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was partitioned between dichloromethane (50 mL) and a 1% solution of ammonium hydroxide (150 mL). The aqueous phase was further extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 50 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated.
  • LC-MS purity (of freebase) 97% (ELSD), 91% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS purity (of tartrate) 99% (ELSD).
  • LC-MS Rt (of tartrate) (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.48 min.
  • T3P® Propanephosphonic acid anhydride
  • reaction mixture was concentrated in vacuo along with silica gel (10 g) and the resulting solid was purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel 60, 0.040–0.063 mm; eluent: dichloromethane/methanol 100:0 to 98:2) to afford (6aR,9S)-7-methyl-N-(pentan-3-yl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (Int14a, faster moving, less polar diastereomer) as dark brown solid and (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-N-(pentan-3-yl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide (Int14, slower moving, more polar diastereomer) as dark brown solid.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV 310 ).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.27 min.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV 310 ).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 4.95 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 338.2 (M+H) + .
  • Iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate (343 mg, 1.23 mmol) was then added and the resulting mixture stirred for 3 hours at 0 °C. At this time, the solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue partitioned between dichloromethane (150 mL) and a solution of EDTA (10 g) and 30% ammonium hydroxide (10 mL) in water (100 mL). The aqueous phase was further extracted with dichloromethane (3 x 100 mL) and the combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulfate and concentrated in vacuo.
  • Residue was purified by flash column chromatography (Silica gel 60, 0.040–0.063 mm; eluent: dichloromethane/methanol 99:1 to 98:2) to afford (6aR,9R)-N- (pentan-3-yl)-7-propyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (6, slower moving fluorescent band) as a colorless foam. Yield: 20 mg (30%).
  • LC-MS purity 98% (ELSD), 97% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.72 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 366.2 (M+H) + .
  • Example 7 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N-((R)-pentan-2-yl)-7-propyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9- Synthetic Protocols: A solution of (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxylic acid (Int1, 200 mg, 0.745 mmol), triethylamine (430 ⁇ L, 3.00 mmol), and (R)- pentan-2-amine hydrochloride (250 ⁇ g, 1.50 mmol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was cooled to 0°C under argon atmosphere.
  • T3P® Propanephosphonic acid anhydride
  • LC-MS purity 91% (ELSD), 100% (UV 310 ).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.06 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 338.2 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.23 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 354.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 8 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-7-allyl-N-((R)-sec-butyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (8) and (6aR,9S)-7-allyl-N-((R)-sec-butyl)- 4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (8a) Synthetic Protocols: To a stirred solution of (6aR)-N-((R)-sec-butyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline- 9-carboxamide (Int10m, 35 mg, 0.113 mmol; preparation is described in Example 3; mixture of epimers at position 9) and potassium bicarbonate (23 mg, 0.226 mmol) in methanol (2 mL)
  • LC-MS purity (of freebase) 98% (ELSD), 97% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS purity (of tartrate) 99% (ELSD).
  • LC-MS Rt (of tartrate) (Sinergy Polar RP 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 6.65 min.
  • LC-MS purity (of tartrate): 98% (ELSD).
  • LC-MS Rt (of tartrate) (Sinergy Polar RP 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.47 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 350.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 97% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.20 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 431.9 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 97% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.20 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 431.9 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 97% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.61 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 444.3 (M+H) + .
  • Example 12 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- Synthetic Protocols: A solution of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide hemitartrate (Int7, 30.0 mg, 78.0 ⁇ mol; 2 moles Int7 per mole tartrate) and 3,3,3- trifluoropropanal (27.0 ⁇ L, 0.31 mmol) in methanol (2 mL) was purged with argon and cooled to 0 °C.
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.85 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 406.0 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.56 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 364.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.59 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 322.0 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 95% (ELSD), 95% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.22 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 308.0 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.85 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 416.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 97% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.31 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 430.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 97% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.24 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 430.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.58 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 444.2 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.55 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 444.2 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.74 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 401.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 96% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.74 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 401.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 98% (ELSD), 97% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.88 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 415.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 95% (ELSD), 92% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.88 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 415.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 22 Preparation of (6aR)-N-((R)-sec-butyl)-7-(2-methoxybenzyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (24m)
  • LC-MS Composition by LC-MS: 87% (ELSD, faster moving isomer), 13% (ELSD, slower moving isomer).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.54 min (isomer A), 6.57 min (isomer B).
  • Example 24 Preparation of ((2S,4S)-2,4-dimethylazetidin-1-yl)((6aR,9R)-7-(3-fluoropropyl)- 4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinolin-9-yl)methanone (26)
  • Reaction Scheme Synthetic Protocols: A solution of ((2S,4S)-2,4-dimethylazetidin-1-yl)((6aR,9R)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinolin-9-yl)methanone (Int13, 40 mg, 0.117 mmol), potassium bicarbonate (47 mg, 0.468 mg), and 1-bromo-3-fluoropropane (33 mg, 0.234 mmol) in isopropanol (1.0 mL) was purged with argon and heated
  • the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 hours.
  • the vial was opened, and the solvent was removed and evaporated in vacuo.
  • the crude material was redissolved in dichloromethane (25 mL), treated with silica gel (silica gel 0.063-0.200 mm, 10 g), and concentrated.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.53 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 382.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.53 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 382.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 25 Preparation of ((6aR,9R)-7-allyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinolin- 9-yl)((2S,4S)-2,4-dimethylazetidin-1-yl)methanone (27)
  • LC-MS purity 98% (ELSD), 91% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.42 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 362.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 98% (ELSD), 91% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.42 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 362.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 26 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-5-bromo-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (35)
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.37 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 403.9 (M+H) + .
  • Example 27 (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-propyl-4,5,5a,6,6a,7,8,9-octahydroindolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (36)
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 98% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 3.85 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 354.2 (M+H) + .
  • Example 29 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N,N-bis(2-fluoroethyl)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9- Synthetic Protocols: A solution of (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxylic acid (Int1, 384 mg, 1.43 mmol), triethylamine (0.93 mL, 6.43 mmol), and bis(2- fluoroethyl)amine hydrochloride (250 mg, 1.71 mmol) in dry N,N-dimethylformamide (10 mL) was cooled to 0 °C under an argon atmosphere.
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 95% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.90 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 360.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 95% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.90 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 360.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 30 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-(2-fluoroethyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (39)
  • Reaction Scheme Synthetic Protocols: (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (Int7, 30 mg, 96.0 ⁇ mol), potassium bicarbonate (33 mg, 323 ⁇ mol), and 1-iodo-2- fluoroethane (53 mg, 323 ⁇ mol) were mixed in 2-propanol (1 mL) under argon atmosphere in a sealed pressure vessel.
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.21 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 356.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HFBA in 10 min): 5.21 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 356.1 (M+H) + .
  • Reaction mixture was diluted with dichloromethane (10 mL) then silica gel (4 g), and resulting suspension was stripped from solvents in vacuo. This residue was purified via flash column chromatography (silica gel 60, 0.040–0.063 mm; eluent: dichloromethane/methanol 99:1 to 98:2) to afford (6aR,9R)-N-((R)-sec-butyl)-7-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (40, faster moving spot on TLC, less polar diastereomer) as a colorless oil.
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.91 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 448.1 ( 79 Br, M+1), 450.0 ( 81 Br, M+1) (6aR,9R)-5-bromo-N,N-diethyl-7-(3-fluoropropyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (41, 16.5 mg, 37.0 ⁇ mol) was dissolved in gradient-grade methanol (5.0 mL) and treated with 2N d-tartaric acid aqueous solution (18.5 ⁇ L, 18.5 ⁇ mol).
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.91 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 448.1 ( 79 Br, M+1), 450.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • Example 33 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-5-bromo-N,N-diethyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)- 4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (42)
  • Reaction Scheme Synthetic Protocols: (6aR,9R)-N,N-Diethyl-7-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (12, 35.8 mg, 0.088 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous dioxane (3.0 mL) and flushed with argon.
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.28 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 484.1 ( 79 Br, M+1), 486.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.28 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 484.1 ( 79 Br, M+1), 486.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • Example 34 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-5-bromo-N-((R)-sec-butyl)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (43)
  • Reaction Scheme Synthetic Protocols: (6aR,9R)-N-((R)-sec-butyl)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide (Int8, 56.3 mg, 174 ⁇ mol) was dissolved in anhydrous dioxane (5.0 mL) and vessel was flushed with argon.
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.16 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 402.9 ( 79 Br, M+1), 403.9 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 98% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.16 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 402.9 ( 79 Br, M+1), 403.9 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.43 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 416.0 ( 79 Br, M+1), 418.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.43 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 416.0 ( 79 Br, M+1), 418.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • Example 36 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-5-bromo-N-((R)-pentan-2-yl)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (45)
  • Reaction Scheme Synthetic Protocols: (6aR,9R)-N-((R)-pentan-2-yl)-7-propyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline- 9-carboxamide (Int17, 39.3 mg, 116 ⁇ mol) was dissolved in anhydrous dioxane (5.0 mL) and flushed with argon.
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.54 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 416.0 ( 79 Br, M+1), 418.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 98% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.54 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 416.0 ( 79 Br, M+1), 418.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.86 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 430.1 ( 79 Br, M+1), 432.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.86 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 430.1 ( 79 Br, M+1), 432.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • Example 38 Preparation of ((6aR,9R)-5-bromo-7-propyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3- Synthetic Protocols: ((6aR,9R)-7-propyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinolin-9-yl)((2S,4S)-2,4- dimethylazetidin-1-yl)methanone (4, 46.3 mg, 127 ⁇ mol) was dissolved anhydrous dioxane (6.0 mL) and flushed with argon.
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.99 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 442.0 ( 79 Br, M+1), 444.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS purity 100% (ELSD), 100% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.99 min.
  • LC-MS m/z (ESI+, Cone Voltage 30V, Centroid): 442.0 ( 79 Br, M+1), 444.0 ( 81 Br, M+1).
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.26 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 418.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.49 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 434.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 95.5% (ELSD), 92.5% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.54 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 401.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 96% (ELSD), 95% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.49 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 401.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 96% (ELSD), 95% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.49 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 401.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 43 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-(3-(methoxy-d3)benzyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (56)
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.21 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 433.2 (M+H) + .
  • Example 44 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-(4-fluoro-3-methoxybenzyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (60)
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.25 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 448.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.54 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 416.1 (M+H) + .
  • Example 46 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N-ethyl-7-(3-methoxybenzyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- Synthetic Protocols: (6aR,9R)-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxylic acid (Int1, 520 mg, 1.94 mmol) was suspended in dimethyl formamide (50 mL).
  • Ethyl ammonium chloride (629 mg, 7.75 mmol), triethylamine (1.62 mL, 11.6 mmol), and propanephosponic acid anhydride in 2-MeTHF (T3P ® , 50% solution, 4.74 mL, 7.75 mmol) were subsequently added to reaction mixture.
  • the obtained mixture was stirred at R.T. for 2.5 h.
  • the reaction mixture was evaporated and partitioned between 2-MeTHF (100 mL) and 5% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 (100 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with 2-MeTHF (50 mL).
  • LC-MS purity 100 % (ELSD), 100 % (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 3.89 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 296.1 (M+H) + .
  • (6aR,9R)-N-ethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxamide (Int25, 290 mg, 0.949 mmol) was dissolved in dichloromethane (27 mL) and cooled to 0 °C.
  • Meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (77% purity, 213 mg, 0.949 mmol) was added and the reaction mixture was stirred at 0 °C for 1 h. It was then evaporated and the crude residue was redissolved in 90% aqueous methanol (50 mL). Iron sulphate heptahydrate was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The obtained material was partitioned between 2-MeTHF (100 mL) and 1 M aqueous EDTA. The phases were separated and the aqueous phase was basified with ethylene diamine and extracted with additional 2-MeTHF (3 x 100 mL).
  • LC-MS purity 99% (ELSD), 99% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 3.76 min.
  • the obtained material was additionally purified by preparative HPLC (Synergi 4 ⁇ m Polar-RP 80 ⁇ , LC Column 100 x 21.2 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% acetic acid) and the combined fractions were stripped of solvents under reduced pressure, redissolved in tert-butanol, and freeze dried under reduced pressure to yield (6aR,9R)-N-ethyl-7-(3-methoxybenzyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (63) as a white puffy foam (Yield: 13.0 mg, 51%).
  • LC-MS purity 98.5% (ELSD), 100.0 % (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.96 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 401.51 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 93.0% (ELSD), 100.0 % (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.41 min.
  • Example 48 Preparation of (6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-(isoxazol-3-ylmethyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9- hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (70)
  • LC-MS purity 99,9% (ELSD), 99,9% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.27 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 391.2 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 98% (ELSD), 98% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 4.95 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 391.1 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99.9% (ELSD), 99.9% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 5.60 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 431.2 (M+H) + .
  • LC-MS purity 99.9% (ELSD), 99.9% (UV, 310 nm).
  • LC-MS Rt (Sinergy Polar RP, 4.6 mm x 150 mm, acetonitrile/water 30:70 to 100:0 + 0.1% HBFA in 10 min): 6.06 min.
  • LC-MS m/z 400.2 (M+H) + .
  • the pure diastereomer (6aR,9R)-N,N- diethyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9-carboxamide (83) was separated from the mixture by column chromatography (SiliCycle Silia Sphere PC60A, 50 ⁇ m; eluent: dichloromethane/methanol/aq. ammonia 99:1:0.01 to 90:10:0.1) and obtained as an off-white solid.
  • reaction mixture was then cooled to 0 °C and sodium cyanoborohydride was added (0.627 g, 10.5 mmol, 3 eq), followed by acetic acid (0.4 mL, 7 mmol, 2 eq).
  • the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 30 h. Progress of the reaction was monitored by LC-MS and TLC.
  • reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by flash column chromatography (silica gel 60-120, eluent: 0-15% MeOH in DCM) followed by trituration with diethyl ether to afford the (6aR)-7-(alkyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3- fg]quinoline-9-carboxylic acid as a diastereomeric mixture.
  • Step 2 Amide Formation to Provide Diastereomer 1 and Diastereomer 2
  • amine (6aR)-7-(alkyl)-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindolo[4,3-fg]quinoline-9- carboxylic acid (1 eq) in anhydrous DMF (10 vol) at 0 °C
  • amine 3 eq
  • propylphosphonic anhydride T3P, 50% in ethyl acetate; 3 eq
  • triethylamine 3.5 eq
  • Affinity of the test compounds for the 5-HT2A receptor was determined in radioligand binding experiments with [ 3 H]ketanserin by WuXi AppTec (Hong Kong) Limited, using methods adapted from the literature and under conditions described in Table 1.
  • Affinity of the test compounds for the 5-HT2B receptor was determined in radioligand binding experiments with [ 3 H]LSD by WuXi AppTec (Hong Kong) Limited, using methods adapted from the literature and under conditions described in Table 2.
  • Results Results of the radioligand binding assays are shown in Table 3. Tested compounds showed substantial binding affinity for the 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B receptor.
  • Example 56 Functional Activity at Serotonin Receptors
  • Disclosed compounds were tested for agonist activity at several serotonin receptor subtypes (5-HT2A, 2-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A) using Ca 2+ flux functional assays and the 5-HT1B receptor using a cAMP accumulation assay, with the results summarized in Table 4.
  • Most compounds exhibited potent agonist activity at the 5-HT2A receptor, suggestive of potential hallucinogenic activity as well as possible therapeutic effects.
  • Compounds having the R configuration at position 9 were much more potent at the 5-HT2A receptor than those having the S configuration at this position. Potent agonist activity was also observed at the other serotonin receptors tested, although the selectivity profile among the receptors varied across compounds.
  • compounds with longer alkyl chains on the amine nitrogen tended to exhibit greater selectivity for 5-HT2A over 5-HT1B compared to the N- methyl prototype LSD.
  • compounds with longer N-alkyl chains e.g., the N-propyl compounds 3, 4, and 7
  • their closest N-methyl counterparts e.g., Int8, Int11, and Int17, respectively.
  • the N-propyl compounds were more efficacious agonists at 5-HT2B than the corresponding N-methyl compounds.
  • bromination on the indole tended to increase selectivity for 5-HT2A relative to 5-HT1A, while also attenuating the maximal efficacy at 5-HT2A to yield partial agonists.
  • These bromo compounds were also much less potent as functional agonists compared to their binding affinities (see Table 3).
  • compound 42 exhibited no agonist activity at any of the receptors tested, despite potent binding to 5-HT2A (see Table 3), suggesting that this compound may act as an antagonist at this receptor.
  • Agonist activity at 5-HT2A, 5- HT2B, 5HT2C and 5-HT1A receptors was determined using a FLIPR Ca 2+ flux assay at WuXi AppTec (Hong Kong) Limited according to their standard protocols. Briefly, stably transfected cells expressing the receptor of interest and G ⁇ 15 in the case of 5-HT1A (HEK293 for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2B; CHO cells for 5-HT1A) were grown and plated in a 384 well plate and incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 overnight. A solution of 250 mM probenecid in 1mL FLIPR assay buffer was prepared fresh.
  • Agonist activity at 5-HT2C was determined using a FLIPR Ca 2+ flux assay at Eurofins DiscoverX (Fremont, CA) according to their standard protocols. Briefly, stably transfected cells expressing the human 5-HT2C receptor were grown and plated in a 384 well plate and incubated at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 overnight. Assays were performed in 1x Dye Loading Buffer consisting of 1x Dye, 1x Additive A, and 2.5 mM Probenecid in HBSS / 20 mM Hepes. Probenecid was prepared fresh. Cells were loaded with dye prior to testing and incubated at 37 °C for 30-60 minutes.
  • stably transfected cells were plated in an OptiPlate-384 well plate, incubated at RT for 60 mins, and cAMP standard solution (800 nM, 10 ⁇ L) was added to the blank well. Then, 10 ⁇ L detection reagent was added to each well, the plate incubated for 60 mins at RT, and the plate read using EnVision.
  • cAMP standard solution 800 nM, 10 ⁇ L
  • Example 57 Functional Activity at the 5-HT2A Receptor in a Beta-Arrestin Recruitment Assay
  • a beta-arrestin (arrestin) recruitment functional assay Disclosed compounds were tested for agonist activity at the 5-HT2A receptor using a beta-arrestin (arrestin) recruitment functional assay, with the results summarized in Table 5. All compounds tested were agonists in this assay and many were highly potent. Compounds having the R configuration at position 9 were much more potent at the 5-HT2A receptor than those having the S configuration at this position. It was found that the size and nature of the substituent on the amine nitrogen (position 7) was an important determinant of maximal efficacy in this assay.
  • the GPCR is fused in frame with a small enzyme donor fragment ProLinkTM (PK) and co-expressed in cells stably expressing a fusion protein of beta-arrestin and the larger, N-terminal deletion mutant of beta-galactosidase.
  • PK small enzyme donor fragment ProLinkTM
  • Activation of the GPCR (5-HT2A receptor in this case) stimulates binding of beta-arrestin to the PK-tagged GPCR and forces complementation of the two enzyme fragments, resulting in the formation of an active beta-galactosidase enzyme. This interaction leads to an increase in enzyme activity that can be measured using chemiluminescent PathHunter Detection Reagents.
  • PathHunter cells expressing 5-HT2A receptors were seeded in a volume of 20 ⁇ L into 384-well plates and incubated at 37 °C for the appropriate time prior to testing.
  • Example 58 Functional Activity at Other Monoamine Receptors
  • Disclosed compounds were tested for agonist activity at several adrenergic (Alpha1A and Alpha2A) and dopamine (D1 and D2) receptor subtypes using Ca 2+ flux functional assays, with the results summarized in Table 6.
  • Selectivity for the 5-HT2A receptor over these other targets varied depending on the specific target and compound.
  • the disclosed compounds were more selective than LSD for the 5-HT2A receptor over the tested adrenergic and dopamine receptors.
  • compound 3 showed exceptional selectivity. It was also found that the size and nature of the substituent on the amine nitrogen (position 7) was an important determinant of maximal efficacy at these receptors.
  • stably transfected cells expressing the receptor of interest were grown and plated in a 384 well plate and incubated at 37°C and 5% CO 2 overnight.
  • a solution of 250 mM probenecid in 1mL FLIPR assay buffer was prepared fresh. This was combined with a fluorescent dye (Fluo-4 DirectTM) to make a final assay concentration of 2.5 mM.
  • Compounds were diluted 1:3.16 for 10 points and 750 nL was added to a 384 well compound plate using ECHO along with 30 ⁇ L assay buffer. The fluorescent dye was then added to the assay plate along with assay buffer to a final volume of 40 ⁇ L.
  • Example 59 Effects of Compound 1 on the Head Twitch Response (HTR) in Mice Compound 1 was tested for its ability to induce a head twitch response (HTR) in mice, with the results summarized in FIG.1. Agonists of the 5-HT2A receptor are well known to induce this effect in rodents and the potency of this HTR is correlated with hallucinogenic potency in humans.
  • Compound 1 induced a robust and dose-dependent HTR.
  • Methods Animals. Adult male C57BL/6 mice, aged 6-8 weeks (body weight 20-25g) were used in this experiment. Animals were housed under controlled temperatures and 12-hour light/dark cycles (lights on between 07:00–19:00 h), with ad libitum food and water. This study was carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA), India. All efforts were made to minimize suffering. Drugs and Drug Administration. Compound 1 was synthesized as described above. It was administered subcutaneously (SC) dissolved in saline vehicle at a volume of 10 mL/kg.
  • SC subcutaneously
  • Forced Swim Test FST. Animals were randomized based on body weight, and it was ensured that inter-group variations were minimal and did not exceed ⁇ 20% of the mean body weight across the groups. Rats were handled for about 2 min daily for the 5 days prior to the beginning of the experimental procedure.
  • a rat was judged to be climbing when it made active movements with its forepaws in and out of the water, usually directed against the walls.
  • Statistical Analysis The data points shown represent the mean ⁇ standard error of the mean (SEM). Analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 6. Comparisons between groups were performed using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Dunnett’s test for comparisons to vehicle.
  • Example 61 Effects of Compound 1 on Marble Burying in Mice Compound 1 produced an anxiolytic-like effect in the marble burying test (MBT) in C57BL/6 mice (FIG.3). Specifically, Compound 1 reduced the number of marbles buried in a 30-minute period compared to vehicle. Methods: Animals.
  • Example 62 Effects of Additional Compounds in the Mouse Head Twitch Assay Additional disclosed compounds were tested in the mouse head twitch response (HTR) assay according to the procedure described in Example 57 (administered SC). The compounds induced an HTR, with the results summarized in Table 7.
  • HTR mouse head twitch response
  • N-propyl derivative 4 was less efficacious than its N-methyl counterpart compound Int11.
  • both of these azetidinyl amide compounds (4 and Int11) were lower efficacy than analogous compounds bearing other amide substituents, suggesting that they may have a decreased propensity to induce hallucinogenic effects.
  • compounds with much larger benzyl and phenethyl substituents on the amine nitrogen were low efficacy in this assay, consistent with their bias toward arrestin signaling (see Example 55).
  • Example 63 Effects of Additional Compounds in the Automated Mouse Head Twitch Assay
  • Disclosed compounds were tested for their ability to induce a head twitch response (HTR) in mice using an automated video tracking procedure, with the results summarized in Table 8 and FIG.4.
  • HTR head twitch response
  • the positive control compound LSD induced a potent and robust increase in HTRs, consistent with its potent hallucinogenic effects in humans.
  • disclosed compounds induced reduced head twitch responses, in some cases comparable to or even below vehicle effects, suggesting that these compounds will have reduced or no hallucinogenic effects in humans.
  • Methods Animals.
  • Example 65 Effects of disclosed compounds in the rat FST 23.5 hours after a single dose. Significant values compared to vehicle (p ⁇ 0.05) are in bold. *Values are the average of 3 independent experiments.
  • Example 65 Effects of Additional Compounds in the Mouse Marble Burying Assay Additional compounds of the present invention are tested in the marble burying test (MBT) in mice according to the procedure described in Example 59. The compounds decrease the number of marbles buried in a dose-dependent manner, indicative of an anxiolytic-like effect.
  • Example 66 Metabolic Stability in Human Liver Microsomes Disclosed compounds were tested for stability in human liver microsomes (HLM), with the results summarized in Table 10. The compounds varied in stability in this assay.
  • HLM Stability Pooled HLM from adult male and female donors (Corning 452117) were used. Microsomal incubations were carried out in multi-well plates. Liver microsomal incubation medium consisted of PBS (100 mM, pH 7.4), MgCl 2 (1 mM), and NADP ⁇ (1 mM), with 0.50 mg of liver microsomal protein per mL. Control incubations were performed by replacing the NADPH-cofactor system with PBS. Test compounds (1 ⁇ M, final solvent concentration 1.0%) were incubated with microsomes at 37 °C with constant shaking.
  • Liver microsomal incubation medium consisted of PBS (100 mM, pH 7.4), MgCl 2 (1 mM), and NADP ⁇ (1 mM), with 0.50 mg of liver microsomal protein per mL. Control incubations were performed by replacing the NADPH-cofactor system with PBS. Test compounds (1 ⁇ M, final solvent concentration 1.0%) were incubated with microsomes at 37 °C with constant shaking. Six time points over 60 minutes were analyzed, with 60 ⁇ L aliquots of the reaction mixture being drawn at each time point.
  • reaction aliquots were stopped by adding 180 ⁇ L of cold (4 °C) acetonitrile containing 200 ng/mL tolbutamide and 200 ng/mL labetalol as internal standards (IS), followed by shaking for 10 minutes, and then protein sedimentation by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4 °C.
  • Supernatant samples 80 ⁇ L were diluted with water (240 ⁇ L) and analyzed for parent compound remaining using a fit-for-purpose liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.
  • LC-MS/MS liquid chromatography- tandem mass spectrometry
  • Example 68 Metabolic Stability in Rat Liver Microsomes
  • RLM rat liver microsomes
  • Table 13 The compounds varied in stability in this assay. It was found that the size and nature of the substituent on the amine nitrogen (position 7) was an important determinant of stability in this assay.
  • Liver microsomal incubation medium consisted of PBS (100 mM, pH 7.4), MgCl 2 (1 mM), and NADP ⁇ (1 mM), with 0.50 mg of liver microsomal protein per mL. Control incubations were performed by replacing the NADPH-cofactor system with PBS. Test compounds (1 ⁇ M, final solvent concentration 1.0%) were incubated with microsomes at 37 °C with constant shaking. Six time points over 60 minutes were analyzed, with 60 ⁇ L aliquots of the reaction mixture being drawn at each time point.
  • reaction aliquots were stopped by adding 180 ⁇ L of cold (4 °C) acetonitrile containing 200 ng/mL tolbutamide and 200 ng/mL labetalol as internal standards (IS), followed by shaking for 10 minutes, and then protein sedimentation by centrifugation at 4,000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4 °C.
  • Supernatant samples 80 ⁇ L were diluted with water (240 ⁇ L) and analyzed for parent compound remaining using a fit-for-purpose liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.
  • LC-MS/MS fit-for-purpose liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des composés d'ergoline et leur utilisation dans le traitement de troubles de l'humeur. L'invention concerne également des compositions pharmaceutiques et des procédés de fabrication de divers composés d'ergoline.
PCT/US2024/027896 2023-05-04 2024-05-04 Nouvelles ergolines et procédés de traitement de troubles de l'humeur Pending WO2024229454A2 (fr)

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