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WO2024206459A2 - Composés, compositions et procédés de distribution d'agent thérapeutique spécifique à une cellule - Google Patents

Composés, compositions et procédés de distribution d'agent thérapeutique spécifique à une cellule Download PDF

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WO2024206459A2
WO2024206459A2 PCT/US2024/021701 US2024021701W WO2024206459A2 WO 2024206459 A2 WO2024206459 A2 WO 2024206459A2 US 2024021701 W US2024021701 W US 2024021701W WO 2024206459 A2 WO2024206459 A2 WO 2024206459A2
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optionally substituted
compound
certain embodiments
group
brain
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WO2024206459A3 (fr
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Jaime Grutzendler
Roshan GUNASEKARA
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Yale University
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Yale University
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
    • C07D491/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains three hetero rings
    • C07D491/14—Ortho-condensed systems
    • C07D491/147—Ortho-condensed systems the condensed system containing one ring with oxygen as ring hetero atom and two rings with nitrogen as ring hetero atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D311/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings
    • C07D311/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only hetero atom, condensed with other rings ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D311/78—Ring systems having three or more relevant rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D519/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing more than one system of two or more relevant hetero rings condensed among themselves or condensed with a common carbocyclic ring system not provided for in groups C07D453/00 or C07D455/00

Definitions

  • the blood-brain barrier is formed by brain endothelial cells lining the cerebral microvasculature and is an important mechanism for protecting the brain from fluctuations in plasma composition and from circulating agents, such as neurotransmitters and xenobiotics, capable of disturbing neural function.
  • the barrier also plays an important role in the homeostatic regulation of the brain microenvironment necessary for the stable and coordinated activity of neurons. Brain endothelial cells are involved in both long- and short- term chemical communication with neighboring cells, with the perivascular end feet of astrocytes being of particular importance.
  • the blood-brain barrier is usually very effective in keeping foreign and/or toxic substances out of the central nervous system, excluding about 100% of large molecule neurotherapeutics and more than 98% of small molecule drugs.
  • Mechanisms for drug targeting in the brain involve going either “through” or “behind” the BBB.
  • Modalities for drug delivery in unit doses through the BBB entail its disruption by osmotic means; biochemically by using vasoactive substances such as bradykinin; or even by localized exposure to high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).
  • Other methods used to get through the BBB may entail the use of endogenous transport systems, including carrier- mediated transporters such as glucose and amino acid carriers; receptor-mediated transcytosis for insulin or transferrin; and the blocking of active efflux transporters such as p- glycoprotein.
  • BBB transporters such as the transferrin receptor
  • Methods for drug delivery behind the BBB include intracerebral implantation (such as with needles) and convection-enhanced distribution.
  • Endothelial cells (ECs), astrocytes and pericytes are integral components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and play critical roles in blood brain barrier (BBB) formation and maintenance. These cells express uptake and efflux membrane transporters that regulate CNS penetration of molecules, therapeutic drugs, and toxins. The function of the BBB and transporters is likely disrupted in many neurological disorders.
  • TNBC Triple negative breast cancer
  • Breast cancer affects about 250,000 individuals in the United States, of which 20% of the patients develop TNBC.
  • TNBC is more aggressive and likely to spread and relapse.
  • the median survival for TNBC patients is about 13.0 months.
  • Hormone therapy and drugs that target human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) are ineffective.
  • Modestly effective therapies include surgery, paclitaxel, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and immunotherapy for programmed death- ligand 1 (PD-L1).
  • PARP poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase
  • PD-L1 programmed death- ligand 1
  • the disclosure provides a compound of formula (I), or a salt, solvate, tautomer, geometric isomer, or isotopologue thereof, and any combinations thereof: wherein: R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C1-C6 haloalkyl, optionally substituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, optionally substituted C2-C10 heteroaryl, halogen, CN, NO2, OR A , N(R A )(R BBB), a salt, solvate, tautomer, geometric isomer, or isotopologue thereof, and any combinations thereof: wherein: R 2a , R 2b , R 2c , and R 2d are each independently selected from the group consisting of H
  • the disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of the disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the disclosure provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to brain endothelium and/or retinal endothelium of a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • the disclosure provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent across a blood-brain or blood-retinal barrier of a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • the disclosure provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a cell of a subject in need thereof.
  • the cell expresses a solute carrier organic anion transporter family protein.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • the compound is transported into the cell via the protein from the solute carrier organic anion transporter family.
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating cancer in a subject.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • the disclosure provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating an ocular disease in a subject in need thereof.
  • the method comprises administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure.
  • the disclosure provides a method for identifying a fluorescent compound which selectively a brain cell.
  • the method comprises administering one or more fluorescent compounds to the brain of a mouse, wherein optionally the administering is topical.
  • the method comprises visualizing localization of one or more of the fluorescent compounds by high-resolution intravital two- photon imaging.
  • the method comprises identifying one or more compounds with cell-specific localization in the brain.
  • FIGs.1A-1B illustrate that the compounds of the present disclosure readily cross the blood brain barrier despite their hydrophilic nature.
  • FIGs.1A-1B show 2-photon imaging of the mouse brain cortex following intravenous administration of compound 1 of the present disclosure. Blue arrows point to the interstitial space where there is a marked increase in fluorescence comparing 10 min (FIG.1A) and 130 min (FIG.1B) post injection images. Below each image there is a fluorescence intensity plot along a line profile (blue line) across capillary vessels and adjacent interstitial space.
  • FIGs.2A-2B show in vivo 2-photon imaging at 10 min (FIG.2A), and 130 min (FIG. 2B) post administration of compound 1.
  • the white arrow in FIG.2A points to compound 1 within the brain capillary lumen at 10 minutes IV post injection.
  • FIG.2B there is a marked uptake of the compound into the capillary endothelial wall (blue arrow).
  • a brightly labeled endothelial cell body is also seen (blue arrowhead).
  • FIG.3 depicts that 2-hours post intravenous compound injection a significant portion of the compound (i.e., compound 1) is located in the brain interstitial space.
  • FIG.4 illustrates the highly specific endothelial labeling with the compounds of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.4 depicts direct topical application of compound 1 to the brain surface through a craniotomy in a live mouse. Highly specific labeling of endothelial cells within capillaries occurs 20 minutes after application of the compound.
  • FIG.5 illustrates that certain compounds of the present disclosure are transported via vesicular transcytosis. Using a lower concentration of compound 1 at 1.6 mg of compound 1 in 120 ⁇ L of PBS, at around 2 hours post injection, a bright punctate labeling becomes apparent in the endothelium.
  • FIGs.6A-6C illustrate topical brain application of a conjugate of compound 1 according to the disclosure with the cancer drug methotrexate (compound 52a/52b).
  • the uptake of the compound into endothelial cells of small capillaries (FIGs.6A-6B), and arterioles (FIG.6C) in the brain is very strong.
  • FIG.8A provides a schematic representation of an exemplary combinatorial library synthesis described in the present disclosure.
  • FIG.8B depicts exemplary backbones and/or scaffolds for the small molecule fluorophores.
  • FIG.8C provides a schematic representation of exemplary small molecule fluorophore library screening methodology as described in the present disclosure.
  • FIG.8D depicts in vivo two-photon images captured from validated small molecules that are taken up by pericytes, astrocytes, neuronal soma, endothelium, and axons.
  • FIG.8E depicts exemplary compounds of the present disclosure which are specific for endothelial uptake in vivo.
  • FIG.8F depicts topical administration of Endo-Red compound in Tie2GFP transgenic mice as revealed by in vivo two-photon images.
  • FIG.8G depicts exemplary compounds of the present disclosure comprising fluorine (i.e., compound 2) and iodine (i.e., compound 4) substitution (i.e., substituted Endo-Red compounds).
  • FIG.8H depicts exemplary compounds of the present disclosure (i.e., compounds 2 and 4) selectively labeling endothelial cells in vivo as revealed by two-photon imaging microscope.
  • FIG.8I depicts ex vivo confocal images of retina labeling with exemplary compounds of the present disclosure (i.e., compounds 2 and 4).
  • FIG.9A depicts uptake of an exemplary Endo-Red compound by organic anion transporting polypeptides Slco1a4 (mice) in HEK293 cells and Single Cell Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence Database results for Slco1a4 (mice).
  • FIG.9B depicts uptake of an exemplary Endo-Red compound by organic anion transporting polypeptides SLCO1A2 (human ortholog) in HEK293 cells and Single Cell Ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence Database results for SLCO1A2 (human ortholog).
  • FIG.9C depicts in vivo two-photon images captured from (a) wild type and (b) Slco1a4 transporter knockout mice after 5 ⁇ M topical administration of an exemplary Endo-Red compound.
  • FIG.9D depicts exemplary Endo-Red compound uptake into (a) SLCO1A2 and (b) SLCO1A2 E172D mutated transporter as revealed by in vivo two-photon images.
  • FIG.9E provides further confirmation that SLCO1A2 E172D mutation reduces the Endo-Red uptake in HEK293.
  • FIG.10A depicts exemplary Endo-Red family compounds conjugated to colchicine (i.e., compounds 47 and 48).
  • FIG.10B provides in vivo two-photon images captured from 10 ⁇ M topical administration of an exemplary colchicine-conjugated compound of the present disclosure.
  • FIG.10C depicts an exemplary Endo-Red family compound conjugated to deferoxamine (i.e., compound 49).
  • FIG.10D depicts topical administration of an exemplary deferoxamine-conjugated compound of the present disclosure in WT mice as revealed by in vivo two-photon images.
  • FIG.10E depicts an exemplary Endo-Red family compound conjugated to taxol (i.e., compound 51).
  • FIG.10F depicts topical administration of an exemplary taxol-conjugated compound of the present disclosure in WT mice as revealed by in vivo two-photon images.
  • FIG.10G depicts an exemplary synthesis of an Endo-Red family compound conjugated to JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (i.e., compound 53).
  • FIG.10H shows that the exemplary tofacitinib-conjugate is taken up by organic anion transporting polypeptides (a) Slco1a4 (mice)/ (b) SLCO1A2 (human ortholog) in HEK293 cells.
  • FIG.11A depicts alpha tubulin staining of 30 ⁇ M (a) colchicine, (b) colchicine- conjugate, and (c) Endo-Red in NIH3T3 cells. The data shows equal disruption of the tubulin structure by both colchicine and colchicine-conjugate compounds.
  • FIG.11B depicts alpha tubulin staining of 100 ⁇ M (a) colchicine, (b) colchicine-conjugate, and (c) Endo-Red in NIH3T3 cells. The data shows equal disruption of the tubulin structure by both colchicine and colchicine-conjugate compounds.
  • FIG.11C depicts phalloidin in NIH3T3 cells.
  • FIG.11D depicts phalloidin staining of 100 ⁇ M (a) colchicine, (b) colchicine-conjugate, and (c) Endo-Red in NIH3T3 cells.
  • the data shows disruption of the tubulin structure by colchicine and mild effect by the colchicine-conjugate.
  • FIGs.12A-12C depict intraperitoneal administration of ⁇ 80 ⁇ M (FIG.12A) colchicine-conjugate, (FIG.12B) colchicine, and (FIG.12C) Endo-Red family compounds to P12 pups for 10 consecutive days.
  • FIG.13A depicts in vivo two-photon images captured from (a) Slco1a4-GFP and (b) SLCO1A2-GFP transporter overexpressed neurons after topical application of Endo-Red compound.
  • FIG.13B depicts confocal histology images of labeling endothelial cells and neurons by Endo-Red compound in mice with SLCO1A2-GFP overexpressed in neurons.
  • FIGs.14A-14F Intravital imaging-based screening of combinatorial fluorophore library uncovers molecules that specifically target brain and retina endothelium.
  • FIG.14A Flow chart describing strategy for imaging-based fluorophore library screening in the live mouse brain.
  • FIG.14B chemical structures of endothelial-specific compounds (eEDiTS).
  • FIG.14C Intravital in vivo two-photon images captured from the cortex of wild type mice labeled with eEDiTS (50 ⁇ M), showing labeling of endothelial processes (arrow) and cell bodies (arrowhead), while no other cell types are labeled. Scale bars 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIG.14D Confocal images of a mouse retina explant following intravitreal injection of eEDiTS (50 ⁇ M), showing selective labeling of endothelial processes (arrow) and cell bodies (arrowhead). Scale bars 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIG.14E In vivo two-photon images obtained after topical cortical administration of eEDiTS (50 ⁇ M) in Tie2-GFP endothelial reporter mice demonstrates precise colocalization between eEDiTS and GFP labeling in endothelial processes (arrow) and cell bodies (arrowhead). Scale bars, 20 ⁇ m (upper panels) and 5 ⁇ m (lower panels).
  • FIG.14F In vivo two-photon imaging after intravenous administration of eEDiTS (0.1 mM) in Tie2-GFP mice demonstrates flowing intravascular compound (asterisks) as well as precise colocalization between eEDiTS and GFP labeling primarily at endothelial cell bodies (arrowhead).
  • FIGs.15A-15C Intracellular eEDiTS uptake is mediated by the solute carriers Slco1a4/SLCO1A2.
  • FIG.15A Confocal images of HEK293 cells transfected with either Slco1a4, SLCO1A2, or GFP control following administration of eEDiTS (10 ⁇ M) showing robust and specific eEDiTS uptake in Slco1a4 or SLCO1A2 transfected cells. The Slco1a4 and SLCO1A2 proteins were fused to a FLAG Tag for visualization. Scale bars, 10 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 15A Confocal images of HEK293 cells transfected with either Slco1a4, SLCO1A2, or GFP control following administration of eEDiTS (10 ⁇ M) showing robust and specific eEDiTS uptake in Slco1a4 or SLCO1A2 transfected cells. The Slco1a4 and SLCO1A2 proteins were fused to
  • FIG.15C In vivo two-photon brain images after intravenous administration of eEDiTS (0.1 mM) in mice lacking Slco1a4 demonstrates no eEDiTS uptake in either endothelial processes (arrow) or cell bodies (arrowhead) as compared to wildtype mice (upper panels) while one can still visualize the fluorescence of flowing intravascular eEDiTS (bottom panels, asterisks). Scale bar, 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIGs.16A-16E Conjugation of eEDiTS to a pharmacological agent does not disrupt its membrane transport cellular uptake specificity.
  • FIG.16A Synthetic route for conjugating eEDiTS to Colchicine.
  • FIG.16B Confocal images of HEK293 cells transfected with either Slco1a4, SLCO1A2, or GFP control following administration of Colchicine-eEDiTS (10 ⁇ M) showing robust and selective uptake in Slco1a4 and SLCO1A2 transfected cells. Scale bars, 10 ⁇ m.
  • FIG.16C Intravital in vivo two-photon images captured from the cortex of wild type mice labeled topically with Colchicine-eEDiTS (50 ⁇ M), showing labeling of endothelial processes (arrow) and cell bodies (arrowhead). Scale bars, 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIG.16D In vivo two- photon images after topical cortical administration of Colchicine-eEDiTS (50 ⁇ M) in Tie2- GFP mice showing a precise colocalization between Colchicine-eEDiTS and GFP labeling of endothelial processes (arrow) and cell bodies (arrowhead). Scale bars, 20 ⁇ m (upper panels) and 5 ⁇ m (lower panels).
  • FIG.16E In vivo two-photon brain images after topical cortical administration of Colchicine-eEDiTS (50 ⁇ M) in Slco1a4 KO (bottom panel) and wildtype mice (top panel) demonstrates a complete elimination of Colchicine-eEDiTS uptake in both endothelial processes (arrow) and cell bodies (arrowhead). Scale bar, 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIGs.17A-17C Colchicine-eEDiTS conjugate retains its pharmacological properties.
  • FIG.17A Confocal images of ⁇ - tubulin immunofluorescence (green) in NIH3T3 cells treated with either vehicle, eEDiTS, Colchicine, or Colchicine-eEDiTS.
  • FIG.17B Quantification of the degree of multinucleated cells at various compound concentrations.
  • FIGs.18A-18C Colchicine-eEDiTS conjugate demonstrates markedly reduced local and systemic toxicity.
  • FIG.18A local administration of Colchicine, Colchicine-eEDiTS or eEDiTS (intradermal injections on the right lower back quadrant) following fur shaving demonstrates their differential effects on fur regrowth at various time points and drug concentrations.
  • FIG.18B changes in grayscale intensity between drug injected and un- injected back quadrants (see methods) were plotted to depict rates of fur regrowth as a result of drug treatments.
  • FIGs.19A-19C AAV-mediated gene therapy introducing SLCO1A2 in neurons leads to robust uptake of eEDiTS.
  • FIG.19A Schematic diagram depicting subarachnoid infusion of AAV8-CAG-SLCO1A2 GFP or AAV8-CAG-GFP in P1 mice to predominantly infect cortical neurons.
  • FIG.19B Intravital in vivo two-photon images captured from the cortex of wild type mice 3 weeks after AAV injections predominantly shows layer II GFP neuronal labeling (green). Topical administration of eEDITS (50 ⁇ M), demonstrates robust uptake by cells expressing SLCO1A2 (left top panel) but not GFP control (right top panel). Notice the loss of endothelial uptake with expression of SLCO1A2, likely due to competition for compound uptake. Fluorescent intensity colocalization profiles are shown at the bottom graphs.
  • FIG.19C Intravital in vivo two-photon images captured from the cortex. Topical administration of Colchicine-eEDITS (50 ⁇ M), demonstrates robust uptake by cells expressing SLCO1A2 (left top panel) but not GFP control (right top panel). Fluorescent intensity colocalization profiles are shown at the bottom graphs. Scale bars for B and C, 10 ⁇ m.
  • FIGs.20A-20C Intravital imaging-based screening of combinatorial fluorophore library uncovers molecules that specifically target various brain cell types.
  • FIG.20A in vivo two-photon images captured from the cortex of wild type mice labeled with nEDiTS (50 ⁇ M), showing robust labeling of layer II cortical neurons.
  • FIG.20B in vivo images in the cortex of wild type mice labeled with pEDiTS (50 ⁇ M), showing robust labeling of pericyte cell bodies and perivascular processes.
  • FIG.20C in vivo images in the cortex of wild type mice labeled with aEDiTS (50 ⁇ M), showing robust labeling of astrocyte cell bodies and perivascular end-feet. Scale bars 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIG.21A schematic of experimental procedure.
  • FIG.21B Evaluation of Intracellular eEDiTS uptake in HEK293 cells following transfection of various solute carriers.
  • FIGs.22A-22C Slcoa1a4 is expressed in intraparenchymal blood vessels and is absent from pial arteries and penetrating arterioles.
  • FIG.22A Imaging of a tangential section including the pial surface of the mouse brain in Tie2-GFP reporter mice after immunofluorescence staining with an antibody against Slco1a4.
  • FIG.22B pial arterioles (1) do not display Slco1a4 labeling.
  • FIG.22C Penetrating arterioles (2) do not display Slco1a4 labeling, while smaller intraparenchymal blood vessels extensively express Slco1a4. Note that not all vessels are GFP labeled in this transgenic reporter line. Scale Bars 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIG.23A Synthesis route for N-Boc-ethylenediamine-eEDiTS (643 Da).
  • FIG.23B in vivo two-photon images of the mouse cortex following N-Boc-ethylenediamine-eEDiTS administration demonstrates robust endothelial cell body uptake (arrows).
  • FIG.23C high zoom images shows both endothelial cell body uptake (arrowheads) and dimmer endothelial process labeling (arrows).
  • FIG.24A Synthesis route for conjugation of the iron chelator Deferoxamine with eEDiTS to obtain a large hydrophilic compound Deferoxamine-eEDiTS (1044 Da).
  • FIG. 24B in vivo two-photon images of the mouse cortex following Deferoxamine-eEDiTS administration demonstrates robust endothelial cell body uptake (arrows).
  • FIG.24C Deferoxamine-eEDiTS preloaded with FeCl 3 (1100 Da) retains the uptake properties and shows an even more robust labeling of endothelial cell bodies and processes. Scale Bar 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIGs.25A-25F Biodistribution of eEDiTS in various organs following intravenous administration.
  • FIG.25A schematic depicting eEDiTS pharmacokinetics study.
  • FIGs.25B- 25F eEDiTS was injected intravenously (70 ⁇ L of 0.1 mM solution); 2.5 hours later mice were perfused, and tissues of various organs were imaged with confocal microscopy. Notably heart (FIG.25B), spleen (FIG.25C), and skeletal muscle (FIG.25D) showed negligible parenchymal or endothelial uptake.
  • FIGs.26A-26C In utero electroporation of either Slco1a4 or SLCO1A2 constructs to transfect cortical neurons leads to robust uptake of eEDiTS in neurons.
  • FIG.26A diagram depicting the in utero electroporation (IUE) procedure.
  • FIGs.26B-26C in vivo two-photon images captured from the cortex of wild type mice 4 weeks after IUE shows robust eEDiTS uptake in neurons following topical cortical administration (50 ⁇ M) in both Slco1a4 (FIG. 26B) and SLCO1A2 (FIG.26C) transfected mice. Note that the normally observed endothelial labeling in wildtype mice disappears in regions with robust neuronal uptake, presumably due to the overwhelming competitive uptake by the neurons. Scale bars, 10 ⁇ m.
  • FIGs.27A-27C In vivo time lapse imaging demonstrates blood-brain barrier crossing by eEDiTS:
  • FIG.27A eEDiTS was injected intravenously (70 ⁇ L of 0.1 mM solution) and imaged through a cranial window overtime. Fluorescence intensities in multiple regions of interest per field of view in areas outside of blood vessels (dotted circles) were quantified and averaged.
  • FIG.27C intravenous administration of eEDiTs in a mouse that underwent in utero electroporation with SLCO1A2 construct to transfect cortical neurons.
  • FIGs.28A-28B Demonstration that iodination or fluorination of eEDiTS does not disrupt its transport properties or endothelial specificity.
  • FIG.28A chemical structures of fluorinated (Compound 43) and iodinated (compound 54) compounds.
  • FIG.28B in vivo images following topical cortical administration (50 ⁇ M) showing robust endothelial specific uptake of both compound 43 and compound 54. Scale bars, 20 ⁇ m.
  • FIGs.29A-29D Fluorescent excitation and emission spectra of eEDiTS and Colchicine-eEDiTS. Fluorescent excitation and emission spectrum measured using 50 ⁇ M solution in deionized water of eEDiTS compounds 1 (FIG.29A), 43 (FIG.29B), and 46 (FIG. 29C), and colchicine-eEDiTS compound 47 (FIG.20D).
  • FIGs.30A-30F illustrate the highly specific in vivo endothelial labeling with the compounds 56 (FIG.30A), 57 (FIG.30B), 58 (FIG.30C), 59 (FIG.30D), 60 (FIG.30E), and 61 (FIG.30F).
  • FIGs.31A-31F 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra for compounds 56 (FIG.31A), 57 (FIG.31B), 58 (FIG.31C), 59 (FIG.31D), 60 (FIG.31E), and 61 (FIG.31F).
  • FIGs.31A-31F 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR spectra for compounds 56 (FIG.31A), 57 (FIG.31B), 58 (FIG.31C), 59 (FIG.31D), 60 (FIG.31E), and 61 (FIG.31F).
  • values expressed in a range format should be interpreted in a flexible manner to include not only the numerical values explicitly recited as the limits of the range, but also to include all the individual numerical values or sub-ranges encompassed within that range as if each numerical value and sub-range is explicitly recited.
  • a range of "about 0.1% to about 5%” or "about 0.1% to 5%” should be interpreted to include not just about 0.1% to about 5%, but also the individual values (e.g., 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4%) and the sub-ranges (e.g., 0.1% to 0.5%, 1.1% to 2.2%, 3.3% to 4.4%) within the indicated range.
  • alkenyl refers to straight and branched chain and cyclic alkyl groups as defined herein, except that at least one double bond exists between two carbon atoms. Thus, alkenyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, or 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or 2 to 12 carbon atoms or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • alkoxy refers to an oxygen atom connected to an alkyl group, including a cycloalkyl group, as are defined herein.
  • linear alkoxy groups include but are not limited to methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, and the like.
  • branched alkoxy include but are not limited to isopropoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, isopentyloxy, isohexyloxy, and the like.
  • cyclic alkoxy include but are not limited to cyclopropyloxy, cyclobutyloxy, cyclopentyloxy, cyclohexyloxy, and the like.
  • An alkoxy group can include about 1 to about 12, about 1 to about 20, or about 1 to about 40 carbon atoms bonded to the oxygen atom, and can further include double or triple bonds, and can also include heteroatoms.
  • an allyloxy group or a methoxyethoxy group is also an alkoxy group within the meaning herein, as is a methylenedioxy group in a context where two adjacent atoms of a structure are substituted therewith.
  • alkyl refers to straight chain and branched alkyl groups and cycloalkyl groups having from 1 to 40 carbon atoms, 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, 1 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • straight chain alkyl groups include those with from 1 to 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl groups.
  • branched alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, isopropyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, neopentyl, isopentyl, and 2,2- dimethylpropyl groups.
  • alkyl encompasses n-alkyl, isoalkyl, and anteisoalkyl groups as well as other branched chain forms of alkyl.
  • Representative substituted alkyl groups can be substituted one or more times with any of the groups listed herein, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups.
  • alkylene or “alkylenyl” as used herein refers to a bivalent saturated aliphatic radical (e.g., -CH2-, -CH2CH2-, and -CH2CH2CH2-, inter alia).
  • alkynyl refers to straight and branched chain alkyl groups, except that at least one triple bond exists between two carbon atoms.
  • alkynyl groups have from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, 2 to about 20 carbon atoms, or from 2 to 12 carbons or, in some embodiments, from 2 to 8 carbon atoms.
  • amine refers to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines having, e.g., the formula N(group) 3 wherein each group can independently be H or non-H, such as alkyl, aryl, and the like.
  • Amines include but are not limited to R-NH2, for example, alkylamines, arylamines, alkylarylamines; R 2 NH wherein each R is independently selected, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines, heterocyclylamines and the like; and R 3 N wherein each R is independently selected, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines, alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like.
  • R-NH2 wherein each R is independently selected, such as dialkylamines, diarylamines, aralkylamines, heterocyclylamines and the like
  • R 3 N wherein each R is independently selected, such as trialkylamines, dialkylarylamines, alkyldiarylamines, triarylamines, and the like.
  • amine also includes ammonium ions as used herein.
  • amino group refers to a substituent of the form -NH2, - NHR, -NR 2 , -NR 3 + , wherein each R is independently selected, and protonated forms of each, except for -NR3 + , which cannot be protonated. Accordingly, any compound substituted with an amino group can be viewed as an amine.
  • An “amino group” within the meaning herein can be a primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amino group.
  • alkylamino includes a monoalkylamino, dialkylamino, and trialkylamino group.
  • aryl refers to cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon groups that do not contain heteroatoms in the ring.
  • aryl groups include, but are not limited to, phenyl, azulenyl, heptalenyl, biphenyl, indacenyl, fluorenyl, phenanthrenyl, triphenylenyl, pyrenyl, naphthacenyl, chrysenyl, biphenylenyl, anthracenyl, and naphthyl groups.
  • aryl groups contain about 6 to about 14 carbons in the ring portions of the groups.
  • Aryl groups can be unsubstituted or substituted, as defined herein.
  • Representative substituted aryl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, a phenyl group substituted at any one or more of 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-positions of the phenyl ring, or a naphthyl group substituted at any one or more of 2- to 8-positions thereof.
  • bioconjugation refers to a chemical strategy to form a stable covalent bond between two molecules, wherein at least one of said molecules is a biomolecule.
  • Non-limiting examples of bioconjugations include the couplings of small molecule and protein, protein and protein, antibody and small molecule, protein and antibody, antibody and enzyme, and protein and oligosaccharide.
  • chemotherapeutic agent refers to a chemical compound useful in the treatment of cancer.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, Erlotinib (TARCEVA(TM), Genentech/OSI Pharm.), Bortezomib (VELCADE(TM), Millenium Pharm.), Fulvestrant (FASLODEX(TM), Astrazeneca), Sutent (SU11248, Pfizer), Letrozole (FEMARA(TM), Novartis), Imatinib mesylate (GLEEVEC(TM), Novartis), PTK787/ZK 222584 (Novartis), Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin(TM), Sanofi), 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), Leucovorin, Rapamycin (Sirolimus, RAPAMUNE(TM), Wyeth), Lapatinib (GSK572016, GlaxoSmithKline), Lonafarnib (SCH 66336), Sorafen
  • dynemicin including dynemicin A; bisphosphonates, such as clodronate; an esperamicin; as well as neocarzinostatin chromophore and related chromoprotein enediyne antibiotic chromophores), aclacinomysins, actinomycin, anthramycin, azaserine, bleomycins, cactinomycin, carabicin, carminomycin, carzinophilin, chromomycinis, dactinomycin, daunorubicin, detorubicin, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, ADRIAMYCIN(TM) doxorubicin (including morpholino-doxorubicin, cyanomorpholino-doxorubicin, 2-pyrrolino-doxorubicin and deoxy doxorubicin), epirubicin,
  • cycloalkyl refers to cyclic alkyl groups such as, but not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, and cyclooctyl groups.
  • the cycloalkyl group can have 3 to about 8-12 ring members, whereas in other embodiments the number of ring carbon atoms range from 3 to 4, 5, 6, or 7.
  • Cycloalkyl groups further include polycyclic cycloalkyl groups such as, but not limited to, norbornyl, adamantyl, bornyl, camphenyl, isocamphenyl, and carenyl groups, and fused rings such as, but not limited to, decalinyl, and the like. Cycloalkyl groups also include rings that are substituted with straight or branched chain alkyl groups as defined herein.
  • Representative substituted cycloalkyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, 2,2-, 2,3-, 2,4- 2,5- or 2,6-disubstituted cyclohexyl groups or mono-, di- or tri-substituted norbornyl or cycloheptyl groups, which can be substituted with, for example, amino, hydroxy, cyano, carboxy, nitro, thio, alkoxy, and halogen groups.
  • cycloalkenyl alone or in combination denotes a cyclic alkenyl group.
  • cycloalkylene or "cycloalkylenyl” as used herein refers to a bivalent saturated cycloalkyl radical (e.g., , , inter alia).
  • the term may be regarded as a product of removal of two hydrogen atoms from the corresponding cycloalkane (e.g., cyclobutyl) by removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same (e.g., ) different (e.g., and ) carbon atoms.
  • a “disease” is a state of health of an animal wherein the animal cannot maintain homeostasis, and wherein if the disease is not ameliorated then the animal's health continues to deteriorate.
  • a "disorder" in an animal is a state of health in which the animal is able to maintain homeostasis, but in which the animal's state of health is less favorable than it would be in the absence of the disorder. Left untreated, a disorder does not necessarily cause a further decrease in the animal's state of health.
  • a disease or disorder is "ameliorated” if the severity of a symptom of the disease or disorder, the frequency with which such a symptom is experienced by a patient, or both, is reduced.
  • the terms "effective amount,” “pharmaceutically effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” refer to a nontoxic but sufficient amount of an agent to provide the desired biological result.
  • halo means, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
  • haloalkyl group includes mono-halo alkyl groups, poly- halo alkyl groups wherein all halo atoms can be the same or different, and per-halo alkyl groups, wherein all hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms, such as fluoro.
  • haloalkyl include trifluoromethyl, 1,1-dichloroethyl, 1,2-dichloroethyl, 1,3-dibromo-3,3- difluoropropyl, perfluorobutyl, and the like.
  • heteroaryl refers to aromatic ring compounds containing 5 or more ring members, of which, one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S; for instance, heteroaryl rings can have 5 to about 8-12 ring members.
  • a heteroaryl group is a variety of a heterocyclyl group that possesses an aromatic electronic structure.
  • a heteroaryl group designated as a C2-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth.
  • a C4-heteroaryl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth.
  • Heteroaryl groups include, but are not limited to, groups such as pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroquinolin
  • Heteroaryl groups can be unsubstituted, or can be substituted with groups as is discussed herein. Representative substituted heteroaryl groups can be substituted one or more times with groups such as those listed herein. Additional examples of aryl and heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to phenyl, biphenyl, indenyl, naphthyl (1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl), N-hydroxytetrazolyl, N- hydroxytriazolyl, N-hydroxyimidazolyl, anthracenyl (1-anthracenyl, 2-anthracenyl, 3- anthracenyl), thiophenyl (2-thienyl, 3-thienyl), furyl (2-furyl, 3-furyl) , indolyl, oxadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, quinazolinyl, fluorenyl, xanthenyl, isoindanyl, benzhydry
  • heteroarylalkyl refers to alkyl groups as defined herein in which a hydrogen or carbon bond of an alkyl group is replaced with a bond to a heteroaryl group as defined herein.
  • heteroalkylenyl or “heteroalkylene” as used herein refers to a bivalent heteroalkyl radical (e.g., -NH-CH2CH2-NH-).
  • the term may be regarded as a divalent radical formed by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from one or more atoms of a heteroalkyl moiety, wherein the hydrogen atoms may be removed from the same or different atoms, and wherein the atoms may be carbon or a heteroatom.
  • heteroarylene or “heteroarylenyl” as used herein refers to a bivalent heteroaryl radical (e.g., 2,4-pyridylene).
  • the term may be regarded as a divalent radical formed by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from one or more rings of a heteroaryl moiety, wherein the hydrogen atoms may be removed from the same or different rings, preferably the same ring.
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to an aliphatic, partially unsaturated or fully saturated, 3- to 14-membered ring system, including single rings of 3 to 8 atoms and bi- and tricyclic ring systems where at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is replaced with a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, or phosphorus.
  • a heterocycloalkyl can include one to four heteroatoms independently selected from oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur, wherein a nitrogen and sulfur heteroatom optionally can be oxidized and a nitrogen heteroatom can be optionally substituted.
  • Representative heterocycloalkyl groups include, but are not limited, to the following exemplary groups: pyrrolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolidinyl, morpholinyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolidinyl, and tetrahydrofuryl.
  • heterocycloalkyl group can also be a C2 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C3 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C4 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C5 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C6 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C7 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C8 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C9 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C10 heterocycloalkyl, C2-C11 heterocycloalkyl, and the like, up to and including a C2-145 heterocycloalkyl.
  • a C 2 heterocycloalkyl comprises a group which has two carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, but not limited to, aziridinyl, diazetidinyl, oxiranyl, thiiranyl, and the like.
  • a C 5 heterocycloalkyl comprises a group which has five carbon atoms and at least one heteroatom, including, but not limited to, piperidinyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, diazepanyl, and the like.
  • heterocycloalkyl group may be bound either through a heteroatom in the ring, where chemically possible, or one of carbons comprising the heterocycloalkyl ring.
  • the heterocycloalkyl group can be substituted or unsubstituted.
  • heterocycloalkylene or “heterocycloalkylenyl” as used herein refers to a bivalent saturated cycloalkyl radical (e.g., inter alia).
  • heterocyclyl refers to aromatic and non-aromatic ring compounds containing three or more ring members, of which one or more is a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, N, O, and S.
  • a heterocyclyl can be a cycloheteroalkyl, or a heteroaryl, or if polycyclic, any combination thereof.
  • heterocyclyl groups include 3 to about 20 ring members, whereas other such groups have 3 to about 15 ring members.
  • a heterocyclyl group designated as a C 2 -heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with two carbon atoms and three heteroatoms, a 6-ring with two carbon atoms and four heteroatoms and so forth.
  • a C 4 -heterocyclyl can be a 5-ring with one heteroatom, a 6-ring with two heteroatoms, and so forth.
  • the number of carbon atoms plus the number of heteroatoms equals the total number of ring atoms.
  • a heterocyclyl ring can also include one or more double bonds.
  • a heteroaryl ring is an embodiment of a heterocyclyl group.
  • heterocyclyl group includes fused ring species including those that include fused aromatic and non-aromatic groups.
  • a dioxolanyl ring and a benzdioxolanyl ring system are both heterocyclyl groups within the meaning herein.
  • the phrase also includes polycyclic ring systems containing a heteroatom such as, but not limited to, quinuclidyl.
  • Heterocyclyl groups can be unsubstituted, or they can be substituted as discussed herein.
  • Heterocyclyl groups include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, dihydrobenzofuranyl, indolyl, dihydroindolyl, azaindolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, azabenzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, imidazopyridinyl, isoxazolopyridinyl, thianaphthalenyl, purinyl, xanthinyl, adeninyl, guaninyl, quinolinyl, isoquino
  • substituted heterocyclyl groups can be mono-substituted or substituted more than once, such as, but not limited to, piperidinyl or quinolinyl groups, which are 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6- substituted, or disubstituted with groups such as those listed herein.
  • hydrocarbon or “hydrocarbyl” as used herein refers to a molecule or functional group that includes carbon and hydrogen atoms. The term can also refer to a molecule or functional group that normally includes both carbon and hydrogen atoms but wherein all the hydrogen atoms are substituted with other functional groups.
  • hydrocarbyl refers to a functional group derived from a straight chain, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbon, and can be alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, acyl, or any combination thereof. Hydrocarbyl groups can be shown as (C a - Cb)hydrocarbyl, wherein a and b are integers and mean having any of a to b number of carbon atoms.
  • (C1-C4)hydrocarbyl means the hydrocarbyl group can be methyl (C1), ethyl (C 2 ), propyl (C 3 ), or butyl (C 4 ), and (C 0 -C b )hydrocarbyl means in certain embodiments there is no hydrocarbyl group.
  • the term "immunoconjugate” as used herein refers to a conjugate of an antibody or antigen fragment component with a small molecule component through a covalent linkage.
  • the small molecule agent can comprise a radioactive or non-radioactive label.
  • the antibodies that are used to prepare immunoconjugates include, but are not limited to, monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies.
  • Linkers may be cleavable or non-cleavable.
  • Non-limiting examples of cleavable linkers include disulfides, hydrazones, peptides, or thioethers.
  • the linker may be directly conjugated to the antibody, i.e. covalently linked directly to an exposed amino acid residue on the surface of the antibody or antigen fragment.
  • the term "independently selected from” as used herein refers to referenced groups being the same, different, or a mixture thereof, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
  • X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are independently selected from noble gases” would include the scenario where, for example, X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are all the same, where X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are all different, where X 1 and X 2 are the same but X 3 is different, and other analogous permutations.
  • linker refers to a divalent chemical moiety comprising a covalent bond or a chain of atoms that covalently conjugates one compound with another.
  • the linker comprises a linear arrangement of 1 to 100 or more atoms, including about 1 to about 75 atoms, 1 to about 50 atoms, 1 to about 25 atoms, or about 1 to 10 atoms.
  • the linker comprises a polyethylene glycol linker containing from 1 to 1 to 100, 1 to 75, 1 to 60, 1 to 55, 1 to 50, 1 to 45, 1 to 40, 2 to 35, 3 to 30, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 1 to 6, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 ethylene glycol units which may be further linked through amide groups, amino acids or other moieties compatible with polyethylene glycol groups.
  • the link is cleavable and/or labile.
  • the linker is non- cleavable and/or non-labile.
  • Non-limiting examples of cleavable linkers include disulfides, hydrazones, peptides, or thioethers.
  • the terms "patient,” “subject,” or “individual” are used interchangeably herein, and refer to any animal, or cells thereof whether in vitro or in situ, amenable to the methods described herein. In a non-limiting embodiment, the patient, subject or individual is a human.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to a material, such as a carrier or diluent, which does not abrogate the biological activity or properties of the compound, and is relatively non-toxic, i.e., the material may be administered to an individual without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt refers to a salt of the administered compounds prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids or bases, including inorganic acids or bases, organic acids or bases, solvates, hydrates, or clathrates thereof. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts may be prepared from an inorganic acid or from an organic acid.
  • inorganic acids examples include hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, nitric, carbonic, sulfuric (including sulfate and hydrogen sulfate), and phosphoric acids (including hydrogen phosphate and dihydrogen phosphate).
  • Appropriate organic acids may be selected from aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aromatic, araliphatic, heterocyclic, carboxylic and sulfonic classes of organic acids, examples of which include formic, acetic, propionic, succinic, glycolic, gluconic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, glucuronic, maleic, malonic, saccharin, fumaric, pyruvic, aspartic, glutamic, benzoic, anthranilic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, phenylacetic, mandelic, embonic (pamoic), methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, pantothenic, trifluoromethanesulfonic, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, sulfanilic, cyclohexylaminosulfonic, stearic, alginic,
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts of compounds described herein include, for example, ammonium salts, metallic salts including alkali metal, alkaline earth metal and transition metal salts such as, for example, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc salts.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts also include organic salts made from basic amines such as, for example, N,N'-dibenzylethylene-diamine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine (N-methylglucamine) and procaine. All of these salts may be prepared from the corresponding compound by reacting, for example, the appropriate acid or base with the compound.
  • the term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” means a pharmaceutically acceptable material, composition or carrier, such as a liquid or solid filler, stabilizer, dispersing agent, suspending agent, diluent, excipient, thickening agent, solvent or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a compound described herein within or to the patient such that it may perform its intended function. Typically, such compounds are carried or transported from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation, including the compound(s) described herein, and not injurious to the patient.
  • materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; surface active agents; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier also includes any and all coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are compatible with the activity of the compound(s) described herein, and are physiologically acceptable to the patient. Supplementary active compounds may also be incorporated into the compositions.
  • the "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” may further include a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound(s) described herein.
  • Other additional ingredients that may be included in the pharmaceutical compositions used with the methods or compounds described herein are known in the art and described, for example in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (Genaro, Ed., Mack Publishing Co., 1985, Easton, PA), which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • substantially refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more, or 100%.
  • substantially free of can mean having none or having a trivial amount of, such that the amount of material present does not affect the material properties of the composition including the material, such that the composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less.
  • substantially free of can mean having a trivial amount of, such that a composition is about 0 wt% to about 5 wt% of the material, or about 0 wt% to about 1 wt%, or about 5 wt% or less, or less than, equal to, or greater than about 4.5 wt%, 4, 3.5, 3, 2.5, 2, 1.5, 1, 0.9, 0.8, 0.7, 0.6, 0.5, 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, 0.1, 0.01, or about 0.001 wt% or less, or about 0 wt%.
  • substituted as used herein in conjunction with a molecule or an organic group as defined herein refers to the state in which one or more hydrogen atoms contained therein are replaced by one or more non-hydrogen atoms.
  • functional group or “substituent” as used herein refers to a group that can be or is substituted onto a molecule or onto an organic group.
  • substituents or functional groups include, but are not limited to, a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br, and I); an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxy groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, aralkyloxy groups, oxo(carbonyl) groups, carboxyl groups including carboxylic acids, carboxylates, and carboxylate esters; a sulfur atom in groups such as thiol groups, alkyl and aryl sulfide groups, sulfoxide groups, sulfone groups, sulfonyl groups, and sulfonamide groups; a nitrogen atom in groups such as amines, hydroxyamines, nitriles, nitro groups, N-oxides, hydrazides, azides, and enamines; and other heteroatoms in various other groups.
  • a halogen e.g., F, Cl, Br, and I
  • an oxygen atom in groups such as hydroxy groups, al
  • Non-limiting examples of substituents that can be bonded to a substituted carbon (or other) atom include F, Cl, Br, I, OR, OC(O)N(R)2, CN, NO, NO 2 , ONO 2 , azido, CF 3 , OCF 3 , R, O (oxo), S (thiono), C(O), S(O), methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, N(R)2, SR, SOR, SO2R, SO2N(R)2, SO3R, C(O)R, C(O)C(O)R, C(O)CH 2 C(O)R, C(S)R, C(O)OR, OC(O)R, C(O)N(R) 2 , OC(O)N(R) 2 , C(S)N(R) 2 , (CH 2 ) 0- 2N(R)C(O)R, (CH2)0-2N(R)N(R)2, N(R)N(R
  • a “therapeutic” treatment is a treatment administered to a subject who exhibits signs of pathology, for the purpose of diminishing or eliminating those signs.
  • the term "therapeutic agent” as used herein refers to a drug, molecule, composition or other substance that provides a therapeutic effect.
  • the therapeutic agent is a small molecule drug (e.g., chemotherapeutic agent), polypeptide, or protein, inter alia.
  • active refers to the ingredient, component or constituent of the compositions of the present invention responsible for the intended therapeutic effect.
  • therapeutic agent and “active agent” are used interchangeably herein.
  • treat means reducing the frequency or severity with which symptoms of a disease or condition are experienced by a subject by virtue of administering an agent or compound to the subject.
  • description The pathophysiology of most disorders involves mechanisms that affect differentially the various cell types in a particular organ. In the central nervous system (CNS) and retina, vascular cells, astrocytes, neurons, and other cell types can be selectively vulnerable in a variety of disorders. This poses a challenge for drug design given that therapeutic manipulation of signaling pathways may have both beneficial and detrimental effects in a cell-type specific manner.
  • Cell-type selective pharmacotherapy has been successful in the immunology and cancer fields by targeting unique membrane antigens in immune and malignant cells with antibodies, peptides, and antibody-drug conjugates.
  • modulation of intracellular signaling pathways relies on small molecules which are the cornerstone of pharmacotherapy for most disorders.
  • small molecules design has not been amenable to achieve cell-specific targeting. This could be especially problematic in complex organs such as the nervous system, where a delicate homeostatic multicellular balance is critical for normal function. This highlights the need for further development of broad-based strategies for discovery and engineering of drugs with selectivity to specific cell types.
  • Cells in the various organs are endowed with membrane transporters for diverse substrates including amino acids, nucleosides, and hormones.
  • these transporters can be preferentially expressed in certain cell types.
  • small molecule fluorophores can be selectively taken up by brain cells including pericytes, neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes with a high degree of specificity, suggesting affinity for membrane transporter mechanisms expressed in those cells.
  • this phenomenon may be leveraged to systematically discover chemical compounds with specificity to certain membrane transporters that could be used for development of cell-type specific pharmacological agents.
  • a discovery strategy involving combinatorial chemical synthesis of a fluorescent SM library, followed by two-photon imaging-based screening in the live mouse brain.
  • SMs small molecules
  • endothelial, pericyte, astrocyte or neuronal intracellular uptake properties have been uncovered by implementing single-cell RNA sequencing database mining for membrane transporters, combined with iterative in vivo and in vitro SM uptake experiments and membrane transporter overexpression and knockout.
  • Chemical diversification of these SMs allowed identification of the functional groups that are necessary and sufficient for transporter uptake selectivity.
  • the feasibility of conjugation to well-known pharmacological agents has been demonstrated. This resulted in bifunctional compounds that retained their native pharmacological properties while acquiring cell-type specificity.
  • R 1 is ;
  • R 2d is B(OH) 2 . In certain embodiments, R 2d is . In certain embodiments, R 2d is . In certain embodiments, R 2d is . In certain embodiments, R 3a is H. In certain embodiments, R 3a is F. In certain embodiments, R 3a is Cl. In certain embodiments, R 3a is Br. In certain embodiments, R 3a is I,. In certain embodiments, R 3a is CH3. In certain embodiments, R 3a is CF3. In certain embodiments, R 3a is SO3H. In certain embodiments, R 3a is N(CH3)2. In certain embodiments, R 3a is N(CH2CH3)2.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH3)2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2b is N(CH2CH3)2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is NO 2 , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is CH3, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is SO 3 H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is H, , and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is N(CH 3 ) 2 , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is N(CH2CH3)2, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • the compound of formula (I) is: In certain embodiments, R 3d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is I, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Br, R 2b is H, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is H, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is F, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is Cl, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is F, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is F, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is Cl, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is F, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is Cl, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is I, R 2c is Cl, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is CF 3 , R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is F
  • R 2b is F
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is F, R 2b is Br, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Cl, R 2b is F, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Cl, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is NO2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH 3 ) 2 , R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2b is CH 3
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2b is B(OH)2
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • the compound of formula (I) is: wherein R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d , if present, are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, CN, and NO 2 .
  • R 3d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 6a is H
  • R 6b is H
  • R 6c is Br
  • R 6d is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Br
  • R 6a is H
  • R 6b is H
  • R 6c is H
  • R 6d is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • At least one of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e is H. In certain embodiments, at least two of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H. In certain embodiments, at least three of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H. In certain embodiments, four of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H. In certain embodiments, the compound of formula (I) is: , , or (Ic). In certain embodiments, R 3a , is H, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H
  • at least one of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e is H.
  • at least two of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • at least three of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • four of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • the compound of formula (I) is: In certain embodiments, R 3a , is H, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H. In certain embodiments, R 2a is H, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e is H. In certain embodiments, at least two of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H. In certain embodiments, at least three of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • R 1 is .
  • R 1 is .
  • A is a therapeutic agent. In certain embodiments, A is a chromophore label. In certain embodiments, A is a fluorophore label. In certain embodiments, A is a fluorescent label. In certain embodiments, A is a bioluminescent label. In certain embodiments, A is a chemiluminescent label. In certain embodiments, A is isotopically labeled. In certain embodiments, a is a polymeric macromolecule. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a small molecule. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a polypeptide. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is a protein. In certain embodiments, the therapeutic agent is an aptamer. In certain embodiments, the compound is a bioconjugate.
  • the compound is an immunoconjugate.
  • the small molecule is a compound useful for the treatment of cancer.
  • the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of colchicine, deferoxamine, paclitaxel (taxol), tofacitinib, methotrexate, hydrocortisone, prednisone, triiodothyronine, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, vancomycin, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, imatinib, darunavir, and fosamprenavir.
  • the therapeutic agent comprises at least one modification and/or derivatization.
  • the modification and/or derivatization is a modification and/or derivatization which is necessary to for conjugation and/or covalent modification with the linker.
  • the modification comprises removal of a carbonyl group from a heteroatom (e.g., deacetylation) or addition of a heteroatom to an aromatic ring (e.g., nucleophilic aromatic substitution or electrophilic aromatic substitution).
  • the therapeutic modification and/or derivatization comprises bond .
  • A is a polymeric macromolecule.
  • the polymeric macromolecule is a compound of formula (III): -N(R 8a )-[C(R 8b )(R 8c )] o -[O ⁇ C(R 8d )(R 8e ) ⁇ p ] q -OR 8f (III), wherein: R 8a and R 8f are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C2-C8 heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, and optionally substituted C 2 -C 10 heteroaryl; each occurrence of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e is independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C1-C6 alkyl, optionally substituted C3-C8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl,
  • R 8a is H. In certain embodiments, R 8b is H. In certain embodiments, R 8c is H. In certain embodiments, R 8d is H. In certain embodiments, R 8e is H. In certain embodiments, R 8f is H. In certain embodiments, R 8f is Me. In certain embodiments, o is 2. In certain embodiments, p is 2. In certain embodiments, q is an integer ranging from 10 to 500. In certain embodiments, A is . In certain embodiments, A is . In certain embodiments, A is . In certain embodiments, A is . In certain embodiments, A is . In certain embodiments, A is and . In certain embodiments, A is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is .
  • R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is . In certain embodiments, R 5 is .
  • each occurrence of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkylenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylenyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylenyl, optionally substituted alkenylenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenylenyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenylenyl, optionally substituted arylenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylenyl is independently optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C12 heterocycloalkyl, C1-C6 hydroxyalkyl, halogen, CN, NO 2 OR I
  • the isotopologue thereof comprises at least one radioactive tracer selected from the group consisting of 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F, 124 I, 131 I, and 135 I.
  • the compound is selected from the group consisting of: 2-(3,6-bis(dimethylamino)xanthylium-9-yl)-5-(N-(1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxo-5,6,7,9- tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)sulfamoyl)benzenesulfonate; 2-(3,6-bis(diethylamino)xanthylium-9-yl)-5-(N-(1,2,3,10-tetramethoxy-9-oxo-5,6,7,9- tetrahydrobenzo[a]heptalen-7-yl)sulfamoyl)benzenesulfonate; 2-(3,6-bis(diethylamin
  • R 4a R 4b R 4e R 4c R 1 is R4d ;
  • R 2a is H.
  • R 2a is F.
  • R 2a is Cl.
  • R 2a is Br.
  • R 2a is I,.
  • R 2a is CH3.
  • R 2a is CF3.
  • R 2a is SO 3 H.
  • R 2a is N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • R 2a is N(CH2CH3)2.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is H, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH3)2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH2CH3)2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is NO2, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is CH 3 , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is , and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is SO3H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is , and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is N(CH3)2, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3b is N(CH 2 CH 3 ) 2 , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • the compound of formula (II) is: In certain embodiments, R 3d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is I, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Br, R 2b is H, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is F, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is Cl, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is I, R 2c is Cl, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is CF3, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is F, R 2b is F, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is F, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is F, R 2b is Br, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Cl, R 2b is F, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Cl, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is NO2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH 3 ) 2 , R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2b is CH 3
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2b is B(OH)2
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • the compound of formula (II) is: wherein R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d , if present, are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, halogen, CN, and NO 2 .
  • R 3d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 6a is H
  • R 6b is H
  • R 6c is Br
  • R 6d is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • R 2a is Br
  • R 6a is H
  • R 6b is H
  • R 6c is H
  • R 6d is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • R 3a is H, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H.
  • R 2a is H
  • R 2c is H
  • R 2d is H.
  • at least one of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e is H.
  • at least two of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • at least three of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • four of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • the compound of formula (I) is: In certain embodiments, R 3a , is H, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H. In certain embodiments, R 2a is H, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H. In certain embodiments, at least one of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e is H. In certain embodiments, at least two of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H. In certain embodiments, at least three of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • R 1 is .
  • R 1 is .
  • each occurrence of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, and optionally substituted heteroaryl is independently optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C2-C12 heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -C 6 hydroxyalkyl, halogen, CN, NO 2 OR I , N(R I )(R II ), C 1 -C 6 haloalkoxy, C3-C8 halocycloalkoxy, aryl, heteroaryl, (
  • the isotopologue thereof comprises at least one radioactive tracer selected from the group consisting of 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F, 124 I, 131 I, and 135 I.
  • the compound of formula (II) is selected from the group consisting of: 2-(12-bromo-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrochromeno[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-4-ium-9-yl)- 5-sulfobenzenesulfonate; 2-(12-fluoro-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrochromeno[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-4-ium-9-yl)- 5-sulfobenzenesulfonate; 2-(12-chloro-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydrochromeno[2,3-f]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinolin-4-ium
  • the compounds described herein can possess one or more stereocenters, and each stereocenter can exist independently in either the (R) or (S) configuration.
  • compounds described herein are present in optically active or racemic forms. It is to be understood that the compounds described herein encompass racemic, optically-active, regioisomeric and stereoisomeric forms, or combinations thereof that possess the therapeutically useful properties described herein. Preparation of optically active forms is achieved in any suitable manner, including by way of non-limiting example, by resolution of the racemic form with recrystallization techniques, synthesis from optically-active starting materials, chiral synthesis, or chromatographic separation using a chiral stationary phase.
  • a mixture of one or more isomer is utilized as the therapeutic compound described herein.
  • compounds described herein contain one or more chiral centers. These compounds are prepared by any means, including stereoselective synthesis, enantioselective synthesis and/or separation of a mixture of enantiomers and/ or diastereomers. Resolution of compounds and isomers thereof is achieved by any means including, by way of non-limiting example, chemical processes, enzymatic processes, fractional crystallization, distillation, and chromatography.
  • the methods and formulations described herein include the use of N-oxides (if appropriate), crystalline forms (also known as polymorphs), solvates, amorphous phases, and/or pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds having the structure of any compound(s) described herein, as well as metabolites and active metabolites of these compounds having the same type of activity.
  • Solvates include water, ether (e.g., tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether) or alcohol (e.g., ethanol) solvates, acetates and the like.
  • the compounds described herein exist in solvated forms with pharmaceutically acceptable solvents such as water, and ethanol. In other embodiments, the compounds described herein exist in unsolvated form.
  • the compound(s) described herein can exist as tautomers. All tautomers are included within the scope of the compounds presented herein.
  • compounds described herein are prepared as prodrugs.
  • a "prodrug” refers to an agent that is converted into the parent drug in vivo.
  • a prodrug upon in vivo administration, a prodrug is chemically converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically, or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • a prodrug is enzymatically metabolized by one or more steps or processes to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound.
  • sites on, for example, the aromatic ring portion of compound(s) described herein are susceptible to various metabolic reactions.
  • Incorporation of appropriate substituents on the aromatic ring structures may reduce, minimize, or eliminate this metabolic pathway.
  • the appropriate substituent to decrease or eliminate the susceptibility of the aromatic ring to metabolic reactions is, by way of example only, a deuterium, a halogen, or an alkyl group.
  • Compounds described herein also include isotopically-labeled compounds wherein one or more atoms is replaced by an atom having the same atomic number, but an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature.
  • isotopes suitable for inclusion in the compounds described herein include and are not limited to 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 36 Cl, 18 F, 123 I, 125 I, 13 N, 15 N, 15 O, 17 O, 18 O, 32 P, and 35 S.
  • isotopically-labeled compounds are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium affords greater metabolic stability (for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements).
  • substitution with positron emitting isotopes is useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.
  • Isotopically-labeled compounds are prepared by any suitable method or by processes using an appropriate isotopically-labeled reagent in place of the non-labeled reagent otherwise employed.
  • the compounds described herein are labeled by other means, including, but not limited to, the use of chromophores or fluorescent moieties, bioluminescent labels, or chemiluminescent labels.
  • Protecting groups are used to block some or all of the reactive moieties and prevent such groups from participating in chemical reactions until the protective group is removed.
  • each protective group is removable by a different means.
  • Protective groups that are cleaved under totally disparate reaction conditions fulfill the requirement of differential removal.
  • protective groups are removed by acid, base, reducing conditions (such as, for example, hydrogenolysis), and/or oxidative conditions.
  • Groups such as trityl, dimethoxytrityl, acetal and t-butyldimethylsilyl are acid labile and are used to protect carboxy and hydroxy reactive moieties in the presence of amino groups protected with Cbz groups, which are removable by hydrogenolysis, and Fmoc groups, which are base labile.
  • Carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with base labile groups such as, but not limited to, methyl, ethyl, and acetyl, in the presence of amines that are blocked with acid labile groups, such as t-butyl carbamate, or with carbamates that are both acid and base stable but hydrolytically removable.
  • carboxylic acid and hydroxy reactive moieties are blocked with hydrolytically removable protective groups such as the benzyl group, while amine groups capable of hydrogen bonding with acids are blocked with base labile groups such as Fmoc.
  • Carboxylic acid reactive moieties are protected by conversion to simple ester compounds as exemplified herein, which include conversion to alkyl esters, or are blocked with oxidatively-removable protective groups such as 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, while co- existing amino groups are blocked with fluoride labile silyl carbamates. Allyl blocking groups are useful in the presence of acid- and base- protecting groups since the former are stable and are subsequently removed by metal or pi-acid catalysts.
  • an allyl-blocked carboxylic acid is deprotected with a palladium-catalyzed reaction in the presence of acid labile t-butyl carbamate or base-labile acetate amine protecting groups.
  • Another form of protecting group is a resin to which a compound or intermediate is attached. As long as the residue is attached to the resin, that functional group is blocked and does not react. Once released from the resin, the functional group is available to react.
  • blocking/protecting groups may be selected from allyl, benzyl (Bn), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc), methyl, ethyl, t-butyl, t- butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS), 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxycarbonyl (Teoc), t-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), para-methoxybenzyl (PMB), triphenylmethyl (trityl), acetyl, and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (FMOC).
  • Bn benzyl
  • Cbz benzyloxycarbonyl
  • Alloc allyloxycarbonyl
  • the present disclosure provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to brain endothelium and/or retina endothelium of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent across a blood-brain or blood-retinal barrier of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a cell of a subject in need thereof, wherein the cell expresses a solute carrier organic anion transporter family protein, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, wherein the compound is transported into the cell via the protein from the solute carrier organic anion transporter family.
  • the protein from the solute carrier organic anion transporter family is at least one of SLCO1A2, SLCO1A4, and SLCO2B1.
  • the cell is a brain cell, retinal eye, salivary gland cell, liver cell, breast cell, or leukocyte.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating a brain disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • the brain disease is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, depression, epilepsy, a brain bacterial infection, a brain viral infection, a brain fungal infection, a neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury, a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord disease, oligodendrocyte tumor, and spinal cord injury.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure, optionally wherein one or more cells of the cancer express a solute carrier organic anion transporter family.
  • the protein of the solute carrier organic anion transporter family is at least one of SLCO1A2, SLCO1A4, and SLCO2B1.
  • the cancer is glioma, glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, urothelial cancer, prostate cancer, testis cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, or melanoma.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating an ocular disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • the ocular disease is a retinal disease selected from the group consisting of macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
  • the compound of the present disclosure and/or the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure is/are administered topically, intravenously, orally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, or intraperitoneally.
  • the subject is a mammal. In certain embodiments, the mammal is a human.
  • the present disclosure provides a method for identifying a fluorescent compound which selectively a brain cell, the method comprising: (a) administering one or more fluorescent compounds to the brain of a mouse; (b) visualizing localization of one or more of the fluorescent compounds by high- resolution intravital two-photon imaging; and (c) identifying one or more compounds with cell-specific localization in the brain
  • the brain cell is at least one selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, neuronal soma, and axons.
  • administration of the compounds of the present disclosure results in selective delivery to different regions of the brain of a human.
  • Regions of the human brain include, but are not limited to, the cerebrum, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum, diencephalon, corpus callosum, hypothalamus, Broca’s area, occipital lobe, cerebral cortex, frontal lobe, basal ganglia, brainstem, amygdala, pons, thalamus, cerebral hemisphere, limbic system, medulla, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and insular cortex.
  • Administration/Dosage/Formulations the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of the present disclosure and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical composition further comprises at least one additional therapeutically effective agent.
  • the regimen of administration may affect what constitutes an effective amount.
  • the therapeutic formulations may be administered to the subject either prior to or after the onset of the disease or disorder. Further, several divided dosages, as well as staggered dosages may be administered daily or sequentially, or the dose may be continuously infused, or may be a bolus injection. Further, the dosages of the therapeutic formulations may be proportionally increased or decreased as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic or prophylactic situation.
  • Administration of the compositions described herein to a patient, preferably a mammal, more preferably a human may be carried out using known procedures, at dosages and for periods of time effective to treat the disease or disorder in the patient.
  • an effective amount of the therapeutic compound necessary to achieve a therapeutic effect may vary according to factors such as the state of the disease or disorder in the patient; the age, sex, and weight of the patient; and the ability of the therapeutic compound to treat the disease or disorder in the patient. Dosage regimens may be adjusted to provide the optimum therapeutic response. For example, several divided doses may be administered daily or the dose may be proportionally reduced as indicated by the exigencies of the therapeutic situation.
  • a non- limiting example of an effective dose range for a therapeutic compound described herein is from about 1 and 5,000 mg/kg of body weight/per day.
  • One of ordinary skill in the art would be able to study the relevant factors and make the determination regarding the effective amount of the therapeutic compound without undue experimentation.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient that is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level depends upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound employed, the time of administration, the rate of excretion of the compound, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds or materials used in combination with the compound, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well, known in the medical arts.
  • a medical doctor e.g., physician or veterinarian, having ordinary skill in the art may readily determine and prescribe the effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition required.
  • Dosage unit form refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the patients to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of therapeutic compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical vehicle.
  • compositions described herein are formulated using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients or carriers.
  • pharmaceutical compositions described herein comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a compound described herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the carrier may be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetable oils.
  • the proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be achieved by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, ascorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars, sodium chloride, or polyalcohols such as mannitol and sorbitol, in the composition.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions may be brought about by including in the composition an agent which delays absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate or gelatin.
  • the compositions described herein are administered to the patient in dosages that range from one to five times per day or more.
  • the compositions described herein are administered to the patient in range of dosages that include, but are not limited to, once every day, every two, days, every three days to once a week, and once every two weeks. It is readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the frequency of administration of the various combination compositions described herein varies from individual to individual depending on many factors including, but not limited to, age, disease or disorder to be treated, gender, overall health, and other factors.
  • the compound(s) described herein for administration may be in the range of from about 1 ⁇ g to about 10,000 mg, about 20 ⁇ g to about 9,500 mg, about 40 ⁇ g to about 9,000 mg, about 75 ⁇ g to about 8,500 mg, about 150 ⁇ g to about 7,500 mg, about 200 ⁇ g to about 7,000 mg, about 350 ⁇ g to about 6,000 mg, about 500 ⁇ g to about 5,000 mg, about 750 ⁇ g to about 4,000 mg, about 1 mg to about 3,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 2,500 mg, about 20 mg to about 2,000 mg, about 25 mg to about 1,500 mg, about 30 mg to about 1000 mg, about 40 mg to about 900 mg, about 50 mg to about 800 mg, about 60 mg to about 750 mg, about 70 mg to about 600 mg, about 80 mg to about 500
  • the dose of a compound described herein is from about 1 mg and about 2,500 mg. In some embodiments, a dose of a compound described herein used in compositions described herein is less than about 10,000 mg, or less than about 8,000 mg, or less than about 6,000 mg, or less than about 5,000 mg, or less than about 3,000 mg, or less than about 2,000 mg, or less than about 1000 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 50 mg.
  • a dose of a second compound as described herein is less than about 1000 mg, or less than about 800 mg, or less than about 600 mg, or less than about 500 mg, or less than about 400 mg, or less than about 300 mg, or less than about 200 mg, or less than about 100 mg, or less than about 50 mg, or less than about 40 mg, or less than about 30 mg, or less than about 25 mg, or less than about 20 mg, or less than about 15 mg, or less than about 10 mg, or less than about 5 mg, or less than about 2 mg, or less than about 1 mg, or less than about 0.5 mg, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof.
  • a composition as described herein is a packaged pharmaceutical composition
  • Formulations may be employed in admixtures with conventional excipients, i.e., pharmaceutically acceptable organic or inorganic carrier substances suitable for oral, parenteral, nasal, intravenous, subcutaneous, enteral, or any other suitable mode of administration, known to the art.
  • the pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and if desired mixed with auxiliary agents, e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like. They may also be combined where desired with other active agents, e.g., other analgesic agents.
  • auxiliary agents e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like.
  • auxiliary agents e.g., lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers, wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for influencing osmotic pressure buffers, coloring, flavoring and/or aromatic substances and the like.
  • other active agents e.g., other analgesic agents.
  • the compounds for use in the compositions described herein can be formulated for administration by any suitable route, such as for oral or parenteral, for example, transdermal, transmucosal (e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral, vaginal (e.g., trans- and perivaginally), (intra)nasal and (trans)rectal), intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical, intrathecal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intradermal, intra-arterial, intravenous, intrabronchial, inhalation, and topical administration.
  • transdermal e.g., sublingual, lingual, (trans)buccal, (trans)urethral
  • vaginal e.g., trans- and perivaginally
  • intravesical, intrapulmonary, intraduodenal, intragastrical intrathecal
  • compositions and dosage forms include, for example, tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, gel caps, troches, dispersions, suspensions, solutions, syrups, granules, beads, transdermal patches, gels, powders, pellets, magmas, lozenges, creams, pastes, plasters, lotions, discs, suppositories, liquid sprays for nasal or oral administration, dry powder or aerosolized formulations for inhalation, compositions and formulations for intravesical administration and the like. It should be understood that the formulations and compositions described herein are not limited to the particular formulations and compositions that are described herein.
  • compositions intended for oral use may be prepared according to any method known in the art and such compositions may contain one or more agents selected from the group consisting of inert, non-toxic pharmaceutically excipients that are suitable for the manufacture of tablets.
  • excipients include, for example an inert diluent such as lactose; granulating and disintegrating agents such as cornstarch; binding agents such as starch; and lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate.
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques for elegance or to delay the release of the active ingredients.
  • Formulations for oral use may also be presented as hard gelatin capsules wherein the active ingredient is mixed with an inert diluent.
  • the compound(s) described herein can be in the form of tablets or capsules prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as binding agents (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose); fillers (e.g., cornstarch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate); lubricants (e.g., magnesium stearate, talc, or silica); disintegrates (e.g., sodium starch glycollate); or wetting agents (e.g., sodium lauryl sulphate).
  • binding agents e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone, hydroxypropylcellulose or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
  • fillers e.g., cornstarch, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose or calcium phosphate
  • the tablets may be coated using suitable methods and coating materials such as OPADRYTM film coating systems available from Colorcon, West Point, Pa. (e.g., OPADRYTM OY Type, OYC Type, Organic Enteric OY-P Type, Aqueous Enteric OY-A Type, OY-PM Type and OPADRYTM White, 32K18400).
  • OPADRYTM film coating systems available from Colorcon, West Point, Pa. (e.g., OPADRYTM OY Type, OYC Type, Organic Enteric OY-P Type, Aqueous Enteric OY-A Type, OY-PM Type and OPADRYTM White, 32K18400).
  • Liquid preparation for oral administration may be in the form of solutions, syrups or suspensions.
  • the liquid preparations may be prepared by conventional means with pharmaceutically acceptable additives such as suspending agents (e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats); emulsifying agent (e.g., lecithin or acacia); non-aqueous vehicles (e.g., almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol); and preservatives (e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxy benzoates or sorbic acid).
  • suspending agents e.g., sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose or hydrogenated edible fats
  • emulsifying agent e.g., lecithin or acacia
  • non-aqueous vehicles e.g., almond oil, oily esters or ethyl alcohol
  • preservatives e.g., methyl or propyl p-hydroxy benzoates or sorbic acid.
  • parenteral Administration the compounds as described herein may be formulated for injection or in
  • Suspensions, solutions or emulsions in an oily or aqueous vehicle, optionally containing other formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents may be used.
  • Sterile injectable forms of the compositions described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • Sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.
  • any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv or similar alcohol.
  • Additional Administration Forms Additional dosage forms suitable for use with the compound(s) and compositions described herein include dosage forms as described in U.S.
  • Controlled Release Formulations and Drug Delivery Systems can be, but are not limited to, short-term, rapid-offset, as well as controlled, for example, sustained release, restricted release, delayed release and pulsatile release formulations.
  • restricted release as used herein in the context of pharmaceutical compositions and/or formulations, may refer to surgically placed diffusion restricted biomaterials which restrict release of a compound contained in the composition and/or formulation to a specific target area of the body, as described in literature, including PubMed ID Nos.33982891, 32613185, and 35805978.
  • restricted release adhesive gels may be utilized to wounds to prevent excessive bone formation where muscle tissue is intended to be preserved.
  • sustained release is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for gradual release of a drug over an extended period of time, and that may, although not necessarily, result in substantially constant blood levels of a drug over an extended time period.
  • the period of time may be as long as a month or more and should be a release which is longer that the same amount of agent administered in bolus form.
  • the compounds may be formulated with a suitable polymer or hydrophobic material which provides sustained release properties to the compounds.
  • the compounds for use with the method(s) described herein may be administered in the form of microparticles, for example, by injection or in the form of wafers or discs by implantation.
  • the dosage forms to be used can be provided as slow or controlled- release of one or more active ingredients therein using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions.
  • Suitable controlled-release formulations known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including those described herein can be readily selected for use with the pharmaceutical compositions described herein.
  • single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled-release are encompassed by the compositions and dosage forms described herein.
  • controlled-release pharmaceutical products have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled counterparts.
  • the use of an optimally designed controlled-release preparation in medical treatment is characterized by a minimum of drug substance being employed to cure or control the condition in a minimum amount of time.
  • Advantages of controlled-release formulations include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance.
  • controlled-release formulations can be used to affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood level of the drug, and thus can affect the occurrence of side effects.
  • Most controlled-release formulations are designed to initially release an amount of drug that promptly produces the desired therapeutic effect, and gradually and continually release of other amounts of drug to maintain this level of therapeutic effect over an extended period of time.
  • Controlled-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various inducers, for example pH, temperature, enzymes, water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.
  • the term "controlled-release component" is defined herein as a compound or compounds, including, but not limited to, polymers, polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, liposomes, or microspheres or a combination thereof that facilitates the controlled-release of the active ingredient.
  • the compound(s) described herein are administered to a patient, alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent, using a sustained release formulation.
  • the compound(s) described herein are administered to a patient, alone or in combination with another pharmaceutical agent, using a sustained release formulation.
  • delayed release is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for an initial release of the drug after some delay following drug administration and that mat, although not necessarily, includes a delay of from about 10 minutes up to about 12 hours.
  • pulsatile release is used herein in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides release of the drug in such a way as to produce pulsed plasma profiles of the drug after drug administration.
  • immediate release is used in its conventional sense to refer to a drug formulation that provides for release of the drug immediately after drug administration.
  • short-term refers to any period of time up to and including about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes, or about 10 minutes and any or all whole or partial increments thereof after drug administration after drug administration.
  • rapid-offset refers to any period of time up to and including about 8 hours, about 7 hours, about 6 hours, about 5 hours, about 4 hours, about 3 hours, about 2 hours, about 1 hour, about 40 minutes, about 20 minutes, or about 10 minutes, and any and all whole or partial increments thereof after drug administration.
  • the therapeutically effective amount or dose of a compound described herein depends on the age, sex and weight of the patient, the current medical condition of the patient and the progression of the disease or disorder in the patient being treated. The skilled artisan is able to determine appropriate dosages depending on these and other factors. The skilled artisan is similarly able to determine appropriate dosages for compounds of the disclosure, based on the half-life and daily maximum exposure achievable with the compounds of the disclosure.
  • a suitable dose of a compound described herein can be in the range of from about 0.01 mg to about 5,000 mg per day, such as from about 0.1 mg to about 1000 mg, for example, from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, such as about 5 mg to about 250 mg per day.
  • the dose may be administered in a single dosage or in multiple dosages, for example from 1 to 4 or more times per day.
  • the amount of each dosage may be the same or different.
  • a dose of 1 mg per day may be administered as two 0.5 mg doses, with about a 12-hour interval between doses.
  • the amount of compound dosed per day may be administered, in non-limiting examples, every day, every other day, every 2 days, every 3 days, every 4 days, or every 5 days.
  • a 5 mg per day dose may be initiated on Monday with a first subsequent 5 mg per day dose administered on Wednesday, a second subsequent 5 mg per day dose administered on Friday, and so on.
  • the administration of the compound(s) described herein is optionally given continuously; alternatively, the dose of drug being administered is temporarily reduced or temporarily suspended for a certain length of time (i.e., a "drug holiday").
  • the length of the drug holiday optionally varies between 2 days and 1 year, including by way of example only, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 12 days, 15 days, 20 days, 28 days, 35 days, 50 days, 70 days, 100 days, 120 days, 150 days, 180 days, 200 days, 250 days, 280 days, 300 days, 320 days, 350 days, or 365 days.
  • the dose reduction during a drug holiday includes from 10%-100%, including, by way of example only, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
  • a maintenance dose is administered if necessary.
  • the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both is reduced to a level at which the improved disease is retained.
  • patients require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms and/or infection.
  • the compounds described herein can be formulated in unit dosage form.
  • unit dosage form refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosage for patients undergoing treatment, with each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, optionally in association with a suitable pharmaceutical carrier.
  • the unit dosage form may be for a single daily dose or one of multiple daily doses (e.g., about 1 to 4 or more times per day). When multiple daily doses are used, the unit dosage form may be the same or different for each dose. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such therapeutic regimens are optionally determined in cell cultures or experimental animals, including, but not limited to, the determination of the LD 50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED 50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population).
  • the dose ratio between the toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index, which is expressed as the ratio between LD 50 and ED50.
  • the data obtained from cell culture assays and animal studies are optionally used in formulating a range of dosage for use in human.
  • the dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with minimal toxicity.
  • the dosage optionally varies within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized.
  • reaction conditions including but not limited to reaction times, reaction size/volume, and experimental reagents, such as solvents, catalysts, pressures, atmospheric conditions, e.g., nitrogen atmosphere, and reducing/oxidizing agents, with art- recognized alternatives and using no more than routine experimentation, are within the scope of the present application.
  • experimental reagents such as solvents, catalysts, pressures, atmospheric conditions, e.g., nitrogen atmosphere, and reducing/oxidizing agents
  • the synthesized cDNA will be inserted into a mammalian vector (pcDNA3.1) with FLAG tag fusion and GFP co- expression for mammalian cell overexpression and in utero electroporation.
  • AAV2 viral vectors expressing certain transporters and co-expressing GFP will be used in selected in vivo experiments when desired cells cannot be in utero electroporated.
  • CRISPR/Cas9 knock out of candidate transporter genes Standard techniques will be utilized to design and produce single guide RNAs using the online IDT tool (integrated DNA technologies).
  • sgRNAs targeting different exons will be designed for each target gene and cloned into pX458 vector (Addgene #48138) for plasmid in utero electroporation and AAV-sgRNA-Cre vector (Addgene #60229) for viral infection.
  • pX458 vector plasmid in utero electroporation
  • AAV-sgRNA-Cre vector Adgene #60229
  • HEK293 cells are cultured and seeded at ⁇ 60% confluency in 24-well plates and are transiently transfected with 250 ng of a candidate transporter and 1 ⁇ L transfection reagent (JetPRIME). After 2 days, cells are washed and novel fluorescent probes at different concentrations are added to the transport medium and incubated at 37 °C for at least 30 minutes. To terminate the transport, cells are washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde. The colocalization of probe uptake and cells expressing the transporters is investigated by immunostaining the transporter which has a fused FLAG tag, using anti- FLAG 488.
  • IUE In utero plasmid electroporation
  • the uterine horns are exposed, and the lateral ventricle of each embryo is pressure injected (Picospritzer II, General Valve) with plasmid DNA ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ l volume per embryo) at a concentration of 1 ⁇ g/ml followed by electroporation with tweezertrodes (50 V, 4–50 ms pulses with 1 s pulse interval, BTX Harvard Apparatus).
  • the embryos are placed back in the mother womb, and the muscle and skin are sutured. Electroporated pups are aged to postnatal day 30. Imaging is performed through a craniotomy over the transfected hemisphere following dye labeling.
  • Adeno-associated virus (AAV) production and injection AAV viruses are routinely produced following procedures described previously using a two-plasmid helper free system. Briefly, transfer plasmid with the target gene and helper plasmid are co-transfected into HEK293 cells using JetPRIME reagents. Cells are collected 4-5 days after transfection. Viruses are extracted from the cell lysate and purified by iodixanol gradient ultracentrifugation and tittered by transfection assay.
  • AAV vectors with a titer ⁇ 10E7 are delivered via injection into the subarachnoid space as previously described in the literature, resulting in widespread labeling of cortical layer II/III and V neurons or superficial astrocytes.
  • the Adeno-associated virus (AAV) for expression of SLCO1A2 was custom-made (VectorBuilders). Briefly, The AAV8 virus carrying the pAAV- CAG>hSLCO1A2:P2A:EGFP construct was produced by cloning the hSLCO1A2 gene variant downstream of the CAG promoter in the pAAV8 expression vector.
  • a P2A sequence was inserted to link the hSLCO1A2 gene with the EGFP coding sequence.
  • the constructed vector was transfected into HEK293 cells, and the virus produced was harvested and ultra- purified for a final titer >10 13 GC/mL.
  • AAV virus were injected into the mouse subarachnoid space using a previously described method. Briefly, mice were anesthetized with ketamine- xylazine. A skull window, approximately 1 mm in diameter, was created using a high-speed drill at coordinates 6 mm anteroposterior and 3 mm mediolateral from bregma.
  • AAV sterile phosphate-buffered saline
  • PBS sterile phosphate-buffered saline
  • the AAV solutions were loaded into a Tygon tube, connected to a polypropylene tip with an outer diameter of 70 ⁇ m, which was further attached to a programmable syringe pump with a Hamilton syringe. The tip was gently inserted into the subarachnoid space and secured with cyanoacrylate glue.
  • mice were imaged to assess stable fluorescent expression.
  • two photon imaging of fluorophore uptake Briefly, animals are anaesthetized via intraperitoneal injections of ketamine/xylazine or via inhaled isoflurane. A region of the skull (3 x 3 mm) is gently removed with a high- speed drill and the underlying dura is removed.
  • a small glass coverslip is placed over the skull to allow long term optical access for in vivo imaging. Labeling with fluorescent dyes is performed either via intravenous injections or topically application to the cortical surface for 20 min prior to glass cover placement. After recovery, in vivo images are acquired using a two-photon microscope (Bruker Technologies) equipped with a multimodal (fixed wavelength 1040 nm and tunable wavelength) InSight X3 two-photon laser (Spectra Physics) and 20x water immersion objective (Zeiss 1.0N.A.). The two-photon laser is appropriately tuned to excite particular fluorescent dyes and proteins as needed.
  • mice will be sacrificed and perfused for follow up immunohistochemistry and high-resolution confocal imaging (Leica SP8) to further confirm colocalization of dyes and cells expressing particular transporters.
  • Leica SP8 high-resolution confocal imaging
  • One-month-old wild-type mice were anesthetized using a ketamine/xylazine solution at doses of 100 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. The fur around the skull area was shaved, and buprenex (0.1 mg per kg) and carprofen (5 mg per kg) were administered subcutaneously. Mice were kept on a heating pad at 37 °C and anesthesia was periodically monitored.
  • the skin was treated with povidone-iodine solution, followed by cleaning with ethanol, and eye ointment was applied.
  • a small skin section was excised to expose the skull. Thinning of the skull was performed in a circular area, followed by delicately lifting of the remaining skull without harm to the underlying brain. Within the circular region, the dura was gently removed using fine forceps, and a 4 mm cover glass was softly pressed onto the brain surface and affixed to the skull. Fluorescent dyes were applied either through intravenous injections or topically to the cortical surface for 20 minutes before placing the glass cover.
  • a customized head bar was attached either by adhesive (for acute imaging) or permanently implanted (using dental cement, for chronic imaging) onto the skull.
  • mice were imaged under a two-photon microscope (Prairie Technologies) with a mode- locked MaiTai tunable laser (Spectra Physics). Imaging was performed with a 20x water immersion objective (Zeiss, 1.0NA). Images were captured at depths up to 300 ⁇ m from the pial surface using excitation wavelengths ranging from 750 to 950 nm as previously described. Mice undergoing chronic imaging received a recovery period on a heating pad post-surgery, and buprenex (0.1 mg per kg) and carprofen (5 mg per kg) were administered for 3 days.
  • mice The following transgenic mice currently maintained in an animal facility: Tie2GFP (endothelial labeling), Aldh1l1-Cre (Astrocyte labeling), PDGFR ⁇ Cre and NG2Cre (pericytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells).
  • RCE:loxp (floxed GFP reporter) (JAX#32037) will be crossed with Cre lines.
  • Cre floxed GFP reporter
  • mice 1 to 3 months of aged were used for certain experiments.
  • the following mouse lines were used: wild-type C57BL/6, TIE2-GFP (JAX #003658) and Oatp1a/1b Cluster knockout mice (Taconic Biosciences #10707).
  • Chemical synthesis All chemical reactions were carried out under normal conditions without exclusion of air or moisture, unless otherwise stated. All commercially available reagents and solvents were obtained from common suppliers [Ambeed, TCI Chemicals, Thermo Scientific Chemicals, Acros organics, MilliporeSigma, Nanocs, BroadPharm] and used without further purification unless otherwise reported.
  • the reactants (10 mM) and catalysts (10 ⁇ M) were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, 0.5 mL) in 1-dram clear glass vials and vortexed for 1 minute.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • the reactions (5 vials per round) were heated under microwave irradiation (800 W) for 3 minutes, resulting in a yield of 20-95%.
  • microwave irradiation 800 W
  • most of the volatile substances evaporated, leaving DMSO as the common solvent.
  • chemical batches for in vivo screening were prepared by mixing 10 compounds together in equal proportions. Each batch was diluted in PBS (1:15 v/v), vortexed for 2 minutes, centrifuged, and the supernatant was collected for in-vivo screening.
  • BEH ethylene bridged hybrid
  • Boc tert-butoxycarbonyl
  • ESI electrospray ionization
  • HRMS high-resolution mass spectrometry
  • LCMS liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
  • MS mass spectrometry
  • NaOH sodium hydroxide
  • NHS N-hydroxysuccinimide
  • NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
  • PC photocleavable
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • SQD2 single quadrupole detector 2
  • TEA triethylamine
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • TLC thin layer chromatography
  • UPLC ultra-high- performance liquid chromatography
  • UV ultraviolet.
  • TLC Thin Layer Chromatography
  • TLC Column Chromatography Analytical thin-layer chromatography
  • NMR spectra were processed with MestReNova software (v. 10.0.2) using the baseline and phasing correction features. Multiplicities and coupling constants were calculated using the multiplet analysis feature with automated and/or manual intervention as necessary.1H NMR spectra were obtained on Agilent 400 MHz, 500 MHz, or 600 MHz spectrometers. Proton chemical shifts ( ⁇ ) are reported in ppm and referenced to residual solvent peaks for CDCl3 ( ⁇ 7.26 ppm) and CD3OD ( ⁇ 4.87 ppm).
  • Proton data are reported as chemical shift, multiplicity (noted as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), pentet (p), heptet (hept), multiplet (m), broad singlet (bs), doublet of doublets (dd), doublet of doublet of doublets (ddd), doublet of doublet of triplets (ddt), doublet of triplets (dt), doublet of triplet of triplets (dtt), etc.) coupling constants [Hz], and integration.13C NMR spectra were obtained on Agilent 400(101) MHz, 500 (126) MHz, or 600 (150) MHz spectrometers with full proton decoupling.
  • Combinatorial fluorophore batch screening Batches of 10 compounds were applied through the craniotomy to the cortical surface before placing a cover glass window. No additional washings were performed, and the cover glass was placed, allowing up to 3 hours of imaging of the cortical surface with a two-photon microscope. Following imaging, the data were analyzed to identify potential patterns of cell- specific labeling. The majority of batches did not exhibit specific cell patterns but showed diffuse cellular or interstitial space labeling. Batches demonstrating any specific cellular labeling patterns were selected for further refinement. Positive batches underwent three additional rounds of imaging, with each batch being sequentially split, until a single compound displaying cell-type-specific labeling was identified.
  • the cells were washed, and novel fluorescent probes were introduced into the transport medium at various concentrations.
  • the cells were then incubated at 37 °C for a minimum of 30 minutes to allow for uptake.
  • the cells were washed with PBS and fixed using 4% paraformaldehyde. Immunostaining of the transporter, which was fused with a FLAG tag, was performed using an anti-FLAG 488 antibody.
  • the cell nuclei were labeled with Hoechst 33342. Finally, the cells were mounted and imaged using a Leica SP8 confocal microscope.
  • eEDiTS were injected through the tail vein (0.1 mM, 70 ⁇ L) in Tie2-GFP endothelial reporter mice. After, 2.5hrs, mice were perfused, and various organs (spleen, heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney) were extracted for sectioning and confocal imaging. Special attention was placed to the uptake of eEDiTS by endothelial cells as well as the parenchyma of each organ and analyzed semi-quantitatively. Assessment of pharmacological effects in vitro NIH3T3 were utilized to evaluate the pharmacological activity of the Colchicine- eEDiTS conjugate given their natural property of allowing uptake of eEDiTS.
  • Colchicine-eEDiTS, eEDiTS or Colchicine were assessed for toxicity using both systemic intraperitoneal administration and intradermal injection at varying concentrations.
  • mouse weight was monitored daily, focusing on P20 mice in their active growth stage.
  • the mouse fur was shaved to stimulate follicular stem cell division and subsequent hair regrowth.
  • Compounds were injected intradermally on the right lower back quadrant and the left quadrant was used as a control. Hair regrowth was monitored for 12 days with serial photography followed by quantification using NIH Image J Plot Profile Plug-In, yielding pixel intensity profiles.
  • tissue sections were treated with a solution of 1x PBS containing 5% normal donkey serum and 0.1% Triton X- 100 at room temperature. Both primary and secondary antibodies were diluted in a solution of 1x PBS containing 5% normal donkey serum and 0.1% Triton X-100. The tissue sections were incubated with the primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C, followed by incubation with the secondary antibodies for 2 hours at room temperature.
  • a Leica SP8 confocal microscope was used for high-resolution confocal microscopy imaging. The applicable laser excitation wavelengths and acousto-optical beam splitter settings were employed for optimal fluorophore excitation, emission separation, and detection.
  • Example 1 Chemical Synthesis Compound 1a.4-Formylbenzene-1,3-disulfonic acid disodium salt hydrate (50 mg, 0.16 mmol) and 8-hydroxyjulolidine (30 mg, 0.16 mmol) were added to methanesulfonic acid (250 ⁇ L) in a 20-mL scintillation vial. The mixture was stirred at 160 °C for 20 min using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the mixture was stirred at 160 °C for 18 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 5:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a reddish powder (44 mg, 50%).
  • reaction content was again stirred at 160 °C for 20 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 5:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a red powder (18 mg, 21%).
  • reaction content was again stirred at 160 °C for 20 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 5:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a brown powder (19 mg, 20%).
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and combined with 3-bromophenol (28 mg, 0.16 mmol) in a 20-mL scintillation vial.
  • the reaction content was again stirred at 160 °C for 20 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 5:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a red powder (20 mg, 22%).
  • the reaction content was again stirred at 160 °C for 20 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 5:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a red powder (18 mg, 20%).
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and combined with 3-bromophenol (28 mg, 0.16 mmol) and methanesulfonic acid (250 ⁇ L)in a 20-mL scintillation vial.
  • the reaction content was again stirred at 160 °C for 20 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 5:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a brown powder (18 mg, 20%).
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 10:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a reddish powder (60 mg, 94%).
  • the reddish powder (60 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 4-bromophenol (26 mg, 0.15 mmol) were added to methanesulfonic acid (250 ⁇ L) in a 20-mL scintillation vial.
  • the mixture was stirred at 160 °C for 24 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 10:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a reddish powder (65 mg, 95%).
  • the reddish powder (64 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 3-bromophenol (26 mg, 0.15 mmol) were added to methanesulfonic acid (250 ⁇ L) in a 20- mL scintillation vial.
  • the mixture was stirred at 160 °C for 22 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and the residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase column chromatography (XBridge Prep OBD C85 ⁇ m 19 mm x 100 mm column, 5 – 100% acetonitrile/water) to give a reddish powder (40 mg, 47%).
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and residue was purified by a flash column chromatograph over silica gel with 10:1 dichloromethane/methanol as the eluent to give a reddish powder (60 mg, 94%).
  • the reddish powder (60 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 3-bromophenol (26 mg, 0.15 mmol) were added to methanesulfonic acid (250 ⁇ L) in a 20-mL scintillation vial.
  • the mixture was stirred at 160 °C for 22 h using the sealed tube and cooled it to room temperature before adding ethyl acetate (15 mL) to it.
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and the residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase column chromatography (XBridge Prep OBD C85 ⁇ m 19 mm x 100 mm column, 5 – 100% acetonitrile/water) to give a reddish powder (39 mg, 49%).
  • the precipitate formed was collected by suction filtration and the residue was purified by preparative reverse-phase column chromatography (XBridge Prep OBD C85 ⁇ m 19 mm x 100 mm column, 5 – 100% acetonitrile/water) to give a reddish powder (38 mg, 43%).
  • the compound 50 (6 mg, 0.01 mmol) was dissolved in dimethylformamide (1.0 mL) with triethylamine (28 ⁇ L, 0.2 mmol) and Paclitaxel-SMCC (11 mg, 0.01 mmol) was added to it. The mixture was stirred at 35 °C overnight (>8 hours) and monitored with TLC. Upon completion of the reaction, the content was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by automated normal phase chromatography (Biotage®, SNAP Ultra 10 g; dichloromethane/ methanol 50/50) to obtain a red powder (14 mg, 85%).
  • Compounds in Table 2A exhibit Endothelial specificity.
  • Table 2B Exemplary compounds Compounds in Table 2B exhibit Endothelial specificity.
  • Example 2 Generation of a combinatorial fluorophore library It has been hypothesized that novel small molecules (SMs) that can selectively enter certain brain cell types by screening a library of small fluorescent compounds through optical imaging in the live mouse brain. To achieve this goal, a chemical library of ⁇ 1200 fluorescent SMs were generated through a combinatorial chemistry approach.
  • SMs novel small molecules
  • Example 3 Library screening through optical imaging in the live mouse brain It was reasoned that the best strategy to identify fluorophores with specific affinity to certain cell types and transport mechanisms would be by direct screening in the intact in vivo brain microenvironment.
  • a straightforward screening method was designed by direct topical brain administration through a cranial window preparation. This strategy allowed the use of much smaller amounts of compounds than would have otherwise been required with intravenous administration. Furthermore, it eliminated issues of variable blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, which would have severely limited the effectiveness of the screen.
  • BBB variable blood brain barrier
  • a pooling strategy was devised whereby ten unpurified compounds were dissolved at micromolar concentrations in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (3% v/v).
  • ACSF artificial cerebrospinal fluid
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • Animals were anaesthetized via intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg kg ⁇ 1 ketamine and 10 mg kg ⁇ 1 xylazine or via inhaled isoflurane.
  • a region of the skull (3 ⁇ 3 mm) was gently removed with a high-speed drill and the underlying dura was removed.
  • a small size 0 glass coverslip was placed over the skull to allow long term optical access for in vivo imaging.
  • the cranial window preparation was placed first and followed by retroorbital sinus IV injection of 50 microliters of compound 1 at 20 mg/ml concertation.
  • FIGs.1A-1B blue arrows point to the interstitial space where there is a marked increase in fluorescence comparing 10 min (FIG.1A) and 130 min (FIG.1B) post injection images. Below each image there is a fluorescence intensity plot along a line profile (blue line) across capillary vessels and adjacent interstitial space. These data show a marked increase in the interstitial space fluorescence. As evidenced by FIGs.1A-1B, the compounds according to the invention readily cross the blood brain barrier despite their hydrophilic nature.
  • FIGs.2A-2B depicts in vivo two photon imaging at 10 min (FIG.2A), and 130 min (FIG.2B).
  • FIG.2A points to the compound of the invention within the brain capillary lumen at 10 minutes IV post injection.
  • FIG.2B At 130 mins (FIG.2B), there is a marked uptake of the compound into the capillary endothelial wall (blue arrow). A brightly labeled endothelial cell body is also seen (blue arrowhead). During this interval there is also a relative decline in the intravascular fluorescence as evidenced by the loss of the intermittent bright and dark stripes seen in FIG.2A (white arrow).
  • the exemplary compounds rapidly transfer from the capillary lumen to the endothelial wall.
  • vesicular transport This may include transcytosis mechanisms that are well known to occur at the endothelium of the brain. These vesicles could be critical for releasing the cargo into the brain interstitial space. As evidenced by FIG.5, the compound may be transported via vesicular transcytosis. However, other alternatives for transport may be possible, such as through solute carriers and membrane transporters that do not involve vesicular transport.
  • Example 5 Selectivity and Specificity of Exemplary Compounds with Topical Administration For all mouse experiments, cranial windows were used.
  • Animals were anaesthetized via intraperitoneal injections of 100 mg kg ⁇ 1 ketamine and 10 mg kg ⁇ 1 xylazine or via inhaled isoflurane.
  • a region of the skull (3 ⁇ 3 mm) was gently removed with a high-speed drill and the underlying dura was removed.
  • a small size 0 glass coverslip was placed over the skull to allow long term optical access for in vivo imaging.
  • the various compounds of the invention were applied to the cortex prior to glass coverslip placement with a micropipette at compound concentrations of 10 mg/ml and left for 15 minutes followed by washing with PBS x 3 for 5 minutes each washing.
  • FIG.4 depicts the results of a direct topical application of compound 1 to the brain surface through a craniotomy in a live mouse.
  • Highly specific labeling of endothelial cells within capillaries occurs 20 minutes after application of the compound.
  • endothelial cells are labeled proving remarkable specificity of the compound.
  • topical application also leads to strong labeling at the cell body but also at endothelial processes covering the totality of the microvascular extension.
  • Example 6 Mechanisms of intracellular uptake specificity Proof-of-concept efforts to identify the transport mechanisms were focused on a specific core hit that demonstrated extraordinarly endothelial uptake selectivity (Endo-Red). It was found that Endo-Red was able to enter the cytoplasm of endothelial cells within tens of minutes following topical brain application and did not label any other cell type despite the use of high compound concentrations. Endo-Red was able to enter all endothelial cells, including in arterioles, capillaries, and venules within the brain parenchyma.
  • Endo Red was completely excluded from endothelial cells of immediately adjacent vessels outside of the brain in the pial surface, suggesting a very specific pattern of transporter expression in endothelium of the blood brain barrier.
  • a similar endothelial labeling pattern was observed following intraocular injection into the eye, whereby endothelial cells in retinal blood vessels including arterioles, venules and capillaries were rapidly labeled. Potential mechanisms of cell uptake of Endo-Red were then investigated. Given its relatively high molecular weight (585 Da) and hydrophilicity, it was hypothesized that the uptake was mediated through membrane transporters rather than passive diffusion.
  • SLCO organic solute carrier
  • Example 8 Drug conjugates preserve pharmacological properties with reduced systemic toxicity Having shown preservation of cell type specificity after conjugation, it was then determined if the pharmacological properties of the bifunctional molecules can be preserved.
  • the drug Colchicine was chosen, given its relatively well-known mechanisms of action and robust effects that are easily quantified in cell-based assays. Furthermore, the chemistry of Colchicine has been extensively characterized, which facilitated the choice of functional groups for conjugation.
  • Example 9 Discovery of compounds with brain and retina endothelial specificity Following the initial screening, proof-of-concept investigations were focused on specific compounds which displayed exceptional selectivity and rapid uptake within endothelial cells in both the brain and retina (endothelial-specific compounds; eEDiTS) (FIGs.14B-14D). This selectivity was demonstrated by the distinct morphology of endothelial cell bodies and processes (FIGs.14E-14F) and the precise colocalization of labeling with endothelial cells using Tie2-GFP endothelial reporter transgenic mice (FIGs. 14E-14F). Next, experiments were conducted using eEDiTS to explore the endothelial transport mechanism.
  • Efficient uptake of eEDiTS was observed through both topical application to the abluminal side or intravascular administration to the luminal endothelium (FIGs.14E-14F). Importantly, even at very high concentrations, eEDiTS did not label other cell types in the cortex, highlighting its specificity for endothelial cells (FIG.14C). Moreover, eEDiTS selectively entered all types of endothelial cells, including those in arterioles, capillaries, and venules within the brain parenchyma (FIG.14C). Administration of eEDiTS to mouse brain slices showed robust endothelial uptake throughout the brain including cortical, subcortical and white matter regions (Table 4).
  • AAV-mediated gene therapy was performed in live mice (FIGs. 19A-19C) or in utero-electroporation (FIGs.26A-26C) to ectopically express Slco1a4 or SLCO1A2 in neurons, which do not normally express these transporters.
  • the uptake of eEDiTS or Colchicine-eEDiTS conjugate was assessed in the transfected cells using intravital two-photon imaging. A marked uptake was observed after topical cortical administration of eEDITS or Colchicine-eEDiTS specifically in transfected neuronal cell bodies and dendrites (FIGs.19B-19C and FIGs.26B-26C).
  • Example 11 Selected Results The clinical utility of otherwise powerful pharmacological agents can be severely limited due to undesired side effects in cell populations not directly involved in the disease process. Unfortunately, there are currently very few approaches to develop drugs with targeted pharmacological effects in selected cell types while sparing most other cells.
  • the present disclosure relates in part to a broad platform to generate cell-type specific pharmacological agents.
  • the discovery strategy described herein emerged from the unexpected observation that some fluorescent small molecules (SMs) had interesting properties of selective uptake into certain brain cell types in vivo. It was hypothesized that specific chemical functional groups within these SMs had affinity to membrane transporters which resulted in intracellular uptake selectivity.
  • SMs fluorescent small molecules
  • conjugation can include a cleavable linker which would allow the release of the native pharmacological compounds intracellularly.
  • the proof of principle conjugation experiments demonstrated that cargo molecules ranging from 300 to 1700 Da preserved their cellular uptake specificity and were readily taken up by the target cells. The flexibility in cargo size that has been demonstrated could allow for conjugation of a variety of molecules to cleavable linkers for selective intracellular delivery of novel or FDA approved drugs in their native form.
  • Endo-Red conjugated drugs can cross the BBB despite their relatively large size and hydrophilicity. This is consistent with the presence of the Slco1a4 transporter on both luminal and abluminal endothelial membranes.
  • the remarkable uptake specificity of the molecules for various neural cell types including endothelium, pericytes, astrocytes and neurons suggest the possibility of future therapeutic applications for diverse brain and retina pathologies.
  • an important factor that needs to be considered is that the transporter cell-type expression patterns can differ between species.
  • SLCO1A2 is highly enriched in human brain and retinal endothelium, it is also expressed in oligodendrocytes and retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE).
  • Endothelial pathology is a signature of many retina and brain disorders.
  • age-related macular degeneration AMD is associated with extensive retinal neovascularization and vascular hyperpermeability as well as RPE degeneration.
  • Endo-red conjugates with drugs targeting a variety of intracellular signaling pathways including receptor tyrosine kinases involved in VEGF or inflammatory pathways (JAK/STAT) could thus be developed.
  • Current therapies for retinal disease mostly consist of intravitreal injectable antibodies that can treat the neovascularization aspects of the disease but not the neurodegenerative and RPE pathology. This strategy can generate orally or topically bioavailable cell-type specific drugs for the treatment of common retinal diseases.
  • SMs that target astrocytes, neurons or other cell types can be fluorinated or iodinated to generate radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SLCO1A2 variants in SLCO1A2 were shown to increase risk of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) ref.
  • PSP progressive supranuclear palsy
  • SLCO1A2 levels have recently been shown to be a hallmark of Alzheimer disease brain. Therefore, one can envision the generation of PET radiotracers to measure SLCO1A2 or other transporters function in vivo as potential biomarkers of disease.
  • the results of labeling of endothelial cells in vivo with fluorinated (FIG.7A) and iodinated (FIG.7B) compounds 2 and compound 4 respectively FIG.8G.
  • results of labeling of retinal endothelial cells in vivo with compound 1 according to the invention results of labeling of retinal endothelial cells in vivo with compound 1 according to the invention.
  • intraocular injection of compound 1 leads to rapid and highly specific labeling of retinal vasculature.
  • This result demonstrates that the compounds of the invention can be utilized for imaging and delivery of molecules to the retina for a variety of applications including diagnostics and therapeutics.
  • HEK293 cells were transfected with a plasmid carrying a gene encoding the human solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2 (SLCO1A2).
  • SLCO1A2 human solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2
  • only those cells expressing the carrier SLCO1A2 take up compound 1 (red).
  • HEK293 were transfected with a plasmid carrying a gene encoding the mouse solute carrier SLCO1A4.
  • SLCO1A4 is the mouse orthologue of human SLCO1A2.
  • only those cells expressing SLCO1A4 (as evidenced by anti-FLAG labeling-green) take up compound 1 (red).
  • All other cells marked by Hoechst dye labeling (blue), do not take up compound 1.
  • expression of a different solute carrier, solute carrier family 2 member 3 (SLC2A3) does not induce uptake.
  • SLCO1A2 or SLCO1A4 was over-expressed in the live mouse brain by in utero electroporation. In certain embodiments, only those cells that express SLCO1A2 or SLCO1A4 (as evidenced by the GFP fluorescence (green)) take up compound 1 after topical cortical administration as described above. This demonstrates cellular and molecular specificity in vivo of the compound. Compound 1 was also administered into a mouse in which SLCO1A4 has been deleted.
  • This mouse lacks several organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1a/1b cluster of solute carriers including SLCO1A4, SLCO1A1, SLCO1A5, SLCO1A6, and SLCO1B2.
  • OATP organic anion transporting polypeptide
  • there is a loss of endothelial uptake of compound 1 in the mouse A complete disappearance of endothelial uptake was observed in the knockout mice (left panel) as compared to the control (right panel). Astrocyte uptake is seen in the knockout mice, likely by a compensatory mechanism.
  • compound 1 readily enters cancer cells in freshly excised breast surgical tissue. Membrane transport mechanism is expressed in breast cancer as seen by the membrane labeling with immunohistochemistry for SLCO1A2 (white).
  • Compounds of the invention may be used for various applications in the treatment or imaging of triple negative breast cancer.
  • Various compounds of the invention are evaluated for in vivo target engagement in patient-derived xenograft triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) mouse models.
  • TNBC triple negative breast cancer
  • Compounds are also evaluated for imaging of breast cancer using in vivo IVIS Spectrum optical imaging. Compounds that exhibit in vivo cellular specificity are selected. SPECT imaging with a radioactive fluorinated-compound is studied in xenograft TNBC mouse models.
  • SPECT imaging is also conducted in a model of TNBC brain metastasis and in vivo cell killing with a radioactive compound is assessed.
  • Candidate compounds are iodinated and tested for in vivo tumor killing properties in mice.
  • Candidate compounds are also conjugated with different chemotherapeutic agents and tested for receptor specificity and cell killing properties in vitro.
  • Pharmacokinetics studies are performed in rodents with the iodinated compounds or compounds conjugated to a chemotherapeutic agent.
  • a library is developed in which selected chemotherapeutic agents are conjugated to compounds of the invention, and analogues thereof, with and without cleavable linkers, to afford conjugates of the present invention.
  • Medicinal chemistry of the compound-drug conjugates is assessed and used for compound optimization.
  • Lead compounds are selected from optimization in vivo in patient-derived cancer cell xenograft mouse models of glioblastoma and breast cancer with brain metastasis.
  • a companion radioactive fluorinated version of select compound is developed for SPECT/PET imaging.
  • Embodiment 4 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-3, wherein one of the following applies: (a) R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; (b) R 2a is H, R 2b is H, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H; (c) R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH 3 ) 2 , R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; and (d) R 2a is H, R 2b is N(CH2CH3)2, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H.
  • Embodiment 5 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-4, wherein one of the following applies: (a) R 3a is H, R 3b is NO2, R 3c is H, and R 3d is H; (b) R 3a is H, R 3b is CH 3 , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H; (c) R 3a is H, R 3b is , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H; (d) R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is , and R 3d is H; (e) R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is SO3H, and R 3d is H; (f) R 3a is H, R 3b is H, R 3c is , and R 3d is H; (g) R 3a is H, R 3b is N(CH 3 ) 2 , R 3c is H, and R 3d is H; and (h) R 3a is H, R 3b is N(CH2CH3)
  • Embodiment 6 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-5, wherein the compound of formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of: or (Ia), or (Ib), , , or (Ic), and , or wherein R 6a , R 6b , R 6c , and R 6d , if present, are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 haloalkyl, halogen, CN, and NO2.
  • Embodiment 7 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-6, wherein R 3d is H.
  • Embodiment 8 provides the compound of Embodiment 6 or 7, wherein one of the following applies: (a) R 2a is H, R 2b is Br, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; (b) R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; (c)R 2a is H, R 2b is Cl, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; (d) R 2a is H, R 2b is I, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; (e)R 2a is Br, R 2b is H, R 2c is H, and R 2d is H; (f) R 2a is H, R 2b is H, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H; (g) R 2a is Br, R 2b is H, R 2c is Br, and R 2d is H; (h) R 2a is H, R 2b is F, R 2c is F, and R 2d is H; (i) R 2a
  • Embodiment 9 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-8, wherein at least one of the following applies: (a) at least one of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e is H; (b) at least two of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H; (c) at least three of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H; and (d) four of R 4a , R 4b , R 4c , R 4d , and R 4e are H.
  • Embodiment 10 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-9, wherein R 1 is selected from the group consisting of and .
  • Embodiment 13 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-12, wherein L is selected from the group consisting of a bond, -NH-, , and .
  • Embodiment 14 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-13, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a small molecule, polypeptide, protein, and aptamer.
  • Embodiment 15 provides the compound of Embodiment 14, wherein the small molecule is a compound useful for the treatment of cancer.
  • Embodiment 16 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-15, wherein the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of colchicine, deferoxamine, paclitaxel (taxol), tofacitinib, methotrexate, hydrocortisone, prednisone, triiodothyronine, cyclophosphamide, amphotericin B, vancomycin, doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, imatinib, darunavir, and fosamprenavir.
  • the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of colchicine, deferoxamine, paclitaxel (taxol), tofacitinib, methotrexate, hydrocortisone, prednisone, triiodothyronine, cyclophosphamide,
  • Embodiment 17 provide sthe compound of any one of Embodiments 1-16, wherein the therapeutic agent comprises at least one modification and/or derivatization.
  • Embodiment 18 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-17, wherein the therapeutic modification and/or derivatization comprises bond .
  • Embodiment 19 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-18, wherein A is selected from the group consisting of , , , , , and .
  • Embodiment 20 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-10, wherein A is a compound of formula (III): -N(R 8a )-[C(R 8b )(R 8c )] o -[O ⁇ C(R 8d )(R 8e ) ⁇ p ] q -OR 8f (III), wherein: R 8a and R 8f are each independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 2 -C 8 heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted C 6 -C 10 aryl, and optionally substituted C2-C10 heteroaryl; each occurrence of R 8b , R 8c , R 8d , and R 8e is independently selected from the group consisting of H, optionally substituted C 1 -C 6 alkyl, optionally substituted C 3 -C 8 cycloalkyl,
  • Embodiment 21 provides the compound of Embodiment 20, wherein at least one of the following applies: (a) R 8a is H; (b) R 8f is selected from the group consisting of H and Me; (c) each occurrence of R 8a , R 8b , R 8c , and R 8e is independently H; (d) o is 2; (e) p is 2; and (f) q is 10 to 500.
  • Embodiment 22 provides the compound of Embodiment 20 or 21, wherein A is .
  • Embodiment 23 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-22, wherein R 5 is selected from the group consisting of , ,
  • Embodiment 24 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-23, wherein each occurrence of optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted haloalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted alkylenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkylenyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkylenyl, optionally substituted alkenylenyl, optionally substituted cycloalkenylenyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkenylenyl, optionally substituted arylenyl, and optionally substituted heteroarylenyl is independently optionally substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of C1-C6 alkyl, C3-C8 cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 12 heterocycloalkyl, C 1 -
  • Embodiment 25 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-24, wherein the isotopologue thereof comprises at least one radioactive tracer selected from the group consisting of 11 C, 13 N, 15 O, 18 F, 124 I, 131 I, and 135 I.
  • Embodiment 26 provides the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-25, which is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Embodiment 27 provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • Embodiment 28 provides the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27, further comprising at least one additional therapeutically effective agent.
  • Embodiment 29 provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to brain endothelium and/or retinal endothelium of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28.
  • Embodiment 30 provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent across a blood- brain or blood-retinal barrier of a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28.
  • Embodiment 31 provides a method of delivering a therapeutic agent to a cell of a subject in need thereof, wherein said cell expresses a solute carrier organic anion transporter family protein, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28, wherein the compound is transported into the cell via the protein from the solute carrier organic anion transporter family.
  • Embodiment 32 provides the method of Embodiment 31, wherein the solute carrier organic anion transporter family protein is at least one of SLCO1A2, SLCO1A4, and SLCO2B1.
  • Embodiment 33 provides the method of Embodiment 31 or 32, wherein the cell is a brain cell, retinal eye, salivary gland cell, liver cell, breast cell, or leukocyte.
  • Embodiment 34 provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating a brain disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28.
  • Embodiment 35 provides the method of Embodiment 34, wherein the brain disease is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, depression, epilepsy, a brain bacterial infection, a brain viral infection, a brain fungal infection, a neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury, a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord disease, oligodendrocyte tumor, and spinal cord injury.
  • the brain disease is selected from the group consisting of brain cancer, depression, epilepsy, a brain bacterial infection, a brain viral infection, a brain fungal infection, a neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, migraine, stroke, traumatic brain injury, a movement disorder, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord disease, oligodendrocyte tumor, and spinal cord injury.
  • Embodiment 36 provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating cancer in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28, optionally wherein one or more cells of the cancer express a solute carrier organic anion transporter family.
  • Embodiment 37 provides the method of Embodiment 36, wherein the protein of the solute carrier organic anion transporter family is at least one of SLCO1A2, SLCO1A4, and SLCO2B1.
  • Embodiment 38 provides the method of Embodiment 36 or 37, wherein the cancer is glioma, glioblastoma, thyroid cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, renal cancer, urothelial cancer, prostate cancer, testis cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, or melanoma.
  • Embodiment 39 provides a method of treating, preventing, and/or ameliorating an ocular disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28.
  • Embodiment 40 provides the method of Embodiment 39, wherein the ocular disease is a retinal disease selected from the group consisting of macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
  • Embodiment 41 provides the method of any one of Embodiments 29-40, wherein the compound of any one of Embodiments 1-26 and/or the pharmaceutical composition of Embodiment 27 or 28 is/are administered topically, intravenously, orally, intramuscularly, intrathecally, or intraperitoneally.
  • Embodiment 42 provides the method of any one of Embodiments 29-41, wherein the subject is a mammal.
  • Embodiment 43 provides the method of Embodiment 42, wherein the mammal is a human.
  • Embodiment 44 provides a method for identifying a fluorescent compound which selectively a brain cell, the method comprising: (a) administering one or more fluorescent compounds to the brain of a mouse, wherein optionally the administering is topical; (b) visualizing localization of one or more of the fluorescent compounds by high- resolution intravital two-photon imaging; and (c) identifying one or more compounds with cell-specific localization in the brain.
  • Embodiment 45 provides the method of Embodiment 44, wherein the brain cell is at least one selected from the group consisting of endothelial cells, astrocytes, pericytes, neuronal soma, and axons.

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Abstract

La présente divulgation concerne, en partie, des composés conjugués à des agents thérapeutiques ou à des macromolécules polymères de formule (I). Dans certains modes de réalisation, les composés de la présente divulgation possèdent une affinité et/ou une spécificité élevées pour certains types de cellules. Selon un autre aspect, la présente divulgation propose une méthode de traitement, de prévention et/ou d'amélioration du cancer et/ou de maladies oculaires chez un sujet. Selon un autre aspect, la présente divulgation propose un procédé d'administration d'un agent thérapeutique à travers une barrière hémato-encéphalique et/ou hémato-rétinienne d'un sujet.
PCT/US2024/021701 2023-03-27 2024-03-27 Composés, compositions et procédés de distribution d'agent thérapeutique spécifique à une cellule Pending WO2024206459A2 (fr)

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US9250246B2 (en) * 2011-06-29 2016-02-02 Portland State University Near-infrared fluorescent dyes with large stokes shifts
WO2013070910A1 (fr) * 2011-11-08 2013-05-16 University Of Rochester Diminution de la transmission d'infections sexuellement transmissibles
KR101574089B1 (ko) * 2011-12-23 2015-12-03 제일모직 주식회사 감광성 수지 조성물 및 이를 이용한 컬러필터
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