WO2024205177A1 - 리튬전지 - Google Patents
리튬전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024205177A1 WO2024205177A1 PCT/KR2024/003734 KR2024003734W WO2024205177A1 WO 2024205177 A1 WO2024205177 A1 WO 2024205177A1 KR 2024003734 W KR2024003734 W KR 2024003734W WO 2024205177 A1 WO2024205177 A1 WO 2024205177A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0567—Liquid materials characterised by the additives
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/661—Metal or alloys, e.g. alloy coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/66—Selection of materials
- H01M4/665—Composites
- H01M4/667—Composites in the form of layers, e.g. coatings
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0025—Organic electrolyte
- H01M2300/0028—Organic electrolyte characterised by the solvent
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0085—Immobilising or gelification of electrolyte
Definitions
- It relates to a lithium battery including an electrolyte containing an additive and a protective layer.
- a protective film is applied to prevent dendrite formation and ensure uniform ion flux when dendrites are formed.
- the protective film uses a polymer protective film, an inorganic protective film, or an organic/inorganic composite protective film, and most protective films had to have a thickness of 10 ⁇ m or more to secure sufficient ion conductivity.
- the thicker the protective film the lower the current density of the lithium battery using it.
- a protective film capable of providing high initial efficiency and life characteristics, as well as improved electrode stability and suppressing volume change of the electrode, and a binder forming the protective film are required.
- One aspect is to provide a lithium battery having improved initial capacity, cycle life characteristics and electrode stability, and including an electrolyte including a protective film capable of suppressing volume change of the electrode and an additive improving ionic conductivity and flame retardancy.
- the above negative electrode includes a negative current collector, and a protective layer disposed between the negative current collector and the electrolyte,
- the above electrolyte comprises a nitrile-based additive containing two or more nitrile groups
- a lithium battery is provided, wherein the modulus of the protective layer is 30 Gpa or higher.
- the electrolyte may include a nitrile-based additive including two or more nitrile groups, so that ion conductivity and flame retardancy may be improved.
- a protective layer having a modulus of 30 Gpa or more is disposed between the negative electrode current collector and the electrolyte, a side reaction between the nitrile-based additive and the negative electrode current collector may be suppressed. Accordingly, decomposition of the nitrile-based additive occurring during a charge/discharge process of the lithium battery may be suppressed, and internal resistance, charge/discharge efficiency, cycle life characteristics, and electrode stability of the lithium battery including the electrolyte and the protective layer may be improved.
- the lithium battery can suppress volume change by including a protective layer having a modulus of 30 GPa or higher.
- Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view of a lithium battery according to an exemplary embodiment.
- Figure 2 is a cross-sectional view of a lithium battery according to another exemplary embodiment.
- Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a lithium battery according to an exemplary embodiment.
- Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a lithium battery according to an exemplary embodiment.
- Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a lithium battery according to an exemplary embodiment.
- lithium battery comprising a protective layer and an electrolyte simultaneously according to exemplary embodiments is described in more detail.
- metal includes both metals and metalloids such as silicon and germanium, in either an elemental or ionic state.
- alloy means a mixture of two or more metals.
- positive electrode active material means a positive electrode material capable of undergoing lithiation and delithiation.
- negative electrode active material means a negative electrode material capable of undergoing lithiation and delithiation.
- lithiumation and “lithiating” mean a process of adding lithium to a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- delivery and “delithiate” mean a process of removing lithium from a positive electrode active material or a negative electrode active material.
- charging and “charging” mean a process of providing electrochemical energy to a battery.
- “discharging” and “discharging” mean the process of removing electrochemical energy from a battery.
- positive electrode and “cathode” mean an electrode at which electrochemical reduction and lithiation occur during a discharge process.
- cathode and anode mean electrodes at which electrochemical oxidation and delithiation occur during a discharge process.
- cross-link refers to a bond that connects one polymer chain to another polymer chain.
- a cross-link is a covalent bond.
- linker or “cross-linker” refers to a functional group that connects one polymer chain to another polymer chain.
- cross-linked polymer refers to a polymer in which one polymer chain and another polymer chain are connected by one or more linkers.
- a cross-linked polymer is a product of a cross-linking reaction of one or more polymers.
- fluorine-substituted means that any hydrogen contained in the polymer is replaced with fluorine or an alkali group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms substituted with fluorine.
- Fig. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a lithium battery according to an exemplary embodiment.
- Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view of a lithium battery according to another exemplary embodiment.
- a lithium battery (100) includes a negative electrode (110); a positive electrode (150); and an electrolyte (120) disposed between the negative electrode (110) and the positive electrode (150), wherein the negative electrode (110) includes a negative electrode current collector (112), and a protective layer (114) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the electrolyte (120), wherein the electrolyte (120) includes a nitrile-based additive including two or more nitrile groups, and the modulus of the protective layer (114) is 30 Gpa or more.
- the electrolyte (120) when the electrolyte (120) includes a nitrile-based additive including two or more nitrile groups, the ionic conductivity and flame retardancy of the electrolyte (120) can be improved.
- the nitrile-based additive may be decomposed through a side reaction with the negative electrode current collector (112) during the charge/discharge process of the lithium battery (100), but the lithium battery (100) can prevent the side reaction between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the nitrile-based additive by the protective layer (114) having a modulus of 30 Gpa or more, which is disposed between the electrolyte (120) and the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the lithium battery including the electrolyte (120) and the protective layer (114) can have improved internal resistance, capacity, and lifespan characteristics.
- the protective layer (114) has a modulus of 30 Gpa or more, so it can suppress volume changes in the lithium battery.
- the modulus is an indentation modulus, which can be measured using a microindenter (DUH-211, Shimadzu).
- the modulus can be calculated from the force applied to the tip from the protective film according to the distance the microindenter tip moves into the protective film.
- the electrolyte (120) may include a nitrile-based additive including two or more nitrile groups. Since the electrolyte (120) includes the nitrile-based additive including two or more nitrile groups, ion conductivity and flame retardancy may be improved. Accordingly, a lithium battery (100) including the electrolyte (120) may have improved charge/discharge efficiency and life characteristics.
- the nitrile-based additive can be represented by the following chemical formula 1.
- L 1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- L 1 in the chemical formula 1 may be a methylene group, an ethylene group, a propylene group or a butylene group substituted or unsubstituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- L 1 in the chemical formula 1 may be an ethylene group.
- the nitrile-based additive may include succinonitrile, acetonitrile, butyronitrile, and the like.
- the content of the nitrile-based additive may be 0.1 to 5 wt% with respect to the total weight of the electrolyte (120).
- the electrolyte (120) may be, for example, a liquid electrolyte or a gel electrolyte.
- the electrolyte (120) is, for example, an organic electrolyte.
- the organic electrolyte is manufactured by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent, for example.
- organic solvent used in the art may be used.
- the organic solvent include propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, fluoroethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, methyl ethyl carbonate, methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, methyl isopropyl carbonate, dipropyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, benzonitrile, acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, ⁇ -butyrolactone, dioxolane, 4-methyldioxolane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, sulfolane, dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, diethylene glycol, dimethyl ether, or mixtures thereof.
- the organic solvent in the electrolyte (120) may not include fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- the lithium salt may be, for example, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiAlO 2 , LiAlCl 4 , LiN(C x F 2x+1 SO 2 )(C y F 2y+1 SO 2 )(1 ⁇ x ⁇ 20, 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 20), LiCl, LiI or mixtures thereof.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is, for example, 0.1 M to 5.0 M.
- Gel electrolytes are, for example, gel polymer electrolytes.
- Gel polymer electrolytes are, for example, electrolytes that include a liquid electrolyte and a polymer, or an organic solvent and a polymer having ion-conducting functional groups.
- the liquid electrolyte may be, for example, an ionic liquid, a mixture of a lithium salt and an organic solvent, a mixture of an ionic liquid and an organic solvent, or a mixture of a lithium salt, an ionic liquid, and an organic solvent.
- the polymers include, for example, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP), polyethylene oxide (PEO), poly(styrene-b-ethylene oxide) block copolymer (PS-PEO), poly(styrene-butadiene), poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene), poly(styrene-b-divinylbenzene) block copolymer, poly(styrene-ethylene oxide-styrene) block copolymer, polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, poly(methylmethacrylate), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene dioxythiophene
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- the organic solvent may be selected from organic solvents used in liquid electrolytes.
- the lithium salt may be any lithium salt that can be used in the art.
- the lithium salt may be, for example, LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiAlO 2 , LiAlCl 4 , LiN(C x F 2x+1 SO 2 )(C y F 2y+1 SO 2 ) (x and y are each 1 to 20), LiCl, LiI or a mixture thereof.
- Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at room temperature or molten at room temperature and are composed only of ions and have a melting point below room temperature.
- the ionic liquid may include at least one selected from compounds including, for example, a) at least one cation selected from ammonium-based, pyrrolidinium-based, pyridinium-based, pyrimidinium-based, imidazolium-based, piperidinium-based, pyrazolium-based, oxazolium-based, pyridazinium-based, phosphonium-based, sulfonium-based, triazolium-based, and mixtures thereof, and b) at least one anion selected from BF4-, PF6-, AsF6-, SbF6-, AlCl4-, HSO4-, ClO4-, CH3SO3-, CF3CO2-, Cl-, Br- , I-, BF4- , SO4-, CF3SO3-, (FSO2)2N-, (C2F5SO2)2N-, (C2F5SO2)(CF3SO
- a gel polymer electrolyte can form a gel polymer electrolyte by impregnating a polymer into an electrolyte solution within a lithium battery.
- the gel electrolyte can further include inorganic particles.
- the electrolyte (120) may further include a solid electrolyte.
- the above solid electrolyte is, for example, an oxide-based solid electrolyte, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte, a polymer solid electrolyte, or a combination thereof.
- the solid electrolyte is, for example, an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is Li 1+x+y Al O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PMN -PT ), HfO 2 , SrTiO 3 , SnO 2 , CeO 2 , Na 2 O, MgO, NiO, CaO, BaO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li x Ti y ( PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 3), Li x Al y Ti z (PO 4 ) 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 3), Li 1+x+y (Al, Ga) x (Ti, Ge) 2-x Si y P 3-y O 12 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1), Li x La y TiO 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0
- the solid electrolyte is manufactured by a sintering method, etc.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte may include, for example, lithium sulfide, silicon sulfide, phosphorus sulfide, boron sulfide, or a combination thereof.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte particles may include Li 2 S, P 2 S 5 , SiS 2 , GeS 2 , B 2 S 3 , or a combination thereof.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte particles may be Li 2 S or P 2 S 5 .
- Sulfide-based solid electrolyte particles are known to have high lithium ion conductivity compared to other inorganic compounds.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte includes Li 2 S and P 2 S 5 .
- the mixing molar ratio of Li 2 S to P 2 S 5 may be, for example, in a range of about 50:50 to about 90:10.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte material can be manufactured by treating the raw material starting material of the sulfide-based solid electrolyte material (e.g., Li 2 S, P 2 S 5 , etc.) by a melt quenching method, a mechanical milling method, or the like. In addition, a calcinations process can be performed after the treatment.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte can be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixed state thereof.
- a polymer solid electrolyte is an electrolyte that includes, for example, a mixture of a lithium salt and a polymer, or includes a polymer having an ion-conducting functional group.
- a polymer solid electrolyte is, for example, a polymer electrolyte that does not include a liquid electrolyte.
- the polymer included in the polymer solid electrolyte can be selected from polymers used in gel electrolytes.
- the lithium salt can be selected from lithium salts used in gel electrolytes.
- the negative electrode (110) may include a negative electrode current collector (112) and a protective layer (114) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the electrolyte (120).
- the negative electrode (110) may further include a lithium metal layer (225) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the protective layer (120).
- the lithium battery (100) may be a non-anode lithium metal battery.
- the lithium battery (100) may be a lithium metal battery.
- the negative electrode (110) includes a negative electrode current collector (112); and a protective layer (114) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the electrolyte (120).
- the modulus of the protective layer (114) may be 30 Gpa or more.
- the modulus of the protective layer (114) may be 30 to 100 Gpa, 30 to 80 Gpa, 30 to 60 Gpa, 30 to 45 Gpa, 32 to 100 Gpa, 34 to 100 Gpa, 34 to 45 Gpa.
- the modulus may be an indentation modulus.
- the thickness of the protective layer (114) may be 2 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the protective layer (114) may be, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.5 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.2 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 1.2 ⁇ m, or 0.2 to 1 ⁇ m.
- the protective layer (114) has a thickness in this range, the decomposition of the electrolyte can be effectively suppressed and the imbalance of local current density can be suppressed, thereby effectively preventing the generation and/or growth of lithium dendrites. Accordingly, the life characteristics of the lithium battery including the protective layer (114) can be further improved. If the thickness of the protective layer (114) increases excessively, the energy density of the lithium metal battery may be reduced.
- the recovery rate of the protective layer (114) may be 60% or greater.
- the recovery rate of the protective layer (114) may be 65% or greater.
- the recovery rate of the protective layer (114) may be 67% or greater.
- the recovery rate of the protective layer (114) may be 70% or greater.
- the recovery rate may mean the ratio of the distance the tip moves back toward the surface of the protective layer (114) from the point at which the tip moves the maximum distance inside the protective layer (114) to the point at which the force applied to the tip becomes zero, relative to the maximum distance the tip moves when moving the tip inside the protective layer (114).
- the hardness (indentation hardness) of the protective layer (114) may be 1400 N/mm 2 or greater.
- the hardness (indentation hardness) of the protective layer (114) may be 1500 N/mm 2 or greater.
- the hardness (indentation hardness) of the protective layer (24) may be 1550 N/mm 2 or greater.
- the hardness (indentation hardness) of the protective layer (24) may be 1600 N/mm 2 or greater.
- the hardness (indentation hardness) of the protective layer (24) may be 1500 N/mm 2 to 2000 N/mm 2 .
- the hardness (indentation hardness) of the protective layer (24) may be 1550 N/mm 2 or greater.
- the swelling ratio of the protective layer (114) may be less than 10%.
- the swelling ratio of the protective layer (114) can be calculated by impregnating the protective layer (114) with an electrolyte for 24 hours and calculating the mass change rate before and after impregnation. After impregnation, the electrolyte on the surface is removed and the weight is measured within 5 minutes.
- the swelling ratio (%) of the protective layer (114) can be calculated as a percentage of the value obtained by subtracting the mass before impregnation (g) from the mass after impregnation (g) and then dividing the result by the mass after impregnation (g).
- the swelling ratio of the protective layer (114) may be less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 5%, less than 4%, or less than 3%.
- the extension of the protective layer (114) may be 0.8 mm or less.
- the extension of the protective layer (114) may be measured from the distance that the tip of the microindenter moves into the protective film until a certain force is applied to the tip.
- the extension of the protective layer (114) may be 0.5 mm or less or 0.4 mm or less.
- the room temperature (25°C) ionic conductivity of the protective layer (114) may be 0.1 mS/cm or more, and the high temperature (45°C) ionic conductivity of the protective layer may be 0.2 mS/cm or more.
- the room temperature (25°C) ionic conductivity of the protective layer (114) may be 0.1 mS/cm to 1 mS/cm, 0.15 mS/cm to 1 mS/cm, or 0.2 mS/cm to 1 mS/cm.
- the high temperature (45°C) ionic conductivity of the protective layer (114) may be 0.2 mS/cm to 1.2 mS/cm, 0.22 mS/cm to 1.2 mS/cm, 0.24 mS/cm to 1.2 mS/cm, or 0.2 mS/cm to 1 mS/cm.
- the protective layer (114) may include a polymer binder.
- the binder includes a third polymer which is a crosslinking reaction product of at least one first polymer selected from a polyamic acid and a polyimide substituted with fluorine and a water-soluble second polymer having a second functional group, wherein the first polymer and the second polymer are crosslinked by forming an ester bond through a reaction of the first functional group and the second functional group.
- the third polymer is a crosslinked polymer of the first polymer and the second polymer.
- the binder includes the third binder which is a crosslinked polymer in which the first polymer containing fluorine and the second polymer are crosslinked by an ester bond
- a lithium battery employing an anode employing a protective film including the binder can simultaneously provide excellent anode stability derived from a polyimide containing fluorine, suppression of volume expansion of the anode, and improved initial charge/discharge efficiency and cycle characteristics due to fluorine.
- the first functional group and the second functional group included in the first polymer and the second polymer may be at least one independently selected from a carboxyl group, a hydroxyl group, an amide group, and an aldehyde group, but are not necessarily limited thereto, and any group that can react with the first functional group and the second functional group to form a cross-linking bond including an ester bond may be used.
- the first functional group may be a carboxyl group (-COOH)
- the second functional group may be a hydroxyl group (-OH).
- the carboxyl group and the hydroxyl group may react to form an ester cross-linking bond.
- the first functional group may not be connected to a trivalent aromatic group included in the polyamic acid and the polyimide, but may be connected to a divalent aromatic group as a side chain.
- the first polymer among the above binders may include an alkali metal.
- the alkali metal may be sodium, lithium, or the like.
- the first polymer may be substituted or doped with an alkali metal.
- hydrogen of a carboxyl group connected to a trivalent aromatic group included in the polyamic acid may be substituted with an alkali metal ion.
- an alkali metal ion may be doped and coordinated to an amide group.
- the initial charge/discharge efficiency may be improved by the first polymer including an alkali metal in advance (pre-lithiation).
- the content of the alkali metal included in the first polymer may be 0.2 to 1.0 in terms of an equivalent ratio to the carboxyl group or the amide group.
- the content of the alkali metal included in the first polymer may be 0.2 to 0.8 in terms of an equivalent ratio to the carboxyl group or the amide group.
- the content of the alkali metal included in the first polymer may be 0.3 to 0.7 in terms of an equivalent ratio to the carboxyl group or the amide group.
- the content of the alkali metal included in the first polymer may be 0.4 to 0.6 in terms of an equivalent ratio to the carboxyl group or the amide group.
- the content of the alkali metal included in the first polymer may be 0.45 to 0.55 in terms of an equivalent ratio to the carboxyl group or the amide group.
- further improved binder properties may be provided.
- the lithium content of the polyamic acid that is, the degree of substitution of lithium ions
- the prelithiation rate is low, so the effect of suppressing irreversible occurrence in the first cycle is not significant.
- the lithium content of the polyamic acid that is, the degree of substitution of lithium ions
- the imidization rate is significantly reduced, which may lower the life characteristics.
- the lithium content in the above range that is, the degree of substitution of lithium ions, can be obtained by adding the content of LiOH used to lithiate the polyamic acid in a range of 0.2 to 1.0 in terms of the equivalent ratio to the carboxylic acid of the polyamic acid.
- polyimide may be represented by the following chemical formula 2 or chemical formula 3:
- M is an alkali metal
- Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Ar 4 and Ar 5 are each independently a trivalent arylene group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen or a C 1 to 10 alkyl group substituted or unsubstituted with a halogen; or a trivalent heteroarylene group having 4 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen or a C 1 to 10 alkyl group substituted or unsubstituted with a halogen;
- Ar 3 and Ar 6 are each independently a divalent arylene group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with fluorine or a C alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted with fluorine; or a divalent heteroarylene group having 4 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with fluorine or a C alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted with fluorine;
- polyimide may be represented by the following chemical formula 4 or chemical formula 5:
- M is lithium or sodium
- polyamic acid may be represented by the following chemical formula 8 or chemical formula 9:
- M is an alkali metal
- Ar 1 , Ar 2 , Ar 4 and Ar 5 are each independently a trivalent arylene group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen or a C 1 to 10 alkyl group substituted or unsubstituted with a halogen; or a trivalent heteroarylene group having 4 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with a halogen or a C 1 to 10 alkyl group substituted or unsubstituted with a halogen;
- Ar 3 and Ar 6 are each independently a divalent arylene group having 6 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with fluorine or a C alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted with fluorine; or a divalent heteroarylene group having 4 to 24 carbon atoms, unsubstituted or substituted with fluorine or a C alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, substituted or unsubstituted with fluorine;
- X 1 is -COOH, -OH, -CO-NH 2 , or -COH
- Y 1 is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted with fluorine
- polyamic acid may be represented by the following chemical formula 10 or chemical formula 11:
- M is lithium or sodium
- the polyimide may be represented by the following chemical formula 6 or chemical formula 7
- the polyamic acid may be represented by the following chemical formula 12 or chemical formula 13:
- the binder may provide further improved physical properties.
- the first polymer represented by the chemical formulae 2 to 13 may be a random copolymer.
- the first polymer represented by the chemical formulae 2 to 13 may be a block copolymer.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer may be 10,000 to 1,200,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer in the binder may be 10,000 to 1,100,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer in the binder may be 10,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer may be 10,000 to 500,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer may be 100,000 to 500,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer may be 100,000 to 400,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the first polymer may be 100,000 to 300,000 Dalton.
- the properties of the binder may be further improved within the weight average molecular weight range of the first polymer.
- the second polymer may be a polymerization reaction product of one or more monomers selected from a vinyl monomer, an acetate monomer, an alcohol monomer, an acrylic monomer, a methacrylic monomer, an acrylamide monomer, and a methacrylamide monomer, or a hydrolyzate thereof.
- the second polymer may be vinyl acetate, vinyl alcohol, butyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth)acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl (meth)acrylate, 6-hydroxyhexyl (meth)acrylate, 8-hydroxyoctyl (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxyethylene glycol (meth)acrylate, 2-hydroxypropylene glycol (meth)acrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-(meth)acryloyloxy acetic acid, 3-(meth)acryloyloxy propyl acid, 4-(meth)acryloyloxy butyric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, 2-isocyanatoethyl (meth)acrylate, 3-isocyanatopropyl It may be a polymerization reaction product of one or more monomers selected from (meth)acrylate, 4-isocyanatobutyl (meth)acrylate, (meth)acrylamide
- the second polymer may be polyvinyl alcohol (PVA).
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- the polyvinyl alcohol may be a hydrolyzate obtained by hydrolyzing polyvinyl acetate with an alkali.
- the degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol can be 60 to 99%.
- the degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol can be 70 to 95%.
- the degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol can be 75 to 90%.
- the degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol can be 80 to 90%.
- the degree of saponification of the polyvinyl alcohol can be 85 to 90%.
- the binder can provide further improved physical properties.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 10,000 to 500,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 10,000 to 500,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 10,000 to 400,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 10,000 to 300,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 10,000 to 200,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 50,000 to 150,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 70,000 to 100,000 Dalton.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polyvinyl alcohol may be 80,000 to 100,000 Dalton.
- the properties of the binder may be further improved within the weight average molecular weight range of the polyvinyl alcohol.
- the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer included in the third polymer in the binder may be 1:99 to 50:50.
- the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer included in the third polymer in the binder may be 5:95 to 45:55.
- the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer included in the third polymer in the binder may be 5:95 to 40:60.
- the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer included in the third polymer in the binder may be 5:95 to 35:65.
- the weight ratio of the first polymer to the second polymer included in the third polymer in the binder may be 10:90 to 30:70.
- the physical properties of the binder may be further improved in the above-described weight ratio range of the first polymer to the second polymer.
- the crosslinking reaction in the binder can be performed at a temperature of 100° C. or higher.
- the crosslinking reaction can be performed by heat-treating the composition including the first polymer and the second polymer at a temperature of 100° C. or higher.
- the crosslinking reaction can be performed by heat-treating the composition including the first polymer and the second polymer at a temperature of 120° C. or higher.
- the crosslinking reaction can be performed by heat-treating the composition including the first polymer and the second polymer at a temperature of 140° C. or higher.
- the crosslinking reaction can be performed by heat-treating the composition including the first polymer and the second polymer at a temperature of 160° C. or higher.
- the crosslinking reaction can proceed in the above temperature range to produce a crosslinked polymer.
- the polyamic acid can be cured into a polyimide.
- the imidization rate of the polyamic acid can be 60% or higher.
- the imidization rate of the polyamic acid can be 70% or higher.
- the imidization rate of the polyamic acid can be 80% or higher.
- the imidization rate of the polyamic acid can be 90% or higher.
- the imidization rate of the polyamic acid can be obtained using 1 H-NMR. Since the polyamic acid in the binder is cured into a polyimide, the mechanical properties of the binder can be further improved.
- the acid equivalent of the polyamic acid may be less than 300 g/eq.
- the acid equivalent of the polyamic acid may be in the range of 50 g/eq to 250 g/eq.
- the amount of carboxyl groups and/or carboxylates per unit mass may increase.
- the amount of carboxyl groups and/or carboxylates per unit mass increases, for example, when a silicon-based negative electrode active material is used as the negative electrode material, the interaction between the negative electrode active material having a hydroxyl group on the surface and the binder may be increased, thereby improving the bonding force with the negative electrode active material.
- the acid equivalent is 300 g/eq or more, the initial efficiency and cycle characteristics of the lithium battery may be reduced.
- the third polymer which is a cross-linked polymer in the binder, may have a three-dimensional network structure in which a plurality of first polymer chains and a plurality of second polymer chains are cross-linked with each other by a linker or a cross-linker. Since the third polymer has a network structure, a volume change during charge and discharge of an electrode including the binder may be suppressed.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer in the binder can be from 10,000 to 1,500,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer in the binder can be from 10,000 to 1,200,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer in the binder can be from 10,000 to 1,100,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer in the binder can be from 10,000 to 1,000,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer can be from 10,000 to 500,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer can be from 100,000 to 500,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer may be from 100,000 to 400,000 Daltons.
- the weight average molecular weight of the third polymer may be from 100,000 to 300,000 Daltons.
- the properties of the binder may be further improved within the weight average molecular weight range of the third polymer.
- the third polymer may be represented by one or more of the following chemical formulas 14 to 17:
- the binder included in the protective layer (114) may additionally include a water-soluble fourth polymer selected from among cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether, dextran, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), alginate, cellulose nanofibers, xanthan gum, and guar gum.
- a water-soluble fourth polymer selected from among cellulose, hydroxyethyl ether, dextran, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), alginate, cellulose nanofibers, xanthan gum, and guar gum.
- the above binder can be used, for example, in an electrochemical cell.
- the above binder can be used, for example, in a protective film included in an electrochemical cell.
- the type of the electrochemical cell is not particularly limited as long as it is a device that can store energy by an electrochemical reaction, and includes both primary batteries and secondary batteries.
- the electrochemical cell can be, for example, an alkali metal battery such as a lithium battery, a sodium battery, an alkaline earth metal battery such as a magnesium battery, a metal-air battery, a supercapacitor, a fuel cell, etc.
- the protective layer (114) can be manufactured by curing a composition for forming a protective film, which will be described later.
- the composition for forming the protective film may include the first polymer described above and the second polymer described above.
- the protective layer (114) may be formed, for example, by applying the composition for forming the protective film on a negative electrode current collector (112) and then curing it at a temperature of 100° C. or higher.
- the protective layer (114) can be formed, for example, by applying the composition for forming a protective film on the negative electrode current collector (112) and then heat-treating at a temperature of 100° C. or higher for 1 to 10 hours.
- the protective layer (114) can be formed, for example, by applying the composition for forming a protective film on the negative electrode current collector (112) and then heat-treating at a temperature of 160° C. or higher for 1 to 10 hours.
- the protective layer (114) may further include a conductive material.
- conductive material carbon black, graphite particles, natural graphite, artificial graphite, acetylene black, Ketjen black, carbon fibers; carbon nanotubes; metal powders or metal fibers or metal tubes such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, etc. are used, but are not limited thereto, and any conductive material used in the relevant technical field may be used.
- the protective layer (114) may further include a lithium salt.
- the above lithium salt may include LiPF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , Li(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N, LiC 4 F 9 SO 3 , LiTFSi, LiAlO 2 , LiAlCl 4 , LiN(C x F 2x+1 SO 2 )(C y F 2y+1 SO 2 )(1 ⁇ x ⁇ 20, 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 20), LiCl, LiI or a mixture thereof.
- the material constituting the negative electrode current collector (112) may be any material that does not react with lithium, that is, any material that does not form an alloy or compound with lithium and has conductivity.
- the metal substrate is, for example, a metal or an alloy.
- the metal substrate may be made of, for example, indium (In), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), germanium (Ge), lithium (Li), or an alloy thereof.
- the electrode current collector (200) may have a form selected from, for example, a sheet, a foil, a film, a plate, a porous body, a mesoporous body, a body containing through-holes, a polygonal ring body, a mesh body, a foam body, and a non-woven body, but is not necessarily limited to these forms, and any form used in the relevant technical field may be used.
- the negative electrode current collector (112) may have a reduced thickness compared to the negative electrode current collector included in a conventional negative electrode. Therefore, the negative electrode according to the present disclosure is distinguished from a conventional electrode including a thick film current collector, for example, by including a thin film current collector. Since the electrode according to one embodiment employs a thin film current collector having a reduced thickness, the thickness of the negative electrode active material layer in the negative electrode including the thin film current collector is relatively increased. As a result, the energy density of a lithium metal battery employing such an electrode is increased.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector (112) may be, for example, less than 15 ⁇ m, 14.5 ⁇ m or less, or 14 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the negative electrode current collector (112) may be, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to less than 15 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m to 14.5 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 14 ⁇ m.
- the material constituting the negative electrode current collector (112) may be any material that does not react with lithium, that is, does not form an alloy or compound with lithium, and is conductive.
- the negative electrode current collector (112) may be, for example, a metal or an alloy.
- the negative electrode current collector (112) may be made of, for example, indium (In), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), germanium (Ge), lithium (Li), or an alloy thereof.
- the negative electrode current collector (112) may have a form selected from, for example, a sheet, a foil, a film, a plate, a porous body, a mesoporous body, a body containing through holes, a polygonal ring body, a mesh body, a foam body, and a non-woven body, but is not necessarily limited to such a form, and any form used in the relevant technical field is possible.
- the negative electrode current collector (112) may include, for example, a base film and a metal substrate layer disposed on one or both sides of the base film.
- the negative electrode current collector (112) includes a substrate, and the substrate may have a structure including, for example, a base film and a metal substrate layer disposed on one or both sides of the base film.
- An intermediate layer may be additionally disposed on the metal substrate layer.
- the base film can include, for example, a polymer.
- the polymer can be, for example, a thermoplastic polymer.
- the polymer can include, for example, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyimide (PI), or a combination thereof. Since the base film includes a thermoplastic polymer, the base film can melt when a short circuit occurs, thereby suppressing a rapid increase in current.
- the base film can be, for example, an insulator.
- the metal substrate layer can include, for example, copper (Cu), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), or an alloy thereof.
- the metal substrate layer can act as an electrochemical fuse and be cut when an overcurrent occurs, thereby performing a short circuit prevention function.
- the limit current and the maximum current can be controlled by controlling the thickness of the metal substrate layer.
- the metal substrate layer can be plated or deposited on the base film. When the thickness of the metal substrate layer is reduced, the limit current and/or maximum current of the negative electrode current collector (110, 210) decrease, so that the stability of the lithium metal battery at the time of a short circuit can be improved.
- a lead tab may be added on the metal substrate layer for connection to the outside. The lead tab may be welded to the metal substrate layer or the metal substrate layer/base film laminate by ultrasonic welding, laser welding, spot welding, etc.
- the base film and/or the metal substrate layer may be melted, so that the metal substrate layer may be electrically connected to the lead tab.
- a metal chip may be added between the metal substrate layer and the lead tab.
- the metal chip may be a thin piece of the same material as the metal of the metal substrate layer.
- the metal chip may be, for example, a metal foil, a metal mesh, etc.
- the metal chip may be, for example, aluminum foil, copper foil, SUS foil, etc.
- the base film, the metal layer, and/or the metal piece melts, so that the metal layer or the metal layer/metal piece laminate can be electrically connected to the lead tab.
- a metal chip and/or a lead tab can be added to a portion of the metal substrate layer.
- the thickness of the base film can be, for example, 1 to 50 ⁇ m, 1.5 to 50 ⁇ m, 1.5 to 40 ⁇ m, or 1 to 30 ⁇ m. When the base film has a thickness in this range, the weight of the negative electrode assembly can be reduced more effectively.
- the melting point of the base film can be, for example, 100 to 300 °C, 100 to 250 °C or less, or 100 to 200 °C.
- the base film Since the base film has a melting point in this range, the base film can be easily combined with the lead tab during the process of welding the lead tab by melting. Surface treatment such as corona treatment can be performed on the base film to improve the adhesion between the base film and the metal substrate layer.
- the thickness of the metal substrate layer can be, for example, 0.01 to 3 ⁇ m, 0.1 to 3 ⁇ m, 0.1 to 2 ⁇ m, or 0.1 to ⁇ m. Since the metal substrate layer has a thickness in this range, the stability of the negative electrode can be secured while maintaining conductivity.
- the thickness of the metal piece can be, for example, 2 to 10 ⁇ m, 2 to 7 ⁇ m, or 4 to 6 ⁇ m. Since the metal piece has a thickness in this range, the connection between the metal layer and the lead tab can be performed more easily. Since the negative electrode current collector (112) has this structure, the weight of the electrode can be reduced, and as a result, the energy density can be improved.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be absent (free) on the negative electrode current collector (112) before performing charge and discharge.
- the lithium metal layer may be absent (free) on the negative electrode current collector (112) before performing charge and discharge.
- dendrite formation can be prevented, so that the life characteristics can be further improved.
- a lithium metal layer (116) including a plate-shaped lithium metal thin film may be placed on a negative electrode current collector (112) before performing a charge/discharge cycle.
- a lithium metal layer (116) may be placed between a negative electrode current collector (112) and a protective layer (114).
- the negative electrode may further include an interlayer disposed between the negative electrode collector (112) and the lithium metal layer (116).
- the interlayer may be directly disposed on, for example, one side or both sides of the negative current collector (112). Accordingly, no other layer may be disposed between the negative current collector (112) and the interlayer (not shown). By directly disposing the interlayer on one side or both sides of the negative current collector (112), the bonding force between the negative current collector (112) and the lithium metal layer (116) may be further enhanced.
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is, for example, 30% or less of the thickness of the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the thickness of the intermediate layer (not shown) is, for example, 0.01 to 30 %, 0.1 to 30 %, 0.5 to 30 %, 1 to 25 %, 1 to 20 %, 1 to 15 %, 1 to 10 %, 1 to 5 % or 1 to 3 % of the thickness of the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the thickness of the intermediate layer is, for example, 10 nm to 5 ⁇ m, 50 nm to 5 ⁇ m, 200 nm to 4 ⁇ m, 500 nm to 3 ⁇ m, 500 nm to 2 ⁇ m, 500 nm to 1.5 ⁇ m or 700 nm to 1.3 ⁇ m. Since the above intermediate layer (not shown) has a thickness within this range, the bonding force between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the metal layer (116) is further improved, and an increase in interface resistance can be suppressed.
- the intermediate layer may include a binder.
- the binder included in the intermediate layer may be, for example, a conductive binder or a non-conductive binder.
- the conductive binder is, for example, an ion-conducting binder, and/or an electron-conducting binder.
- a binder having both ion-conducting and electron-conducting properties may belong to both an ion-conducting binder and an electron-conducting binder.
- the ion-conducting binder is, for example, polystyrene sulfonate (PSS), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-HFP, polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF, polyvinylidene fluoride), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA, poly(methylmethacrylate), polyethylene oxide (PEO, polyethylene oxide), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), polypyrrole (PPY), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyaniline, and polyacetylene.
- PSS polystyrene sulfonate
- PVDF-HFP polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer
- the ion-conducting binder may include a polar functional group.
- the ion-conducting binder including a polar functional group is, for example, Nafion, Aquibion. (Aquivion), Flemion, Gore, Aciplex, Morgane ADP, sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone), SPEEK, sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone ketone sulfone), SPAEKKS, sulfonated poly(aryl ether ketone, SPAEK), poly[bis(benzimidazobenzisoquinolinones)], SPBIBI, poly(styrene sulfonate), PSS, lithium 9,10-diphenylatlacene-2-sulfonate 9,10-diphenylanthracene-2-sulfonate, DPASLi+), etc.
- Electroconductive binders include, for example, polyacetylene, polythiophene, polypyrrole, poly(p-phenylene), poly(phenylenevinylene), poly(phenylenesulfide), polyaniline, etc.
- the intermediate layer can be a conductive layer including, for example, a conductive polymer.
- the binder included in the intermediate layer may be, for example, a fluorine-based binder.
- the fluorine-based binder included in the intermediate layer may be, for example, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the intermediate layer may be disposed on the negative electrode current collector (210) in a dry or wet manner, for example.
- the intermediate layer may be, for example, a binding layer including a binder.
- the intermediate layer may additionally include, for example, a carbon-based conductive material.
- the intermediate layer may be, for example, a conductive layer.
- the intermediate layer may be, for example, a conductive layer including a binder and a carbon-based conductive material.
- the intermediate layer may be disposed on the negative current collector (210) in a dry manner, for example, by deposition such as CVD or PVD.
- the intermediate layer may be disposed on the negative current collector (210) in a wet manner, for example, by spin coating, dip coating, or the like.
- the intermediate layer may be disposed on the negative current collector (210) by, for example, depositing a carbon-based conductive material on the negative current collector (210) by deposition.
- the dry-coated intermediate layer may be made of a carbon-based conductive material and may not include a binder.
- the intermediate layer may be disposed on the negative current collector by, for example, coating a composition including a carbon-based conductive material, a binder, and a solvent on the surface of the negative current collector and drying it.
- the intermediate layer may have a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure including a plurality of layers.
- the lithium battery (100) may further include a lithium metal layer (116) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the electrolyte (120).
- the lithium metal layer (116) may include lithium metal or a lithium alloy.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may be a negative electrode active material layer.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may be a lithium electrodeposition layer.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may be generated by lithium ions included in the electrolyte (120) being deposited on the negative electrode current collector (112) as the lithium battery (100) is charged.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may include a lithium alloy and a lithium metal.
- the lithium alloy included in the lithium metal layer (116) may weaken the reactivity of the lithium metal, thereby effectively preventing a side reaction between the lithium metal layer (116) and the polymer electrolyte (120).
- the lithium metal layer (116) has excellent electrical conductivity, so that the internal resistance of the lithium battery (100) including the lithium metal layer (116) may be reduced.
- the lithium battery (100) including the lithium metal layer (116) may have improved charge/discharge efficiency as well as life characteristics.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may include only the deposited lithium metal or lithium alloy.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may be a lithium electrodeposition layer.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may include, for example, lithium foil, lithium powder, plated lithium, a carbon-based material, or a combination thereof.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may include lithium foil.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may be a negative electrode active material layer.
- the lithium metal layer (116) may be introduced by coating a slurry including lithium powder and a binder, etc., onto the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the binder may be a fluorine-based binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF).
- the lithium metal layer (116) may not include a carbon-based negative electrode active material. Accordingly, the lithium metal layer (116) may be formed of a metal-based negative electrode active material.
- the thickness of the lithium metal layer (116) may be, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m, but is not necessarily limited to this range and may be adjusted according to the shape, capacity, etc. of the required lithium battery. If the thickness of the lithium metal layer (116) increases excessively, the structural stability of the lithium battery may deteriorate and side reactions may increase. If the thickness of the lithium metal layer (116) is excessively small, the energy density of the lithium metal battery may deteriorate.
- the thickness of the lithium foil included in the lithium metal layer (116) may be, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m, or 10 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
- the life characteristics of the lithium battery can be further improved.
- the particle size of the lithium powder included in the lithium metal layer (116) may be, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m, or 0.1 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- the life characteristics of the lithium battery can be further improved.
- the negative electrode (110) may include an electrodeposition inducing layer (not shown) disposed between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the protective layer (114). Since the negative electrode (110) includes the electrodeposition inducing layer, lithium metal can be uniformly deposited between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the protective layer (114), thereby more effectively suppressing the generation and/or growth of lithium dendrites.
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer may include, for example, a lithium-compatible metal.
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer may include, for example, a lithium-compatible metal and a carbon material.
- the above lithium-compatible metal is a material that can be lithiated and delithiated.
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) can be formed by introducing the lithium-compatible metal onto the negative electrode current collector (112) through nanoparticle casting. Thereafter, a protective layer (114) can be introduced onto the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown). For example, when the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) is introduced between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the protective layer (114) through nanoparticle casting, lithium ions can penetrate the protective layer (114), so that lithium metal can be formed between the protective layer (114) and the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown).
- the lithium-affinity metal included in the electrodeposition-inducing layer may be nanoparticles of the lithium-affinity metal.
- the average particle diameter of the lithium-affinity metal may be, for example, 10 nm to 4 ⁇ m, 10 nm to 1 ⁇ m, 10 nm to 500 nm, 10 nm to 100 nm, or 20 nm to 80 nm.
- the average particle diameter of the lithium-affinity metal is, for example, a median diameter (D50) measured using a laser-type particle size distribution analyzer.
- the lithium-affinity metal may include, for example, one or more selected from the group consisting of gold (Au), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), silicon (Si), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), bismuth (Bi), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn).
- the lithium-affinity metal may include, for example, silver (Ag).
- the carbon material can uniformly coat the lithium-affinity metal on the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the carbon material can uniformly apply the lithium-affinity metal on the negative electrode current collector (112), thereby uniformly coating the lithium-affinity metal on the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the uniformly coated first particles can uniformly precipitate lithium metal between the negative electrode current collector (112) and the protective layer (114), thereby preventing the formation of lithium dendrites.
- the carbon material may include, for example, amorphous carbon, crystalline carbon, or any combination thereof.
- the carbon material may include, for example, amorphous carbon.
- the amorphous carbon may include, for example, carbon black (CB), acetylene black (AB), furnace black (FB), ketjen black (KB), graphene, or any combination thereof.
- CB carbon black
- AB acetylene black
- FB furnace black
- KB ketjen black
- graphene graphene, or any combination thereof.
- the amorphous carbon is carbon having no crystallinity or very low crystallinity, and is distinguished from crystalline carbon or graphitic carbon.
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer may include, for example, a lithium-compatible metal and/or a carbon material, and uniformly coat the lithium-compatible metal onto the negative electrode current collector (112) through the carbon material, and the lithium-compatible metal may uniformly deposit lithium metal between the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) and the protective layer (114). Accordingly, the formation of lithium dendrites may be suppressed, and the life characteristics of a lithium battery (110) including the negative electrode (110) may be improved.
- the mixing ratio of the lithium-affinity metal and the carbon material included in the electrodeposition induction layer may be, for example, a weight ratio of 10:1 to 1:10, 10:1 to 1:1, 10:1 to 2:1, 5:1 to 1:1, or 5:1 to 2:1.
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) may further include a binder.
- the binder included in the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) may be, for example, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene, vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, etc., but is not necessarily limited thereto and any binder used in the relevant technical field may be used.
- the binder may be composed of a single binder or a plurality of different binders.
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) does not include a binder
- the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) can be easily separated from the protective layer (114) or the negative electrode current collector (112).
- the content of the binder included in the electrodeposition-inducing layer (not shown) may be, for example, 5 wt% or less, 0.1 to 5 wt%, 0.1 to 3 wt%, or 0.1 to 1 wt% with respect to the total weight of the electrodeposition-inducing layer.
- the thickness of the electrodeposition induction layer (not shown) can be, for example, 0.1 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, 0.1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, or 0.5 ⁇ m to 5 ⁇ m, 0.5 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, or 0.5 ⁇ m to 2 ⁇ m.
- a lithium battery (100) may include a cathode current collector (140) and a cathode active material layer (130) disposed on the cathode current collector (140). More specifically, a cathode active material layer 130) may be disposed between an electrolyte (1200) and the cathode current collector (140).
- the positive electrode (150) includes a positive electrode current collector (140).
- the positive electrode (150) can be prepared by forming the positive electrode active material layer (130) on the positive electrode current collector (140) to form the positive electrode (150, 250).
- the cathode current collector (140) may include indium (In), copper (Cu), magnesium (Mg), stainless steel, titanium (Ti), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), aluminum (Al), germanium (Ge), lithium (Li), or an alloy thereof.
- the positive electrode collector (140) may include aluminum (Al).
- the positive electrode current collector (140) may include a base film and a metal substrate layer disposed on one or both sides of the base film, similar to the negative electrode current collector (110, 220) described above.
- the above positive electrode active material layer (130) may include a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder.
- the cathode active material may use at least one of a composite oxide of lithium and a metal selected from cobalt, manganese, nickel, and combinations thereof, and specific examples thereof include Li a A 1-b B 1 b D 1 2 (wherein 0.90 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.8, and 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5); Li a E 1-b B 1 b O 2-c D 1 c (wherein 0.90 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.8, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05); LiE 2-b B 1 b O 4-c D 1 c (wherein 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05); Li a Ni 1-bc Co b B 1 c D 1 ⁇ (in the above formula, 0.90 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.8, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.5, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.05, 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 2); Li a Ni 1-bc Co
- A is Ni, Co, Mn, or a combination thereof
- B 1 is Al, Ni, Co, Mn, Cr, Fe, Mg, Sr, V, Ga, Si, W, Mo, Cu, Zn, Ti, boron (B), a rare earth element, or a combination thereof
- D 1 is O, F, S, P, or a combination thereof
- E is Co, Mn, or a combination thereof
- F 1 is F, S, P, Cl, Br, or a combination thereof
- G is Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, La, Ce, Sr, V, or a combination thereof
- Q is Ti, Mo, Mn, or a combination thereof
- I is Cr, V, Fe, Sc, Y, or a combination thereof
- J may be V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, or a combination thereof.
- the positive electrode active material may include a lithium transition metal oxide including nickel and another transition metal.
- the content of nickel may be 60 mol% or more, for example, 75 mol% or more, for example, 80 mol% or more, for example, 85 mol% or more, for example, 90 mol% or more, based on the total mole number of the transition metal.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may be a compound represented by the following chemical formula 18:
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), vanadium (V), magnesium (Mg), gallium (Ga), silicon (Si), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), aluminum (Al), and boron (B),
- A is F, S, Cl, Br or a combination of these.
- the lithium transition metal oxide may be at least one of compounds represented by the following chemical formulae 18-1 and 18-2:
- 0.6 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.95, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.2, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.1 For example, 0.7 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.95, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.3, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 0.3.
- the lithium transition metal oxide can be LiNi -0.6 Co -0.2 Mn -0.2 O -2 , LiNi -0.88 Co -0.08 Mn -0.04 O- 2 , LiNi -0.8 Co -0.15 Mn -0.05 O - 2 , LiNi- 0.8 Co- 0.1 Mn -0.1 O- 2 , LiNi -0.88 Co -0.1 Mn-0.02 O- 2 , LiNi -0.8 Co -0.15 Al -0.05 O -2 , LiNi -0.8 Co -0.1 Mn -0.2 O -2 , or LiNi- 0.88 Co -0.1 Al -0.02 O -2 .
- the above cathode active material may be used as one having a coating layer on the surface of the lithium transition metal oxide, or may be used by mixing the lithium transition metal oxide and the lithium transition metal oxide having a coating layer.
- the coating layer may include a coating element compound of an oxide of the coating element, a hydroxide of the coating element, an oxyhydroxide of the coating element, an oxycarbonate of the coating element, or a hydroxycarbonate of the coating element.
- the compound forming the coating layer may be amorphous or crystalline.
- the coating elements included in the coating layer may include Mg, Al, Co, K, Na, Ca, Si, Ti, V, Sn, Ge, Ga, B, As, Zr or mixtures thereof.
- the coating layer forming process may use any coating method as long as it can coat the lithium transition metal oxide with the coating elements by a method (e.g., spray coating, dipping, etc.) that does not adversely affect the properties of the positive electrode active material. Since this is well understood by those skilled in the art, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
- Carbon black, graphite particles, etc. can be used as the above-mentioned conductive material, but are not limited thereto, and any material that can be used as a conductive material in the relevant technical field can be used.
- vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene and mixtures thereof, or styrene butadiene rubber-based polymers may be used, but are not limited thereto, and any binder that can be used in the relevant technical field may be used.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- the contents of the cathode active material, conductive agent, binder, and solvent used in the cathode are at levels typically used in lithium batteries. Depending on the purpose and configuration of the lithium battery, one or more of the conductive agent, binder, and solvent may be omitted.
- the binder content included in the positive electrode may be 0.1 wt% to 10 wt% or 0.1 wt% to 5 wt% of the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode active material content included in the positive electrode may be 80 wt% to 99 wt%, 90 wt% to 99 wt% or 95 wt% to 99 wt% of the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- any separator that is commonly used in lithium batteries can be used.
- a separator having low resistance to ion movement of the electrolyte and excellent electrolyte moisture retention ability is used.
- the separator is selected from, for example, glass fiber, polyester, Teflon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), or a combination thereof, and is in the form of a nonwoven fabric or a woven fabric.
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- a windable separator such as polyethylene or polypropylene is used, and for lithium ion polymer batteries, a separator having excellent organic electrolyte moisture retention ability is used.
- the separator is manufactured by the following exemplary methods, but is not necessarily limited to these methods and may be adjusted according to required conditions.
- a separator composition is prepared by mixing a polymer resin, a filler, and a solvent.
- the separator composition is directly coated on the top of the electrode and dried to form a separator.
- the separator composition is cast on a support and dried, and then a separator film peeled from the support is laminated on the top of the electrode to form a separator.
- the polymer used in the manufacture of the separator is not particularly limited, and any polymer used as a binder for the electrode plates may be used.
- any polymer used as a binder for the electrode plates may be used.
- vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, or mixtures thereof may be used.
- a lithium battery (1) includes a positive electrode (3), the above-described negative electrode (2), and a separator (4).
- the positive electrode (3), the negative electrode (2), and the separator (4) are wound or folded to form a battery structure (7).
- the formed battery structure (7) is accommodated in a battery case (5).
- An organic electrolyte is injected into the battery case (5) and sealed with a cap assembly (6), thereby completing the lithium battery (1).
- the battery case (5) is cylindrical, but is not necessarily limited to this shape, and may be, for example, square, thin-film, etc.
- a lithium battery (1) includes a positive electrode (3), the above-described negative electrode (2), and a separator (4).
- a separator (4) is arranged between the positive electrode (3) and the negative electrode (2), and the positive electrode (3), the negative electrode (2), and the separator (4) are wound or folded to form a battery structure (7).
- the formed battery structure (7) is accommodated in a battery case (5).
- An electrode tab (8) that acts as an electrical path for inducing current formed in the battery structure (7) to the outside may be included.
- An organic electrolyte is injected into the battery case (5) and sealed to complete the lithium battery (1).
- the battery case (5) is square, but is not necessarily limited to this shape, and may be, for example, cylindrical, thin-film, etc.
- a lithium battery (1) includes a positive electrode (3), the above-described negative electrode (2), and a separator (4).
- a separator (4) is arranged between the positive electrode (3) and the negative electrode (2), thereby forming a battery structure.
- a battery structure (7) is stacked in a bi-cell structure and then accommodated in a battery case (5).
- An electrode tab (8) that acts as an electrical path for inducing current formed in the battery structure (7) to the outside may be included.
- An organic electrolyte is injected into the battery case (5) and sealed, thereby completing the lithium battery (1).
- the battery case (5) is square, but is not necessarily limited to this shape, and may be, for example, cylindrical, thin-film, etc.
- the pouch-type lithium battery corresponds to each of the lithium batteries of FIGS. 3 to 5 in which a pouch is used as a battery case.
- the pouch-type lithium battery includes one or more battery structures.
- a separator is arranged between a positive electrode and a negative electrode to form a battery structure.
- the battery structures are laminated in a bi-cell structure, then impregnated with an organic electrolyte, and accommodated and sealed in a pouch to complete the pouch-type lithium battery.
- the above-described positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator may be simply laminated and accommodated in a pouch in the form of an electrode assembly, or may be wound or folded into a jellyroll-type electrode assembly and then accommodated in a pouch. Subsequently, an organic electrolyte is injected into the pouch and sealed to complete the lithium battery.
- Lithium batteries have excellent life characteristics and high-rate characteristics, so they are used in electric vehicles (EVs). For example, they are used in hybrid vehicles such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). They are also used in fields that require large amounts of power storage. For example, they are used in electric bicycles, power tools, etc.
- EVs electric vehicles
- PHEVs plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- PHEVs plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- They are also used in fields that require large amounts of power storage. For example, they are used in electric bicycles, power tools, etc.
- a plurality of lithium batteries are stacked to form a battery module, and the plurality of battery modules form a battery pack.
- This battery pack can be used in all devices requiring high capacity and high output. For example, it can be used in laptops, smartphones, electric vehicles, etc.
- the battery module includes, for example, a plurality of batteries and a frame that holds them.
- the battery pack includes, for example, a plurality of battery modules and a bus bar that connects them.
- the battery module and/or the battery pack may further include a cooling device.
- the plurality of battery packs are controlled by a battery management system.
- the battery management system includes a battery pack and a battery control device connected to the battery pack.
- Lithium batteries may be, but are not limited to, lithium primary batteries, lithium secondary batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-air batteries, etc., and any lithium battery used in the relevant technical field may be used.
- Lithium batteries are manufactured by, for example, the following exemplary methods, but are not necessarily limited to these methods and are adjusted according to required conditions.
- TFMB 2,2'-Bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine
- DABA 1,3-diaminobenzoic acid
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the polyvinyl alcohol used in Example 1 was used as is.
- SBR styrene butadiene rubber
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- the fluorine-substituted polyamic acid represented by the chemical formula 17 manufactured in Manufacturing Example 1 was added to N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and stirred overnight at 60°C to prepare a first composition.
- DMAc N,N-dimethylacetamide
- DMAc N,N-dimethylacetamide
- the first composition and the second composition were mixed so that the fluorine-substituted polyamic acid and the polyvinyl alcohol had a weight ratio of 20:80 to prepare a third composition.
- a crosslinked polymer was prepared by performing a crosslinking reaction through heat treatment at 180°C for 2 hours in a vacuum oven.
- a crosslinked polymer of a fluorine-substituted polyimide and polyvinyl alcohol was prepared by forming an ester linker through a reaction between a carboxyl group contained in a fluorine-substituted polyamic acid and a hydroxyl group of polyvinyl alcohol.
- the crosslinked polymer has a three-dimensional network structure in which the polyimide and polyvinyl alcohol are crosslinked at multiple points.
- the third composition was coated on a copper (Cu) collector having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m using a doctor blade, and then a protective layer was introduced by removing the solvent at 140° C. for 6 hours.
- Cu copper
- a cathode having a cathode collector/protective layer structure was manufactured.
- the thickness of the protective layer was 1 ⁇ m.
- a coin cell was manufactured by using a lithium foil with a thickness of 20 ⁇ m as a counter electrode, placing a polypropylene separator (Celgard 3510) between the counter electrode and the cathode, and injecting an electrolyte.
- a coin cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 5 g of LiTFSi was additionally added to 10 g of the third composition so that the protective layer included lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSi) as a lithium salt.
- LiTFSi lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide
- Coin cells were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the protective layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- Coin cells were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the thickness of the protective layer was 2.1 ⁇ m.
- Comparative Example 1 Cu substrate/PVA protective layer (1 ⁇ m)/electrolyte excluding FEC including SN
- a coin cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that polyvinyl alcohol manufactured in Comparative Manufacturing Example 2 was used instead of the fluorine-substituted polyamic acid represented by the chemical formula 17 manufactured in Manufacturing Example 1.
- Comparative Example 2 Cu base/PVDF protective layer (1 ⁇ m)/SN-containing FEC-excluding electrolyte
- a coin cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that PVDF prepared in Comparative Manufacturing Example 2 was used instead of the fluorine-substituted polyamic acid represented by the chemical formula 17 manufactured in Manufacturing Example 1.
- Comparative Example 3 Cu substrate/SBR-CMC protective layer (1 ⁇ m)/electrolyte excluding FEC including SN
- a coin cell was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that SBR-CMC manufactured in Comparative Manufacturing Example 3 was used instead of the fluorine-substituted polyamic acid represented by the chemical formula 17 manufactured in Manufacturing Example 1.
- Comparative Example 4 Cu-based/without protective film/electrolyte excluding FEC including SN
- the extension, recovery, modulus and hardness of the protective films manufactured in Examples 1 to 2, 4 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were measured using a microindenter (DUH-211, Shimadzu).
- the force applied to the polymer film sample was 10 mN.
- Extension is the distance that the tip of the microindenter moves into the passivation layer until a certain force is applied to the tip
- recovery is the ratio of the distance that the tip moves again toward the surface of the passivation layer from the point at which the tip has moved the most into the passivation layer to the point at which the force applied to the tip becomes zero, to the distance that the tip has moved into the passivation layer.
- Modulus is indentation modulus
- hardness is indentation hardness
- Example 1 0.39 68.6 38.1 1578
- Example 2 0.38 71.0 40.3 1771
- Example 4 0.37 70.1 41.2 1784
- Example 5 0.38 70.7 42.5 1806 Comparative Example 1 0.33 66.5 29.5 1695 Comparative Example 2 0.87 61.7 6.3 336 Comparative Example 3 1.23 53.9 4.2 169
- the protective films of Examples 1 to 2 and 4 to 5 had an increased modulus, i.e. elastic coefficient, compared to the protective films of Comparative Examples 1 to 3, thereby suppressing expansion of the cathode.
- Evaluation Example 2 Measurement of ion conductivity of the protective film at room temperature (25°C) and high temperature (45°C)
- Indium (In) electrodes having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m were placed on both sides of the protective films manufactured in Examples 1 to 2, 4 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 to prepare a symmetry cell.
- the preparation of the symmetry cell was performed in a glove box under an Ar atmosphere.
- the impedance of the pellet was measured by the two-probe method using an impedance analyzer (Material Mates 7260 impedance analyzer) for the specimens with indium electrodes placed on both sides.
- the frequency range was 0.1 Hz to 1 MHz, and the amplitude voltage was 10 mV.
- the measurements were performed at room temperature (25°C) and high temperature (45°C) in an Ar atmosphere, respectively.
- the resistance value was obtained from the arc of the Nyquist plot for the impedance measurement results, and the ionic conductivity was calculated considering the area and thickness of the specimen.
- the protective films manufactured in Examples 1 to 2, 4 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 2 were impregnated in LE for 24 hours.
- the expansion ratio of the protective film was calculated according to the following equation.
- Swelling ratio (%) ((mass of protective film after impregnation) - (mass of protective film before impregnation))*100/mass of protective film after impregnation
- Example 1 0.18 0.25 0
- Example 2 0.76 0.9 2.2
- Example 4 0.75 0.83
- Example 5 0.78 0.87 1.9 Comparative Example 1 0.07 0.08 19.4 Comparative Example 2 0.05 0.05 11.8 Comparative Example 3 0.04 0.04 52.6
- the protective films of Examples 1 to 2 and 4 to 5 had superior ionic conductivity and reduced expansion ratio compared to the protective films of Comparative Examples 1 to 2.
- the lithium batteries (coin cells) manufactured in Examples 1 to 5 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were charged at a constant current rate of 0.1 C at 25°C until the voltage reached 0.01 V (vs. Li), and then charged at a constant voltage rate while maintaining 0.01 V until the current reached 0.01 C. After charging, the lithium batteries were rested for 10 minutes and then discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage reached 1.5 V (vs. Li) (1 st cycle).
- the coin cell that went through the above-mentioned Mars step was charged at a constant current of 1.0C rate at 25°C until the voltage reached 0.01 V (vs. Li), and then charged at a constant voltage while maintaining 0.01 V until the current reached 0.01 C. After the coin cell was rested for 10 minutes after charging, the discharge cycle of discharging at a constant current of 1.0C until the voltage reached 1.5 V (vs. Li) was repeated 50 times.
- the capacity retention ratio was calculated from the following mathematical expression 1.
- the electrode is the cathode.
- PI-F:PVA 1 include Not included 89.1
- Example 2 PI-F:PVA+LiTFSi 0.5 include Not included 93.2
- Example 3 PI-F:PVA 1 include include 94.3
- Example 4 PI-F:PVA 1.5 include Not included 87.9
- Example 5 PI-F:PVA 2.1 include Not included 86.7
- Comparative Example 1 PVA 1 include Not included 71.3
- Comparative Example 2 PVDF 1 include Not included 55.5
- SBR/CMC 1 include Not included 37.1 Comparative Example 4 Shield not included - include Not included 83.5
- the lithium batteries of Examples 1 to 5 showed improved battery efficiency and capacity retention rate even after several charge/discharge cycles because succinonitrile in the electrolyte remained therein without being decomposed compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples 1 to 4.
- the electrode thickness expansion rate was reduced by including a protective film having a modulus of a specific value or higher.
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Abstract
Description
| 신장 (extension) [mm] |
회복율 (recovery) [%] |
모듈러스 (modulus) [GPa] |
경도 (hardness) [N/mm2] |
|
| 실시예 1 | 0.39 | 68.6 | 38.1 | 1578 |
| 실시예 2 | 0.38 | 71.0 | 40.3 | 1771 |
| 실시예 4 | 0.37 | 70.1 | 41.2 | 1784 |
| 실시예 5 | 0.38 | 70.7 | 42.5 | 1806 |
| 비교예 1 | 0.33 | 66.5 | 29.5 | 1695 |
| 비교예 2 | 0.87 | 61.7 | 6.3 | 336 |
| 비교예 3 | 1.23 | 53.9 | 4.2 | 169 |
| 상온 이온전도도 (mS/cm) |
고온 이온전도도 (mS/cm) |
팽창율(%) | |
| 실시예 1 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0 |
| 실시예 2 | 0.76 | 0.9 | 2.2 |
| 실시예 4 | 0.75 | 0.83 | 2.3 |
| 실시예 5 | 0.78 | 0.87 | 1.9 |
| 비교예 1 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 19.4 |
| 비교예 2 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 11.8 |
| 비교예 3 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 52.6 |
| 보호막 | 전해질 | 용량 유지율 [%] |
|||
| 종류 | 두께(㎛) | SN | FEC | ||
| 실시예 1 | PI-F:PVA | 1 | 포함 | 미포함 | 89.1 |
| 실시예 2 | PI-F:PVA+LiTFSi | 0.5 | 포함 | 미포함 | 93.2 |
| 실시예 3 | PI-F:PVA | 1 | 포함 | 포함 | 94.3 |
| 실시예 4 | PI-F:PVA | 1.5 | 포함 | 미포함 | 87.9 |
| 실시예 5 | PI-F:PVA | 2.1 | 포함 | 미포함 | 86.7 |
| 비교예 1 | PVA | 1 | 포함 | 미포함 | 71.3 |
| 비교예 2 | PVDF | 1 | 포함 | 미포함 | 55.5 |
| 비교예 3 | SBR/CMC | 1 | 포함 | 미포함 | 37.1 |
| 비교예 4 | 보호막 미포함 | - | 포함 | 미포함 | 83.5 |
Claims (20)
- 음극; 양극; 및 상기 음극 및 상기 양극 사이에 배치된 전해질;을 포함하며,상기 음극은음극 집전체, 및상기 음극 집전체와 상기 전해질 사이에 배치된 보호층을 포함하고,상기 전해질은 2 이상의 니트릴기를 포함하는 니트릴계 첨가제를 포함하고,상기 보호층의 모듈러스는 30Gpa 이상인, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 니트릴계 첨가제는 숙시노니트릴, 아세토니트릴, 부티로니트릴을 포함하는, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 니트릴계 첨가제의 함량은 상기 전해질 총 중량에 대하여 0.1 내지 5중량%인, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 전해질은 유기용매를 더 포함하는, 리튬 전지.
- 제5항에 있어서,상기 유기 용매는 프로필렌카보네이트, 에틸렌카보네이트, 플루오로에틸렌카보네이트, 부틸렌카보네이트, 디메틸카보네이트, 디에틸카보네이트, 메틸에틸카보네이트, 메틸프로필카보네이트, 에틸프로필카보네이트, 메틸이소프로필카보네이트, 디프로필카보네이트, 디부틸카보네이트, 벤조니트릴, 아세토니트릴, 테트라히드로퓨란, 2-메틸테트라히드로퓨란, γ-부티로락톤, 디옥소란, 4-메틸디옥소란, N,N-디메틸포름아미드, 디메틸아세트아미드, 디메틸설폭사이드, 디옥산, 1,2-디메톡시에탄, 설포란, 디클로로에탄, 클로로벤젠, 니트로벤젠, 디에틸렌글리콜, 디메틸에테르 또는 이들의 혼합물을 포함하는 리튬 전지.
- 제6항에 있어서,상기 유기용매는 플로로에틸렌카보네이트(FEC)를 미포함(free)하는, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 전해질은 리튬염을 더 포함하며,상기 리튬염은 LiPF6, LiBF4, LiSbF6, LiAsF6, LiClO4, LiCF3SO3, Li(CF3SO2)2N, LiC4F9SO3, LiAlO2, LiAlCl4, LiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2)(1≤x≤20, 1≤y≤20), LiCl, LiI 또는 이들의 혼합물을 포함하는, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 전해질은 액상 또는 겔 형태를 갖는, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 보호층의 두께는 2㎛ 이하인, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 보호층의 팽창율(swelling ratio)는 10% 미만인, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 보호층의 상온(25℃) 이온전도도는 0.1mS/cm 이상이고,상기 보호층의 고온(45℃) 이온전도도는 0.2mS/cm 이상인, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 보호층은 고분자 바인더를 포함하는, 리튬 전지.
- 제13항에 있어서,상기 고분자 바인더는 제1 작용기를 가지며 불소로 치환된 폴리아믹산 및 폴리이미드 중 선택된 하나 이상의 제1 고분자와 제2 작용기를 가지는 수용성 제2 고분자의 가교 반응 생성물인 제3 고분자를 포함하며,상기 제1 작용기와 제2 작용기가 반응하여 에스테르 결합을 형성함에 의하여 상기 제1 고분자와 제2 고분자가 가교되는, 리튬 전지.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 제1 작용기 및 상기 제2 작용기는 서로 독립적으로 카르복실기, 아미드기, 알데히드기 및 하이드록시기로 이루어진 군에서 선택된 어느 하나인, 리튬 전지.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 제1 고분자가 알칼리 금속을 포함한, 리튬 전지.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 제2 고분자가 폴리비닐알코올인, 리튬 전지.
- 제14항에 있어서,상기 제1 고분자와 제2 고분자의 중량비가 1:99 내지 50:50인, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 보호층은 리튬염을 더 포함하는, 리튬 전지.
- 제1항에 있어서,상기 음극 집전체는 베이스 필름 및 상기 베이스 필름의 일면 또는 양면 상에 배치되는 금속층을 포함하며,상기 베이스 필름이 고분자를 포함하며, 상기 고분자가 폴리에틸렌테레프탈레이트(PET), 폴리에틸렌(PE), 폴리프롤필렌(PP), 폴리부틸렌테레프탈레이트(PBT), 폴리이미드(PI) 또는 이들의 조합을 포함하며,상기 금속층이 인듐(In), 구리(Cu), 마그네슘(Mg), 스테인레스 스틸, 티타늄(Ti), 철(Fe), 코발트(Co), 니켈(Ni), 아연(Zn), 알루미늄(Al), 게르마늄(Ge), 리튬(Li) 또는 이들의 합금을 포함하는, 리튬전지.
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| KR20100120238A (ko) * | 2009-02-13 | 2010-11-12 | 파나소닉 주식회사 | 비수 전해질 이차전지용 음극 및 비수 전해질 이차전지 |
| KR20170001069A (ko) * | 2015-06-25 | 2017-01-04 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 리튬금속전지용 음극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬금속전지 |
| KR20190035387A (ko) * | 2017-09-26 | 2019-04-03 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 음극 활물질 및 이를 채용한 리튬 이차 전지, 및 상기 음극 활물질의 제조방법 |
| KR20200016620A (ko) * | 2018-08-07 | 2020-02-17 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지용 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
| KR20220058016A (ko) * | 2020-10-30 | 2022-05-09 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 리튬 이차전지용 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
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| KR20100120238A (ko) * | 2009-02-13 | 2010-11-12 | 파나소닉 주식회사 | 비수 전해질 이차전지용 음극 및 비수 전해질 이차전지 |
| KR20170001069A (ko) * | 2015-06-25 | 2017-01-04 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 리튬금속전지용 음극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬금속전지 |
| KR20190035387A (ko) * | 2017-09-26 | 2019-04-03 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 음극 활물질 및 이를 채용한 리튬 이차 전지, 및 상기 음극 활물질의 제조방법 |
| KR20200016620A (ko) * | 2018-08-07 | 2020-02-17 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 리튬 이차 전지용 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차 전지 |
| KR20220058016A (ko) * | 2020-10-30 | 2022-05-09 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 리튬 이차전지용 전해액 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 |
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