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WO2024216997A1 - A delay measurement method - Google Patents

A delay measurement method Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024216997A1
WO2024216997A1 PCT/CN2023/136519 CN2023136519W WO2024216997A1 WO 2024216997 A1 WO2024216997 A1 WO 2024216997A1 CN 2023136519 W CN2023136519 W CN 2023136519W WO 2024216997 A1 WO2024216997 A1 WO 2024216997A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
packet
delay
downlink
uplink
pdcp pdu
Prior art date
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Pending
Application number
PCT/CN2023/136519
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Zhuang Liu
Yin Gao
Yingjun Zhou
Dapeng Li
Xiubin Sha
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ZTE Corp
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ZTE Corp
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ZTE Corp filed Critical ZTE Corp
Priority to PCT/CN2023/136519 priority Critical patent/WO2024216997A1/en
Publication of WO2024216997A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024216997A1/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04WWIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
    • H04W28/00Network traffic management; Network resource management
    • H04W28/02Traffic management, e.g. flow control or congestion control

Definitions

  • the present subject matter is directed generally to wireless communications. Particularly, the present subject matter relates to methods, devices, and systems for monitoring packet delay.
  • the delay per packet for the specific Quality of Service (QoS) flow between a user equipment (UE) and a user plane function (UPF) cannot be measured directly.
  • the 5G radio access network (RAN) may measure the uplink/downlink delay of the packet level between the UE and the RAN and report it to the core network (CN) .
  • end-to-end latency/delay refers to the amount of time for communication from a source device to reach its destination.
  • 5G Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications URLLC
  • 5G mobile networks supporting URLLC must provide low latency, with minimum packet loss, and minimum packets arriving out of order.
  • the End-to-end Low Latency Communication requirements for URLLC services ranges from under 0.5ms to 50ms on the application layer and under 1ms on the 5G radio interface.
  • the 5G network needs to support the performance measurement definitions related to UL/DL (uplink/downlink) packet delay. Based on the current 3GPP specification, only average delay measurement between the RAN and UE for the DRB/QoS flow level is supported, but per packet delay between RAN and UE measurement and reporting is not supported in the current 5G network.
  • the 5G base station may be divided into two physical entities named the gNB-CU (Centralized Unit) and the gNB-DU (Distributed Unit) .
  • the gNB-CU provides support for the higher layers of the protocol stack such as service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , and RRC while gNB-DU provides support for the lower layers of the protocol stack such as radio link control (RLC) , medium access control (MAC) , and Physical layer.
  • SDAP service data adaptation protocol
  • PDCP packet data convergence protocol
  • RRC radio link control
  • MAC medium access control
  • Physical layer Physical layer
  • the present subject matter is directed to a method, device, and system for providing packet delay monitoring in a wireless communication system.
  • a method for packet-level downlink delay monitoring includes receiving at a base station, from a core network (CN) , a plurality of downlink user packets of a quality of service (QoS) flow via a downlink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame; and transmitting one or more of the plurality of downlink user packets to a user equipment (UE) .
  • CN core network
  • QoS quality of service
  • NG-U downlink NG User plane interface
  • the method further includes subsequently transmitting an NGAP message or an uplink NG-U frame to the CN, including a radio access network (RAN) portion of a downlink delay of at least one downlink user packet, and an associated packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sequence number (SN) , or a downlink NG-U frame SN in which the at least one downlink user packet is encapsulated.
  • RAN radio access network
  • PDCP packet data convergence protocol
  • SN packet data convergence protocol sequence number
  • a method for packet level uplink delay monitoring include receiving, from a user equipment (UE) , a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet data unit (PDU) at a base station.
  • the method further includes calculating a radio access network (RAN) portion of an uplink delay of the received PDCP PDU by: adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and a UE-reported average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU; or adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and the corresponding UE-reported delay at the UE of the PDCP PDU; and reporting the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet level to a core network (CN) .
  • CN core network
  • an apparatus for wireless communication may include a memory storing instructions and a processing circuitry in communication with the memory.
  • the processing circuitry executes the instructions, the processing circuitry is configured to carry out the above methods.
  • a device for wireless communication may include a memory storing instructions and a processing circuitry in communication with the memory.
  • the processing circuitry executes the instructions, the processing circuitry is configured to carry out the above methods.
  • a computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the above methods.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communication system include one wireless base stations and one or more user equipment.
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of a base station (gNB) .
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of a user equipment (UE) .
  • UE user equipment
  • FIG. 4 shows an example swim lane diagram including communications between a gNB, UE, and core network (CN) in accordance with the present subject matter.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example swim lane diagram including communications between a gNB, UE, and a CN in accordance with the present subject matter.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example swim lane diagram including communications between a gNB, UE, and a CN in accordance with the present subject matter.
  • the term “one or more” or “at least one” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures, or characteristics in a plural sense.
  • terms, such as “a” , “an” , or “the” may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context.
  • the term “based on” or “determined by” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
  • FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an example wireless communication system 100 including a plurality of communication nodes (or just nodes) that are configured to wirelessly communicate with each other.
  • the communication nodes include at least one user device 102 and at least one wireless access node 104.
  • the example wireless communication system 100 in FIG. 1 is shown as including two user devices 102, including a first user device 102 (1) and a second user device 102 (2) , and one wireless access nodes 104.
  • various other examples of the wireless communication system 100 that include any of various combinations of one or more user devices 102 and/or one or more wireless access nodes 104 may be possible.
  • a user device as described herein such as the user device 102, may include a single electronic device or apparatus, or multiple (e.g., a network of) electronic devices or apparatuses, capable of communicating wirelessly over a network.
  • a user device may comprise or otherwise be referred to as a user terminal, a user terminal device, or a user equipment (UE) .
  • UE user equipment
  • a user device may be or include, but not limited to, a mobile device (such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a smart watch, a tablet, a laptop computer, vehicle or other vessel (human, motor, or engine-powered, such as an automobile, a plane, a train, a ship, or a bicycle as non-limiting examples) or a fixed or stationary device, (such as a desktop computer or other computing device that is not ordinarily moved for long periods of time, such as appliances, other relatively heavy devices including Internet of things (IoT) , or computing devices used in commercial or industrial environments, as non-limiting examples) .
  • a mobile device such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a smart watch, a tablet, a laptop computer, vehicle or other vessel (human, motor, or engine-powered, such as an automobile, a plane, a train, a ship, or a bicycle as non-limiting examples) or a fixed or stationary device, (such as a desktop computer or other computing device that is not ordinarily moved
  • a user device 102 may include transceiver circuitry 106 coupled to an antenna 108 to effect wireless communication with the wireless access node 104.
  • the transceiver circuitry 106 may also be coupled to a processor 110, which may also be coupled to a memory 112 or other storage device.
  • the memory 112 may store therein instructions or code that, when read and executed by the processor 110, cause the processor 110 to implement various ones of the methods described herein.
  • a wireless access node as described herein such as the wireless access node 104, may include a single electronic device or apparatus, or multiple (e.g., a network of) electronic devices or apparatuses, and may comprise one or more base stations or other wireless network access points capable of communicating wirelessly over a network with one or more user devices and/or with one or more other wireless access nodes 104.
  • the wireless access node 104 may comprise a 4G LTE base station, a 5G NR base station, a 5G central-unit base station, a 5G distributed-unit base station, a next generation Node B (gNB) , an enhanced Node B (eNB) , or other similar or next-generation (e.g., 6G) base stations, in various embodiments.
  • a wireless access node 104 may include transceiver circuitry 114 coupled to an antenna 116, which may include an antenna tower 118 in various approaches, to effect wireless communication with the user device 102 or another wireless access node 104.
  • the transceiver circuitry 114 may also be coupled to one or more processors 120, which may also be coupled to a memory 122 or other storage device.
  • the memory 122 may store therein instructions or code that, when read and executed by the processor 120, cause the processor 120 to implement one or more of the methods described herein.
  • two communication nodes in the wireless system 100 such as a user device 102 and a wireless access node 104, two user devices 102 without a wireless access node 104, or two wireless access nodes 104 without a user device 102-may be configured to wirelessly communicate with each other in or over a mobile network and/or a wireless access network according to one or more standards and/or specifications.
  • the standards and/or specifications may define the rules or procedures under which the communication nodes can wirelessly communicate, which, in various embodiments, may include those for communicating in millimeter (mm) -Wave bands, and/or with multi-antenna schemes and beamforming functions.
  • the standards and/or specifications are those that define a radio access technology and/or a cellular technology, such as Fourth Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) , Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) , as non-limiting examples.
  • 4G Fourth Generation
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • 5G Fifth Generation
  • NR New Radio
  • the communication nodes are configured to wirelessly communicate signals between each other.
  • a communication in the wireless system 100 between two communication nodes can be or include a transmission or a reception, and is generally both simultaneously, depending on the perspective of a particular node in the communication.
  • the first node may be referred to as a source or transmitting node or device
  • the second node may be referred to as a destination or receiving node or device
  • the communication may be considered a transmission for the first node and a reception for the second node.
  • a single communication node may be both a transmitting/source node and a receiving/destination node simultaneously or switch between being a source/transmitting node and a destination/receiving node.
  • particular signals may be characterized or defined as either an uplink (UL) signal, a downlink (DL) signal, or a sidelink (SL) signal.
  • An uplink signal is a signal transmitted from a user device 102 to a wireless access node 104.
  • a downlink signal is a signal transmitted from a wireless access node 104 to a user device 102.
  • a sidelink signal is a signal transmitted from a one user device 102 to another user device 102, or a signal transmitted from one wireless access node 104 to another wireless access node 104.
  • a first/source user device 102 directly transmits a sidelink signal to a second/destination user device 102 without any forwarding of the sidelink signal to a wireless access node 104.
  • signals communicated between communication nodes in the system 100 may be characterized or defined as a data signal or a control signal.
  • a data signal is a signal that includes or carries data, such multimedia data (e.g., voice and/or image data)
  • a control signal is a signal that carries control information that configures the communication nodes in certain ways to communicate with each other, or otherwise controls how the communication nodes communicate data signals with each other.
  • certain signals may be defined or characterized by combinations of data/control and uplink/downlink/sidelink, including uplink control signals, uplink data signals, downlink control signals, downlink data signals, sidelink control signals, and sidelink data signals.
  • a physical channel corresponds to a set of time-frequency resources used for transmission of a signal.
  • Different types of physical channels may be used to transmit different types of signals.
  • physical data channels (or just data channels) are used to transmit data signals
  • physical control channels (or just control channels) are used to transmit control signals.
  • Example types of physical data channels include, but are not limited to, a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) used to communicate downlink data signals, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) used to communicate uplink data signals, and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) used to communicate sidelink data signals.
  • PDSCH physical downlink shared channel
  • PUSCH physical uplink shared channel
  • PSSCH physical sidelink shared channel
  • example types of physical control channels include, but are not limited to, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) used to communicate downlink control signals, a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) used to communicate uplink control signals, and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) used to communicate sidelink control signals.
  • a particular type of physical channel is also used to refer to a signal that is transmitted on that particular type of physical channel, and/or a transmission on that particular type of transmission.
  • a PDSCH refers to the physical downlink shared channel itself, a downlink data signal transmitted on the PDSCH, or a downlink data transmission.
  • a communication node transmitting or receiving a PDSCH means that the communication node is transmitting or receiving a signal on a PDSCH.
  • a control signal that a communication node transmits may include control information comprising the information necessary to enable transmission of one or more data signals between communication nodes, and/or to schedule one or more data channels (or one or more transmissions on data channels) .
  • control information may include the information necessary for proper reception, decoding, and demodulation of a data signals received on physical data channels during a data transmission, and/or for uplink scheduling grants that inform the user device about the resources and transport format to use for uplink data transmissions.
  • control information includes downlink control information (DCI) that is transmitted in the downlink direction from a wireless access node 104 to a user device 102.
  • DCI downlink control information
  • control information includes uplink control information (UCI) that is transmitted in the uplink direction from a user device 102 to a wireless access node 104, or sidelink control information (SCI) that is transmitted in the sidelink direction from one user device 102 (1) to another user device 102 (2) .
  • DCI downlink control information
  • UCI uplink control information
  • SCI sidelink control information
  • a slot format for a plurality of slots or frames may be configured by the wireless access node 104 or specified by a protocol.
  • a slot may be indicated or specified as a downlink slot, a flexible slot, or an uplink slot.
  • an orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbol may be indicated or specified as a downlink symbol, a flexible symbol, or an uplink symbol, in various embodiments.
  • OFDM orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing
  • FIG. 2 shows an example of base station 200.
  • the example base station 200 may include radio transmitting/receiving (Tx/Rx) circuitry 208 to transmit/receive communication with UEs and/or other base stations.
  • the base station 200 may also include network interface circuitry 209 to communicate the base station with other base stations and/or a core network, e.g., optical or wireline interconnects, Ethernet, and/or other data transmission mediums/protocols.
  • the base station 200 may optionally include an input/output (I/O) interface 206 to communicate with an operator or the like.
  • I/O input/output
  • the base station 200 may also include system circuitry 204.
  • System circuitry 204 may include processor (s) 221 and/or memory 222.
  • Memory 222 may include an operating system 224, instructions 226, and parameters 228.
  • Instructions 226 may be configured for the one or more of the processors 124 to perform the functions of the base station.
  • the parameters 228 may include parameters to support execution of the instructions 226. For example, parameters may include network protocol settings, bandwidth parameters, radio frequency mapping assignments, and/or other parameters.
  • network referenced using reference numeral 200, interchangeably corresponds to a gNB in NR, an eNB in LTE, a base station, a core network, or a radio access node of a radio network.
  • FIG. 3 shows an example of an electronic device to implement a terminal device 300 (for example, user equipment (UE) ) .
  • the UE 300 may be a mobile device, for example, a smart phone or a mobile communication module disposed in a vehicle.
  • the UE 300 may include communication interfaces 302, a system circuitry 304, an input/output interfaces (I/O) 306, a display circuitry 308, and a storage 309.
  • the display circuitry may include a user interface 310.
  • the system circuitry 304 may include any combination of hardware, software, firmware, or other logic/circuitry.
  • the system circuitry 304 may be implemented, for example, with one or more systems on a chip (SoC) , application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , discrete analog and digital circuits, and other circuitry.
  • SoC systems on a chip
  • ASIC application specific integrated circuits
  • the system circuitry 304 may be a part of the implementation of any desired functionality in the UE 300.
  • the system circuitry 304 may include logic that facilitates, as examples, decoding and playing music and video, e.g., MP3, MP4, MPEG, AVI, FLAC, AC3, or WAV decoding and playback; running applications; accepting user inputs; saving and retrieving application data; establishing, maintaining, and terminating cellular phone calls or data connections for, as one example, internet connectivity; establishing, maintaining, and terminating wireless network connections, Bluetooth connections, or other connections; and displaying relevant information on the user interface 310.
  • the user interface 310 and the inputs/output (I/O) interfaces 306 may include a graphical user interface, touch sensitive display, haptic feedback or other haptic output, voice or facial recognition inputs, buttons, switches, speakers, and other user interface elements.
  • I/O interfaces 306 may include microphones, video and still image cameras, temperature sensors, vibration sensors, rotation and orientation sensors, headset and microphone input /output jacks, Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors, memory card slots, radiation sensors (e.g., IR sensors) , and other types of inputs.
  • USB Universal Serial Bus
  • the communication interfaces 302 may include a Radio Frequency (RF) transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) circuitry 316 which handles transmission and reception of signals through one or more antennas 314.
  • the communication interface 302 may include one or more transceivers.
  • the transceivers may be wireless transceivers that include modulation /demodulation circuitry, digital to analog converters (DACs) , shaping tables, analog to digital converters (ADCs) , filters, waveform shapers, filters, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers and/or other logic for transmitting and receiving through one or more antennas, or (for some devices) through a physical (e.g., wireline) medium.
  • the transmitted and received signals may adhere to any of a diverse array of formats, protocols, modulations (e.g., QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, or 256-QAM) , frequency channels, bit rates, and encodings.
  • the communication interfaces 302 may include transceivers that support transmission and reception under the 2G, 3G, BT, WiFi, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) , High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) +, 4G /Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and 5G standards.
  • UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
  • HSPA High Speed Packet Access
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • 5G 5G
  • the system circuitry 304 may include one or more processors 321 and memories 322.
  • the memory 322 stores, for example, an operating system 324, instructions 326, and parameters 328.
  • the processor 321 is configured to execute the instructions 326 to carry out desired functionality for the UE 300.
  • the parameters 328 may provide and specify configuration and operating options for the instructions 326.
  • the memory 322 may also store any BT, WiFi, 3G, 4G, 5G or other data that the UE 300 will send, or has received, through the communication interfaces 302.
  • a system power for the UE 300 may be supplied by a power storage device, such as a battery or a transformer.
  • FIG. 4 shows an example swim lane diagram 400 including communications 400 between a gNB 200, UE 300, and CN 250 in accordance with the present subject matter.
  • the CN 250 may send a Next Generation Application Protocol (NGAP) message in step S401 to the gNB 200 via the NextGen (NG) control plane interface (the interface between the Next Generation Radio Access Network (NR-RAN) node and the AMF) .
  • NGAP Next Generation Application Protocol
  • the NGAP message may request the setup or modification of the QoS flows and may include the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for at least one QoS flow.
  • the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may instruct the RAN on how to select packets of this QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting.
  • the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for uplink and/or downlink and include at least one of the following: (1) a delay threshold, together with one or more other sampling rule (s) to indicate to the RAN to only to report the packet delay results for those selected packets that the measured RAN portion delay exceeds the indicated threshold; (2) a sample packet intervals to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets; (3) sample packet intervals, which is to indicate the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets; (3) a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time; (4) a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select the percentage of all the packets for monitoring and reporting; (5) a start time and stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and reporting within a specified period of time indicated by start time and stop time.
  • a delay threshold together with one or more other sampling rule (s) to indicate to
  • the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for downlink, or for both downlink and uplink, which can be applied for downlink packet selecting.
  • the NGAP message may be a PDU SESSION RESOURCE SETUP REQUEST, a PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST, a INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST, or the like.
  • the CN 250 sends the user packet of the QoS flow via NG user plane interface (NG-U) frame (NG-U interface, the user plane interface between the Next Generation Radio Access Network (NR-RAN) node and UPF at CN) to the gNB 200.
  • NG-U NG user plane interface
  • NR-RAN Next Generation Radio Access Network
  • the CN 250 may include a packet monitoring indication (flag) in the NG-U Frame which carries this user packet.
  • the gNB 200 may receive the user packet of a QoS flow via the NG-U frame sent by the CN 250.
  • the gNB may decide whether to measure and/or report the downlink delay for this user packet according at least one of the following: (1) if the CN 250 includes a packet monitoring indication in the NG-U Frame, the gNB 200 may select this user packet as sample for downlink delay monitoring; i.e., measure and report the downlink delay for this user packet; (2) if the gNB 200 receives the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for this QoS flow for downlink, the gNB 200 may decide whether to select this user packet for downlink delay monitoring according to the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration.
  • the gNB 200 may send the user packet to the UE 300 via a PDCP packet data unit (PDU) ; i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU.
  • PDU packet data unit
  • the gNB 200 may calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this packet (including the delay over an air interface) . for example, calculating the delay from reception of the user packet (e.g., IP packet in gNB 200) until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 according to a received HARQ feedback information for RLC UM mode or until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 according to a received RLC ACK for AM mode.
  • the user packet e.g., IP packet in gNB 200
  • the gNB-CU may send the PDCP PDU to the UE via the gNB-DU where the gNB-CU sends the downlink New Radio unlicensed (NR-U) packet (e.g., the DL USER DATA PDU to the gNB-DU) with the PDCP PDU is encapsulated in this NR-U packet.
  • NR-U New Radio unlicensed
  • the gNB-CU may include a per packet delay polling indication in this NR-U packet, when gNB-CU transmits the user packet encapsulated in PDCP PDU which may be encapsulated in the NR-U packet to the gNB-DU via the NR-U packet.
  • the gNB-DU may calculate the DU portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU (including the delay over air interface) , and may send the DU portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU and the associated PDCP PDU SN in the uplink NR-U packet (e.g., DL DATA DELIVERY STATUS PDU) .
  • the uplink NR-U packet e.g., DL DATA DELIVERY STATUS PDU
  • the delay from reception of the PDCP PDU in gNB-DU until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 may be calculated according to a received HARQ feedback information for RLC UM mode or until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 according to a received RLC ACK for AM mode. ) .
  • the gNB-CU After the gNB-CU receives the DU portion of the downlink delay of a PDCP PDU and the associated PDCP PDU SN via the uplink NR-U packet sent by the gNB-DU, the gNB-CU calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU by calculating the sum of the DU portion of the downlink delay of a PDCP PDU, the downlink F1-U interface for this PDCP PDU, and the PDCP queueing delay at gNB-CU for this PDCP PDU.
  • the gNB 200 may report the calculated RAN portion of the downlink delay of one or more user packets via the control plane or the user plane; i.e., the gNB 200 may send an NGAP message, or a uplink NG-U frame to the CN 250, including one or more calculated RAN portions of the downlink delay of one or more user packets and the associated packet SN of the corresponding use packet may be encapsulated (PDCP PDU SN or DL NG-U Frame SN) in the message or uplink NG-U frame.
  • PDCP PDU SN or DL NG-U Frame SN encapsulated
  • the CN 250 may know the RAN portion of the downlink delay of the associated user packet and monitor the performance of the QoS flow. Furthermore, the CN 250 may calculate the end-to-end downlink delay between UPF 350 and UE 300 by adding the reported RAN portion of the downlink delay of the associated user packet and the downlink delay of the associated user packet between the UPF 350 and the RAN.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example swim lane diagram 500 including communications 400 between a gNB 200, UE 300, and CN 250 in accordance with the present subject matter.
  • the CN 250 may send a message to the gNB 200 via the NG interface.
  • This message may request the setup or modification of these QoS flows and may include the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for at least one QoS flow.
  • the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may instruct the RAN on how to select packets of this QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and reporting.
  • the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for uplink and/or downlink, which may be applied for downlink packet selecting.
  • the gNB 200 may receive average D1 delay (for a DRB or a QoS flow) at the UE 300 via the an RRC measurement report or a MAC CE frame sent by the UE 300 in S502.
  • the average D1 delay may be the average UL PDCP queueing delay at DRB level.
  • the UE 300 may measure the UL PDCP queueing delay at DRB level. It is up to the gNB 200 to convert the DRB level delay to a QoS level delay assuming that all QoS flows mapped to the same DRB get the same QoS treatment. Further, the gNB 200 may calculate QoS level delay if multiple DRBs mapped with the same QoS.
  • the gNB 200 may send the grant resource signaling to the UE 300 to indicate to the UE 300 that the radio resource may be used for the uplink data transmission.
  • the UE 300 may send the user packet to the gNB 200 via a PDCP PDU (i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) .
  • a PDCP PDU i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU
  • gNB 200 may receive the user packet sent by the UE 300. The gNB 200 may decide whether to select the user packet as sample packet for uplink delay measuring based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for uplink.
  • the gNB 200 may calculate the uplink delay of this packet at gNB (including the delay over air interface but without D1 delay at UE side) . for example, calculating the delay from when an PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) , as per the scheduling grant provided, until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) was sent to the CN.
  • the gNB 200 may calculate the RAN portion of the uplink delay of this selected user packet delay by adding the uplink delay of this packet at the gNB 200 and the corresponding UE-reported average D1 delay associated with the QoS flow of this packet.
  • the gNB-CU may receive the user packet sent by the UE 300 via the gNB-DU where the gNB-DU sends the uplink NR-U packet (e.g., UL USER DATA PDU) to the gNB-CU, with the PDCP PDU sent by the UE 300 encapsulated in this NR-U packet.
  • the uplink NR-U packet e.g., UL USER DATA PDU
  • the gNB-DU may include the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU (including the delay over air interface) and the associated PDCP PDU SN in this uplink NR-U packet.
  • the gNB-DU may calculate the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU from when the PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) , as per the scheduling grant provided until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) is received at the gNB-DU. If the average D1 delay associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of this PDCP PDU is sent by the UE 300 via a MAC CE frame, then gNB-DU will receive this MAC CE frame, and add such average D1 delay into the final calculated DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU.
  • QoS quality of service
  • the gNB-CU may calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU by calculating the sum of the DU portion of the uplink delay of a PDCP PDU, the uplink F1-U interface for this PDCP PDU, and the corresponding UE-reported average D1 delay associated with the QoS flow of this packet if gNB-CU receives it via a RRC message sent by the UE 300.
  • the gNB 200 may report the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet to CN 250; i.e., the gNB 200 may send an uplink NG-U frame to the CN 250, including the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet and the associated PDCP PDU SN, in the uplink NG-U frame.
  • the CN 250 can know the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and monitor the performance of the QoS flow, and furthermore, the UPF 350 can calculate the end to end uplink delay between UPF 350 and UE 300 by adding the reported RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and the uplink delay of the associated user packet between UPF 350 and the RAN.
  • FIG. 6 shows an example swim lane diagram 600 including communications between a base station (gNB) , user equipment (UE) , and core network (CN) in accordance with the present subject matter.
  • gNB base station
  • UE user equipment
  • CN core network
  • the CN sends a message in S601 to the gNB 200 via the NG interface.
  • This message requests the setup or modification of these QoS flows and includes the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for at least one QoS flow.
  • the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for uplink and/or downlink, which can be applied for downlink packet selecting.
  • the gNB 200 may decide whether to select the user packet as sample packet for uplink delay measuring based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for uplink.
  • the gNB 200 may send the grant resource signaling to the UE 300 to indicate to the UE 300 that the radio resource may be used for the uplink data transmission. If the gNB 200 decides to select the uplink user packet associated with the grant resource signaling as sample packet for uplink delay measuring, the gNB 200 may include the D1 required indication in the grant signaling to indicate to the UE 300 to report the D1 delay of the packet (s) transmitted associated with granted resource.
  • the UE 300 may send the user packet to the gNB 200 via a PDCP PDU (i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) .
  • a PDCP PDU i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU
  • the UE 300 may send an L1 or L2 frame to the gNB 200 including at least one PDCP PDU's D1 delay along with the corresponding PDCP PDU SN.
  • the UE 300 may send this information via an L2 MAC CE frame.
  • the D1 delay may be the UL PDCP queueing delay of the corresponding packet.
  • the gNB 200 may calculate the uplink delay of the selected packet at the gNB 200 (including the delay over air interface but without D1 delay at UE side) . For example, the gNB 200 may calculate the delay from when an PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) as per the scheduling grant provided until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) was sent to the CN 250.
  • the gNB 200 may calculate the RAN portion of the uplink delay of this selected user packet delay by adding the uplink delay of this packet at the gNB and the corresponding UE-reported D1 delay of the corresponding packet.
  • the gNB-CU may receive the user packet sent by the UE 300 via the gNB-DU where the gNB-DU sends the uplink NR-U packet (e.g., UL USER DATA PDU) to the gNB-CU, with the PDCP PDU sent by the UE 300 encapsulated in this NR-U packet.
  • the uplink NR-U packet e.g., UL USER DATA PDU
  • the gNB-DU may include the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU (including the delay over air interface) and the associated PDCP PDU SN in this uplink NR-U packet.
  • the gNB-DU may calculate the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU from when the PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) as per the scheduling grant provided, until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) is received at the gNB-DU) . If the D1 delay of this PDCP PDU is sent by the UE 300 via a MAC CE frame, then the gNB-DU will receive this MAC CE frame and add the D1 delay of this PDCP PDU into the final calculated DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU.
  • the gNB-CU may calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU by calculating the sum of the DU portion of the uplink delay of a PDCP PDU, the uplink F1-U interface for this PDCP PDU, and the corresponding UE-reported D1 delay associated with this packet if gNB-CU receives it via a RRC message sent by the UE 300.
  • the gNB 200 may report the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet via user plane; i.e., the gNB may send an uplink NG-U frame to the UPF 350 including the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet and the associated PDCP sequence number (SN) , in the uplink NG-U frame.
  • the gNB may send an uplink NG-U frame to the UPF 350 including the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet and the associated PDCP sequence number (SN) , in the uplink NG-U frame.
  • the CN 250 can know the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and monitor the performance of the QoS flow. Furthermore, the CN 250 may calculate the end to end uplink delay between CN 250 (i.e. UPF at the CN side) and UE 300 by adding the reported RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and the uplink delay of the associated user packet between UPF and the RAN.
  • terms, such as “a, ” “an, ” or “the, ” may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context.
  • the term “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for the existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
  • the subject matter of the disclosure may also relate to or include, among others, the following aspects:
  • a first aspect includes a method for packet-level downlink delay monitoring, comprising: receiving at a base station, from a core network (CN) , a plurality of downlink user packets of a quality of service (QoS) flow via a downlink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame; and transmitting one or more of the plurality of downlink user packets to a user equipment (UE) , and subsequently: transmitting an NGAP message or an uplink NG-U frame to the CN, comprising: a radio access network (RAN) portion of a downlink delay of at least one downlink user packet, and an associated packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sequence number (SN) , or a downlink NG-U frame SN in which the at least one downlink user packet is encapsulated.
  • RAN radio access network
  • PDCP packet data convergence protocol
  • SN packet data convergence protocol
  • a second aspect includes the method of aspect 1, wherein the base station comprises a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) , and the method further comprises: transmitting, by the CU, a per packet delay polling indication in a downlink New Radio User plane (NR-U) packet for a PDCP PDU which is encapsulated in the NR-U packet to the DU, transmitting, by the DU, the received PDCP PDU to the UE; and subsequently: in response to receiving a packet delay polling indication for this PDCP PDU: calculating, by the DU, a DU portion of the downlink delay of the PDCP PDU; and transmitting the DU portion of the downlink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN in an uplink NR-U packet to the CU.
  • NR-U New Radio User plane
  • a third aspect includes the method of any previous aspect, further comprising: determining whether to measure and/or report the downlink delay for the at least one downlink user packet encapsulated in the downlink NG-U frame according to at least one of: whether a packet monitoring indication in the downlink NG-U frame is included, and if so, selecting the at least one downlink user packet as a sample for downlink delay monitoring; or whether a packet delay sampling configuration for the QoS flow for downlink is received, and if so, determining whether to select the at least one downlink user packet for downlink delay monitoring.
  • a fourth aspect includes the method of any previous aspect, further comprising: receiving a message from the CN that includes a packet delay sampling configuration for at least one QoS flow, wherein the packet delay sampling configuration instructs the RAN on how to select packets of the QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting, and the packet delay sampling configuration is configured for uplink and/or downlink and comprises at least one of: a delay threshold, together with a sampling rule, to indicate to the RAN to only report the packet delay results for those selected packets in which a measured RAN portion delay exceeds an indicated threshold, a sample packet interval to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets, a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time, a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select a percentage of all of the packets for monitoring and reporting, and a start time and a stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and
  • a fifth aspect includes a method for packet level uplink delay monitoring, comprising: receiving, from a user equipment (UE) , a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet data unit (PDU) at a base station; calculating a radio access network (RAN) portion of an uplink delay of the received PDCP PDU by: adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and a UE-reported average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU; or adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and the corresponding UE-reported delay at the UE of the PDCP PDU; and reporting the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet level to a core network (CN) .
  • CN core network
  • a sixth aspect includes the method of aspect 5, further comprising receiving, via a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) frame from the UE, the average delay at the UE.
  • MAC medium access control
  • CE control element
  • a seventh aspect includes the method of aspects 5 or 6, further comprising: transmitting a required indication in a grant signaling, to the UE, to indicate to the UE to report the delay of the packet (s) transmitted associated with a corresponding granted resource according to the grant signaling.
  • An eighth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-7, further comprising: receiving, via a MAC CE frame from the UE, at least one PDCP PDU delay at the UE and a corresponding PDCP PDU sequence number (SN) .
  • a ninth aspect includes the method of any aspects 5-8, further comprising: transmitting an uplink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame to the CN including a calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of a packet and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
  • NG-U uplink NG User plane interface
  • a tenth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-9, wherein the base station comprises a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) , and the method further comprises: transmitting, by the DU, a PDCP PDU received from the UE via an uplink NR-U packet to the CU, wherein the uplink NR-U packet includes the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
  • the base station comprises a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU)
  • the method further comprises: transmitting, by the DU, a PDCP PDU received from the UE via an uplink NR-U packet to the CU, wherein the uplink NR-U packet includes the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
  • An eleventh aspect includes the method of aspects 5-10, further comprising: receiving, by the DU, the average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU or the delay at UE of the PDCP PDU, via a MAC CE frame from the UE, then adding, by the DU, delay at the UE into the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU.
  • QoS quality of service
  • a twelfth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-11, wherein the PDCP PDU comprises a user packet, and the method further comprises: determining whether to select the user packet as a sample packet for uplink delay measuring based on a received packet delay sampling configuration for uplink.
  • a thirteenth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-12, further comprising: receiving a message from the CN that includes a packet delay sampling configuration for at least one QoS flow, wherein the packet delay sampling configuration instructs the RAN on how to select packets of the QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting, and the packet delay sampling configuration is configured for uplink and/or downlink and comprises at least one of: a delay threshold, together with a sampling rule, to indicate to the RAN to only report the packet delay results for those selected packets in which a measured RAN portion delay exceeds an indicated threshold, a sample packet interval to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets, a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time, a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select a percentage of all of the packets for monitoring and reporting, and a start time and a stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring
  • a fourteenth aspect includes a device for wireless communication comprising: a processor; and a memory in communication with the processor, the memory storing a plurality of instructions executable by the processor to cause the device to implement the method of aspects 1-13.
  • a fifteenth aspect includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions operable, when executed by one or more processors, to implement the method of aspects 1-13.

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Abstract

Methods, systems, and apparatuses are provided for packet-level downlink delay monitoring. A plurality of downlink user packets of a QoS flow are received at a base station, from a core network (CN) via a downlink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame. One or more of the plurality of downlink user packets are transmitted to a user equipment (UE). Subsequently, an NGAP message or an uplink NG-U frame is transmitted to the CN, including a radio access network (RAN) portion of a downlink delay of at least one downlink user packet, and an associated packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sequence number (SN), or a downlink NG-U frame SN in which the at least one downlink user packet is encapsulated.

Description

A DELAY MEASUREMENT METHOD TECHNICAL FIELD
The present subject matter is directed generally to wireless communications. Particularly, the present subject matter relates to methods, devices, and systems for monitoring packet delay.
BACKGROUND
Based on the current 3GPP specification, the delay per packet for the specific Quality of Service (QoS) flow between a user equipment (UE) and a user plane function (UPF) cannot be measured directly. To address this limitation, the 5G radio access network (RAN) may measure the uplink/downlink delay of the packet level between the UE and the RAN and report it to the core network (CN) .
There are significant challenges in measuring the delay per packet between the UE and the RAN. For instance, if a timestamp scheme is used to calculate the delay between the UE and the RAN, it may greatly increase the burden on the UE. Alternatively, if the UE reports the packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) queuing delay, which is a part of the uplink end-to-end delay) , for each data packet over the radio resource control (RRC) message, it may consume a great amount of air interface resources. Moreover, it may not be feasible to monitor the delay for all data packets from all UEs, and currently, the RAN side is unable to determine which packets to sample.
As used herein, end-to-end latency/delay refers to the amount of time for communication from a source device to reach its destination. 5G Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications (URLLC) are aimed at services with stringent requirements for latency and availability. 5G mobile networks supporting URLLC must provide low latency, with minimum packet loss, and minimum packets arriving out of order. For example, The End-to-end Low Latency Communication requirements for URLLC services ranges from under 0.5ms to 50ms on the application layer and under 1ms on the 5G radio interface.
In order to ensure the low end-to-end delay for URLLC, the 5G network needs to support the performance measurement definitions related to UL/DL (uplink/downlink) packet delay. Based on the current 3GPP specification, only average delay measurement between the RAN and UE for the DRB/QoS flow level is supported, but per packet delay between RAN and UE measurement and reporting is not supported in the current 5G network.
Additionally, the 5G base station (gNB) may be divided into two physical entities named the gNB-CU  (Centralized Unit) and the gNB-DU (Distributed Unit) . The gNB-CU provides support for the higher layers of the protocol stack such as service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , and RRC while gNB-DU provides support for the lower layers of the protocol stack such as radio link control (RLC) , medium access control (MAC) , and Physical layer. The above-mentioned unsupported QoS monitoring requirement shall also be supported for the CU/DU gNB.
SUMMARY
The present subject matter is directed to a method, device, and system for providing packet delay monitoring in a wireless communication system.
In some embodiments, a method for packet-level downlink delay monitoring, includes receiving at a base station, from a core network (CN) , a plurality of downlink user packets of a quality of service (QoS) flow via a downlink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame; and transmitting one or more of the plurality of downlink user packets to a user equipment (UE) . The method further includes subsequently transmitting an NGAP message or an uplink NG-U frame to the CN, including a radio access network (RAN) portion of a downlink delay of at least one downlink user packet, and an associated packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sequence number (SN) , or a downlink NG-U frame SN in which the at least one downlink user packet is encapsulated.
In some embodiments, a method for packet level uplink delay monitoring, include receiving, from a user equipment (UE) , a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet data unit (PDU) at a base station. The method further includes calculating a radio access network (RAN) portion of an uplink delay of the received PDCP PDU by: adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and a UE-reported average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU; or adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and the corresponding UE-reported delay at the UE of the PDCP PDU; and reporting the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet level to a core network (CN) .
In some other embodiments, an apparatus for wireless communication may include a memory storing instructions and a processing circuitry in communication with the memory. When the processing circuitry executes the instructions, the processing circuitry is configured to carry out the above methods.
In some other embodiments, a device for wireless communication may include a memory storing instructions and a processing circuitry in communication with the memory. When the processing circuitry executes the instructions, the processing circuitry is configured to carry out the above methods.
In some other embodiments, a computer-readable medium comprising instructions which, when executed by a computer, cause the computer to carry out the above methods.
The above and other aspects and their implementations are described in greater detail in the drawings, the descriptions, and the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communication system include one wireless base stations and one or more user equipment.
FIG. 2 shows an example of a base station (gNB) .
FIG. 3 shows an example of a user equipment (UE) .
FIG. 4 shows an example swim lane diagram including communications between a gNB, UE, and core network (CN) in accordance with the present subject matter.
FIG. 5 shows an example swim lane diagram including communications between a gNB, UE, and a CN in accordance with the present subject matter.
FIG. 6 shows an example swim lane diagram including communications between a gNB, UE, and a CN in accordance with the present subject matter.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The present subject matter will now be described in detail hereinafter with reference to the accompanied drawings, which form a part of the present subject matter, and which show, by way of illustration, specific examples of embodiments. Please note that the present subject matter may, however, be embodied in a variety of different forms and, therefore, the covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any of the embodiments to be set forth below.
Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have nuanced meanings suggested or implied in context beyond an explicitly stated meaning. Likewise, the phrase “in one embodiment” or “in some embodiments” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment and the phrase “in another embodiment” or “in other embodiments” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment. The phrase “in one implementation” or “in some implementations” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same implementation and the phrase “in another implementation” or “in other implementations” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different implementation. It is intended, for example, that claimed subject matter includes combinations of exemplary embodiments or implementations in whole or in part.
In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, terms, such as “and” , “or” , or “and/or, ” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at least in  part upon the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” or “at least one” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures, or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms, such as “a” , “an” , or “the” , again, may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term “based on” or “determined by” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
FIG. 1 shows a diagram of an example wireless communication system 100 including a plurality of communication nodes (or just nodes) that are configured to wirelessly communicate with each other. In general, the communication nodes include at least one user device 102 and at least one wireless access node 104. The example wireless communication system 100 in FIG. 1 is shown as including two user devices 102, including a first user device 102 (1) and a second user device 102 (2) , and one wireless access nodes 104. However, various other examples of the wireless communication system 100 that include any of various combinations of one or more user devices 102 and/or one or more wireless access nodes 104 may be possible.
In general, a user device as described herein, such as the user device 102, may include a single electronic device or apparatus, or multiple (e.g., a network of) electronic devices or apparatuses, capable of communicating wirelessly over a network. A user device may comprise or otherwise be referred to as a user terminal, a user terminal device, or a user equipment (UE) . Additionally, a user device may be or include, but not limited to, a mobile device (such as a mobile phone, a smart phone, a smart watch, a tablet, a laptop computer, vehicle or other vessel (human, motor, or engine-powered, such as an automobile, a plane, a train, a ship, or a bicycle as non-limiting examples) or a fixed or stationary device, (such as a desktop computer or other computing device that is not ordinarily moved for long periods of time, such as appliances, other relatively heavy devices including Internet of things (IoT) , or computing devices used in commercial or industrial environments, as non-limiting examples) . In various embodiments, a user device 102 may include transceiver circuitry 106 coupled to an antenna 108 to effect wireless communication with the wireless access node 104. The transceiver circuitry 106 may also be coupled to a processor 110, which may also be coupled to a memory 112 or other storage device. The memory 112 may store therein instructions or code that, when read and executed by the processor 110, cause the processor 110 to implement various ones of the methods described herein.
Additionally, in general, a wireless access node as described herein, such as the wireless access node  104, may include a single electronic device or apparatus, or multiple (e.g., a network of) electronic devices or apparatuses, and may comprise one or more base stations or other wireless network access points capable of communicating wirelessly over a network with one or more user devices and/or with one or more other wireless access nodes 104. For example, the wireless access node 104 may comprise a 4G LTE base station, a 5G NR base station, a 5G central-unit base station, a 5G distributed-unit base station, a next generation Node B (gNB) , an enhanced Node B (eNB) , or other similar or next-generation (e.g., 6G) base stations, in various embodiments. A wireless access node 104 may include transceiver circuitry 114 coupled to an antenna 116, which may include an antenna tower 118 in various approaches, to effect wireless communication with the user device 102 or another wireless access node 104. The transceiver circuitry 114 may also be coupled to one or more processors 120, which may also be coupled to a memory 122 or other storage device. The memory 122 may store therein instructions or code that, when read and executed by the processor 120, cause the processor 120 to implement one or more of the methods described herein.
In various embodiments, two communication nodes in the wireless system 100-such as a user device 102 and a wireless access node 104, two user devices 102 without a wireless access node 104, or two wireless access nodes 104 without a user device 102-may be configured to wirelessly communicate with each other in or over a mobile network and/or a wireless access network according to one or more standards and/or specifications. In general, the standards and/or specifications may define the rules or procedures under which the communication nodes can wirelessly communicate, which, in various embodiments, may include those for communicating in millimeter (mm) -Wave bands, and/or with multi-antenna schemes and beamforming functions. In addition, or alternatively, the standards and/or specifications are those that define a radio access technology and/or a cellular technology, such as Fourth Generation (4G) Long Term Evolution (LTE) , Fifth Generation (5G) New Radio (NR) , as non-limiting examples.
Additionally, in the wireless system 100, the communication nodes are configured to wirelessly communicate signals between each other. In general, a communication in the wireless system 100 between two communication nodes can be or include a transmission or a reception, and is generally both simultaneously, depending on the perspective of a particular node in the communication. For example, for a given communication between a first node and a second node where the first node is transmitting a signal to the second node and the second node is receiving the signal from the first node, the first node may be referred to as a source or transmitting node or device, the second node may be referred to as a destination or receiving node or device, and the communication may be considered a transmission for the first node and a reception for the second node. Of course, since communication nodes in a wireless system 100 can both send and receive signals, a single  communication node may be both a transmitting/source node and a receiving/destination node simultaneously or switch between being a source/transmitting node and a destination/receiving node.
Also, particular signals may be characterized or defined as either an uplink (UL) signal, a downlink (DL) signal, or a sidelink (SL) signal. An uplink signal is a signal transmitted from a user device 102 to a wireless access node 104. A downlink signal is a signal transmitted from a wireless access node 104 to a user device 102. A sidelink signal is a signal transmitted from a one user device 102 to another user device 102, or a signal transmitted from one wireless access node 104 to another wireless access node 104. Also, for sidelink transmissions, a first/source user device 102 directly transmits a sidelink signal to a second/destination user device 102 without any forwarding of the sidelink signal to a wireless access node 104.
Additionally, signals communicated between communication nodes in the system 100 may be characterized or defined as a data signal or a control signal. In general, a data signal is a signal that includes or carries data, such multimedia data (e.g., voice and/or image data) , and a control signal is a signal that carries control information that configures the communication nodes in certain ways to communicate with each other, or otherwise controls how the communication nodes communicate data signals with each other. Also, certain signals may be defined or characterized by combinations of data/control and uplink/downlink/sidelink, including uplink control signals, uplink data signals, downlink control signals, downlink data signals, sidelink control signals, and sidelink data signals.
For at least some specifications, such as 5G NR, data and control signals are transmitted and/or carried on physical channels. Generally, a physical channel corresponds to a set of time-frequency resources used for transmission of a signal. Different types of physical channels may be used to transmit different types of signals. For example, physical data channels (or just data channels) are used to transmit data signals, and physical control channels (or just control channels) are used to transmit control signals. Example types of physical data channels include, but are not limited to, a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) used to communicate downlink data signals, a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) used to communicate uplink data signals, and a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) used to communicate sidelink data signals. In addition, example types of physical control channels include, but are not limited to, a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) used to communicate downlink control signals, a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) used to communicate uplink control signals, and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) used to communicate sidelink control signals. As used herein for simplicity, unless specified otherwise, a particular type of physical channel is also used to refer to a signal that is transmitted on that particular type of physical channel, and/or a transmission on that particular type of transmission. As an example illustration, a PDSCH refers to the physical downlink shared  channel itself, a downlink data signal transmitted on the PDSCH, or a downlink data transmission. Accordingly, a communication node transmitting or receiving a PDSCH means that the communication node is transmitting or receiving a signal on a PDSCH.
Additionally, for at least some specifications, such as 5G NR, and/or for at least some types of control signals, a control signal that a communication node transmits may include control information comprising the information necessary to enable transmission of one or more data signals between communication nodes, and/or to schedule one or more data channels (or one or more transmissions on data channels) . For example, such control information may include the information necessary for proper reception, decoding, and demodulation of a data signals received on physical data channels during a data transmission, and/or for uplink scheduling grants that inform the user device about the resources and transport format to use for uplink data transmissions. In some embodiments, the control information includes downlink control information (DCI) that is transmitted in the downlink direction from a wireless access node 104 to a user device 102. In other embodiments, the control information includes uplink control information (UCI) that is transmitted in the uplink direction from a user device 102 to a wireless access node 104, or sidelink control information (SCI) that is transmitted in the sidelink direction from one user device 102 (1) to another user device 102 (2) .
Additionally, in the wireless communication system 100, a slot format for a plurality of slots or frames may be configured by the wireless access node 104 or specified by a protocol. In some examples, a slot may be indicated or specified as a downlink slot, a flexible slot, or an uplink slot. Also, an orthogonal frequency divisional multiplexing (OFDM) symbol may be indicated or specified as a downlink symbol, a flexible symbol, or an uplink symbol, in various embodiments.
FIG. 2 shows an example of base station 200. The example base station 200 may include radio transmitting/receiving (Tx/Rx) circuitry 208 to transmit/receive communication with UEs and/or other base stations. The base station 200 may also include network interface circuitry 209 to communicate the base station with other base stations and/or a core network, e.g., optical or wireline interconnects, Ethernet, and/or other data transmission mediums/protocols. The base station 200 may optionally include an input/output (I/O) interface 206 to communicate with an operator or the like.
The base station 200 may also include system circuitry 204. System circuitry 204 may include processor (s) 221 and/or memory 222. Memory 222 may include an operating system 224, instructions 226, and parameters 228. Instructions 226 may be configured for the one or more of the processors 124 to perform the functions of the base station. The parameters 228 may include parameters to support execution of the instructions 226. For example, parameters may include network protocol settings, bandwidth parameters, radio frequency  mapping assignments, and/or other parameters.
As used herein, the term “network, ” referenced using reference numeral 200, interchangeably corresponds to a gNB in NR, an eNB in LTE, a base station, a core network, or a radio access node of a radio network.
FIG. 3 shows an example of an electronic device to implement a terminal device 300 (for example, user equipment (UE) ) . The UE 300 may be a mobile device, for example, a smart phone or a mobile communication module disposed in a vehicle. The UE 300 may include communication interfaces 302, a system circuitry 304, an input/output interfaces (I/O) 306, a display circuitry 308, and a storage 309. The display circuitry may include a user interface 310. The system circuitry 304 may include any combination of hardware, software, firmware, or other logic/circuitry. The system circuitry 304 may be implemented, for example, with one or more systems on a chip (SoC) , application specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , discrete analog and digital circuits, and other circuitry. The system circuitry 304 may be a part of the implementation of any desired functionality in the UE 300. In that regard, the system circuitry 304 may include logic that facilitates, as examples, decoding and playing music and video, e.g., MP3, MP4, MPEG, AVI, FLAC, AC3, or WAV decoding and playback; running applications; accepting user inputs; saving and retrieving application data; establishing, maintaining, and terminating cellular phone calls or data connections for, as one example, internet connectivity; establishing, maintaining, and terminating wireless network connections, Bluetooth connections, or other connections; and displaying relevant information on the user interface 310. The user interface 310 and the inputs/output (I/O) interfaces 306 may include a graphical user interface, touch sensitive display, haptic feedback or other haptic output, voice or facial recognition inputs, buttons, switches, speakers, and other user interface elements. Additional examples of the I/O interfaces 306 may include microphones, video and still image cameras, temperature sensors, vibration sensors, rotation and orientation sensors, headset and microphone input /output jacks, Universal Serial Bus (USB) connectors, memory card slots, radiation sensors (e.g., IR sensors) , and other types of inputs.
Referring to FIG. 3, the communication interfaces 302 may include a Radio Frequency (RF) transmit (Tx) and receive (Rx) circuitry 316 which handles transmission and reception of signals through one or more antennas 314. The communication interface 302 may include one or more transceivers. The transceivers may be wireless transceivers that include modulation /demodulation circuitry, digital to analog converters (DACs) , shaping tables, analog to digital converters (ADCs) , filters, waveform shapers, filters, pre-amplifiers, power amplifiers and/or other logic for transmitting and receiving through one or more antennas, or (for some devices) through a physical (e.g., wireline) medium. The transmitted and received signals may adhere to any of a diverse  array of formats, protocols, modulations (e.g., QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM, or 256-QAM) , frequency channels, bit rates, and encodings. As one specific example, the communication interfaces 302 may include transceivers that support transmission and reception under the 2G, 3G, BT, WiFi, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) , High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) +, 4G /Long Term Evolution (LTE) , and 5G standards. The techniques described below, however, are applicable to other wireless communications technologies whether arising from the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) , GSM Association, 3GPP2, IEEE, or other partnerships or standards bodies.
Referring to FIG. 3, the system circuitry 304 may include one or more processors 321 and memories 322. The memory 322 stores, for example, an operating system 324, instructions 326, and parameters 328. The processor 321 is configured to execute the instructions 326 to carry out desired functionality for the UE 300. The parameters 328 may provide and specify configuration and operating options for the instructions 326. The memory 322 may also store any BT, WiFi, 3G, 4G, 5G or other data that the UE 300 will send, or has received, through the communication interfaces 302. In various implementations, a system power for the UE 300 may be supplied by a power storage device, such as a battery or a transformer.
DL Packet Delay Monitoring
FIG. 4 shows an example swim lane diagram 400 including communications 400 between a gNB 200, UE 300, and CN 250 in accordance with the present subject matter.
When the setup or modification of one or more QoS flows is required, the CN 250 may send a Next Generation Application Protocol (NGAP) message in step S401 to the gNB 200 via the NextGen (NG) control plane interface (the interface between the Next Generation Radio Access Network (NR-RAN) node and the AMF) . The NGAP message may request the setup or modification of the QoS flows and may include the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for at least one QoS flow. The Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may instruct the RAN on how to select packets of this QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting.
The Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for uplink and/or downlink and include at least one of the following: (1) a delay threshold, together with one or more other sampling rule (s) to indicate to the RAN to only to report the packet delay results for those selected packets that the measured RAN portion delay exceeds the indicated threshold; (2) a sample packet intervals to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets; (3) sample packet intervals, which is to indicate the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets; (3) a sample  time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time; (4) a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select the percentage of all the packets for monitoring and reporting; (5) a start time and stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and reporting within a specified period of time indicated by start time and stop time.
The Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for downlink, or for both downlink and uplink, which can be applied for downlink packet selecting. The NGAP message may be a PDU SESSION RESOURCE SETUP REQUEST, a PDU SESSION RESOURCE MODIFY REQUEST, a INITIAL CONTEXT SETUP REQUEST, or the like.
After the QoS flow is successfully established or modified, in S402 the CN 250 sends the user packet of the QoS flow via NG user plane interface (NG-U) frame (NG-U interface, the user plane interface between the Next Generation Radio Access Network (NR-RAN) node and UPF at CN) to the gNB 200. If the CN 250 decides to select this user packet as the sample packet for the downlink delay monitoring, the CN 250 may include a packet monitoring indication (flag) in the NG-U Frame which carries this user packet.
In S403, the gNB 200 may receive the user packet of a QoS flow via the NG-U frame sent by the CN 250. The gNB may decide whether to measure and/or report the downlink delay for this user packet according at least one of the following: (1) if the CN 250 includes a packet monitoring indication in the NG-U Frame, the gNB 200 may select this user packet as sample for downlink delay monitoring; i.e., measure and report the downlink delay for this user packet; (2) if the gNB 200 receives the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for this QoS flow for downlink, the gNB 200 may decide whether to select this user packet for downlink delay monitoring according to the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration.
In S404, the gNB 200 may send the user packet to the UE 300 via a PDCP packet data unit (PDU) ; i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU.
In S405, if the transmitted user packet is selected as a sample packet for downlink delay monitoring, the gNB 200 may calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this packet (including the delay over an air interface) . for example, calculating the delay from reception of the user packet (e.g., IP packet in gNB 200) until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 according to a received HARQ feedback information for RLC UM mode or until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 according to a received RLC ACK for AM mode.
In the case of a CU/DU split gNB 200, in step S404, the gNB-CU may send the PDCP PDU to the UE via the gNB-DU where the gNB-CU sends the downlink New Radio unlicensed (NR-U) packet (e.g., the DL USER DATA PDU to the gNB-DU) with the PDCP PDU is encapsulated in this NR-U packet.
In order to calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this packet, the gNB-CU may include a per packet delay polling indication in this NR-U packet, when gNB-CU transmits the user packet encapsulated in PDCP PDU which may be encapsulated in the NR-U packet to the gNB-DU via the NR-U packet.
After the gNB-DU transmits the PDCP PDU to the UE 300 in S404, if a packet delay polling indication is previously received for this PDCP PDU, the gNB-DU may calculate the DU portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU (including the delay over air interface) , and may send the DU portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU and the associated PDCP PDU SN in the uplink NR-U packet (e.g., DL DATA DELIVERY STATUS PDU) . For instance, the delay from reception of the PDCP PDU in gNB-DU until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 may be calculated according to a received HARQ feedback information for RLC UM mode or until the last portion of an RLC SDU (PDCP PDU) packet was received by the UE 300 according to a received RLC ACK for AM mode. ) .
After the gNB-CU receives the DU portion of the downlink delay of a PDCP PDU and the associated PDCP PDU SN via the uplink NR-U packet sent by the gNB-DU, the gNB-CU calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU by calculating the sum of the DU portion of the downlink delay of a PDCP PDU, the downlink F1-U interface for this PDCP PDU, and the PDCP queueing delay at gNB-CU for this PDCP PDU.
In S406, if the delay reporting of the select packet (s) is required based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration, the gNB 200 may report the calculated RAN portion of the downlink delay of one or more user packets via the control plane or the user plane; i.e., the gNB 200 may send an NGAP message, or a uplink NG-U frame to the CN 250, including one or more calculated RAN portions of the downlink delay of one or more user packets and the associated packet SN of the corresponding use packet may be encapsulated (PDCP PDU SN or DL NG-U Frame SN) in the message or uplink NG-U frame.
In this way, the CN 250 may know the RAN portion of the downlink delay of the associated user packet and monitor the performance of the QoS flow. Furthermore, the CN 250 may calculate the end-to-end downlink delay between UPF 350 and UE 300 by adding the reported RAN portion of the downlink delay of the associated user packet and the downlink delay of the associated user packet between the UPF 350 and the RAN.
Estimating Per-UL Packet Delay Using Average D1 Delay Reported by UE
FIG. 5 shows an example swim lane diagram 500 including communications 400 between a gNB 200, UE 300, and CN 250 in accordance with the present subject matter.
In S501, when the setup or modification of one or more QoS flows is required, the CN 250 may send a message to the gNB 200 via the NG interface. This message may request the setup or modification of  these QoS flows and may include the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for at least one QoS flow. The Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may instruct the RAN on how to select packets of this QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and reporting. The Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for uplink and/or downlink, which may be applied for downlink packet selecting.
In S503, the gNB 200 may receive average D1 delay (for a DRB or a QoS flow) at the UE 300 via the an RRC measurement report or a MAC CE frame sent by the UE 300 in S502.
The average D1 delay may be the average UL PDCP queueing delay at DRB level. The UE 300 may measure the UL PDCP queueing delay at DRB level. It is up to the gNB 200 to convert the DRB level delay to a QoS level delay assuming that all QoS flows mapped to the same DRB get the same QoS treatment. Further, the gNB 200 may calculate QoS level delay if multiple DRBs mapped with the same QoS.
In S504, the gNB 200 may send the grant resource signaling to the UE 300 to indicate to the UE 300 that the radio resource may be used for the uplink data transmission.
In S505, the UE 300 may send the user packet to the gNB 200 via a PDCP PDU (i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) .
In S506, gNB 200 may receive the user packet sent by the UE 300. The gNB 200 may decide whether to select the user packet as sample packet for uplink delay measuring based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for uplink.
Additionally, in S506, if the UE-transmitted user packet of a QoS flow is selected as a sample packet for uplink delay monitoring, the gNB 200 may calculate the uplink delay of this packet at gNB (including the delay over air interface but without D1 delay at UE side) . for example, calculating the delay from when an PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) , as per the scheduling grant provided, until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) was sent to the CN.
The gNB 200 may calculate the RAN portion of the uplink delay of this selected user packet delay by adding the uplink delay of this packet at the gNB 200 and the corresponding UE-reported average D1 delay associated with the QoS flow of this packet.
In the case of a CU/DU split gNB, in S505, the gNB-CU may receive the user packet sent by the UE 300 via the gNB-DU where the gNB-DU sends the uplink NR-U packet (e.g., UL USER DATA PDU) to the gNB-CU, with the PDCP PDU sent by the UE 300 encapsulated in this NR-U packet.
In order to calculate the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet, when the gNB-DU sends a PDCP PDU via uplink NR-U packet to the gNB-CU, the gNB-DU may include the DU portion of the uplink  delay of this PDCP PDU (including the delay over air interface) and the associated PDCP PDU SN in this uplink NR-U packet. For example, the gNB-DU may calculate the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU from when the PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) , as per the scheduling grant provided until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) is received at the gNB-DU. If the average D1 delay associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of this PDCP PDU is sent by the UE 300 via a MAC CE frame, then gNB-DU will receive this MAC CE frame, and add such average D1 delay into the final calculated DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU.
After the gNB-CU receives the DU portion of the uplink delay of a PDCP PDU and the associated PDCP PDU SN along with the PDCP PDU via the uplink NR-U packet sent by the gNB-DU, the gNB-CU may calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU by calculating the sum of the DU portion of the uplink delay of a PDCP PDU, the uplink F1-U interface for this PDCP PDU, and the corresponding UE-reported average D1 delay associated with the QoS flow of this packet if gNB-CU receives it via a RRC message sent by the UE 300.
In S507, if the delay reporting of the select packet is required based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration, the gNB 200 may report the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet to CN 250; i.e., the gNB 200 may send an uplink NG-U frame to the CN 250, including the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet and the associated PDCP PDU SN, in the uplink NG-U frame.
In this way, the CN 250 can know the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and monitor the performance of the QoS flow, and furthermore, the UPF 350 can calculate the end to end uplink delay between UPF 350 and UE 300 by adding the reported RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and the uplink delay of the associated user packet between UPF 350 and the RAN.
Calculating Per-UL Packet Delay Using Reported D1 Per Packet Delay by UE
FIG. 6 shows an example swim lane diagram 600 including communications between a base station (gNB) , user equipment (UE) , and core network (CN) in accordance with the present subject matter.
As in the previous descriptions of FIGS. 4 and 6, when the setup or modification of one or more QoS flows is required, the CN sends a message in S601 to the gNB 200 via the NG interface. This message requests the setup or modification of these QoS flows and includes the Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for at least one QoS flow. The Packet Delay Sampling Configuration may be configured for uplink and/or downlink, which can be applied for downlink packet selecting.
In S602, before the gNB 200 sends the grant resource signaling to the UE 300 for uplink user packet transmission, the gNB 200 may decide whether to select the user packet as sample packet for uplink delay  measuring based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration for uplink.
In S603, the gNB 200 may send the grant resource signaling to the UE 300 to indicate to the UE 300 that the radio resource may be used for the uplink data transmission. If the gNB 200 decides to select the uplink user packet associated with the grant resource signaling as sample packet for uplink delay measuring, the gNB 200 may include the D1 required indication in the grant signaling to indicate to the UE 300 to report the D1 delay of the packet (s) transmitted associated with granted resource.
In S604, the UE 300 may send the user packet to the gNB 200 via a PDCP PDU (i.e., the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) .
In S605, the UE 300 may send an L1 or L2 frame to the gNB 200 including at least one PDCP PDU's D1 delay along with the corresponding PDCP PDU SN. For example, the UE 300 may send this information via an L2 MAC CE frame. The D1 delay may be the UL PDCP queueing delay of the corresponding packet.
In S606, the gNB 200 may calculate the uplink delay of the selected packet at the gNB 200 (including the delay over air interface but without D1 delay at UE side) . For example, the gNB 200 may calculate the delay from when an PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) as per the scheduling grant provided until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) was sent to the CN 250.
The gNB 200 may calculate the RAN portion of the uplink delay of this selected user packet delay by adding the uplink delay of this packet at the gNB and the corresponding UE-reported D1 delay of the corresponding packet.
In the case of a CU/DU split gNB, in S604, the gNB-CU may receive the user packet sent by the UE 300 via the gNB-DU where the gNB-DU sends the uplink NR-U packet (e.g., UL USER DATA PDU) to the gNB-CU, with the PDCP PDU sent by the UE 300 encapsulated in this NR-U packet.
In order to calculate the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet, when the gNB-DU sends a PDCP PDU via uplink NR-U packet to the gNB-CU, the gNB-DU may include the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU (including the delay over air interface) and the associated PDCP PDU SN in this uplink NR-U packet. For example, the gNB-DU may calculate the DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU from when the PDCP PDU was scheduled (the user packet is encapsulated in this PDCP PDU) as per the scheduling grant provided, until time when the corresponding PDCP SDU (the encapsulated user packet in the PDCP PDU) is received at the gNB-DU) . If the D1 delay of this PDCP PDU is sent by the UE 300 via a MAC CE frame, then the gNB-DU will receive this MAC CE frame and add the D1 delay of this PDCP PDU into the  final calculated DU portion of the uplink delay of this PDCP PDU.
After the gNB-CU receives the DU portion of the uplink delay of a PDCP PDU and the associated PDCP PDU SN along with the PDCP PDU via the uplink NR-U packet sent by the gNB-DU, the gNB-CU may calculate the RAN portion of the downlink delay of this PDCP PDU by calculating the sum of the DU portion of the uplink delay of a PDCP PDU, the uplink F1-U interface for this PDCP PDU, and the corresponding UE-reported D1 delay associated with this packet if gNB-CU receives it via a RRC message sent by the UE 300.
In S607, if the delay reporting of the select packet is required based on the received Packet Delay Sampling Configuration, the gNB 200 may report the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet via user plane; i.e., the gNB may send an uplink NG-U frame to the UPF 350 including the calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet and the associated PDCP sequence number (SN) , in the uplink NG-U frame.
In this way, the CN 250 can know the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and monitor the performance of the QoS flow. Furthermore, the CN 250 may calculate the end to end uplink delay between CN 250 (i.e. UPF at the CN side) and UE 300 by adding the reported RAN portion of the uplink delay of the associated user packet and the uplink delay of the associated user packet between UPF and the RAN.
The description and accompanying drawings above provide specific example embodiments and implementations. The described subject matter may, however, be embodied in a variety of different forms and, therefore, covered or claimed subject matter is intended to be construed as not being limited to any example embodiments set forth herein. A reasonably broad scope for claimed or covered subject matter is intended. Among other things, for example, subject matter may be embodied as methods, devices, components, systems, or non-transitory computer-readable media for storing computer codes. Accordingly, embodiments may, for example, take the form of hardware, software, firmware, storage media or any combination thereof. For example, the method embodiments described above may be implemented by components, devices, or systems including memory and processors by executing computer codes stored in the memory.
Throughout the specification and claims, terms may have nuanced meanings suggested or implied in context beyond an explicitly stated meaning. Likewise, the phrase “in one embodiment/implementation” as used herein does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment and the phrase “in another embodiment/implementation” as used herein does not necessarily refer to a different embodiment. It is intended, for example, that claimed subject matter includes combinations of example embodiments in whole or in part.
In general, terminology may be understood at least in part from usage in context. For example, terms, such as “and” , “or” , or “and/or, ” as used herein may include a variety of meanings that may depend at  least in part on the context in which such terms are used. Typically, “or” if used to associate a list, such as A, B or C, is intended to mean A, B, and C, here used in the inclusive sense, as well as A, B or C, here used in the exclusive sense. In addition, the term “one or more” as used herein, depending at least in part upon context, may be used to describe any feature, structure, or characteristic in a singular sense or may be used to describe combinations of features, structures, or characteristics in a plural sense. Similarly, terms, such as “a, ” “an, ” or “the, ” may be understood to convey a singular usage or to convey a plural usage, depending at least in part upon context. In addition, the term “based on” may be understood as not necessarily intended to convey an exclusive set of factors and may, instead, allow for the existence of additional factors not necessarily expressly described, again, depending at least in part on context.
Reference throughout this specification to features, advantages, or similar language does not imply that all of the features and advantages that may be realized with the present solution should be or are included in any single implementation thereof. Rather, language referring to the features and advantages is understood to mean that a specific feature, advantage, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present solution. Thus, discussions of the features and advantages, and similar language, throughout the specification may, but do not necessarily, refer to the same embodiment.
Furthermore, the described features, advantages and characteristics of the present solution may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. One of ordinary skill in the relevant art will recognize, in light of the description herein, that the present solution may be practiced without one or more of the specific features or advantages of a particular embodiment. In other instances, additional features and advantages may be recognized in certain embodiments that may not be present in all embodiments of the present solution.
The subject matter of the disclosure may also relate to or include, among others, the following aspects:
A first aspect includes a method for packet-level downlink delay monitoring, comprising: receiving at a base station, from a core network (CN) , a plurality of downlink user packets of a quality of service (QoS) flow via a downlink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame; and transmitting one or more of the plurality of downlink user packets to a user equipment (UE) , and subsequently: transmitting an NGAP message or an uplink NG-U frame to the CN, comprising: a radio access network (RAN) portion of a downlink delay of at least one downlink user packet, and an associated packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sequence number (SN) , or a downlink NG-U frame SN in which the at least one downlink user packet is encapsulated.
A second aspect includes the method of aspect 1, wherein the base station comprises a centralized  unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) , and the method further comprises: transmitting, by the CU, a per packet delay polling indication in a downlink New Radio User plane (NR-U) packet for a PDCP PDU which is encapsulated in the NR-U packet to the DU, transmitting, by the DU, the received PDCP PDU to the UE; and subsequently: in response to receiving a packet delay polling indication for this PDCP PDU: calculating, by the DU, a DU portion of the downlink delay of the PDCP PDU; and transmitting the DU portion of the downlink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN in an uplink NR-U packet to the CU.
A third aspect includes the method of any previous aspect, further comprising: determining whether to measure and/or report the downlink delay for the at least one downlink user packet encapsulated in the downlink NG-U frame according to at least one of: whether a packet monitoring indication in the downlink NG-U frame is included, and if so, selecting the at least one downlink user packet as a sample for downlink delay monitoring; or whether a packet delay sampling configuration for the QoS flow for downlink is received, and if so, determining whether to select the at least one downlink user packet for downlink delay monitoring.
A fourth aspect includes the method of any previous aspect, further comprising: receiving a message from the CN that includes a packet delay sampling configuration for at least one QoS flow, wherein the packet delay sampling configuration instructs the RAN on how to select packets of the QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting, and the packet delay sampling configuration is configured for uplink and/or downlink and comprises at least one of: a delay threshold, together with a sampling rule, to indicate to the RAN to only report the packet delay results for those selected packets in which a measured RAN portion delay exceeds an indicated threshold, a sample packet interval to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets, a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time, a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select a percentage of all of the packets for monitoring and reporting, and a start time and a stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and reporting within a specified period of time between the start time and the stop time.
A fifth aspect includes a method for packet level uplink delay monitoring, comprising: receiving, from a user equipment (UE) , a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet data unit (PDU) at a base station; calculating a radio access network (RAN) portion of an uplink delay of the received PDCP PDU by: adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and a UE-reported average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU; or adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and the corresponding UE-reported delay at the UE of the PDCP PDU; and reporting the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet level to a core network (CN) .
A sixth aspect includes the method of aspect 5, further comprising receiving, via a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) frame from the UE, the average delay at the UE.
A seventh aspect includes the method of aspects 5 or 6, further comprising: transmitting a required indication in a grant signaling, to the UE, to indicate to the UE to report the delay of the packet (s) transmitted associated with a corresponding granted resource according to the grant signaling.
An eighth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-7, further comprising: receiving, via a MAC CE frame from the UE, at least one PDCP PDU delay at the UE and a corresponding PDCP PDU sequence number (SN) .
A ninth aspect includes the method of any aspects 5-8, further comprising: transmitting an uplink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame to the CN including a calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of a packet and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
A tenth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-9, wherein the base station comprises a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) , and the method further comprises: transmitting, by the DU, a PDCP PDU received from the UE via an uplink NR-U packet to the CU, wherein the uplink NR-U packet includes the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
An eleventh aspect includes the method of aspects 5-10, further comprising: receiving, by the DU, the average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU or the delay at UE of the PDCP PDU, via a MAC CE frame from the UE, then adding, by the DU, delay at the UE into the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU.
A twelfth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-11, wherein the PDCP PDU comprises a user packet, and the method further comprises: determining whether to select the user packet as a sample packet for uplink delay measuring based on a received packet delay sampling configuration for uplink.
A thirteenth aspect includes the method of aspects 5-12, further comprising: receiving a message from the CN that includes a packet delay sampling configuration for at least one QoS flow, wherein the packet delay sampling configuration instructs the RAN on how to select packets of the QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting, and the packet delay sampling configuration is configured for uplink and/or downlink and comprises at least one of: a delay threshold, together with a sampling rule, to indicate to the RAN to only report the packet delay results for those selected packets in which a measured RAN portion delay exceeds an indicated threshold, a sample packet interval to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets, a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time, a sample percentage to indicate  to the RAN to select a percentage of all of the packets for monitoring and reporting, and a start time and a stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and reporting within a specified period of time between the start time and the stop time.
A fourteenth aspect includes a device for wireless communication comprising: a processor; and a memory in communication with the processor, the memory storing a plurality of instructions executable by the processor to cause the device to implement the method of aspects 1-13.
A fifteenth aspect includes a non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions operable, when executed by one or more processors, to implement the method of aspects 1-13.

Claims (15)

  1. A method for packet-level downlink delay monitoring, comprising:
    receiving at a base station, from a core network (CN) , a plurality of downlink user packets of a quality of service (QoS) flow via a downlink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame; and
    transmitting one or more of the plurality of downlink user packets to a user equipment (UE) , and subsequently:
    transmitting an NGAP message or an uplink NG-U frame to the CN, comprising:
    a radio access network (RAN) portion of a downlink delay of at least one downlink user packet, and
    an associated packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) sequence number (SN) , or
    a downlink NG-U frame SN in which the at least one downlink user packet is encapsulated.
  2. The method of claim 1, wherein
    the base station comprises a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) , and
    the method further comprises:
    transmitting, by the CU, a per packet delay polling indication in a downlink New Radio User plane (NR-U) packet for a PDCP PDU which is encapsulated in the NR-U packet to the DU,
    transmitting, by the DU, the received PDCP PDU to the UE; and subsequently:
    in response to receiving a packet delay polling indication for this PDCP PDU:
    calculating, by the DU, a DU portion of the downlink delay of the PDCP PDU; and
    transmitting the DU portion of the downlink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN in an uplink NR-U packet to the CU.
  3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
    determining whether to measure and/or report the downlink delay for the at least one downlink user packet encapsulated in the downlink NG-U frame according to at least one of:
    whether a packet monitoring indication in the downlink NG-U frame is included, and if so, selecting the at least one downlink user packet as a sample for downlink delay monitoring; or
    whether a packet delay sampling configuration for the QoS flow for downlink is received, and if so, determining whether to select the at least one downlink user packet for downlink delay monitoring.
  4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
    receiving a message from the CN that includes a packet delay sampling configuration for at least one QoS flow, wherein
    the packet delay sampling configuration instructs the RAN on how to select packets of the QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting, and
    the packet delay sampling configuration is configured for uplink and/or downlink and comprises at least one of:
    a delay threshold, together with a sampling rule, to indicate to the RAN to only report the packet delay results for those selected packets in which a measured RAN portion delay exceeds an indicated threshold,
    a sample packet interval to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets,
    a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time,
    a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select a percentage of all of the packets for monitoring and reporting, and
    a start time and a stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and reporting within a specified period of time between the start time and the stop time.
  5. A method for packet level uplink delay monitoring, comprising:
    receiving, from a user equipment (UE) , a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) packet data unit (PDU) at a base station;
    calculating a radio access network (RAN) portion of an uplink delay of the received PDCP PDU by:
    adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and a UE-reported average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU; or
    adding the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU at the base station and the corresponding UE-reported delay at the UE of the PDCP PDU; and
    reporting the RAN portion of the uplink delay of the packet level to a core network (CN) .
  6. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
    receiving, via a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) frame from the UE, the average delay at the UE.
  7. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
    transmitting a required indication in a grant signaling, to the UE, to indicate to the UE to report the delay of the packet (s) transmitted associated with a corresponding granted resource according to the grant signaling.
  8. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
    receiving, via a MAC CE frame from the UE, at least one PDCP PDU delay at the UE and a corresponding PDCP PDU sequence number (SN) .
  9. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
    transmitting an uplink NG User plane interface (NG-U) frame to the CN including a calculated RAN portion of the uplink delay of a packet and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
  10. The method of claim 5, wherein
    the base station comprises a centralized unit (CU) and a distributed unit (DU) , and
    the method further comprises:
    transmitting, by the DU, a PDCP PDU received from the UE via an uplink NR-U packet to the CU, wherein
    the uplink NR-U packet includes the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU and an associated PDCP PDU SN.
  11. The method of claim 10, further comprising:
    receiving, by the DU, the average delay at the UE associated with a quality of service (QoS) flow of the PDCP PDU or the delay at UE of the PDCP PDU, via a MAC CE frame from the UE, then
    adding, by the DU, delay at the UE into the DU portion of the uplink delay of the PDCP PDU.
  12. The method of claim 5, wherein
    the PDCP PDU comprises a user packet, and the method further comprises:
    determining whether to select the user packet as a sample packet for uplink delay measuring based on a received packet delay sampling configuration for uplink.
  13. The method of claim 5, further comprising:
    receiving a message from the CN that includes a packet delay sampling configuration for at least one QoS flow, wherein
    the packet delay sampling configuration instructs the RAN on how to select packets of the QoS flow as sample packets for per packet level delay monitoring and/or reporting, and
    the packet delay sampling configuration is configured for uplink and/or downlink and  comprises at least one of:
    a delay threshold, together with a sampling rule, to indicate to the RAN to only report the packet delay results for those selected packets in which a measured RAN portion delay exceeds an indicated threshold,
    a sample packet interval to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of several packets,
    a sample time period to indicate to the RAN to select one packet for monitoring and reporting at intervals of a certain amount of time,
    a sample percentage to indicate to the RAN to select a percentage of all of the packets for monitoring and reporting, and
    a start time and a stop time to indicate to the RAN to select all packets for monitoring and reporting within a specified period of time between the start time and the stop time.
  14. A device for wireless communication comprising:
    a processor; and
    a memory in communication with the processor, the memory storing a plurality of instructions executable by the processor to cause the device to:
    implement the method of one of claim 1 or 5.
  15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising instructions operable, when executed by one or more processors, to:
    implement the method of one of claim 1 or 5.
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