WO2024211417A1

WO2024211417A1 - Attribute coding for point cloud compression

Info

Publication number: WO2024211417A1
Application number: PCT/US2024/022844
Authority: WO
Inventors: Anique AKHTAR; Geert Van Der Auwera; Adarsh Krishnan RAMASUBRAMONIAN; Marta Karczewicz
Original assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Current assignee: Qualcomm Inc
Priority date: 2023-04-03
Filing date: 2024-04-03
Publication date: 2024-10-10
Anticipated expiration: 2025-10-03

Abstract

An example device for coding point cloud data includes: a memory configured to store point cloud data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and configured to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry. When encoding the attribute data, the processors may encode the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder. When decoding the attribute data, the processors may upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data. The processors may code a value representing an amount of downscaling to apply to the decoded point cloud geometry data.

Description

ATTRIBUTE CODING FOR POINT CLOUD COMPRESSION

[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Patent Application No. 18/624,683, filed April 2, 2024 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/493,806, filed April 3, 2023, the entire contents of each of which are hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Patent Application No. 18/624,683, filed April 2, 2024 claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/493,806, filed April 3, 2023.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0002] This disclosure relates to point cloud encoding and decoding.

BACKGROUND

[0003] A point cloud is a collection of points in a 3-dimensional space. The points may correspond to points on objects within the 3-dimensional space. Thus, a point cloud may be used to represent the physical content of the 3-dimensional space. Point clouds may have utility in a wide variety of situations. For example, point clouds may be used in the context of autonomous vehicles for representing the positions of objects on a roadway. In another example, point clouds may be used in the context of representing the physical content of an environment for purposes of positioning virtual objects in an augmented reality (AR) or mixed reality (MR) application. Point cloud compression is a process for encoding and decoding point clouds. Encoding point clouds may reduce the amount of data required for storage and transmission of point clouds.

SUMMARY

[0004] In general, this disclosure describes techniques for point cloud coding (e.g., encoding or decoding), including geometry and attribute data coding of point cloud data. Coding may include either or both of encoding and/or decoding. In particular, geometry information (e.g., point coordinates within the point cloud) may be efficiently encoded using a deep learning-based encoder. The attribute data for the points (e.g., color, reflectance, brightness, surface normals, or the like) generally includes a larger amount of data than the geometry data. Therefore, the point cloud encoder may reconstruct the geometry data, then downscale the geometry data and also downscale the attribute data prior to encoding the attribute data. A point cloud decoder may then decode and reconstruct the full-scale geometry data, downscale the geometry data, and decode the attribute data using the downscaled geometry data. Afterwards, the point cloud decoder may upscale the attribute data and apply the upscaled attribute data to the full scale geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

[0005] In one example, a device for coding (e.g., reconstructing) point cloud data includes a memory configured to store point cloud data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and configured to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code (e.g., reconstruct) attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0006] In another example, a method of coding (e.g., reconstructing) point cloud data, the method comprising: decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and coding (e.g., reconstructing) attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0007] In another example, a computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause a processor to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code (e.g., reconstruct) attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0008] In another example, a device for coding point cloud data, the device comprising: means for decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; means for downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and means for coding (e.g., reconstructing) attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0009] The details of one or more examples are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0010] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud encoding and decoding system that may perform the techniques of this disclosure.

[0011] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud encoder according to techniques of this disclosure.

[0012] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud decoder according to techniques of this disclosure.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example encoding framework according to certain examples of the techniques of this disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example decoding framework according to certain examples of the techniques of this disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud encoding framework according to the techniques of this disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud decoding framework according to the techniques of this disclosure.

[0017] FIGS. 8A and 8B are conceptual diagrams illustrating examples of downscaling voxels of a point cloud.

[0018] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of stages that may be included in a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

[0019] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating another example set of stages that may be included in a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

[0020] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of encoding point cloud data according to the techniques of this disclosure.

[0021] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of decoding point cloud data according to the techniques of this disclosure.

[0022] FIG. 13 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a laser package, such as a LIDAR sensor or other system that includes one or more lasers, scanning points in 3- dimensional space.

[0023] FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example range-finding system 900 that may be used with one or more techniques of this disclosure.

[0024] FIG. 15 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example vehicle-based scenario in which one or more techniques of this disclosure may be used. [0025] FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example extended reality system in which one or more techniques of this disclosure may be used.

[0026] FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example mobile device system in which one or more techniques of this disclosure may be used.

[0027] FIGS. 18 and 19 are flow diagrams illustrating example deep learning-based geometry encoder and decoder networks.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] A point cloud (PC) is a 3D data representation for tasks like virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR), autonomous driving, cultural heritage, etc. Point clouds are a set of points in 3D space, represented by their 3D coordinates (x, y, z) referred to as the geometry. Each point may also be associated with multiple attributes such as color, normal vectors, and reflectance. Depending on the target application and the point cloud acquisition methods, the point cloud can be categorized into point cloud scenes and point cloud objects. Point cloud scenes may be captured using LiDAR sensors and may be dynamically acquired.

[0029] Point cloud objects can be subdivided into static point clouds and dynamic point clouds. A static point cloud is a single object. A dynamic point cloud is a time-varying point cloud including a sequence of point cloud instances. Each instance of a dynamic point cloud is a static point cloud. Dynamic time-varying point clouds may be used in AR/VR, volumetric video streaming, and telepresence, and can be generated using 3D models, i.e., CGI, or captured from real-world scenarios using various methods such as multiple cameras with depth sensors surrounding the object. These point clouds are dense photo-realistic point clouds that can have a massive number of points, especially in high precision or large-scale captures (millions of points per flame with up to 60 flames per second (FPS)). Therefore, efficient point cloud compression (PCC) is useful to enable practical usage in VR and MR applications.

[0030] The Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) has approved two PCC (point cloud compression) standards: (1) S. Schwarz, M. Preda, V. Baroncini, M. Budagavi, P. Cesar, P. A. Chou, R A. Cohen, M. Krivoku'ca, S. Lasserre, Z. Li et al., “Emerging MPEG standards for point cloud compression,” IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 133-148, 2018, and (2) D. Graziosi, O. Nakagami, S. Kuma, A. Zaghetto, T. Suzuki, and A. Tabatabai, “An overview of ongoing point cloud compression standardization activities: Video-based (v-pcc) and geometry-based (g-pcc),” APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing, vol. 9, 2020. MPEG has approved Geometry-based Point Cloud Compression (G-PCC) standard: “MPEG-PCC-TMC13: Geometry Based Point Cloud Compression G-PCC,”

2021, available at github.com/MPEGGroupAnpeg-pcc-tmcl3. MPEG has approved Video-based Point Cloud Compression (V-PCC): “MPEG-PCC-TMC2: Video Based Point Cloud Compression VPCC,” 2022, available at github.com/MPEGGroup/mpeg- pcc-tmc2.

[0031] G-PCC includes octree-geometry coding as a generic geometry- coding tool and a predictive geometry coding (tree-based) tool which is targeted toward LiDAR-based point clouds. G-PCC is still developing a triangle meshes or triangle soup (trisoup) based method to approximate the surface of the 3D model. V-PCC on the other hand encodes dynamic point clouds by projecting 3D points onto a 2D plane and then uses video codecs, e.g., High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), to encode each frame overtime. MPEG has also proposed common test conditions (CTC) to evaluate test models: S. Schwarz, G. Martin-Cocher, D. Flynn, and M. Budagavi, “Common test conditions for point cloud compression,” Document ISO/IECJTC1/SC29/WG11 wl7766, Ljubljana, Slovenia, 2018.

[0032] As noted above, efficient point cloud compression is usefill for applications such as virtual and mixed reality, autonomous driving, and cultural heritage. Some techniques, like m59617: Anique Akhtar, Zhu Li, Geert Van der Auwera, Adarsh Krishnan Ramasubramonian, Luong Pham Van, Marta Karczewicz, Dynamic Point Cloud Geometry Compression using Sparse Convolutions, MPEG-137 Online, Doc. m59617, April 2022, and m60307: Anique Akhtar, Zhu Li, Geert Van der Auwera, Adarsh Krishnan Ramasubramonian, Marta Karczewicz, [AI-3DGC][EE5.3 Test 2] Results dynamic point cloud compression, MPEG-139 Online, Doc. M60307, July

2022, use deep learning-based point cloud compression for dense dynamic point clouds using deep learning network consisting of an encoder and decoder module.

[0033] Within the context of this disclosure, deep learning may refer to the use of multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network. A deep learning-based geometry encoder may refer to a geometry encoder that that includes a computer-based neural network that includes multiple hidden layers. A deep learning-based attribute upsampler may refer to an attribute upsampler that includes a computer-based neural network that includes multiple hidden layers. [0034] Research into performing point cloud compression using deep learning solutions is ongoing. A point cloud generally includes a collection of points, as well as attributes for the points. The points correspond to positions in a three-dimensional space, e.g., having X-, Y-, and Z -coordinates. The attributes may include, for example, color, reflectance, brightness, surface normals, or the like. Since point clouds have both geometry and attributes, there have been solutions proposed for point cloud geometry compression, point cloud attribute compression, as well as joint point cloud geometry and attribute compression.

[0035] Deep learning-based solutions typically perform well when applied to geometry compression. However, they are still lacking in the point cloud attribute compression. The techniques of this disclosure include using geometry compression from one codec and attribute compression from another codec. For example, a deep learning-based geometry compression scheme may be combined with a non-deep learning-based attribute compression scheme. These techniques may provide flexibility to the compression framework and create a strong baseline for deep learning-based point cloud attribute compression.

[0036] These techniques may further include use of multi-scale attribute compression with deep learning-based post-processing. Heuristic testing has shown that most of the compression bits are consumed by attribute coding. Therefore, creating an effective attribute compression scheme is important to achieving a good compression performance. The multi-scale attribute compression scheme may improve the overall compression performance of the coding framework.

[0037] Some coding techniques include a deep learning-based lossy point cloud geometry compression scheme for dynamic point cloud compression. The lossy geometry scheme predicts the latent representation of a current frame using a previous frame by employing a prediction network. The framework performs P -frame inter- frame point cloud encoding, where the current frame is encoded with reference to the previously decoded frame. The architecture is implemented using a sparse convolution neural network (CNN) with sparse tensors. The architecture employs convolution on target coordinates to map the latent representation of the previous frame to the downsampled coordinates of the current frame to predict the current frame’s feature embedding. The framework transmits the residual of the predicted features and the actual features by compressing them using a learned probabilistic factorized entropy model. Compared with G-PCC and V-PCC, these techniques demonstrate better geometry compression performance on dense point clouds with an efficient encoding/decoding runtime.

[0038] In one or more examples, this disclosure describes a flexible configuration of the deep learning-based framework where rather than having a joint geometry and attribute compression scheme, the example techniques use a recoloring scheme (as one example) to generate attributes for the reconstructed point cloud and employ traditional attribute compression schemes. One or more of the example techniques described in this disclosure may utilize G-PCC’s recoloring scheme to get attributes of the target point cloud from the source point cloud. G-PCC’s recoloring scheme employs weighted distance based nearest neighbors in the source point cloud to calculate attributes of the target point cloud. Accordingly, in one or more examples, the example techniques may allow use of an attribute compression from a different codec and the geometry compression from a different codec.

[0039] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example encoding and decoding system 100 that may perform the techniques of this disclosure. The techniques of this disclosure are generally directed to coding (encoding and/or decoding) point cloud data, i.e., to support point cloud compression. In general, point cloud data includes any data for processing a point cloud. The coding may be effective in compressing and/or decompressing point cloud data.

[0040] As shown in FIG. 1 , system 100 includes a source device 102 and a destination device 116. Source device 102 provides encoded point cloud data to be decoded by a destination device 116. Particularly, in the example of FIG. 1, source device 102 provides the point cloud data to destination device 116 via a computer-readable medium 110. Source device 102 and destination device 116 may comprise any of a wide range of devices, including desktop computers, notebook (i.e., laptop) computers, tablet computers, set-top boxes, telephone handsets such as smartphones, televisions, cameras, display devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, video streaming devices, terrestrial or marine vehicles, spacecraft, aircraft, robots, LIDAR devices, satellites, or the like. In some cases, source device 102 and destination device 116 may be equipped for wireless communication.

[0041] In the example of FIG. 1 , source device 102 includes a data source 104, a memory 106, a point cloud encoder 200, and an output interface 108. Destination device 116 includes an input interface 122, a point cloud decoder 300, a memory 120, and a data consumer 118. In accordance with this disclosure, point cloud encoder 200 of source device 102 and point cloud decoder 300 of destination device 116 may be configured to apply the techniques of this disclosure related to attribute coding for point cloud compression. Thus, source device 102 represents an example of an encoding device, while destination device 116 represents an example of a decoding device. In other examples, source device 102 and destination device 116 may include other components or arrangements. For example, source device 102 may receive data (e.g., point cloud data) from an internal or external source. Likewise, destination device 116 may interface with an external data consumer, rather than include a data consumer in the same device.

[0042] System 100 as shown in FIG. 1 is merely one example. In general, other digital encoding and/or decoding devices may perform the techniques of this disclosure related to attribute coding for point cloud compression. Source device 102 and destination device 116 are merely examples of such devices in which source device 102 generates coded data for transmission to destination device 116. This disclosure refers to a

“coding” device as a device that performs coding (encoding and/or decoding) of data. Thus, point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 represent examples of coding devices, in particular, an encoder and a decoder, respectively. In some examples, source device 102 and destination device 116 may operate in a substantially symmetrical manner such that each of source device 102 and destination device 116 includes encoding and decoding components. Hence, system 100 may support one-way or two-way transmission between source device 102 and destination device 116, e.g., for streaming, playback, broadcasting, telephony, navigation, and other applications. [0043] In general, data source 104 represents a source of data (i.e., raw, unencoded point cloud data) and may provide a sequential series of “frames”) of the data to point cloud encoder 200, which encodes data for the frames. Data source 104 of source device 102 may include a point cloud capture device, such as any of a variety of cameras or sensors, e.g., a 3D scanner or a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) device, one or more video cameras, an archive containing previously captured data, and/or a data feed interface to receive data from a data content provider. Alternatively or additionally, point cloud data may be computer-generated from scanner, camera, sensor or other data. For example, data source 104 may generate computer graphics-based data as the source data, or produce a combination of live data, archived data, and computer-generated data. In each case, point cloud encoder 200 encodes the captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated data. Point cloud encoder 200 may rearrange the frames from the received order (sometimes referred to as “display order”) into a coding order for coding. Point cloud encoder 200 may generate one or more bitstreams including encoded data. Source device 102 may then output the encoded data via output interface 108 onto computer-readable medium 110 for reception and/or retrieval by, e.g., input interface 122 of destination device 116.

[0044] Memory 106 of source device 102 and memory 120 of destination device 116 may represent general purpose memories. In some examples, memory 106 and memory 120 may store raw data, e.g., raw data from data source 104 and raw, decoded data from point cloud decoder 300. Additionally or alternatively, memory 106 and memory 120 may store software instructions executable by, e.g., point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300, respectively. Although memory 106 and memory 120 are shown separately from point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 in this example, it should be understood that point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 may also include internal memories for functionally similar or equivalent purposes. Furthermore, memory 106 and memory 120 may store encoded data, e.g., output from point cloud encoder 200 and input to point cloud decoder 300. In some examples, portions of memory 106 and memory 120 may be allocated as one or more buffers, e.g., to store raw, decoded, and/or encoded data. For instance, memory 106 and memory 120 may store data representing a point cloud.

[0045] Computer-readable medium 110 may represent any type of medium or device capable of transporting the encoded data from source device 102 to destination device 116. In one example, computer-readable medium 110 represents a communication medium to enable source device 102 to transmit encoded data directly to destination device 116 in real-time, e.g., via a radio frequency network or computer-based network. Output interface 108 may modulate a transmission signal including the encoded data, and input interface 122 may demodulate the received transmission signal, according to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol. The communication medium may comprise any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The communication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, or a global network such as the Internet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communication from source device 102 to destination device 116. [0046] In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded data from output interface 108 to storage device 112. Similarly, destination device 116 may access encoded data from storage device 112 via input interface 122. Storage device 112 may include any of a variety of distributed or locally accessed data storage media such as a hard drive, Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or any other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded data.

[0047] In some examples, source device 102 may output encoded data to file server 114 or another intermediate storage device that may store the encoded data generated by source device 102. Destination device 116 may access stored data from file server 114 via streaming or download. File server 114 may be any type of server device capable of storing encoded data and transmitting that encoded data to the destination device 116. File server 114 may represent a web server (e.g., for a website), a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server, a content delivery network device, or a network attached storage (NAS) device. Destination device 116 may access encoded data from file server 114 through any standard data connection, including an Internet connection. This may include a wireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g., digital subscriber line (DSL), cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable for accessing encoded data stored on file server 114. File server 114 and input interface 122 may be configured to operate according to a streaming transmission protocol, a download transmission protocol, or a combination thereof.

[0048] Output interface 108 and input interface 122 may represent wireless transmitters/receivers, modems, wired networking components (e.g., Ethernet cards), wireless communication components that operate according to any of a variety of IEEE 802.11 standards, or other physical components. In examples where output interface 108 and input interface 122 comprise wireless components, output interfece 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encoded data, according to a cellular communication standard, such as 4G, 4G-LTE (Long-Term Evolution), LTE Advanced, 5G, or the like. In some examples where output interfece 108 comprises a wireless transmitter, output interfece 108 and input interface 122 may be configured to transfer data, such as encoded data, according to other wireless standards, such as an IEEE 802.11 specification, an IEEE 802.15 specification (e.g., ZigBee™), a Bluetooth™ standard, or the like. In some examples, source device 102 and/or destination device 116 may include respective system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices. For example, source device 102 may include an SoC device to perform the functionality attributed to point cloud encoder 200 and/or output interface 108, and destination device 116 may include an SoC device to perform the functionality attributed to point cloud decoder 300 and/or input interface 122.

[0049] The techniques of this disclosure may be applied to encoding and decoding in support of any of a variety of applications, such as communication between autonomous vehicles, communication between scanners, cameras, sensors and processing devices such as local or remote servers, geographic mapping, or other applications.

[0050] Input interface 122 of destination device 116 receives an encoded bitstream from computer-readable medium 110 (e.g., a communication medium, storage device 112, file server 114, or the like). The encoded bitstream may include signaling information defined by point cloud encoder 200, which is also used by point cloud decoder 300, such as syntax elements having values that describe characteristics and/or processing of coded units (e.g., slices, pictures, groups of pictures, sequences, or the like). Data consumer 118 uses the decoded data. For example, data consumer 118 may use the decoded data to determine the locations of physical objects. In some examples, data consumer 118 may comprise a display to present imagery based on a point cloud.

[0051] Point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable encoder and/or decoder circuitry, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. When the techniques are implemented partially in software, a device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non- transitory computer-readable medium and execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the techniques of this disclosure. Each of point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device. A device including point cloud encoder 200 and/or point cloud decoder 300 may comprise one or more integrated circuits, microprocessors, and/or other types of devices.

[0052] Point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 may operate according to a coding standard, such as video point cloud compression (V-PCC) standard or a geometry point cloud compression (G-PCC) standard. This disclosure may generally refer to coding (e.g., encoding and decoding) of pictures to include the process of encoding or decoding data. An encoded bitstream generally includes a series of values for syntax elements representative of coding decisions (e.g., coding modes).

[0053] This disclosure may generally refer to “signaling” certain information, such as syntax elements. The term “signaling” may generally refer to the communication of values for syntax elements and/or other data used to decode encoded data. That is, point cloud encoder 200 may signal values for syntax elements in the bitstream. In general, signaling refers to generating a value in the bitstream. As noted above, source device 102 may transport the bitstream to destination device 116 substantially in real time, or not in real time, such as might occur when storing syntax elements to storage device 112 for later retrieval by destination device 116.

[0054] ISO/IEC MPEG (JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11) is studying the potential need for standardization of point cloud coding technology with a compression capability that significantly exceeds that of the current approaches and will target to create the standard. The group is working together on this exploration activity in a collaborative effort known as the 3-Dimensional Graphics Team (3DG) to evaluate compression technology designs proposed by their experts in this area.

[0055] Point cloud compression activities are categorized in two different approaches. The first approach is “Video point cloud compression” (V-PCC), which segments the 3D object, and project the segments in multiple 2D planes (which are represented as “patches” in the 2D frame), which are further coded by a legacy 2D video codec such as a High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) (ITU-T H.265) codec. The second approach is “Geometry-based point cloud compression” (G-PCC), which directly compresses 3D geometry i.e., position of a set of points in 3D space, and associated attribute values (for each point associated with the 3D geometry). G-PCC addresses the compression of point clouds in both Category 1 (static point clouds) and Category 3 (dynamically acquired point clouds). A recent draft of the G-PCC standard is available in G-PCC DIS, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 wl9088, Brussels, Belgium, January- 2020, and a description of the codec is available in G-PCC Codec Description v6, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 wl9091, Brussels, Belgium, January 2020.

[0056] A point cloud contains a set of points in a 3D space, and may have attributes associated with the point. The attributes may be color information such as R, G, B or Y, Cb, Cr, or reflectance information, or other attributes. Point clouds may be captured by a variety of cameras or sensors such as LIDAR sensors and 3D scanners and may also be computer-generated. Point cloud data are used in a variety of applications including, but not limited to, construction (modeling), graphics (3D models for visualizing and animation), and the automotive industry (LIDAR sensors used to help in navigation). [0057] The 3D space occupied by a point cloud data may be enclosed by a virtual bounding box. The position of the points in the bounding box may be represented by a certain precision; therefore, the positions of one or more points may be quantized based on the precision. At the smallest level, the bounding box is split into voxels which are the smallest unit of space represented by a unit cube. A voxel in the bounding box may be associated with zero, one, or more than one point. The bounding box may be split into multiple cube/cuboid regions, which may be called tiles. Each tile may be coded into one or more slices. The partitioning of the bounding box into slices and tiles may be based on number of points in each partition, or based on other considerations (e.g., a particular region may be coded as tiles). The slice regions may be further partitioned using splitting decisions similar to those in video codecs.

[0058] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud encoder 200. The modules shown are logical, and do not necessarily correspond one-to-one to implemented code in the reference implementation of G-PCC codec, i.e., TMC13 test model software studied by ISO/IEC MPEG (JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11).

[0059] In both point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300, point cloud positions are coded first. Attribute coding depends on the decoded geometry. The compressed geometry is typically represented as an octree from the root all the way down to a leaf level of individual voxels.

[0060] At each node of an octree, an occupancy is signaled (when not inferred) for one or more of its child nodes (up to eight nodes). Multiple neighborhoods are specified including (a) nodes that share a face with a current octree node, (b) nodes that share a face, edge or a vertex with the current octree node, etc. Within each neighborhood, the occupancy of a node and/or its children may be used to predict the occupancy of the current node or its children. For points that are sparsely populated in certain nodes of the octree, the codec also supports a direct coding mode where the 3D position of the point is encoded directly. A flag may be signaled to indicate that a direct mode is signaled. At the lowest level, the number of points associated with the octree node/leaf node may also be coded.

[0061] Once the geometry is coded, the attributes corresponding to the geometry points are coded. When there are multiple attribute points corresponding to one reconstracted/decoded geometry point, an attribute value may be derived that is representative of the reconstructed point.

[0062] There are three attribute coding methods in G-PCC: Region Adaptive Hierarchical Transform (RAHT) coding, interpolation-based hierarchical nearest- neighbour prediction (Predicting Transform), and interpolation-based hierarchical nearest-neighbour prediction with an update/lifting step (Lifting Transform). RAHT and Lifting are typically used for Category 1 data, while Predicting is typically used for Category 3 data. However, either method may be used for any data, and, just like with the geometry codecs in G-PCC, the attribute coding method used to code the point cloud is specified in the bitstream.

[0063] The coding of the attributes may be conducted in a level-of-detail (LOD), where with each level of detail a finer representation of the point cloud attribute may be obtained. Each level of detail may be specified based on distance metric from the neighboring nodes or based on a sampling distance.

[0064] At point cloud encoder 200, the residuals obtained as the output of the coding methods for the attributes are quantized. The residuals may be obtained by subtracting the attribute value from a prediction that is derived based on the points in the neighborhood of the current point and based on the attribute values of points encoded previously. The quantized residuals may be coded using context adaptive arithmetic coding.

[0065] In the example of FIG. 2, point cloud encoder 200 includes deep learning-based geometry encoder 202, geometry reconstraction unit 206, geometry downscaling unit 210, recoloring unit 212, color transform unit 204, Region Adaptive Hierarchical Transform (RAHT) unit 218, LOD generation unit 220, lifting unit 222, coefficient quantization unit 224, and arithmetic encoding unit 226.

[0066] As shown in the example of FIG. 2, point cloud encoder 200 may obtain a set of positions of points in the point cloud and a set of attributes. Point cloud encoder 200 may obtain the set of positions of the points in the point cloud and the set of attributes from data source 104 (FIG. 1). The positions may include coordinates of points in a point cloud. The attributes may include information about the points in the point cloud, such as colors, reflectance, intensity, or the like, associated with the points in the point cloud. Deep learning-based geometry encoder 202 of point cloud encoder 200 may generate geometry bitstream 203 that includes an encoded representation of the positions of the points in the point cloud. Point cloud encoder 200 may also generate attribute bitstream 205 that includes an encoded representation of the set of attributes. [0067] After encoding the geometry information, geometry reconstruction unit 206 may decode and reconstruct the geometry information. Geometry downscaling unit 210 may- downscale the geometry information. As noted above, the geometry information may be represented using an octree. A root node of the octree may be partitioned into eight sub-nodes. For each node of the octree, the node may be further partitioned into eight sub-nodes, including dividing the node in half along the X-, Y-, and Z-dimensions.

Such partitioning may continue until, e.g., reaching a smallest sized node for the octree, referred to as a leaf node of the octree. That is, a leaf node has no child nodes and is unpartitioned.

[0068] In order to downscale the octree, geometry downscaling unit 210 may determine a node has eight leaf subnodes, and determine a number of the eight leaf subnodes that is occupied. If the number is above a threshold (e.g., zero), geometry downscaling unit 210 may represent the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree.

Otherwise, if the number is less than or equal to the threshold, geometry downscaling unit 210 may represent the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree. For example, if the threshold is zero, all of the eight leaf sub-nodes would need to be unoccupied to represent the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree, otherwise the node would be represented as an occupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0069] After downscaling the geometry information, recoloring unit 212 may apply the attribute information to the points of the downscaled octree. For example, recoloring unit 212 may similarly downscale the original attribute information by the same degree as the geometry information. Such downscaling may include culling the attribute data, blending attribute data, or otherwise reducing the attribute data such that the downscaled attribute data can be applied to the downscaled geometry.

[0070] Color transform unit 204 may transform color information of the attributes to a different domain. For example, color transform unit 204 may transform color information from an RGB color space to a YCbCr color space.

[0071] Furthermore, RAHT unit 218 may apply RAHT coding to the attributes of the reconstructed points. In some examples, under RAHT, the attributes of a block of 2x2x2 point positions are taken and transformed along one direction to obtain four low (L) and four high (H) frequency nodes. Subsequently t,he four low frequency nodes (L) are transformed in a second direction to obtain two low (LL) and two high (LH) frequency nodes. The two low frequency nodes (LL) are transformed along a third direction to obtain one low (LLL) and one high (LLH) frequency node. The low frequency node LLL corresponds to DC coefficients and the high frequency nodes H, LH, and LLH correspond to AC coefficients. The transformation in each direction may- be a 1-D transform with two coefficient weights. The low frequency coefficients may be taken as coefficients of the 2x2x2 block for the next higher level of RAHT transform and the AC coefficients are encoded without changes; such transformations continue until the top root node. The tree traversal for encoding is from top to bottom used to calculate the weights to be used for the coefficients; the transform order is from bottom to top. The coefficients may then be quantized and coded.

[0072] Alternatively or additionally, LOD generation unit 220 and lifting unit 222 may apply LOD processing and lifting, respectively, to the attributes of the reconstructed points. LOD generation is used to split the attributes into different refinement levels. Each refinement level provides a refinement to the attributes of the point cloud. The first refinement level provides a coarse approximation and contains few points; the subsequent refinement level typically contains more points, and so on. The refinement levels may be constructed using a distance-based metric or may also use one or more other classification criteria (e.g., subsampling from a particular order). Thus, all the reconstructed points may be included in a refinement level. Each level of detail may be produced by taking a union of all points up to particular refinement level: e.g., LODI is obtained based on refinement level RL1, LOD2 is obtained based on RL1 and RL2, ... LODN is obtained by union of RL1 , RL2, ... RLN. In some cases, LOD generation may be followed by a prediction scheme (e.g., predicting transform) where attributes associated with each point in the LOD are predicted from a weighted average of preceding points, and the residual is quantized and entropy coded. The lifting scheme builds on top of the predicting transform mechanism, where an update operator is used to update the coefficients and an adaptive quantization of the coefficients is performed. [0073] RAHT unit 218 and lifting unit 222 may generate coefficients based on the attributes. Coefficient quantization unit 224 may quantize the coefficients generated by RAHT unit 218 or lifting unit 222. Arithmetic encoding unit 226 may apply arithmetic coding to syntax elements representing the quantized coefficients. Point cloud encoder 200 may output these syntax elements in attribute bitstream 205. Attribute bitstream 205 may also include other syntax elements, including non-arithmetically encoded syntax elements.

[0074] In some examples, geometry downscaling unit 210 may downscale the geometry data by a certain amount represented by a particular value, such as a downscaling factor. Point cloud encoder 200 may encode the value as a parameter of a parameter set, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS) or an attribute parameter set (APS), a slice header, a frame header, or other high level syntax (HLS). In some examples, the downscaling factor may also indicate an amount by which to downscale the attribute data prior to recoloring. In some examples, point cloud encoder 200 may encode a second value, separate from the first value, indicative of the amount by which to downscale the attribute data.

[0075] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud decoder 300. In the example of FIG. 3, point cloud decoder 300 includes deep learning-based geometry decoder 302, attribute arithmetic decoding unit 304, geometry downscaling unit 306, inverse quantization unit 308, RAHT unit 314, LoD generation unit 316, inverse lifting unit 318, inverse transform color unit 322, and point cloud upscaling unit 324.

[0076] Point cloud decoder 300 may receive a geometry bitstream 203 and attribute bitstream 205. Deep learning-based geometry decoder 302 generally decodes geometry data of geometry bitstream 203. Attribute arithmetic decoding unit 304 of decoder 300 may apply arithmetic decoding (e.g., Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) or other type of arithmetic decoding) to syntax elements in attribute bitstream 205 to decode attribute bitstream 205.

[0077] In general, attribute bitstream 250 represents a downscaled version of attribute data relative to the geometry data of geometry bitstream 203. Therefore, geometry downscaling unit 306 may downscale the reproduced geometry data from deep learningbased geometry decoder 302, e.g., according to a downscaling value. Point cloud decoder 300 may decode the downscale value from high level syntax (HLS) data, such as a sequence parameter set (SPS), attribute parameter set (APS), slice header, frame header, or the like. Geometry downscaling unit 306 may downscale the geometry data according to the downscaling factor.

[0078] Additionally, inverse quantization unit 308 may inverse quantize attribute values. The attribute values may be based on syntax elements obtained from attribute bitstream 205 (e.g., including syntax elements decoded by attribute arithmetic decoding unit 304). [0079] Depending on how the attribute values are encoded, RAHT unit 314 may perform RAHT coding to determine, based on the inverse quantized attribute values, color values for points of the point cloud. RAHT decoding is done from the top to the bottom of the tree. At each level, the low and high frequency coefficients that are derived from the inverse quantization process are used to derive the constituent values. At the leaf node, the values derived correspond to the attribute values of the coefficients. The weight derivation process for the points is similar to the process used at point cloud encoder 200. Alternatively, LOD generation unit 316 and inverse lifting unit 318 may determine color values for points of the point cloud using a level of detailbased technique. LOD generation unit 316 decodes each LOD giving progressively finer representations of the attribute of points. With a predicting transform, LOD generation unit 316 derives the prediction of the point from a weighted sum of points that are in prior LODs, or previously reconstructed in the same LOD. LOD generation unit 316 may add the prediction to the residual (which is obtained after inverse quantization) to obtain the reconstructed value of the attribute. When the lifting scheme is used, LOD generation unit 316 may also include an update operator to update the coefficients used to derive the attribute values. LOD generation unit 316 may also apply an inverse adaptive quantization in this case.

[0080] Furthermore, inverse transform color unit 322 may apply an inverse color transform to the color values. The inverse color transform may be an inverse of a color transform applied by color transform unit 204 of encoder 200. For example, color transform unit 204 may transform color information from an RGB color space to a YCbCr color space. Accordingly, inverse color transform unit 322 may transform color information from the YCbCr color space to the RGB color space.

[0081] After decoding both geometry information and attribute information, point cloud upscaling unit 324 may reconstruct the point cloud. In particular, point cloud upscaling unit 324 may upscale the attribute information to the scale of the geometry information. Point cloud upscaling unit 324 may upscale the attribute information according to the downscaling factor. Alternatively, point cloud decoder 300 may decode a separate value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the attribute information. In some examples, point cloud upscaling unit 324 may be a deep learning-based attribute upsampler. Ultimately, point cloud upscaling unit 324 may apply the upscaled attribute information to the points of the geometry information to reconstruct the point [0082] The various units of FIG. 2 and FIG. 3 are illustrated to assist with understanding the operations performed by encoder 200 and decoder 300. The units may be implemented as fixed-function circuits, programmable circuits, or a combination thereof. Fixed-function circuits refer to circuits that provide particular functionality, and are preset on the operations that can be performed. Programmable circuits refer to circuits that can be programmed to perform various tasks, and provide flexible functionality in the operations that can be performed. For instance, programmable circuits may execute software or firmware that cause the programmable circuits to operate in the manner defined by instructions of the software or firmware. Fixed- function circuits may execute software instructions (e.g., to receive parameters or output parameters), but the types of operations that the fixed-function circuits perform are generally immutable. In some examples, one or more of the units may be distinct circuit blocks (fixed-function or programmable), and in some examples, one or more of the units may be integrated circuits.

[0083] As described above, machine learning, such as deep learning, techniques may be used for encoding and decoding of point cloud data. The techniques of this disclosure include the use of a deep learning-based lossy point cloud geometry compression scheme for dynamic point cloud compression. A lossy geometry scheme predicts the latent representation of the current frame using the previous frame by employing a prediction network. The example techniques perform P-ftame inter-frame point cloud encoding where the current frame is encoded with reference to a previously decoded frame. The architecture may be implemented using sparse convolution neural network (CNN) with sparse tensors. The example architecture employs convolution on target coordinates to map the latent representation of the previous frame to the downsampled coordinates of the current frame to predict the current frame’s feature embedding. The encoder transmits the residual of the predicted features and the actual features by compressing them using a learned probabilistic factorized entropy model. Compared with G-PCC and V-PCC, the machine learning techniques show better compression performance on dense point clouds with efficient encoding/decoding runtime.

[0084] There may be issues with using machine learning for encoding/decoding (e.g., compressing/decompressing) point cloud data. Often a point cloud compression codec could perform well at geometry coding and be lacking in attribute coding or vice versa. This may be true for deep learning-based point cloud compression schemes, where deep learning-based point cloud compression schemes often perform well at geometry compression but cannot or are lacking in attribute compression.

[0085] In one or more examples described in this disclosure, to achieve the coding efficiencies, such as that of deep learning, there may be a benefit in being able to separate the geometry compression and the attribute compression from the compression frameworks, and then be able to combine geometry compression methods from one codec with the attribute compression method of another codec to be able to obtain better compression performance. In one or more examples, this disclosure describes flexible configurations in the compression framework, where point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 300 employ deep learning-based geometry compression with traditional attribute compression methods for point cloud compression.

[0086] By employing downscaling and subsequent upscaling to the attribute information, further flexibility may be provided. The majority of the bitrate in previous encoding schemes has been consumed by the attribute information. Any improvement in the attribute compression scheme may greatly improve the overall coding efficiency of the framework. Thus, according to the techniques of this disclosure, point cloud encoder 200 may downscale the attribute information prior to encoding, and point cloud decoder 300 may decode and then upscale the attribute information.

[0087] High-level syntax (HLS) data may be signaled by point cloud encoder 200 and received by point cloud decoder 300. The HLS data may include an attribute coding type employed to code the recolored attributes for point cloud decoder 300 to reconstruct the attribute values. This coding method, for example, G-PCC’s Region Adaptive Hierarchical Transform (RAHT), can be signaled in a parameter set, for example, the sequence parameter set (SPS) or attribute parameter set (APS) as an identifier. The part of the bitstream that carries the coded attribute bits is, for example, a NALU. A list of coding methods may be specified, each coding method provides a means to code the attributes of the point cloud (optionally, they may also code the geometry in a lossless manner). An index to this list may be signaled in the bitstream to indicate the coding method used to code the attributes. This index may be signaled in a parameter set (e.g., APS, SPS) or other means. When deep learning mechanisms are used for recoloring or decoding, parameters/coefficients corresponding to recoloring or decoding may also be signaled in the bitstream.

[0088] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an example encoding framework 400. FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an example decoding framework 500. In FIG. 4, encoding framework 400 includes deep learning-based geometry encoder 404, G-PCC recoloring unit 406, and G-PCC lossless geometry and lossy attribute encoder 408. In general, encoding framework 400 may correspond to point cloud encoder 200 of FIGS.

1 and 2, where deep learning-based geometry encoder 404 may correspond to deep learning-based geometry encoder 202, G-PCC recoloring unit 406 may correspond to recoloring unit 212, and G-PCC lossless geometry and lossy attribute encoder 408 may correspond to any or all of color transform unit 204, RAHT unit 218, LOD generation unit 220, lifting unit 222, coefficient quantization unit 224, and arithmetic encoding unit 226. In this example, original point cloud 402 is provided to both deep learning-based geometry encoder 404 and G-PCC recoloring unit 406. Deep learning-based geometry encoder 404 encodes geometry information of original point cloud 402 and forms geometry bitstream 410 including encoded geometry information for original point cloud 402.

[0089] Deep learning-based geometry encoder 404 also decodes and reconstructs the geometry information, e.g., an octree including nodes indicating whether points are present in the nodes (i.e., whether the nodes are occupied). Occupied nodes may be partitioned into eight sub-nodes, each of which may include indications of being occupied. G-PCC recoloring unit 406 may receive the reconstructed geometry information from deep learning-based geometry encoder 404 and use the geometry and attribute information of original point cloud 402 to recolor the reconstructed geometry. G-PCC lossless geometry and lossy attribute encoder 408 may then encode the recolored, reconstructed geometry to form attribute bitstream 412.

[0090] Decoding framework 500 of FIG. 5 includes deep learning-based geometry decoder 502 (which may correspond to deep learning-based geometry decoder 302) and G-PCC decoder 504 (which may correspond to attribute arithmetic decoding unit 304, inverse quantization unit 308, RAHT unit 314, LOD generation unit 316, inverse lifting unit 318, and inverse transform color unit 322). In this example, deep learning-based geometry decoder 502 receives geometry bitstream 508. Deep learning-based geometry decoder 502 decodes geometry bitstream 508 and reconstructs the geometry information. G-PCC decoder 504 receives attribute bitstream 510 and uses the reconstructed geometry information to decode attribute bitstream 510 and reconstruct the point cloud. For example, G-PCC decoder 504 may apply the decoded attribute information to the reconstructed geometry information to form recolored reconstructed point cloud 506. [0091] In FIGS. 4 and 5, encoding framework 400 compresses and decoding framework 500 decompresses the geometry using a deep learning-based encoder-decoder to obtain a reconstructed point cloud. The reconstructed point cloud differs in geometry from the original point cloud and may not simply be uses as the original point cloud’s attributes. In some examples, encoding framework 400 compresses and decoding framework 500 may use G-PCC’s recoloring scheme to change the original point cloud’s attributes to create newer attributes for the reconstructed point cloud. The recolored point cloud has geometry of the reconstructed point cloud and attributes that were derived from the original point cloud. The recolored point cloud is encoded by G-PCC, where the geometry was encoded in a lossless manner and the attributes were encoded in a lossy manner. The reconstructed geometry is combined with reconstructed attributes to obtain the reconstructed point cloud.

[0092] The following changes/flexibility may be added to the framework illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. As one example, although FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate deep learning-based encoder and decoder, the geometry encoder or decoder is not necessarily limited to deep learning-based geometry encoder or decoder, but any geometry encoder or decoder could be employed.

[0093] For the recoloring, encoding framework 400 compresses and decoding framework 500 may employ a weighted distance based nearest neighbor search-based recoloring scheme employed in the G-PCC standard: WG 7, MPEG 3D Graphics Coding, G-PCC codec description, Doc. N00271, Jan 2022. The recoloring scheme may change the attributes to fit the newer geometry. Any recoloring scheme that can alter the values of the attributes and/or their correspondence with the geometry could be employed as a recoloring scheme. The “recoloring” algorithm need not be limited to the “recoloring” of color attributes, for example, RGB or Y CbCr, but can more generally be an algorithm that recomputes attribute values such as normal vectors, reflectance, etc., from point positions in one geometry to point positions in a second geometry. Deep learning mechanisms could also be applied to perform recoloring.

[0094] As illustrated in FIG. 4, the G-PCC lossless geometry and lossy attribute encoder is shown. The example techniques are not limited to G-PCC lossless geometry and lossy attribute encoding, for example, G-PCC’s Region Adaptive Hierarchical Transform (RAHT). This method can be employed with any encoding scheme including another deep learning-based encoding or using V-PCC. Furthermore, rather than employing a “lossless geometry and lossy attribute encoding” the example may use any “lossy attribute encoder”. Deep learning mechanisms could also be applied to perform decoding.

[0095] Encoding framework 400 and decoding framework 500 use a geometry encoder/decoder from one codec and an attribute encoder/decoder from a separate codec to create a complete codec framework that would outperform the two individual codecs. In lossy point cloud compression, the geometry changes after compression, and attaching the attributes from a separate codec to their corresponding geometry is challenging. Thus, in encoding framework 400 and point cloud decoding framework 500, a recoloring scheme is used to attach attributes along with their corresponding geometry.

[0096] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud encoding framework 600 according to the techniques of this disclosure. In this example, point cloud encoding framework 600 includes deep learning-based geometry encoder 604 (which may correspond to deep learning-based geometry encoder 202), geometry downscaling unit 606 (which may correspond to geometry downscaling unit 210), recoloring unit 608 (which may correspond to recoloring unit 212), and attribute encoder 610 (which may correspond to color transform unit 204, RAHT unit 218, LOD generation unit 220, lifting unit 222, coefficient quantization unit 224, and arithmetic encoding unit 226). Point cloud encoding framework 600 differs from encoding framework 400 in that point cloud encoding framework 600 includes geometry downscaling unit 606 and attribute encoder 610 encodes a downscaled version of attribute information, as discussed in greater detail below.

[0097] In general, deep learning-based geometry encoder 604 receives geometry information of original point cloud 602, while recoloring unit 608 receives both geometry and attribute information of original point cloud 602. Deep learning-based geometry encoder 604 encodes the geometry information to form geometry- bitstream 612. Deep learning-based geometry encoder 604 decodes and reconstructs the geometry information and provides the reconstructed geometry information to geometry downscaling unit 606. Geometry- downscaling unit 606 may then downscale the geometry information and provide downscaled geometry information to recoloring unit 608. Recoloring unit 608 may form a recolored, downscaled point cloud from the downscaled geometry information and the original geometry and attribute information of original point cloud 602. Attribute encoder 610 may then encode attribute information of the recolored, downscaled point cloud to form attribute bitstream 614. [0098] FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an example point cloud decoding framework 700 according to the techniques of this disclosure. In this example, point cloud decoding framework 700 includes deep learning-based geometry decoder 702, geometry downscaling unit 704, attribute decoder 706, and deep learning-based attribute upsampler 708. Deep learning-based geometry decoder 702 may correspond to deep learning-based geometry decoder 302, geometry downscaling unit 704 may correspond to geometry downscaling unit 306, attribute decoder 706 may correspond to attribute arithmetic decoding unit 304, inverse quantization unit 308, RAHT unit 314, LOD generation unit 316, inverse lifting unit 318, and inverse transform color unit 322, and deep learning-based attribute upsampler 708 may correspond to point cloud upscaling unit 324.

[0099] In general, deep learning-based geometry decoder 702 receives geometry bitstream 710. Deep learning-based geometry decoder 702 decodes geometry information of geometry bitstream 710 and reconstructs geometry information from the decoded geometry information. Geometry downscaling unit 704 downscales the geometry information to form downscaled geometry information and provides the downscaled geometry information to attribute decoder 706. Attribute decoder 706 receives attribute bitstream 712, including encoded attribute information, and decodes the encoded attribute information. Attribute decoder 706 may provide the decoded attribute information to deep learning-based attribute upsampler 708, which may also receive the original reconstructed geometry information, and upscale the attribute information to the scale of the reconstructed geometry information. Deep learningbased attribute upsampler 708 may also apply the upscaled attribute information to the reconstructed geometry information to form reconstructed point cloud 714.

[0100] According to the techniques of this disclosure, attribute encoder 610 encodes downscaled attributes to save attribute bits, which may increase coding efficiency. The geometry information is compressed using deep learning-based geometry encoder 604, then decoded and reconstructed to obtain a reconstructed point cloud. Geometry downscaling unit 606 may downscale the reconstructed geometry information using a variety of downscaling factors (e.g., 1 , 2, 4, 8, etc.) as discussed in greater detail below. Recoloring unit 608 then recolors the downscaled geometry using the original point cloud attributes according to a recoloring scheme, such as the G-PCC recoloring scheme. Attribute encoder 610 may then encode the recolored point cloud attributes with an attribute coding scheme (lossy or lossless), such as G-PCC RAHT or G-PCC predictive/lifting transform.

[0101] At point cloud decoding framework 700, geometry bitstream 710 is decoded by deep learning-based geometry decoder 702. Hie reconstructed geometry is downscaled by geometry downscaling unit 704, then provided to attribute decoder 706. Attribute decoder 706 may perform inverse GPCC RAHT or predictive/lifting transform. Attribute decoder 706 may attach the decoded, downscaled attributes to their corresponding downscaled reconstructed geometry to obtain a downscaled point cloud. As an example, deep learning-based point cloud attribute upsampler is employed to upsample the attributes and map the upsampled attributes to the reconstructed geometry. [0102] In some examples, explicit downscaling of reconstructed geometry may not be performed. For example, the geometry decoding process may itself include one or more downscaled versions of geometry that are upscaled/processed to obtain the reconstructed geometry. The one or more downscaled versions of geometry may be passed to the attribute decoder and used instead of the downscaled reconstructed geometry. This may avoid the need to perform the explicit downscaling operation on the reconstructed geometry, thus saving processing time and resources.

[0103] FIGS. 8A and 8B are conceptual diagrams illustrating examples of downscaling voxels of a point cloud. FIG. 8A depicts an example voxel 800 including sub-voxels 802A, 802B, and 802C, each of which is occupied, and other sub-voxels are nonoccupied. In this example, downscaling of voxel 800 results in downscaled voxel 804 that is occupied, because sub-voxels 802A, 802B, and 802C are occupied. FIG. 8B depicts an example voxel 810 including all non-occupied sub-voxels. Thus, in this example, downscaling of voxel 810 results in downscaled voxel 812 that is nonoccupied.

[0104] In some examples, geometry downscaling unit 306 or geometry downscaling unit 704 may employ a KxKxK voxel grid downscaling, where K is a value defining a downscaling factor. If K is 2, then the point cloud is divided into a 2x2x2 voxel grid, where each voxel is a point in the 3D space. Then the 8 voxels within the 2x2x2 voxel grid are merged into a single voxel. In some examples, the final voxel is considered occupied if any of the 8 voxels inside were also occupied. In some examples, the final voxel is considered occupied if a number of sub-voxels that are occupied exceeds a threshold value. [0105] FIG. 9 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of stages that may be included in a deep learning-based attribute upsampler, such as deep-learning based attribute upsampler 708 or point cloud upscaling unit 324. In this example, the set of stages includes deep learning layers 902, upsampling layer 910, and deep learning layers 920. Deep learning layers 902 initially process downscaled point cloud geometry and attribute information 900, providing results to upsampling layer 910. Upsampling layer 910 then upsamples the results of deep learning layers 902 using reconstructed geometry data 904. Deep learning layers 920 then process the upsampled geometry and attribute information to produce reconstructed point cloud 930.

[0106] FIG. 10 is a block diagram illustrating an example set of stages that may be included in a deep learning-based attribute upsampler, such as deep-learning based attribute upsampler 708 or point cloud upscaling unit 324. In this example, the set of stages includes deep learning layers 1002 (which may correspond to deep learning layers 902), upsampling layer 1010 (which may correspond to upsampling layer 910), and deep learning layers 1020 (which may correspond to deep learning layers 920). In particular, deep learning layers 102 include sparse convolutional (SConv) 3x3x3 layer 1004, inception residual block (IRB) layer 1006, and SConv 3x3x3 layer 1008. In this example, upsampling layer 1010 is a convolution on target coordinates 5x5x5 layer. In this example, deep learning layers 1020 include SConv 3x3x3 layer 1022, IRB layer 1024, and SConv layer 1026. These layers process downscaled point cloud geometry and attributes 1000 in sequence, as well as reconstructed geometry data 1012, to produce reconstructed point cloud 1030.

[0107] Sparse convolutional layers with a kernel size of 3x3x3 are used in FIG. 10 for purposes of example, but other deep learning-based layers may be used in addition or in the alternative. Likewise, while a convolution on target coordinates with a kernel size of 5x5x5 is used as one example, other upsampling techniques may be used in place of this layer. The convolution on target coordinates layer may be employed to map the features from the downscaled geometry to the upscaled geometry. If the downscaling/upsampling factor is large, multiple successive upsampling layers may be employed, or multiple successive attribute upsamplers may be used to upsample the attributes.

[0108] For an attribute upsampler, a mean squared error (MSB) loss may be employed during training, rather than a classification loss. The MSB loss may compare a predicted attribute to an original attribute to help train the network. The training is not limited to MSE loss but can employ any loss function that compares and attempts to minimize the distance between the predicted attributes and the original attributes. The network may be trained using an Adam optimizer. The network need not be limited to an Adam optimizer, and may instead or additionally include root mean squared propagation (RMSProp), stochastic gradient descent (SGD), Adaptive Gradient Algorithm (Adagrad), or any other such optimizer.

[0109] The attribute upsampler does not necessarily have to be deep learning-based. Examples of non-deep learning-based attribute upsamplers include those discussed in Marc Alexa, Johannes Behr, Daniel Cohen-Or, Shachar Fleishman, David Levin, and Claudio T. Silva. Computing and rendering point set surfaces. IEEE Trans. Vis. & Comp. Graphics, 9( 1):3— 15, 2003; Yaron Lipman, Daniel Cohen-Or, David Levin, and Hillel Tal-Ezer. Parameterization-free projection for geometry reconstruction. ACM Trans, on Graphics (SIGGRAPH), 26(3):22: 1-5, 2007; Hui Huang, Dan Li, Hao Zhang, Uri Ascher, and Daniel Cohen-Or. Consolidation of unorganized point clouds for surface reconstruction. ACM Trans. On Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia), 28(5): 176: 1-7, 2009; Hui Huang, Shihao Wu, Minglun Gong, Daniel Cohen-Or, Uri Ascher, and Hao Zhang. Edge-aware point set resampling. ACM Trans, on Graphics, 32(1):9: 1-12, 2013; and Shihao Wu, Hui Huang, Minglun Gong, Matthias Zwicker, and Daniel Cohen-Or. Deep points consolidation. ACM Trans, on Graphics (SIGGRAPH Asia), 34(6): 176: 1- 13, 2015. Where a folly convolutional network using sparse convolutions is shown in the example of FIG. 10, the same could be achieved using different deep learning-based layers. Similarly, for the upsampling layer, similar results could be achieved using other deep learning layers, such as transposed convolutions, deconvolutions, unpooling, or the like.

[0110] The attributes in the framework are not restricted to color information. For example, these techniques may be applied to code/upsample surface normals information, reflectance, intensity, or the like. Color space conversion may be applied to either individual modules or the whole framework. For example, YCbCr color space may be employed during recoloring, by the attribute encoder, the attribute decoder, and/or deep learning-based attribute upsampler. Point cloud encoder 200 may encode syntax elements representing color spaces associated with individual modules or the whole framework in the bitstream, and likewise, point cloud decoder 300 may decode and use the syntax elements to determine which color spaces should be used in which modules. [0111] Point cloud encoder 200 and point cloud decoder 309 may code a downscaling factor in order for point cloud decoder 300 to determine how much adaptive geometry downscaling is to be performed and how much attribute upsampling to perform. If no downscaling is performed at point cloud encoder 200, then there is no need for upscaling at the decoder and the architecture shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 can be employed. This downscaling fector can be signaled in a parameter set, a slice, or other syntax structure in the bitstream, for example, in the sequence parameter set (SPS) or the attribute parameter set (APS). Although referred to as a downsampling fector (from the encoder perspective), point cloud decoder 300 may use this fector for other operations, including upsampling. In some examples, two downscaling factors may be signaled in the bitstream: one for geometry and one for attributes. In some examples, one downsampling fector may be signaled that applies to both the geometry and to the attributes.

[0112] The attribute coding technique type employed to code the recolored attributes may be signaled to the decoder side for point cloud decoder 300 to reconstruct the attribute values. This coding method, for example, G-PCC’s Region Adaptive Hierarchical Transform (RAHT), can be signaled in a parameter set, for example, the sequence parameter set (SPS) or attribute parameter set (APS) as an identifier. The part of the bitstream that carries the coded attribute bits may be, for example, a network abstraction layer unit (NALU).

[0113] A list of coding techniques may be specified. Each coding technique may provide a way to code the attributes of the point cloud (optionally, they may also code the geometry in a lossless manner). An index to this list may be signaled in the bitstream to indicate the coding technique used to code the attributes. This index may be signaled in a parameter set (e.g., APS, SPS) or in other HLS.

[0114] When deep learning mechanisms are used for recoloring or decoding, parameters/coefficients corresponding to recoloring or decoding may also be signaled in the bitstream.

[0115] FIG. 11 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of encoding point cloud data according to the techniques of this disclosure. The method of FIG. 11 is explained with respect to point cloud encoder 200 of FIG. 2. Other point cloud encoding devices, such as those conforming to point cloud encoding framework 600 of FIG. 6, may perform this or a similar method. [0116] Initially, point cloud encoder 200 encodes geometry information of a point cloud (1100). For example, point cloud encoder 200 may use a deep learning-based point cloud encoding technique to encode the geometry information. Point cloud encoder 200 may then decode and reconstruct the geometry information (1102). Point cloud encoder 200 may also downscale the geometry information (1104). Point cloud encoder 200 may recolor the downscaled geometry information using the attribute information of the point cloud (1106). Point cloud encoder 200 may then encode the downscaled attribute information (1108). In some examples, point cloud encoder 200 may further encode HLS information specifying, for example, a downscaling factor for the geometry information and/or an upsampling factor for the attribute information.

[0117] In this manner, the method of FIG. 11 represents an example of a method for coding point cloud information, including: decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0118] FIG. 12 is a flowchart illustrating an example method of decoding point cloud data according to the techniques of this disclosure. The method of FIG. 12 is explained with respect to point cloud decoder 300 of FIG. 3. Other point cloud decoding devices, such as those conforming to point cloud decoding framework 700 of FIG. 7, may perform this or a similar method.

[0119] Initially, point cloud decoder 300 decodes geometry information (1200). Point cloud decoder 300 may also decode a downscaling factor, e.g., in high level syntax (HLS) data. Point cloud decoder 300 may downscale the geometry information (1202), e.g., according to the downscaling factor. Point cloud decoder 300 may then decode attribute information (1204). Point could decoder 300 may then upsample the attribute information (1206), e.g., using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler and/or an upscaling factor included in the bitstream.

[0120] In this manner, the method of FIG. 12 represents an example of a method for coding point cloud information, including: decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry. [0121] FIG. 13 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a laser package 1300, such as a LIDAR sensor or other system that includes one or more lasers, scanning points in 3- dimensional space. Laser package 1300 may correspond to LIDAR 380 of FIG. 7. Data source 104 (FIG. 1) may include laser package 1300.

[0122] As shown in FIG. 13, point clouds can be captured using laser package 1300, i.e., the sensor scans the points in 3D space. It is to be understood, however, that some point clouds are not generated by an actual LIDAR sensor but may be encoded as if they were. In the example of FIG. 13, laser package 1300 includes a LIDAR head 1302 that includes multiple lasers 1304A-1304E (collectively, “lasers 1304”) arrayed in a vertical plane at different angles relative to an origin point. Laser package 1300 may rotate around a vertical axis 1308. Laser package 1300 may use returned laser light to determine the distances and positions of points of the point cloud. Laser beams 1306A- 1306E (collectively, "laser beams 1306”) emitted by lasers 1304 of laser package 1300 may be characterized by a set of parameters. Distances denoted by arrows 1310, 1312 denotes an example laser correction values for laser 1304B, 1304A, respective.

[0123] Lasers 1300 may be used to obtain both geometry data and attribute data for points of the geometry data. Per the techniques of this disclsoure, the point cloud geometry data may be downscaled, and then the attribute data may be coded using the downscaled point cloud geometry data.

[0124] FIG. 14 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example range-finding system 1400 that may be used with one or more techniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 14, range-finding system 1400 includes an illuminator 1402 and a sensor 1404. Illuminator 1402 may emit light 1406. In some examples, illuminator 1402 may emit light 1406 as one or more laser beams. Light 1406 may be in one or more wavelengths, such as an infrared wavelength or a visible light wavelength. In other examples, light 1406 is not coherent, laser light. When light 1406 encounters an object, such as object 1408, light 1406 creates returning light 1410. Returning light 1410 may include backscattered and/or reflected light. Returning light 1410 may pass through a lens 1411 that directs returning light 1410 to create an image 1412 of object 1408 on sensor 1404. Sensor 1404 generates signals 1414 based on image 1412. Image 1412 may comprise a set of points (e.g., as represented by dots in image 1412 of FIG. 14).

[0125] In some examples, illuminator 1402 and sensor 1404 may be mounted on a spinning structure so that illuminator 1402 and sensor 1404 capture a 360-degree view of an environment. In other examples, range-finding system 1400 may include one or more optical components (e.g., minors, collimators, diffraction gratings, etc.) that enable illuminator 1402 and sensor 1404 to detect objects within a specific range (e.g., up to 360-degrees). Although the example of FIG. 14 only shows a single illuminator 1402 and sensor 1404, range-finding system 1400 may include multiple sets of illuminators and sensors.

[0126] In some examples, illuminator 1402 generates a structured light pattern. In such examples, range-finding system 1400 may include multiple sensors 1404 upon which respective images of the structured light pattern are formed. Range-finding system 1400 may use disparities between the images of the structured light pattern to determine a distance to an object 1408 from which the structured light pattern backscatters.

Structured light-based range-finding systems may have a high level of accuracy (e.g., accuracy in the sub-millimeter range), when object 1408 is relatively close to sensor 1404 (e.g., 0.2 meters to 2 meters). This high level of accuracy may be usefid in facial recognition applications, such as unlocking mobile devices (e.g., mobile phones, tablet computers, etc.) and for security applications.

[0127] In some examples, range-finding system 1400 is a time of flight (ToF)-based system. In some examples where range-finding system 1400 is a ToF-based system, illuminator 1402 generates pulses of light. In other words, illuminator 1402 may modulate the amplitude of emitted light 1406. In such examples, sensor 1404 detects returning light 1410 from the pulses of light 1406 generated by illuminator 1402. Range-finding system 1400 may then determine a distance to object 1408 from which light 1406 backscatters based on a delay between when light 1406 was emitted and detected and the known speed of light in air). In some examples, rather than (or in addition to) modulating the amplitude of the emitted light 1406, illuminator 1402 may modulate the phase of the emitted light 1406. In such examples, sensor 1404 may detect the phase of returning light 1410 from object 1408 and determine distances to points on object 1408 using the speed of light and based on time differences between when illuminator 1402 generated light 1406 at a specific phase and when sensor 1404 detected returning light 1410 at the specific phase.

[0128] In other examples, a point cloud may be generated without using illuminator 1402. For instance, in some examples, sensor 1404 of range-finding system 1400 may include two or more optical cameras. In such examples, range-finding system 1400 may use the optical cameras to capture stereo images of the environment, including object 1408. Range-finding system 1400 (e.g., point cloud generator 1420) may then calculate the disparities between locations in the stereo images. Range-finding system 1400 may then use the disparities to determine distances to the locations shown in the stereo images. From these distances, point cloud generator 1420 may generate a point cloud. [0129] Sensors 1404 may also detect other attributes of object 1408, such as color and reflectance information. In the example of FIG. 14, a point cloud generator 1420 may generate a point cloud based on signals 1418 generated by sensor 1404. Range-finding system 1400 and/or point cloud generator 1420 may form part of data source 104 (FIG. 1).

[0130] FIG. 15 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example vehicle-based scenario in which one or more techniques of this disclosure may be used. In the example of FIG. 15, a vehicle 1500 includes a laser package 1502, such as a LIDAR system. Laser package 1502 may be implemented in the same manner as laser package 600 (FIG. 13). Although not shown in the example of FIG. 15, vehicle 1500 may also include a data source, such as data source 104 (FIG. 1), and a G-PCC encoder, such as G-PCC encoder 200 (FIG. 1). In the example of FIG. 15, laser package 1502 emits laser beams 1504 that reflect off pedestrians 1506 or other objects in a roadway. The data source of vehicle 1500 may generate a point cloud based on signals generated by laser package 1502. The G-PCC encoder of vehicle 1500 may encode the point cloud to generate bitstreams 1508, such as the geometry bitstream of FIG. 2 and the attribute bitstream of FIG. 2. Bitstreams 1508 may include many fewer bits than the unencoded point cloud obtained by the G-PCC encoder. An output interface of vehicle 1500 (e.g., output interface 108 (FIG. 1) may transmit bitstreams 1508 to one or more other devices. Thus, vehicle 1500 may be able to transmit bitstreams 1508 to other devices more quickly than the unencoded point cloud data. Additionally, bitstreams 1508 may require less data storage capacity.

[0131] The techniques of this disclosure may further reduce the number of bits in bitstreams 1508. For instance, by downscaling the point cloud geometry data and then coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry data, the amount of attribute data to be encoded may be significantly reduced, thereby reducing the number of bits in bitstream 1508. By subsequently recoloring a full scale decoded set of geometry data using the downscaled attribute data, the resulting reconstructed point cloud may nevertheless represent a high resolution reproduction of the original point cloud after decoding. [0132] In the example of FIG. 15, vehicle 1500 may transmit bitstreams 1508 to another vehicle 1510. Vehicle 1510 may include a G-PCC decoder, such as G-PCC decoder 300 (FIG. 1). The G-PCC decoder of vehicle 1510 may decode bitstreams 1508 to reconstruct the point cloud. Vehicle 1510 may use the reconstructed point cloud for various purposes. For instance, vehicle 1510 may determine based on the reconstructed point cloud that pedestrians 1506 are in the roadway ahead of vehicle 1500 and therefore start slowing down, e.g., even before a driver of vehicle 1510 realizes that pedestrians 1506 are in the roadway. Thus, in some examples, vehicle 1510 may perform an autonomous navigation operation, generate a notification or warning, or perform another action based on the reconstructed point cloud.

[0133] Additionally or alternatively, vehicle 1500 may transmit bitstreams 1508 to a Server system 1512. Server system 1512 may use bitstreams 1508 for various purposes. For example, server system 1512 may store bitstreams 1508 for subsequent reconstraction of the point clouds. In this example, server system 1512 may use the point clouds along with other data (e.g., vehicle telemetry data generated by vehicle 1500) to train an autonomous driving system. In other example, server system 1512 may store bitstreams 1508 for subsequent reconstruction for forensic crash investigations (e.g., if vehicle 1500 collides with pedestrians 1506).

[0134] FIG. 16 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example extended reality system in which one or more techniques of this disclosure may be used. Extended reality (XR) is a term used to cover a range of technologies that includes augmented reality (AR), mixed reality (MR), and virtual reality (VR). In the example of FIG. 16, a first user 1600 is located in a first location 1602. User 1600 wears an XR headset 1604. As an alternative to XR headset 1604, user 1600 may use a mobile device (e.g., mobile phone, tablet computer, etc.). XR headset 1604 includes a depth detection sensor, such as a LIDAR system, that detects positions of points on objects 1606 at location 1602. A data source of XR headset 1604 may use the signals generated by the depth detection sensor to generate a point cloud representation of objects 1606 at location 1602. XR headset 1604 may include a G-PCC encoder (e.g., G-PCC encoder 200 of FIG. 1) that is configured to encode the point cloud to generate bitstreams 1608.

[0135] The techniques of this disclosure may further reduce the number of bits in bitstreams 1608. For instance, by downscaling the point cloud geometry data and then coding attribute data for t phoeint cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry data, the amount of attribute data to be encoded may be significantly reduced, thereby reducing the number of bits in bitstream 1608. By subsequently recoloring a full scale decoded set of geometry data using the downscaled attribute data, the resulting reconstructed point cloud may nevertheless represent a high resolution reproduction of the original point cloud after decoding.

[0136] XR headset 1604 may transmit bitstreams 1608 (e.g., via a network such as the Internet) to an XR headset 1610 worn by a user 1612 at a second location 1614. XR headset 1610 may decode bitstreams 1608 to reconstruct the point cloud. XR headset 1610 may use the point cloud to generate an XR visualization (e.g., an AR, MR, VR visualization) representing objects 1606 at location 1602. Thus, in some examples, such as when XR headset 1610 generates a VR visualization, user 1612 at location 1614 may have a 3D immersive experience of location 1602. In some examples, XR headset 1610 may determine a position of a virtual object based on the reconstructed point cloud. For instance, XR headset 1610 may determine, based on the reconstructed point cloud, that an environment (e.g., location 1602) includes a flat surface and then determine that a virtual object (e.g., a cartoon character) is to be positioned on the flat surface. XR headset 1610 may generate an XR visualization in which the virtual object is at the determined position. For instance, XR headset 1610 may show the cartoon character sitting on the flat surface.

[0137] FIG. 17 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example mobile device system in which one or more techniques of this disclosure may be used. In the example of FIG. 17, a mobile device 1700, such as a mobile phone or tablet computer, includes a depth detection sensor, such as a LIDAR system, that detects positions of points on objects 1702 in an environment of mobile device 1700. A data source of mobile device 1700 may use the signals generated by the depth detection sensor to generate a point cloud representation of objects 1702. Mobile device 1700 may include a G-PCC encoder (e.g., G-PCC encoder 200 of FIG. 1) that is configured to encode the point cloud to generate bitstreams 1704. In the example of FIG. 17, mobile device 1700 may transmit bitstreams to a remote device 1706, such as a server system or other mobile device. Remote device 1706 may decode bitstreams 1704 to reconstruct the point cloud. Remote device 1706 may use the point cloud for various purposes. For example, remote device 1706 may use the point cloud to generate a map of environment of mobile device 1700. For instance, remote device 1706 may generate a map of an interior of a building based on the reconstructed point cloud. In another example, remote device 1706 may generate imagery (e.g., computer graphics) based on the point cloud. For instance, remote device 1706 may use points of the point cloud as vertices of polygons and use color attributes of the points as the basis for shading the polygons. In some examples, remote device 1706 may perform facial recognition using the point cloud.

[0138] FIGS. 18 and 19 are flow diagrams illustrating example deep learning-based geometry encoder and decoder networks. In particular, FIG. 18 depicts an example deep learning-based geometry encoder network and FIG. 19 depicts an example deep learning-based geometry decoder network. In the example of FIG. 18, the deep learning-based geometry encoder network includes processing block 1800 including a convolutional 16x3³ layer and a rectified linear unit (ReLU); processing block 1802 including a convolutional 32x3³ / 2 layer, a ReLU, and an inception residual block (IRB); processing block 1804 including a convolutional 32x3³ / 2 layer, a first ReLU, a convolutional 64x3³ / 2 layer, a second ReLU, and an IRB; and processing block 1806 including a convolutional 64x3³ layer, a first ReLU, a convolutional 32x3³ / 2 layer, a second ReLU, a PRB, and a convolutional 8x3³ layer.

[0139] In the example of FIG. 19, the deep learning-based geometry decoder network includes processing block 1900 including a transpose convolutional 64x3³ / 2 layer, a first ReLU, a convolutional 64x3³ layer, a second ReLU, and an IRB; processing block 1902 including a transpose convolutional 32x3³ / 2 layer, a first ReLU, a convolutional 32x3³ layer, a second ReLU, and an IRB; processing block 1904 including transpose convolutional 16x3³ /2 layer, a first ReLU, a convolutional 16x3³ layer, a second ReLU, and an IRB; and classifiers 1906, 1908, and 1910.

[0140] In the examples of FIGS. 18 and 19, conv Nx3³ refers to a 3x3x3 convolutional filter with N channels (where N may be, e.g., 8, 16, 32, or the like). IRB stands for inception residual block. T-Conv stands for transpose convolutions that upscales by 2. 2 stands for a stride of 2 to upscale, while 2 stands for a stride of 2 to downscale. [0141] The deep learning-based networks may be trained using loss functions, e.g., three loss functions, one loss function at each scale. Classifiers 1906, 1908, and 1910 may use a binary cross entropy loss as a classification loss to classify each voxel as occupied or non-occupied. For example, the following loss function may be used:

where O_v is the ground truth of whether the voxel v is occupied (1) or unoccupied (0).

[0142] Along with a reconstruction loss (binary cross entropy as explained above), a bit-rate loss may be used to optimize rate distortion. The overall network may be trained with joint reconstruction and bit-rate loss in an end-to-end manner. An Adam optimizer may be used with a learning rate decayed from 0.0008 to 0.00001. In the examples of FIGS. 18 and 19, if classification loss is replaced with mean squared error (MSE) loss, such networks would form deep learning-based attribute upsampler/downsampler networks. That is, rather than being trained to determine positions of points, such networks would be trained in processing (dowsampling/upsampling) attribute data.

[0143] The following clauses represent various examples of the techniques of this disclosure.

[0144] Clause 1: A device for coding point cloud data, the device comprising: a memory configmed to store point cloud data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and configured to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0145] Clause 2: The device of clause 1, wherein to code the attribute data for the point cloud, the one or more processors are configmed to encode the attribute data for the point cloud, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder to form the encoded point cloud geometry data prior to decoding the encoded point cloud geometry data.

[0146] Clause 3: The device of clause 2, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to downscale the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling. [0147] Clause 4: The device of clause 1, wherein to code the attribute data for the point cloud, the one or more processors are configured to decode the attribute data for the point cloud to form downscaled point cloud attribute data, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data. [0148] Clause 5: The device of clause 4, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

[0149] Clause 6: The device of clause 4, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to apply a convolutional target coordinates 5x5x5 layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0150] Clause 7: The device of clause 4, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to reconstruct upscaled point cloud attribute data for the point cloud, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to apply the upscaled point cloud attribute data to the point cloud geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

[0151] Clause 8: The device of clause 4, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to decode a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to downscale the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

[0152] Clause 9: The device of clause 8, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data.

[0153] Clause 10: The device of clause 8, wherein the value comprises a first value, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to decode a second value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the second value representing the amount of upscaling to be applied to the point cloud attribute data.

[0154] Clause 11: The device of clause 1, wherein the attribute data includes color data in one of a red-green-blue (RGB) format or a luminance, blue hue chrominance, and red hue chrominance (YCbCr) format. [0155] Clause 12: The device of clause 1, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where at least one of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefine the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where none of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefine the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0156] Clause 13: The device of clause 1, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is greater than a threshold, redefine the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is less than or equal to the threshold, redefine the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0157] Clause 14: A method of coding point cloud data, the method comprising: decoding encoded point cloud geometry- data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0158] Clause 15: The method of clause 14, wherein coding the attribute data for the point cloud comprises encoding the attribute data for the point cloud, the method further comprising encoding the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder to form the encoded point cloud geometry- data prior to decoding the encoded point cloud geometry data.

[0159] Clause 16: The method of clause 15, further comprising encoding a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises downscaling the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling. [0160] Clause 17: The method of clause 14, wherein coding the attribute data for the point cloud comprises decoding the attribute data for the point cloud to form downscaled point cloud attribute data, the method further comprising upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data. [0161] Clause 18: The method of clause 17, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

[0162] Clause 19: The method of clause 17, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises applying a convolutional target coordinates 5x5x5 layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0163] Clause 20: The method of clause 17, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises applying one or more of a transposed convolutional layer, a deconvolution layer, or an unpooling layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0164] Clause 21: The method of clause 17, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises reconstructing upscaled point cloud attribute data for the point cloud, the method further comprising applying the upscaled point cloud attribute data to the point cloud geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

[0165] Clause 22: The method of clause 17, further comprising decoding a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry- data, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises downscaling the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling. [0166] Clause 23: The method of clause 22, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data.

[0167] Clause 24: The method of clause 22, wherein the value comprises a first value, the method further comprising decoding a second value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the second value representing the amount of upscaling to be applied to the point cloud attribute data.

[0168] Clause 25: The method of clause 14, wherein the point cloud geometry data represents points in a three-dimensional space for the point cloud, and wherein the attribute data represents attributes of the points.

[0169] Clause 26: The method of clause 14, wherein the attribute data includes color data in one of a red-green-blue (RGB) format or a luminance, blue hue chrominance, and red hue chrominance (YCbCr) format. [0170] Clause 27: The method of clause 14, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where at least one of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefining the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where none of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefining the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0171] Clause 28: The method of clause 14, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is greater than a threshold, redefining the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf subnodes that is occupied is less than or equal to the threshold, redefining the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0172] Clause 29: A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instractions that, when executed, cause a processor to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0173] Clause 30: A device for coding point cloud data, the device comprising: means for decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; means for downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and means for coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0174] Clause 31: A device for coding point cloud data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store point cloud data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and configured to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0175] Clause 32: The device of clause 31, wherein to code the attribute data for the point cloud, the one or more processors are configured to encode the attribute data for the point cloud, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder to form the encoded point cloud geometry data prior to decoding the encoded point cloud geometry data.

[0176] Clause 33: The device of clause 32, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to downscale the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

[0177] Clause 34: The device of clause 31, wherein to code the attribute data for the point cloud, the one or more processors are configured to decode the attribute data for the point cloud to form downscaled point cloud attribute data, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0178] Clause 35: The device of clause 34, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler. [0179] Clause 36: The device of any of clauses 34 and 35, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to apply a convolutional target coordinates 5x5x5 layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0180] Clause 37: The device of any of clauses 34-36, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to reconstruct upscaled point cloud attribute data for the point cloud, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to apply the upscaled point cloud attribute data to the point cloud geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

[0181] Clause 38: The device of any of clauses 34-37, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to decode a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to downscale the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

[0182] Clause 39: The device of clause 38, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data. [0183] Clause 40: The device of clause 38, wherein the value comprises a first value, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to decode a second value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the second value representing the amount of upscaling to be applied to the point cloud attribute data.

[0184] Clause 41: The device of any of clauses 31-40, wherein the attribute data includes color data in one of a red-green-blue (RGB) format or a luminance, blue hue chrominance, and red hue chrominance (YCbCr) format.

[0185] Clause 42: The device of any of clauses 31-41, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where at least one of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefine the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where none of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefine the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0186] Clause 43: The device of any of clauses 31-41, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is greater than a threshold, redefine the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is less than or equal to the threshold, redefine the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0187] Clause 44: A method of coding point cloud data, the method comprising: decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0188] Clause 45: The method of clause 44, wherein coding the attribute data for the point cloud comprises encoding the attribute data for the point cloud, the method further comprising encoding the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder to form the encoded point cloud geometry data prior to decoding the encoded point cloud geometry data. [0189] Clause 46: The method of clause 45, further comprising encoding a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry- data, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises downscaling the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling. [0190] Clause 47: The method of clause 44, wherein coding the attribute data for the point cloud comprises decoding the attribute data for the point cloud to form downscaled point cloud attribute data, the method further comprising upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0191] Clause 48: The method of clause 47, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

[0192] Clause 49: The method of any of clauses 47 and 48, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises applying a convolutional target coordinates 5x5x5 layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0193] Clause 50: The method of any of clauses 47-49, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises applying one or more of a transposed convolutional layer, a deconvolution layer, or an unpooling layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

[0194] Clause 51 : The method of any of clauses 47-50, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises reconstructing upscaled point cloud attribute data for the point cloud, the method further comprising applying the upscaled point cloud attribute data to the point cloud geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

[0195] Clause 52: The method of any of clauses 47-51, further comprising decoding a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises downscaling the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

[0196] Clause 53: The method of clause 52, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data.

[0197] Clause 54: The method of clause 52, wherein the value comprises a first value, the method further comprising decoding a second value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the second value representing the amount of upscaling to be applied to the point cloud attribute data.

[0198] Clause 55: The method of any of clauses 44-54, wherein the point cloud geometry data represents points in a three-dimensional space for the point cloud, and wherein the attribute data represents attributes of the points.

[0199] Clause 56: The method of any of clauses 44-55, wherein the attribute data includes color data in one of a red-green-blue (RGB) format or a luminance, blue hue chrominance, and red hue chrominance (YCbCr) format.

[0200] Clause 57: The method of any of clauses 44-56, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf subnodes where at least one of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefining the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where none of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefining the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0201] Clause 58: The method of any of clauses 44-56, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf subnodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is greater than a threshold, redefining the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where a number of the eight leaf sub-nodes that is occupied is less than or equal to t thhreeshold, redefining the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

[0202] Clause 59: A computer-readable storage medium having stored thereon instructions that, when executed, cause a processor to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0203] Clause 60: A device for coding point cloud data, the device comprising: means for decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; means for downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and means for coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

[0204] It is to be recognized that depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not all described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the techniques). Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially.

[0205] In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instractions or code on a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer- readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the techniques described in this disclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

[0206] By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is property termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signals, or other transitory media, but are instead directed to non-transitory, tangible storage media. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0207] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), or other equivalent integrated or discrete logic circuitry. Accordingly, the terms “processor” and “processing circuitry,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structures or any other structure suitable for implementation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined codec. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic elements.

[0208] The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codec hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

[0209] Various examples have been described. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A device for coding point cloud data, the device comprising: a memory configured to store point cloud data; and one or more processors implemented in circuitry and configured to: decode encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscale the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and code attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry data.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein to code the attribute data for the point cloud, the one or more processors are configured to encode the attribute data for the point cloud, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder to form the encoded point cloud geometry data prior to decoding the encoded point cloud geometry data.

3. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to encode a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to downscale the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

4. The device of claim 1, wherein to code the attribute data for the point cloud, the one or more processors are configured to decode the attribute data for the point cloud to form downscaled point cloud attribute data, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

6. The device of claim 4, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to apply a convolutional target coordinates 5x5x5 layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

7. The device of claim 4, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, tiie one or more processors are configured to reconstruct upscaled point cloud attribute data for the point cloud, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to apply the upscaled point cloud attribute data to the point cloud geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

8. The device of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are further configured to decode a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to downscale the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

9. The device of claim 8, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, tiie one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data.

10. The device of claim 8, wherein the value comprises a first value, and wherein the one or more processors are further configured to decode a second value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data, the one or more processors are configured to upscale the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the second value representing the amount of upscaling to be applied to the point cloud attribute data.

11. The device of claim 1, wherein to downscale the point cloud geometry data, the one or more processors are configured to: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where at least one of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefine the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where none of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefine the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.

12. A method of coding point cloud data, the method comprising: decoding encoded point cloud geometry data for a point cloud to reconstruct point cloud geometry data for the point cloud; downscaling the point cloud geometry data to form downscaled point cloud geometry data; and coding attribute data for the point cloud using the downscaled point cloud geometry.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein coding the attribute data for the point cloud comprises encoding the attribute data for the point cloud, the method further comprising: encoding the point cloud geometry data using a deep learning-based geometry encoder to form the encoded point cloud geometry data prior to decoding the encoded point cloud geometry data; and encoding a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises downscaling the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein coding the attribute data for the point cloud comprises decoding the attribute data for the point cloud to form downscaled point cloud attribute data, the method further comprising: upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data using a deep learning-based attribute upsampler.

15. The method of claim 14, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises applying at least one of a convolutional target coordinates 5x5x5 layer, a transposed convolutional layer, a deconvolution layer, or an unpooling layer to the downscaled point cloud attribute data.

16. The method of claim 14, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises reconstructing upscaled point cloud attribute data for the point cloud, the method further comprising applying the upscaled point cloud attribute data to the point cloud geometry data to reconstruct the point cloud.

17. The method of claim 14, further comprising decoding a value representing an amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises downscaling the point cloud geometry data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the value representing the amount of downscaling to be applied to the point cloud geometry data.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the value comprises a first value, the method further comprising decoding a second value representing an amount of upscaling to be applied to the downscaled point cloud attribute data, wherein upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data comprises upscaling the downscaled point cloud attribute data according to the second value representing the amount of upscaling to be applied to the point cloud attribute data.

20. The method of claim 12, wherein downscaling the point cloud geometry data comprises: for each node of an octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where at least one of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefining the node as an occupied leaf node in a downscaled octree; and for each node of the octree that includes eight leaf sub-nodes where none of the eight leaf sub-nodes is occupied by a point, redefining the node as an unoccupied leaf node in the downscaled octree.