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WO2024201100A1 - Formulation for biologically controlling insect pests in grain storage - Google Patents

Formulation for biologically controlling insect pests in grain storage Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024201100A1
WO2024201100A1 PCT/IB2023/053035 IB2023053035W WO2024201100A1 WO 2024201100 A1 WO2024201100 A1 WO 2024201100A1 IB 2023053035 W IB2023053035 W IB 2023053035W WO 2024201100 A1 WO2024201100 A1 WO 2024201100A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
formulation
control
ppm
azadirachtin
spinosad
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PCT/IB2023/053035
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Spanish (es)
French (fr)
Inventor
Adrian Abel Ranzuglia
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Priority to PCT/IB2023/053035 priority Critical patent/WO2024201100A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/12—Powders or granules
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/02—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • A01N43/04—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom
    • A01N43/22—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one or more oxygen or sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms with one hetero atom rings with more than six members
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A01N43/90—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having two or more relevant hetero rings, condensed among themselves or with a common carbocyclic ring system

Definitions

  • the main object of this invention patent is a new formulation developed exclusively for biological control of insect pests in grain storage.
  • this new formulation with insecticidal, weevil-killing and acachocidal action is used for the biological control of insects of primary and secondary infestation (both in larval and adult stages) and mites, in the storage of grains in general, oilseeds, legumes and organic grains in general.
  • Biocarrier consists of a solid substrate, rich in proteins, sugars and carbohydrates, which acts as a food attractant (kairomone), which incorporates the active ingredient(s) of the biological insecticide. These active ingredients are obtained by extractive, fermentative or biotechnological processes.
  • Grain storage arises as a consequence of the randomness and seasonality of agricultural production.
  • the objective of grain storage is to preserve it for more or less prolonged periods of time, without deteriorating in quality or safety, as it was harvested. Direct consumption and industrialization depend on the preservation of its quality during transport and storage.
  • Quality deteriorations are related to properties such as percentage of protein, starch, oil, baking quality, percentage of damaged grains and nutritional value, among others.
  • Insect pests of stored grains cause direct damage by consuming dry matter and losing commercial quality (chopped grain, contamination, objectionable odor, etc.), and indirect damage, such as heating of the grain, moisture migration, fungal development and mycotoxin formation.
  • the species of insects and mites that attack cereal and oilseed grains are numerous and are divided into primary infestation pests and secondary infestation pests.
  • Primary infestation species attack whole, healthy grain, either while the crop is standing or when the grain is stored. In general, they develop most of their biological cycle inside the grain and the adult insect leaves the chopped grain when it emerges.
  • Secondary infestation species attack broken grains or grains that have previously been damaged by primary infestation pests. They also affect the products obtained from grain milling.
  • Stored grains can become infested with insects through three main pathways:
  • Infestation in the field Infestation begins in the field, prior to harvest. They are transported to storage as adults along with the grain and/or as eggs or larvae inside the grain. In the latter case, the infestation is difficult to detect in sampling and analysis upon receipt at the plant.
  • Grain infestation comes from insect populations that remain in the storage facilities feeding on bulk residues that have not been properly removed with sanitation and cleaning practices.
  • Migratory infestation This comes from flying insects, both primary or secondary infestation, as well as light insects and mites, which reach the bulk transported by the wind, from the vicinity of the collection plant, transport, etc.
  • Preventive treatments consist of applying residual insecticides to the grain in motion that is being stored, in order to prevent the development of pests during a certain storage period.
  • synthetic insecticides are used, in liquid or solid formulations, sprayed or dusted on the bulk when the new crop enters the plant, or when carrying out a transile.
  • Biocarrier As an alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, biological insecticides (biochemical, botanical or microbiological) have been developed, which are currently approved for use exclusively in extensive and intensive agriculture. With the current application methodology, their use is not applicable to the post-harvest of cereals and oilseeds, since they act systemically. [0013]
  • the application of the formulation of the present invention, called “Biocarrier” represents an innovative technological solution to this problem, since firstly Biocarrier behaves as an attractive substrate for the insect pest, acting as a preferred food over the grain in question, and secondly, it contains an active ingredient capable of killing the insect pest by ingestion. It allows the use of active ingredients that have a low toxicological impact on the human population, being even compatible with organic agriculture.
  • the objective of the present invention is a new formulation composed of a substrate that acts as a carrier or transporter of the biological active ingredient, forming a formulation that, on the one hand, attracts the insect over the mass of stored grains, and on the other, when consumed by insects, acts on the digestive tract, causing their death. Death occurs after a single or repeated ingestion, depending on the type of insect in question.
  • the objective of the present invention is a formulation that uses biological insecticides, which act exclusively through the digestive tract, and when associated with a food bait, it ensures that the insect is attracted, goes in search of food, ingests it and dies, this food being the vehicle of the biological insecticide.
  • the objective of the invention is a new and novel formulation that can have countless compositions, said compositions having as common points the use of active ingredients classified as "biological", one or more of said biological active ingredients being able to be used in said formulation, being the ones currently available on the market or any other new type of active ingredient to be developed in the future, this being at least one active ingredient associated with a food bait with attractant properties (kairomonas).
  • the active ingredients comprising the formulation of the present invention are substances considered to be of slight toxicological concern by FAO/WHO and which do not present residue tolerances for international trade (MRLs), with the exception of spinosyns, which despite their biological origin have established MRLs in some countries, although they are authorized for organic agriculture.
  • MRLs residue tolerances for international trade
  • Baculovirus Host-specific occluded pathogenic viruses.
  • GVs Granuloviruses
  • NMVs Nucleopolyhedroviruses
  • Food attractants can be of various formulations and their combination with at least one active ingredient gives rise to numerous compositions, the novelty of the invention being the association of a food attractant carrier with at least one biological active ingredient.
  • Active ingredient one active ingredient or several active ingredients combined
  • the new result and the industrial application of the formulations of the present invention consists in the effectiveness in the control of storage pest insects, treating the grains with a biological insecticide associated with an attractant food carrier (attractant bait or kairomone).
  • biological insecticides are not used in the post-harvest, since their use is not effective because biological insecticides act exclusively through the digestive tract. If the biological insecticide is sprayed directly on the grain (this being the only application technique or methodology known and used prior to the present invention) the insect would be forced to eat the grain, and in turn, the small portion of the grain that it eats would have to provide the required amount of insecticide to cause its death, this being impossible because: • Not all insects can attack the whole grain,
  • Biocarrier is a new formulation that attracts insects over the grain mass. The insect is attracted by this formulation and, when searching for it, ingests it and dies. This result is not only novel, but also unprecedented in the art. It has been proven through multiple tests that both primary and secondary infestation insects consume the food substrate (food bait or kairomone), plus the biological active ingredient that makes up the formulations of the invention (Biocarrier). This determines the death of the insect by ingestion of the biological insecticide.
  • Non-limiting example of a Biocarrier Composition is a Biocarrier Composition
  • Active ingredient (see active ingredient and % w/w used in each test)
  • Attractant concentration tolerance ⁇ 10% w/w of each nutrient.
  • Prototype formulations evaluated in efficacy trials a) Prototype formulation 1 b) Prototype formulation 2 c) Prototype formulation 3 d) Prototype formulation 4 e) Prototype formulation 5
  • formulations of the invention proved to be more effective than the most widely used commercial witness in post-harvest cereals (insecticide synthetic - active ingredient Deltamethina), showing significantly higher levels of control than the practice of control by spraying the grain mass with a residual synthetic insecticide.
  • Biocarrier also represents an important contribution to food safety and a sustainable strategy for managing resistance to synthetic insecticides, demonstrated in this trial in the partial efficacy of deltamethna control.
  • the granular formulation of the invention can be physically separated from the mass of the bulk, together with the dead insects, by means of known mechanical separation practices, such as sieves or the like, as the formulation has an average granulometry lower than the granulometry of the treated bulk.
  • Each experimental unit consisted of a 2000 cm 3 glass jar, with a lid and a 154 pm metal sieve mesh, with 1000 g of treated cereal grains, according to the assigned treatment.
  • Each EU was incorporated with 50 individuals from the same cohort, of adults of Tenebroides maur ⁇ tanicus, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, in jars with wheat. While
  • Sitophilus granarias, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Rhizopertha dominica and Sitotroga cerealella larvae were added to jars with corn.
  • the EU were assigned to each of the evaluated treatments, using a completely randomized design (CRD), with four replicates per treatment. All the grain used during the trial was treated on the same day, so this moment was considered as “time zero”.
  • the live, affected and dead insects of each species were counted at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the insects were incorporated into each experimental unit. At the end of the first month of observation, 50 insects were incorporated again. This Methodology was continued until the 6-month period was completed.
  • Each EU was stored in a breeding chamber under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity (28 °C ⁇ 1 °C and 70% RH) and absence of light.
  • a Tuckey test was performed, with multiple a posteriori comparisons. The mortality values were corrected by the Abbott formula.
  • TDK Infestation in treated plot after applying the treatment
  • Treatment 2 Commercial chemical control (synthetic insecticide - active ingredient Deltamethrin)
  • Treatment 7 carrier with 1% Spinosad + 1.2% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 5 ppm Spinosad + 6 ppm Azadirachtin
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. granar ⁇ as during the six months of the trial. No statistically significant differences were observed between the Biocarrier formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad, in any of the six re-infestations carried out. Although the residual control efficacy was slightly reduced during the fifth and sixth months, the formulation with Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards.
  • Table 1 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granar ⁇ as (Grain weevil), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains. a.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. granaria during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six re-infestations carried out.
  • the formulation with Azadirachtin achieved an efficacy of significantly superior control to the commercial chemical witness from the fourth month onwards. a.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. oryzae throughout the six months of the trial. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm Spinosad in any of the six reinfestations carried out. Although the residual control efficacy was slightly reduced during the fifth and sixth months, Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. b.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. oryzae during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six reinfestations carried out. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards.
  • Table 2 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
  • the formulation of the invention achieved an effective residual control of S. zeamais during the six months of the trial. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in the first months, from the fifth month onwards the residual control efficacy of the formulation with the highest concentration was higher than that of 5 ppm.
  • the formulation with Spinosad achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. c.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. zeamais throughout the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six reinfestations carried out. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial.
  • Table 3 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
  • the formulation of the invention achieved an effective residual control of the Flattened Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six re-infestations carried out.
  • the formulation with Azadirachtin achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial. d3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.
  • Table 4 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), at 4 days for each month of observation in wheat grains.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Large Woodworm up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm in any of the six re-infestations carried out.
  • the formulation with Spinosad achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the second re-infestation until the sixth month. e.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Large Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin in the first months, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the formulation with 12 ppm was more effective than the 6 ppm one, although this difference was not statistically significant.
  • the formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial. e.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of Spinosad up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in any of the six reinfestations carried out, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the control efficacy of the formulation with 10 ppm was superior.
  • the formulation with Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the second reinfestation until the sixth month. f.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Toothed Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin in the first months, however, from the fifth re-infestation onwards the formulation with 12 ppm was more effective than the 6 ppm, although this difference was not statistically significant.
  • the formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial. f.3.) Biocarier with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of Cereal Moth up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in any of the six reinfestations carried out, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the efficacy of the formulation with 10 ppm was superior (although this difference was not statistically significant).
  • the formulation with Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the second reinfestation and up to the sixth month. g.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of Cereal Moth during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the Biocarrier formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin in the first months, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the formulation with 12 ppm was more effective than the one with 6 ppm, although this difference was not statistically significant.
  • the formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial.
  • Table 7 Cumulative mortality for Sitotroga cerealella (Cereal popper), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
  • Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Cereal borer up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in the first months, from the fifth month onwards the residual control efficacy of the formulation with the highest concentration was higher than that of 5 ppm.
  • the formulation with Spinosad achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. h.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.
  • the formulation of the invention achieved an effective residual control of the cereal borer during the six months of the test. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin.
  • the formulation with Azadirachtin achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the test. h.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.
  • Table 8 Cumulative mortality for Rhizopertha dominica (Cereal borer), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
  • Figure 1 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 2 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 3 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 4 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 5 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 6 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 7 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 8 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 9 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 10 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 11 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 13 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 14 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 15 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 16 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 17 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 18 Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 19 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 20 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 21 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 22 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 23 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 24 Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 25 Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maur ⁇ tanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 28 Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maur ⁇ tanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 29 Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides mauritanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the fifth infestation
  • Figure 30 Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maur ⁇ tanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 31 Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 32 Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 33 Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 34 Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 35 Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 36 Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 37 Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
  • Figure 38 Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 39 Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 40 Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 41 Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 42 Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poison (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
  • Figure 43 Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation 5.
  • Figure 44 Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
  • Figure 45 Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
  • Figure 46 Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.

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Abstract

The invention relates to a formulation for biologically controlling insect pests in grain storage after the harvest, wherein said formulation comprises a granular solid substrate made up of a food attractant with 0.2% to 3% of a biological active ingredient chosen from biochemical, botanical or microbiological insecticides and said granulate has a particle size ranging from 1 mm to 2.5 mm.

Description

FORMULADO PARA EL CONTROL BIOLOGICO DE INSECTOS PLAGAS DEL ALMACENAJE DE GRANOS FORMULATED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS AND PESTS IN GRAIN STORAGE

[0001 ] La presente patente de invención tiene por objeto principal un nuevo formulado desarrollado exclusivamente para control biológico de los insectos plagas del almacenaje de granos. [0001 ] The main object of this invention patent is a new formulation developed exclusively for biological control of insect pests in grain storage.

[0002] Más concretamente este nuevo formulado con acción insecticida, gorgojicida y acahcida, se utiliza para el control biológico de insectos de infestación primaria, secundaria (tanto en estado larval como adulto) y ácaros, en almacenaje de granos en general, oleaginosas, legumbres y granos orgánicos en general. [0002] More specifically, this new formulation with insecticidal, weevil-killing and acachocidal action is used for the biological control of insects of primary and secondary infestation (both in larval and adult stages) and mites, in the storage of grains in general, oilseeds, legumes and organic grains in general.

[0003] Este formulado, denominado “Biocarrier”, consiste en un sustrato sólido, rico en proteínas, azúcares y carbohidratos, que actúa como atractante alimenticio (kairomona), el cual lleva incorporado el/los principios activos del insecticida biológico. Estos principios activos se obtienen por procesos extractivos, fermentativos o bien biotecnológicos. [0003] This formulation, called "Biocarrier", consists of a solid substrate, rich in proteins, sugars and carbohydrates, which acts as a food attractant (kairomone), which incorporates the active ingredient(s) of the biological insecticide. These active ingredients are obtained by extractive, fermentative or biotechnological processes.

• Estado de la técnica previa al invento: • State of the art prior to the invention:

[0004] El almacenamiento de granos surge como consecuencia de la aleatoriedad y estacionalidad de la producción agrícola. El objetivo del almacenamiento de los granos es preservarlos por períodos más o menos prolongados de tiempo, sin que se deterioren en la calidad, ni la inocuidad, con que han sido cosechados. El consumo directo e industrialización dependen de la preservación de su calidad durante el transporte y almacenamiento. [0005] Los deterioros de calidad se relacionan con propiedades tales como porcentaje de proteínas, almidón, aceite, calidad panadera, porcentaje de granos dañados y valor nutritivo, entre otras. [0004] Grain storage arises as a consequence of the randomness and seasonality of agricultural production. The objective of grain storage is to preserve it for more or less prolonged periods of time, without deteriorating in quality or safety, as it was harvested. Direct consumption and industrialization depend on the preservation of its quality during transport and storage. [0005] Quality deteriorations are related to properties such as percentage of protein, starch, oil, baking quality, percentage of damaged grains and nutritional value, among others.

[0006] Los granos almacenados tienen un enemigo principal: los insectos plagas del almacenaje. En consecuencia, todos los esfuerzos que se realicen durante la postcosecha deben estar claramente orientados a prevenir el desarrollo de estos. Aproximadamente el 10-20% de la producción se pierde en la etapa de postcosecha, debido a fallas en el transporte, el secado y principalmente, por daños ocasionados por los insectos. [0006] Stored grains have one main enemy: storage pest insects. Consequently, all efforts made during post-harvest must be clearly oriented to prevent their development. Approximately 10-20% of production is lost in the post-harvest stage, due to transport failures, drying and mainly, damage caused by insects.

[0007] Los insectos plaga de los granos almacenados ocasionan daños directos por el consumo de materia seca y por pérdida de calidad comercial (grano picado, contaminación, olor objetable, etc.), e indirectos, tales como el calentamiento del grano, migración de humedad, desarrollo de hongos y formación de micotoxinas. Las especies de insectos y ácaros que atacan los granos de cereales y oleaginosas son numerosas y se las divide en plagas de infestación primaria y plagas de infestación secundaria. Las especies de infestación primaria atacan el grano entero y sano, ya sea mientras el cultivo se encuentra en pie o bien cuando el grano está almacenado. En general, desarrollan la mayor parte de su ciclo biológico dentro del grano y el insecto adulto al emerger deja el grano picado. Las especies de infestación secundaria, atacan granos partidos o que previamente han sido dañados por las plagas de infestación primaria. También afectan los productos obtenidos de la molienda de granos. [0008] Los granos almacenados pueden infestarse con insectos a través de tres vías principales: [0007] Insect pests of stored grains cause direct damage by consuming dry matter and losing commercial quality (chopped grain, contamination, objectionable odor, etc.), and indirect damage, such as heating of the grain, moisture migration, fungal development and mycotoxin formation. The species of insects and mites that attack cereal and oilseed grains are numerous and are divided into primary infestation pests and secondary infestation pests. Primary infestation species attack whole, healthy grain, either while the crop is standing or when the grain is stored. In general, they develop most of their biological cycle inside the grain and the adult insect leaves the chopped grain when it emerges. Secondary infestation species attack broken grains or grains that have previously been damaged by primary infestation pests. They also affect the products obtained from grain milling. [0008] Stored grains can become infested with insects through three main pathways:

• Infestación en el campo: La infestación se inicia en el cultivo a campo, previo a la cosecha. Son transportados hacia el almacenaje como adultos junto con el grano y/o como huevos o larvas dentro del grano. En este último caso, la infestación es de difícil detección en el muestreo y el análisis de recibo en la planta. • Infestation in the field: Infestation begins in the field, prior to harvest. They are transported to storage as adults along with the grain and/or as eggs or larvae inside the grain. In the latter case, the infestation is difficult to detect in sampling and analysis upon receipt at the plant.

• Infestación en la planta de acopio: La infestación del grano proviene de poblaciones de insectos que permanecen en las instalaciones de acopio alimentándose de residuos del granel, que no han sido correctamente removidos con las prácticas de saneamiento y limpieza. • Infestation at the storage facility: Grain infestation comes from insect populations that remain in the storage facilities feeding on bulk residues that have not been properly removed with sanitation and cleaning practices.

• Infestación migratoria: La misma proviene de insectos voladores, tanto de infestación primaria o secundaria, como insectos livianos y ácaros, que llegan al granel transportados por el viento, desde las inmediaciones de la planta de acopio, transporte, etc. • Migratory infestation: This comes from flying insects, both primary or secondary infestation, as well as light insects and mites, which reach the bulk transported by the wind, from the vicinity of the collection plant, transport, etc.

[0009] De forma complementaria a las tareas de prevención de infestación del granel, como por ejemplo, la limpieza de instalaciones y el tratamiento de las mismas con insecticidas residuales, existen en la actualidad muy pocas opciones disponibles para controlar una infestación de insectos y ácaros durante la postcosecha de granos. [0009] In addition to bulk infestation prevention tasks, such as cleaning facilities and treating them with residual insecticides, there are currently very few options available to control an insect and mite infestation during post-harvest grain processing.

[0010] En términos generales existen dos tipos de tratamientos químicos ampliamente difundidos al granel: • Tratamientos preventivos: Consisten en la aplicación de insecticidas residuales sobre el grano en movimiento que está siendo almacenado, el fin es impedir el desarrollo de plagas durante cierto período de almacenamiento. Para ello se utilizan insecticidas sintéticos, en formulaciones líquidas o sólidas, pulverizadas o espolvoreadas sobre el granel al ingreso de la nueva cosecha a planta, o al realizar un transile. [0010] Generally speaking, there are two types of chemical treatments widely used in bulk: • Preventive treatments: These consist of applying residual insecticides to the grain in motion that is being stored, in order to prevent the development of pests during a certain storage period. For this purpose, synthetic insecticides are used, in liquid or solid formulations, sprayed or dusted on the bulk when the new crop enters the plant, or when carrying out a transile.

• Tratamientos curativos: se utilizan gases fumigantes a fin de eliminar las plagas presentes. No tienen acción residual. • Curative treatments: fumigant gases are used to eliminate the pests present. They have no residual action.

[0011 ] En la actualidad existe una limitada oferta de grupos químicos de insecticidas para el control preventivo de insectos y ácaros durante la postcosecha de cereales y oleaginosas (los ya citados insecticidas organofosforados y piretroides). Los mismos cuentan con fuertes restricciones en los límites máximos de residuos en distintos mercados del mundo y con amplios casos de resistencia de insectos plaga a los mismos. Asimismo, las principales agencias regulatohas del mundo (Unión Europea, Brasil, Canadá, Estados Unidos, otros) e incluso el Codex alimentarios, están evaluando la prohibición de su uso en postcosecha de cereales y oleaginosas. [0011 ] There is currently a limited supply of chemical groups of insecticides for the preventive control of insects and mites during the post-harvest of cereals and oilseeds (the aforementioned organophosphate insecticides and pyrethroids). These have strong restrictions in the maximum residue limits in different markets around the world and there are extensive cases of resistance to them by insect pests. Likewise, the main regulatory agencies in the world (European Union, Brazil, Canada, United States, others) and even the Food Codex, are evaluating the prohibition of their use in the post-harvest of cereals and oilseeds.

[0012] Cómo alternativa al uso de los insecticidas sintéticos, se han desarrollado insecticidas de origen biológico (bioquímicos, botánicos o microbiológicos), los cuales en la actualidad tienen usos aprobados exclusivamente en la agricultura extensiva e intensiva. Con la metodología de aplicación actual, su uso no es aplicable a la postcosecha de cereales y oleaginosas, ya que actúan por vía sistémica. [0013] La aplicación de la formulación del presente invento, denominada “Biocarrier” representa una solución tecnológica innovadora a este problema, ya que en primer lugar Biocarrier se comporta como un sustrato atractante al insecto plaga, actuando como alimento preferido por sobre el grano en cuestión, y en segundo lugar, contiene un principio activo capaz de matar por ingestión al insecto plaga. Permite utilizar principios activos que tienen un bajo impacto toxicológico para la población humana, siendo incluso compatible con la agricultura orgánica. [0012] As an alternative to the use of synthetic insecticides, biological insecticides (biochemical, botanical or microbiological) have been developed, which are currently approved for use exclusively in extensive and intensive agriculture. With the current application methodology, their use is not applicable to the post-harvest of cereals and oilseeds, since they act systemically. [0013] The application of the formulation of the present invention, called "Biocarrier" represents an innovative technological solution to this problem, since firstly Biocarrier behaves as an attractive substrate for the insect pest, acting as a preferred food over the grain in question, and secondly, it contains an active ingredient capable of killing the insect pest by ingestion. It allows the use of active ingredients that have a low toxicological impact on the human population, being even compatible with organic agriculture.

[0014] Estos insecticidas biológicos actúan exclusivamente por vía digestiva por lo que no resulta efectivo su uso si es asperjado directamente sobre el grano, surgiendo la necesidad de vehiculizarlos en algún cebo alimenticio (kairomona).

Figure imgf000006_0001
[0014] These biological insecticides act exclusively through the digestive tract, so their use is not effective if sprayed directly on the grain, creating the need to transport them in some food bait (kairomone).
Figure imgf000006_0001

[0015] Es objetivo del presente invento un nuevo formulado compuesto por un sustrato que actúa como carrier o transportador del principio activo biológico, conformando una formulación que, por un lado, atrae al insecto por sobre la masa de granos almacenados, y por otro, al ser consumido por los insectos, actúa vía digestiva, provocándoles la muerte. La muerte se genera tras una única o repetidas ingestiones, dependiendo del tipo de insecto en cuestión. [0015] The objective of the present invention is a new formulation composed of a substrate that acts as a carrier or transporter of the biological active ingredient, forming a formulation that, on the one hand, attracts the insect over the mass of stored grains, and on the other, when consumed by insects, acts on the digestive tract, causing their death. Death occurs after a single or repeated ingestion, depending on the type of insect in question.

[0016] Es objetivo del presente invento un formulado que emplea insecticidas biológicos, los cuales actúan exclusivamente por vía digestiva, y al ser asociados con un cebo alimenticio, se asegura que el insecto se sienta atraído, vaya en busca del alimento, lo ingiera y muera, siendo este alimento el vehículo del insecticida biológico. [0017] Es objetivo del invento un nuevo y novedoso formulado que puede tener innumerables composiciones, teniendo dichas composiciones como puntos en común el empleo de principios activos clasificados como “biológicos”, pudiendo usarse en dicho formulado uno o más de dichos principios activos biológicos, siendo los mismos los actualmente disponibles en el mercado o cualquier otro nuevo tipo de principio activo a desarrollarse en el futuro, siendo este por lo menos un principio activo asociado a un cebo alimenticio con propiedades atractantes (kairomonas). [0016] The objective of the present invention is a formulation that uses biological insecticides, which act exclusively through the digestive tract, and when associated with a food bait, it ensures that the insect is attracted, goes in search of food, ingests it and dies, this food being the vehicle of the biological insecticide. [0017] The objective of the invention is a new and novel formulation that can have countless compositions, said compositions having as common points the use of active ingredients classified as "biological", one or more of said biological active ingredients being able to be used in said formulation, being the ones currently available on the market or any other new type of active ingredient to be developed in the future, this being at least one active ingredient associated with a food bait with attractant properties (kairomonas).

• Reseña del invento: • Invention review:

[0018] FORMULADO PARA CONTROL BIOLOGICO DE INSECTOS PLAGAS DEL ALMACENAJE DE GRANOS, caracterizado por comprender un sustrato sólido compuesto por un atractante alimentario y por lo menos un principio activo biológico. [0018] FORMULA FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GRAIN STORAGE PEST INSECTS, characterized by comprising a solid substrate composed of a food attractant and at least one biological active ingredient.

• Descripción detallada del presente invento: • Detailed description of the present invention:

[0019] Los principios activos integrantes de la formulación del presente invento (Biocarrier) son sustancias consideradas de leve preocupación toxicológica por FAO/OMS y que no presentan tolerancias de residuos para el comercio internacional (LMRs), a excepción de las espinosinas, que a pesar de su origen biológico tienen establecidos LMRs en algunos países, aunque las mismas se encuentren autorizadas para agricultura orgánica. [0020] Los diferentes principios activos que podrían integrar el formulado del presente invento (Biocarher) según cultivo destino y plaga blanco a controlar, se enumeran a continuación: [0019] The active ingredients comprising the formulation of the present invention (Biocarrier) are substances considered to be of slight toxicological concern by FAO/WHO and which do not present residue tolerances for international trade (MRLs), with the exception of spinosyns, which despite their biological origin have established MRLs in some countries, although they are authorized for organic agriculture. [0020] The different active ingredients that could be included in the formulation of the present invention (Biocarher) depending on the target crop and the target pest to be controlled, are listed below:

• Disruptores microbianos de las membranas digestivas de insectos. Bacillus thuringiensis, sus sub-especies y las proteínas insecticidas que producen. • Microbial disruptors of insect digestive membranes. Bacillus thuringiensis, its subspecies and the insecticidal proteins they produce.

• Moduladores alostéricos del receptor nicotínico de la acetilcolina - Spinosinas • Allosteric modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Spinosinas

• Baculovirus. Virus patógenos ocluidos específicos del huésped.• Baculovirus: Host-specific occluded pathogenic viruses.

Granulovirus (GVs), Nucleopoliedrovirus (NPVs). Granuloviruses (GVs), Nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs).

• Extractos vegetales y aceites crudos • Vegetable extracts and crude oils

• Azadiractinas • Azadirachtins

• Hongos entomopatógenos • Entomopathogenic fungi

• Péptidos derivados de toxinas naturales, ya sean éstas de origen animal o vegetal, o derivados de técnicas de biología molecular. • Peptides derived from natural toxins, whether of animal or plant origin, or derived from molecular biology techniques.

[0021 ] Los atractantes alimentarios pueden ser de vahadas formulaciones y su combinación con por lo menos un principio activo da origen a numeras composiciones, siendo la novedad del invento la asociación de un portador atractante alimenticio con por lo menos un principio activo biológico. [0021 ] Food attractants can be of various formulations and their combination with at least one active ingredient gives rise to numerous compositions, the novelty of the invention being the association of a food attractant carrier with at least one biological active ingredient.

• Composición genérica de la formulación del presente invento: Proteína bruta, • Generic composition of the formulation of the present invention: Crude protein,

Hidratos de carbono, Ácidos grasos, Carbohydrates, Fatty acids,

Principio activo (un principio activo o vahos principios activos combinados),Active ingredient (one active ingredient or several active ingredients combined),

Estabilizantes y conservantes grado alimenticio. Food grade stabilizers and preservatives.

[0022] En el proceso de formulación de Biocarher se utiliza una mezcladora, donde se incorporan las materias primas, las cuales se mezclan durante una hora hasta su homogenización. Posteriormente se introduce la mezcla en el equipo de micro-pelleteado. Finalmente se toma una muestra del lote para análisis de calidad y si la misma cumple con las especificaciones, se envasa, rotula y embala. [0022] In the Biocarher formulation process, a mixer is used, where the raw materials are added and mixed for one hour until homogenized. The mixture is then introduced into the micro-pelleting equipment. Finally, a sample is taken from the batch for quality analysis and if it meets the specifications, it is packaged, labeled and packed.

[0023] [0023]

El nuevo resultado y la aplicación industrial de los formulados del presente invento consiste en la efectividad en el control de insectos plaga del almacenaje, tratando los granos con un insecticida biológico asociado con un portador alimenticio atractante (cebo atractante o kairomona). Actualmente los insecticidas biológicos no se utilizan en la postcosecha, ya que su empleo no resulta efectivo debido a que los insecticidas biológicos actúan exclusivamente por vía digestiva. Si se asperja el insecticida bilóg ico directamente sobre el grano (siendo ésta la única técnica o metodología de aplicación conocida y empleada previo al presente invento) el insecto estaría obligado a comer el grano, y a su vez, la pequeña porción del grano que coma debería aportar la cantidad requerida del insecticida como para provocarle la muerte, siendo esto imposible debido a que: • No todos los insectos pueden atacar el grano entero, The new result and the industrial application of the formulations of the present invention consists in the effectiveness in the control of storage pest insects, treating the grains with a biological insecticide associated with an attractant food carrier (attractant bait or kairomone). Currently biological insecticides are not used in the post-harvest, since their use is not effective because biological insecticides act exclusively through the digestive tract. If the biological insecticide is sprayed directly on the grain (this being the only application technique or methodology known and used prior to the present invention) the insect would be forced to eat the grain, and in turn, the small portion of the grain that it eats would have to provide the required amount of insecticide to cause its death, this being impossible because: • Not all insects can attack the whole grain,

• Por aspersión directa, no todos los granos toman contacto con el insecticida biológico, • By direct spraying, not all grains come into contact with the biological insecticide,

• En aquellos granos que sí entran en contacto con el insecticida biológico, no se puede asegurar que la concentración del principio activo sea suficiente como para provocar la muerte del insecto que lo ingiera. • In those grains that do come into contact with the biological insecticide, it cannot be guaranteed that the concentration of the active ingredient is sufficient to cause the death of the insect that ingests it.

[0024] Biocarrier es un nuevo formulado que atrae al insecto por sobre la masa de granos, sintiéndose el insecto atraído por este formulado, y al ir en busca del mismo lo ingiere y se produce su muerte, siendo este resultado no solo novedoso, sino que también es inédito en el arte. Se ha comprobado mediante múltiples ensayos que tanto los insectos de infestación primaria como los de infestación secundaria consumen el sustrato alimenticio (cebo alimentario o kairomona), más el principio activo biológico que componen las formulaciones del invento (Biocarrier). Esto determina la muerte del insecto por ingestión del insecticida biológico. [0024] Biocarrier is a new formulation that attracts insects over the grain mass. The insect is attracted by this formulation and, when searching for it, ingests it and dies. This result is not only novel, but also unprecedented in the art. It has been proven through multiple tests that both primary and secondary infestation insects consume the food substrate (food bait or kairomone), plus the biological active ingredient that makes up the formulations of the invention (Biocarrier). This determines the death of the insect by ingestion of the biological insecticide.

• Ensayos de eficacia agronómica: • Agronomic efficacy tests:

[0025] Se adjunta informe de una serie de ensayos de evaluación de diferentes formulaciones. [0025] Attached is a report of a series of evaluation tests of different formulations.

Ejemplo no limitativo de una Composición de Biocarrier: Non-limiting example of a Biocarrier Composition:

[0026] Proteína bruta, . 23,0%[0026] Crude protein, . 23.0%

Hidratos de carbono, . 51 ,8% Ácidos grasos 9,7%Carbohydrates, . 51.8% Fatty acids 9.7%

Principio activo, (ver principio activo y % p/p utilizados en cada ensayo)Active ingredient, (see active ingredient and % w/w used in each test)

Estabilizantes y conservantes grado alimenticio, csp .100%Stabilizers and food grade preservatives, csp .100%

Tolerancia de concentración de atractantes ± 10% p/p de cada nutriente. Attractant concentration tolerance ± 10% w/w of each nutrient.

Formulaciones prototipo evaluadas en ensayos de eficacia a) Formulación prototipo 1

Figure imgf000011_0001
b) Formulación prototipo 2
Figure imgf000011_0002
c) Formulación prototipo 3
Figure imgf000011_0003
d) Formulación prototipo 4
Figure imgf000011_0004
e) Formulación prototipo 5
Figure imgf000012_0001
Prototype formulations evaluated in efficacy trials a) Prototype formulation 1
Figure imgf000011_0001
b) Prototype formulation 2
Figure imgf000011_0002
c) Prototype formulation 3
Figure imgf000011_0003
d) Prototype formulation 4
Figure imgf000011_0004
e) Prototype formulation 5
Figure imgf000012_0001

[0027] Como resultado se concluye que las cinco formulaciones de Biocarher del presente invento evaluadas: [0027] As a result, it is concluded that the five Biocarher formulations of the present invention evaluated:

• Biocarher 1 % de Spinosad, equivalente a 5 ppm/Tn granos; • Biocarher 1% Spinosad, equivalent to 5 ppm/Tn grains;

• Biocarher 2% de Spinosad, equivalente a 10 ppm/Tn granos; • Biocarher 2% Spinosad, equivalent to 10 ppm/Tn grains;

• Biocarher 1 ,2% de Azadiractina, equivalente a 6 ppm/Tn granos; • Biocarher 1.2% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 6 ppm/Tn grains;

• Biocarher 2,4% de Azadiractina, equivalente a 12 ppm/Tn granos; • Biocarher 2.4% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 12 ppm/Tn grains;

• Biocarher 1 % de Spinosad + 1 ,2% de Azadiractina, equivalente a 5 ppm de Spinosad + 6 ppm de Azadiractina/Tn granos. • Biocarher 1% Spinosad + 1.2% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 5 ppm Spinosad + 6 ppm Azadirachtin/Tn grains.

Lograron un excelente control de un amplio espectro de plagas de la postcosecha de los cereales. Los ensayos demostraron que las formulaciones del invento son altamente atrayentes para las ocho especies evaluadas, y que la estrategia de control es eficiente para lograr la protección residual del granel durante al menos seis meses; cumpliendo además con el objetivo de demostrar la versatilidad de la eficacia de Biocarher al utilizar en su composición diferentes principios activos, en diferentes concentraciones e inclusive en las mezclas de los mismos. They achieved excellent control of a broad spectrum of post-harvest pests in cereals. The tests demonstrated that the formulations of the invention are highly attractive to the eight species evaluated, and that the control strategy is efficient in achieving residual protection of the bulk for at least six months; also fulfilling the objective of demonstrating the versatility of Biocarher's effectiveness by using different active ingredients in its composition, in different concentrations and even in mixtures of the same.

[0028] Además las formulaciones del invento demostraron ser más eficaces que el testigo comercial más utilizado en la postcosecha de cereales (insecticida sintético - principio activo Deltamethna), manifestando niveles de control significativamente superiores que la práctica de control mediante el asperjado de la masa de granos con un insecticida sintético residual. [0028] In addition, the formulations of the invention proved to be more effective than the most widely used commercial witness in post-harvest cereals (insecticide synthetic - active ingredient Deltamethina), showing significantly higher levels of control than the practice of control by spraying the grain mass with a residual synthetic insecticide.

[0029] Biocarrier representa además un importante aporte a la inocuidad alimentaria y una estrategia sostenible para el manejo de la resistencia a los insecticidas sintéticos, demostrada en este ensayo en la eficacia parcial de control de la deltamethna. [0029] Biocarrier also represents an important contribution to food safety and a sustainable strategy for managing resistance to synthetic insecticides, demonstrated in this trial in the partial efficacy of deltamethna control.

[0030] Los resultados hallados, hacen suponer que la eficacia de control residual de las formulaciones del invento, podría alcanzar al menos un lapso de tiempo de 10 a 12 meses. [0030] The results found suggest that the residual control effectiveness of the formulations of the invention could reach at least a period of 10 to 12 months.

[0031 ] Asimismo, al momento del despacho o comercialización de la mercadería, la formulación granular del invento puede ser separado físicamente de la masa del granel, junto con los insectos muertos, mediante prácticas de separación mecánica conocidas, tal como zarandas o lo similar, al tener la formulación una granulometría promedio inferior a la granulometría del granel tratado. [0031] Likewise, at the time of dispatch or marketing of the merchandise, the granular formulation of the invention can be physically separated from the mass of the bulk, together with the dead insects, by means of known mechanical separation practices, such as sieves or the like, as the formulation has an average granulometry lower than the granulometry of the treated bulk.

Evaluación de eficacia de cinco formulaciones arriba señaladas a modo de ejemplo para el control de insectos plaga de granos almacenados, en estudios de residualidad. Evaluation of the effectiveness of five formulations mentioned above as an example for the control of insect pests of stored grains, in residuality studies.

Campaña: 2019/20 y 2021/22 Campaign: 2019/20 and 2021/22

[0036] El objetivo perseguido en estas evaluaciones, dadas a mero título de ejemplo no limitativo del alcance del invento es el de comparar la eficacia de control sobre insectos plaga de granos almacenados de dichas cinco formulaciones del invento, (Biocarrier) en tratamientos residuales. [0036] The objective pursued in these evaluations, given merely as an example not limiting the scope of the invention, is to compare the effectiveness of control of insect pests of stored grains of said five formulations of the invention, (Biocarrier) in residual treatments.

• Materiales y método: • Materials and methods:

[0037] Los ejemplares de Carcoma grande (Tenebroides maurítanicus), Carcoma achatada (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), Carcoma dentada (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), Taladrillo de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica) y Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), que se utilizaron en los bioensayos correspondían a cohortes homogéneas, provenientes de diferentes regiones geográficas de Argentina, criadas en recipientes de vidrio, en condiciones controladas de temperatura (28°C ± 1 °C) y humedad relativa (60%) y alimentadas con granos de trigo enteros y de avena. [0038] La aplicación de los tratamientos sobre los granos de trigo, se realizó en laboratorio utilizando un micro-dosificador a fin de simular el tratamiento que reciben los granos en el momento de ingreso del granel a los acopios. Cada unidad experimental (UE) consistió en un frasco de vidrio de 2000 cm3, con tapa y malla metálica de 154 pm de criba, con 1000 g de granos de cereal tratados, según el tratamiento asignado. A cada UE se le incorporaron 50 individuos de la misma cohorte, de adultos de Tenebroides maurítanicus, Cryptolestes ferrugineus y Oryzaephilus surinamensis, en frascos con trigo. Mientras que[0037] The specimens of Large woodworm (Tenebroides mauritanicus), Flat-toed woodworm (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), Toothed woodworm (Oryzaephilus surinamensis), Sitophilus granarías (Grain weevil), Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), Grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica) and Cereal poplar (Sitotroga cerealella), which were used in the bioassays corresponded to homogeneous cohorts, originating from different geographic regions of Argentina, raised in glass containers, under controlled conditions of temperature (28 °C ± 1 °C) and relative humidity (60%) and fed with whole wheat grains and oats. [0038] The application of the treatments on the wheat grains was carried out in the laboratory using a micro-dispenser in order to simulate the treatment that the grains receive at the time of entry of the bulk to the storage facilities. Each experimental unit (EU) consisted of a 2000 cm 3 glass jar, with a lid and a 154 pm metal sieve mesh, with 1000 g of treated cereal grains, according to the assigned treatment. Each EU was incorporated with 50 individuals from the same cohort, of adults of Tenebroides maurítanicus, Cryptolestes ferrugineus and Oryzaephilus surinamensis, in jars with wheat. While

Sitophilus granarías, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Rhizopertha dominica y larvas de Sitotroga cerealella, fueron incorporados a frascos con maíz. Sitophilus granarias, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Rhizopertha dominica and Sitotroga cerealella larvae were added to jars with corn.

[0039] Las UE fueron asignadas a cada uno de los tratamientos evaluados, mediante un diseño completamente aleatoñzado (DCA), con cuatro repeticiones por tratamiento. Todo el grano utilizado durante el ensayo fue tratado el mismo día, por lo que este momento se lo consideró como el “tiempo cero”. Se realizó el recuento de insectos vivos, afectados y muertos de cada especie a las 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 y 96 hs. de haber incorporado los insectos a cada unidad experimental. Al finalizar el primer mes de observación, se les incorporaron nuevamente 50 insectos. Se continuó con esta Metodología hasta completar el período de 6 meses. [0039] The EU were assigned to each of the evaluated treatments, using a completely randomized design (CRD), with four replicates per treatment. All the grain used during the trial was treated on the same day, so this moment was considered as “time zero”. The live, affected and dead insects of each species were counted at 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the insects were incorporated into each experimental unit. At the end of the first month of observation, 50 insects were incorporated again. This Methodology was continued until the 6-month period was completed.

[0040] Cada UE fue almacenada en una cámara de cría bajo condiciones controladas de temperatura y humedad (28 °C ± 1 °C y 70% HR) y ausencia de luz. A fin de establecer si existió un efecto significativo entre la tasa de mortalidad y el número de individuos afectados de las poblaciones expuestas a las diferentes dosis de insecticidas evaluados, para cada uno de los meses a evaluar se realizó un análisis de vañanza con un nivel de significancia del 5% (a= 0,05). Se realizó un test Tuckey, de comparaciones múltiples a posteriori. Los valores de mortalidad fueron corregidos por la fórmula de Abbott. [0040] Each EU was stored in a breeding chamber under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity (28 °C ± 1 °C and 70% RH) and absence of light. In order to establish if there was a significant effect between the mortality rate and the number of affected individuals of the populations exposed to the different doses of insecticides evaluated, for each of the months to be evaluated, a variance analysis was performed with a significance level of 5% (a = 0.05). A Tuckey test was performed, with multiple a posteriori comparisons. The mortality values were corrected by the Abbott formula.

Ecuación de Abbott: Abbott equation:

Eficacia 100( 100

Figure imgf000015_0002
Figure imgf000015_0001
Effectiveness 100( 100
Figure imgf000015_0002
Figure imgf000015_0001

Dónde: Where:

TDK = Infestación en parcela tratada después de aplicar el tratamiento TDK = Infestation in treated plot after applying the treatment

Cd = Infestación en parcela testigo después de aplicar el tratamiento [0041] Tratamientos evaluados: Cd = Infestation in control plot after applying the treatment [0041] Treatments evaluated:

• Tratamiento 1 : Testigo absoluto • Treatment 1: Absolute witness

• Tratamiento 2: Testigo químico comercial (insecticida sintético - principio activo Deltametrina) • Treatment 2: Commercial chemical control (synthetic insecticide - active ingredient Deltamethrin)

• Tratamiento 3: portador con 1 % de Spinosad, equivalente a 5 ppm • Treatment 3: carrier with 1% Spinosad, equivalent to 5 ppm

• Tratamiento 4: portador con 2 % de Spinosad, equivalente a 10 ppm • Treatment 4: carrier with 2% Spinosad, equivalent to 10 ppm

• Tratamiento 5: portador con 1 ,2 % de Azadiractina, equivalente a 6 ppm• Treatment 5: carrier with 1.2% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 6 ppm

• T ratamiento 6: portador con 2,4 % de Azadiractina, equivalente a 12 ppm• Treatment 6: carrier with 2.4% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 12 ppm

• Tratamiento 7: portador con 1 % de Spinosad + 1 ,2 % de Azadiractina, equivalente a 5 ppm de Spinosad + 6 ppm de Azadiractina • Treatment 7: carrier with 1% Spinosad + 1.2% Azadirachtin, equivalent to 5 ppm Spinosad + 6 ppm Azadirachtin

Variables: Granos - Dosis - Formulación - Plagas Variables: Grains - Dose - Formulation - Pests

Diseño experimental: DCA - 4 repeticiones Experimental design: DCA - 4 repetitions

• Resultados • Results

[0042] Se muestra a continuación el análisis de los resultados de mortalidad acumulada a los 4 días de exposición de los insectos, para cada uno de los periodos de reinfestación realizados. Los gráficos con el resumen de los resultados de mortalidad acumulada por momento y mes de observación se adjuntan como anexos al presente informe. [0042] The analysis of the cumulative mortality results after 4 days of exposure to the insects is shown below, for each of the reinfestation periods carried out. The graphs with the summary of the cumulative mortality results by time and month of observation are attached as annexes to this report.

[0043] a) Sitophilus granarius (Gorgojo de los cereales) [0043] a) Sitophilus granarius (Grain weevil)

Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de S. granarías con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 1 ). a.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of S. granarías with respect to the absolute control (see table 1). a.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0044] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de S. granarías durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones de Biocarher con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad, en ninguna de las seis re-infestaciones realizadas. Si bien la eficacia de control residual se redujo levemente durante el quinto y sexto mes. La formulación con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. Tabla 1 : Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de maíz.

Figure imgf000017_0001
a.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0044] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. granarías during the six months of the trial. No statistically significant differences were observed between the Biocarrier formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad, in any of the six re-infestations carried out. Although the residual control efficacy was slightly reduced during the fifth and sixth months, the formulation with Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. Table 1 : Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarías (Grain weevil), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
Figure imgf000017_0001
a.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0045] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de S. granarías durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina, en ninguna de las seis re- infestaciones realizadas. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. a.3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina. [0045] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. granaria during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six re-infestations carried out. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved an efficacy of significantly superior control to the commercial chemical witness from the fourth month onwards. a.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0046] La mezcla de Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarher logró un control residual efectivo de S.granaríus durante las diferentes reinfestaciones, logrando eficacias de control levemente superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. b) Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz) [0046] The mixture of Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarher achieved an effective residual control of S. granaríus during the different reinfestations, achieving control efficiencies slightly higher than formulations with equivalent active concentrations, and significantly higher than the commercial chemical control. b) Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil)

[0047] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de S. oryzae con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 2). b.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0047] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of S. oryzae with respect to the absolute control (see table 2). b.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0048] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de S. oryzae durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad, en ninguna de las seis reinfestaciones realizadas. Si bien la eficacia de control residual se redujo levemente durante el quinto y sexto mes, con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. b.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0049] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de S. oryzae durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina, en ninguna de las seis reinfestaciones realizadas. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. [0048] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. oryzae throughout the six months of the trial. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm Spinosad in any of the six reinfestations carried out. Although the residual control efficacy was slightly reduced during the fifth and sixth months, Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. b.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin. [0049] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. oryzae during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six reinfestations carried out. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards.

Tabla 2: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de maíz.

Figure imgf000019_0001
Table 2: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
Figure imgf000019_0001

Spinosad 5 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 99,7 AB 99,4 ASpinosad 5 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 99.7 AB 99.4 A

Spinosad 10 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 ASpinosad 10 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A

Azadiractina 6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 99,2 A 98,9 AAzadirachtin 6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 99.2 A 98.9 A

Azadiractina 12ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 AAzadirachtin 12ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A

Spin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 ASpin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A

Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) b.3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina. Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) b.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0050] La mezcla de Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de S. oryzae durante las diferentes reinfestaciones, logrando eficacias de control levemente superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. c) Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz) [0050] The mixture of Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. oryzae during the different reinfestations, achieving control efficiencies slightly higher than formulations with equivalent active concentrations, and significantly higher than the commercial chemical control. c) Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil)

[0051 ] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de S. zeamais con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 2). c.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0051 ] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of S. zeamais with respect to the absolute control (see table 2). c.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0052] La formulación del invento logró un control residual efectivo de S. zeamais durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad en los primeros meses, a partir del quinto mes la eficacia de control residual de la formulación con mayor concentración fue superior a la de 5 ppm. La formulación con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. c.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0052] The formulation of the invention achieved an effective residual control of S. zeamais during the six months of the trial. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in the first months, from the fifth month onwards the residual control efficacy of the formulation with the highest concentration was higher than that of 5 ppm. The formulation with Spinosad achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. c.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0053] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de S. zeamais durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina, en ninguna de las seis reinfestaciones realizadas. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes del ensayo. [0053] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of S. zeamais throughout the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six reinfestations carried out. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial.

Tabla 3: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de maíz. Table 3: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.

Figure imgf000021_0001
c.3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina.
Figure imgf000021_0001
c.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0054] La mezcla de Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarher logró un control residual efectivo de S. zeamais durante las diferentes reinfestaciones, logrando eficacias de control levemente superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. d) Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada) [0054] The mixture of Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarher achieved an effective residual control of S. zeamais during the different reinfestations, achieving control efficiencies slightly higher than formulations with equivalent active concentrations, and significantly higher than the commercial chemical control. d) Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm)

[0055] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de Cryptolestes ferrugineus con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 4). d.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0055] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of Cryptolestes ferrugineus with respect to the absolute control (see table 4). d.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0056] Biocarher logró un control residual efectivo de la Carcoma achatada durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad en los primeros meses, a partir del quinto mes la eficacia de control residual de la formulación con 10 ppm fue superior a la de 5 ppm. Con el Spinosad se logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. d.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0056] Biocarher achieved effective residual control of Flattened Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No differences were observed statistically significant differences between formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in the first months, from the fifth month onwards the residual control efficacy of the formulation with 10 ppm was higher than that of 5 ppm. With Spinosad, a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control was achieved from the fourth month onwards. d.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0057] La formulación del invento logró un control residual efectivo de la Carcoma achatada durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina, en ninguna de las seis re-infestaciones realizadas. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes del ensayo. d3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina. [0057] The formulation of the invention achieved an effective residual control of the Flattened Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin, in any of the six re-infestations carried out. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial. d3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0058] La mezcla del invento con Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de la Carcoma achatada durante los seis meses del ensayo, logrando eficacias de control superiores a las obtenidas por formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes (5 ppm de spinosad y 6 ppm de Azadiractina), y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial en la segunda, quinta y sexta reinfestación. [0058] The mixture of the invention with Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarrier achieved an effective residual control of the Flattened Woodworm during the six months of the trial, achieving control efficiencies higher than those obtained by formulations with equivalent active concentrations (5 ppm of spinosad and 6 ppm of Azadirachtin), and significantly higher than the commercial chemical control in the second, fifth and sixth reinfestation.

Tabla 4: Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de trigo. Table 4: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), at 4 days for each month of observation in wheat grains.

Figure imgf000023_0001
Figure imgf000023_0001

Spinosad 5 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 94,4 AB 95,8 ABSpinosad 5 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 94.4 AB 95.8 AB

Spinosad 10 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 94,0 AB 100,0 A 95,3 AB 98,7 ABSpinosad 10 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 94.0 AB 100.0 A 95.3 AB 98.7 AB

Azadiractina 6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 97,0 AB 94,0 ABAzadirachtin 6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 97.0 AB 94.0 AB

Azadiractina 12ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 AAzadirachtin 12ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A

Spin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 99,6 A 99,7 ASpin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 99.6 A 99.7 A

Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) e) Tenebroides mauritanicus (Carcoma grande) Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) e) Tenebroides mauritanicus (Large woodworm)

[0059] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de Tenebroides mauritanicus con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 5). e.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0059] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of Tenebroides mauritanicus with respect to the absolute control (see table 5). e.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0060] Biocarrier logró un efectivo control residual de la Carcoma grande hasta el sexto mes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formula-ciones con 5 y 10 ppm en ninguna de las seis re-infestaciones realizadas. La formulación con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir de la segunda reinfestación y hasta el sexto mes. e.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0060] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Large Woodworm up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm in any of the six re-infestations carried out. The formulation with Spinosad achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the second re-infestation until the sixth month. e.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0061 ] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de la Carcoma grande durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina en los primeros meses, sin embargo, a partir de la quinta reinfestación la formulación con 12 ppm más eficaz que la de 6 ppm, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes del ensayo. e.3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina. [0061 ] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Large Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin in the first months, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the formulation with 12 ppm was more effective than the 6 ppm one, although this difference was not statistically significant. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial. e.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0062] La mezcla de Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarher logró un excelente control residual de T. mauritanicus durante los seis meses del ensayo, logrando eficacias de control superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. Tabla 5: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides mauritanicus (Carcoma grande), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de trigo.

Figure imgf000024_0001
[0062] The mixture of Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarher achieved excellent residual control of T. mauritanicus during the six months of the trial, achieving control efficiencies higher than formulations with equivalent active concentrations, and significantly higher than the commercial chemical control. Table 5: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides mauritanicus (Large woodworm), at 4 days for each month of observation in wheat grains.
Figure imgf000024_0001

Deltametrina 10% EC 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 89,7 B 53,2 C 66,3 CDeltamethrin 10% EC 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 89.7 B 53.2 C 66.3 C

Spinosad 5 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 87,8 B 95,7 ABSpinosad 5 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 87.8 B 95.7 AB

Spinosad 10 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 91 ,1 AB 95,3 ABSpinosad 10 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 91.1 AB 95.3 AB

Azadiractina 6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 89,0 AB 94,9 ABAzadirachtin 6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 89.0 AB 94.9 AB

Azadiractina 12ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 98,6 A 97,2 AAzadirachtin 12ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 98.6 A 97.2 A

Spin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 ASpin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A

Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) f) Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Carcoma dentada) Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) f) Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Serrated woodworm)

[0063] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de Oryzaephilus surinamensis con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 5). f.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0063] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of Oryzaephilus surinamensis with respect to the absolute control (see table 5). f.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0064] Biocarrier logró un efectivo control residual de la Carcoma dentada hasta el sexto mes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad en ninguna de las seis reinfestaciones realizadas, sin embargo, a partir de la quinta reinfestación la eficacia de control de la formulación con 10 ppm fue superior. La formulación con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir de la segunda reinfestación y hasta el sexto mes. f.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0064] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of Spinosad up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in any of the six reinfestations carried out, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the control efficacy of the formulation with 10 ppm was superior. The formulation with Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the second reinfestation until the sixth month. f.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0065] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de la Carcoma dentada durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones de con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina en los primeros meses, sin embargo, a partir de la quinta reinfestación la formulación con 12 ppm más eficaz que la de 6 ppm, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes del ensayo. f.3.) Biocarier con Spinosad + Azadiractina. [0065] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Toothed Woodworm during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin in the first months, however, from the fifth re-infestation onwards the formulation with 12 ppm was more effective than the 6 ppm, although this difference was not statistically significant. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial. f.3.) Biocarier with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0066] La mezcla del invento con Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarrier logró un excelente control residual de la carcoma dentada durante los seis meses del ensayo, logrando eficacias de control superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes de cada uno de los activos individuales, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. Tabla 6: Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Carcoma dentada), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de trigo.

Figure imgf000026_0001
[0066] The mixture of the invention with Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarrier achieved excellent residual control of the toothed woodworm during the six months of the trial, achieving control efficiencies superior to formulations with equivalent active concentrations of each of the individual active ingredients, and significantly higher than the commercial chemical control. Table 6: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis (toothed woodworm), at 4 days for each month of observation in wheat grains.
Figure imgf000026_0001

Spinosad 5 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 88,7 BC 91 ,3 ABSpinosad 5 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 88.7 BC 91.3 AB

Spinosad 10 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 AB 100,0 ASpinosad 10 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 AB 100.0 A

Azadiractina 6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 95,7 AB 93,4 ABAzadirachtin 6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 95.7 AB 93.4 AB

Azadiractina 12ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 AB 100,0 AAzadirachtin 12ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 AB 100.0 A

Spin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 AB 100,0 ASpin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 AB 100.0 A

Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) g) Sitotroga cerealella (Palomita de los cereales) Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) g) Sitotroga cerealella (Cereal popcorn)

[0067] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervi-vencia de la Palomita de los cereales con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 5). g.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0067] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of the Cereal Poplar with respect to the absolute control (see table 5). g.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0068] Biocarrier logró un efectivo control residual de la Palomita de los cereales hasta el sexto mes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad en ninguna de las seis reinfestaciones realizadas, sin embargo, a partir de la quinta reinfestación la eficacia de la formulación con 10 ppm fue superior (aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa). La formulación con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir de la segunda reinfestación y hasta el sexto mes. g.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0068] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of Cereal Moth up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in any of the six reinfestations carried out, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the efficacy of the formulation with 10 ppm was superior (although this difference was not statistically significant). The formulation with Spinosad achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the second reinfestation and up to the sixth month. g.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0069] Biocarrier logró un control residual efectivo de la Palomita de los cereales durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones de Biocarrier con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina en los primeros meses, sin embargo, a partir de la quinta reinfestación la formulación con 12 ppm más eficaz que la de 6 ppm, aunque esta diferencia no fue estadísticamente significativa. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial apartir del cuarto mes del ensayo. [0069] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of Cereal Moth during the six months of the trial. No significant differences were observed between the Biocarrier formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin in the first months, however, from the fifth reinfestation onwards the formulation with 12 ppm was more effective than the one with 6 ppm, although this difference was not statistically significant. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the trial.

Tabla 7: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitotroga cerealella (Palomita de los cereales), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de maíz.

Figure imgf000028_0001
Table 7: Cumulative mortality for Sitotroga cerealella (Cereal popper), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
Figure imgf000028_0001

Deltametrina 10% EC 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 92,3 B 58,7 C 47,3 CDeltamethrin 10% EC 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 92.3 B 58.7 C 47.3 C

Spinosad 5 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 94,9 AB 92,7 ABSpinosad 5 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 94.9 AB 92.7 AB

Spinosad 10 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 99,2 A 98,4 ASpinosad 10 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 99.2 A 98.4 A

Azadiractina 6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 AAzadirachtin 6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A

Azadiractina 12ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 97,5 AB 97,6 ABAzadirachtin 12ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 97.5 AB 97.6 AB

Spin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 99,8 A 99,9 ASpin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 99.8 A 99.9 A

Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) g.3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina. Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) g.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0070] La mezcla de Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarher logró un excelente[0070] The mixture of Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarher achieved excellent

5 control residual de la Palomita de los cereales durante los seis meses del ensayo, logrando eficacias de control superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes de cada uno de los activos individuales, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. 0 h) Rhizopertha dominica (Taladrillo de los cereales) 5 residual control of the Cereal borer during the six months of the trial, achieving control efficiencies superior to formulations with equivalent concentrations of each of the individual active ingredients, and significantly superior to the commercial chemical control. 0 h) Rhizopertha dominica (Cereal borer)

[0071 ] Todos los tratamientos evaluados lograron reducir significativamente la supervivencia de Rhizopertha dominica con respecto al testigo absoluto (ver tabla 5). 5 h.1.) Formulación con Spinosad. [0071 ] All the treatments evaluated managed to significantly reduce the survival of Rhizopertha dominica with respect to the absolute control (see table 5). 5 h.1.) Formulation with Spinosad.

[0072] Biocarrier logró un efectivo control residual del Taladrillo de los cereales hasta el sexto mes. No se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las formulaciones con 5 y 10 ppm de Spinosad en los primeros meses, a partir del quinto mes la eficacia de control residual de la formulación con mayor concentración fue superior a la de 5 ppm. La formulación con Spinosad logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes. h.2.) Formulación con Azadiractina. [0072] Biocarrier achieved effective residual control of the Cereal borer up to the sixth month. No statistically significant differences were observed between the formulations with 5 and 10 ppm of Spinosad in the first months, from the fifth month onwards the residual control efficacy of the formulation with the highest concentration was higher than that of 5 ppm. The formulation with Spinosad achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month onwards. h.2.) Formulation with Azadirachtin.

[0073] La formulación del invento logró un control residual efectivo del taladrillo de los cereales durante los seis meses del ensayo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las formulaciones con 6 y 12 ppm de Azadiractina. La formulación con Azadiractina logró una eficacia de control significativamente superior al testigo químico comercial a partir del cuarto mes del ensayo. h.3.) Formulación con Spinosad + Azadiractina. [0073] The formulation of the invention achieved an effective residual control of the cereal borer during the six months of the test. No significant differences were observed between the formulations with 6 and 12 ppm of Azadirachtin. The formulation with Azadirachtin achieved a significantly higher control efficacy than the commercial chemical control from the fourth month of the test. h.3.) Formulation with Spinosad + Azadirachtin.

[0074] La mezcla de Spinosad + Azadiractina en Biocarher logró un excelente control residual del taladrillo de los cereales durante los seis meses del ensayo, logrando eficacias de control superiores a las formulaciones con concentraciones de activo equivalentes de cada uno de los activos individuales, y significativamente superiores al testigo químico comercial. [0074] The mixture of Spinosad + Azadirachtin in Biocarher achieved excellent residual control of the cereal borer during the six months of the trial, achieving control efficiencies superior to formulations with equivalent active concentrations of each of the individual active ingredients, and significantly superior to the commercial chemical control.

Tabla 8: Mortalidad acumulada para Rhizopertha dominica (Taladrillo de los cereales), a los 4 días para cada mes de observación en granos de maíz.

Figure imgf000030_0001
Table 8: Cumulative mortality for Rhizopertha dominica (Cereal borer), at 4 days for each month of observation in corn grains.
Figure imgf000030_0001

Spinosad 5 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 87,6 B 90,1 BSpinosad 5 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 87.6 B 90.1 B

Spinosad 10 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 87,6 B 96,3 ABSpinosad 10 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 87.6 B 96.3 AB

Azadiractina 6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 91 ,1 AB 94,9 ABAzadirachtin 6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 91.1 AB 94.9 AB

Azadiractina 12ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 97,1 A 97,6 ABAzadirachtin 12ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 97.1 A 97.6 AB

Spin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 100,0 A 94,2 A 99,2 ASpin. + Azad. 5+6 ppm 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 100.0 A 94.2 A 99.2 A

Medias con una letra común no son significativamente diferentes (p > 0,05) CONCLUSIONES Means with a common letter are not significantly different (p > 0.05) CONCLUSIONS

[0075] Las cinco formulaciones evaluadas del presente invento a título de ejemplo no limitativo del mismo lograron un excelente control de un amplio espectro de plagas de la postcosecha de los cereales. Los ensayos demostraron que Biocarrier es altamente atrayente para las ocho especies evaluadas, y que la estrategia de control es eficiente para lograr la protección residual del granel durante al menos seis meses; cumpliendo además con el objetivo de demostrar la versatilidad de la eficacia de la formulación del invento al utilizar en su composición diferentes sustancias activas, en diferentes concentraciones e inclusive en las mezclas de las mismas. [0075] The five formulations evaluated of the present invention, as a non-limiting example thereof, achieved excellent control of a broad spectrum of post-harvest pests of cereals. The tests demonstrated that Biocarrier is highly attractive to the eight species evaluated, and that the control strategy is efficient in achieving residual protection of the bulk for at least six months; also fulfilling the objective of demonstrating the versatility of the efficacy of the formulation of the invention by using different active substances in its composition, in different concentrations and even in mixtures thereof.

[0076] Además demostró ser más eficaz que el testigo comercial más utilizado en la postcosecha de cereales, manifestando niveles de control significativamente superiores que la práctica de control mediante el asperjado de la masa de granos con un insecticida sintético residual. [0076] It also proved to be more effective than the most widely used commercial witness in post-harvest cereals, showing levels of control significantly higher than the control practice of spraying the grain mass with a residual synthetic insecticide.

[0077] Esta práctica además representa un importante aporte a la inocuidad alimentaria y una estrategia sostenible para el manejo de la resistencia a los insecticidas sintéticos, demostrada en este ensayo en la eficacia parcial de control de la deltametrina. Los resultados hallados, hacen suponer que la eficacia de control residual de las formulaciones del invento en el granel podría alcanzar al menos 8 a 10 meses. • ANEXOS DE INFORMACIÓN COMPLEMENTARIA [0077] This practice also represents an important contribution to food safety and a sustainable strategy for managing resistance to synthetic insecticides, demonstrated in this trial by the partial control efficacy of deltamethrin. The results found suggest that the residual control efficacy of the formulations of the invention in bulk could reach at least 8 to 10 months. • ANNEXES OF COMPLEMENTARY INFORMATION

[0078] Figura 1 : Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000031_0001
[0079] Figura 2: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000032_0001
[0078] Figure 1: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000031_0001
[0079] Figure 2: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000032_0001

[0080] Figura 3: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial. [0080] Figure 3: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000033_0001
Figure imgf000033_0001

[0081] Figura 4: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000033_0002
[0081] Figure 4: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000033_0002

[0082] Figura 5: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial. [0082] Figure 5: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000034_0001
Figure imgf000034_0001

[0083] Figura 6: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus granarías (Gorgojo de los cereales), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000034_0002
[0083] Figure 6: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus granarias (Grain weevil), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000034_0002

[0084] Figura 7: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial. [0084] Figure 7: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000035_0001
Figure imgf000035_0001

[0085] Figura 8: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000035_0002
[0085] Figure 8: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000035_0002

[0086] Figura 9: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial. [0086] Figure 9: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000036_0001
Figure imgf000036_0001

[0087] Figura 10: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000036_0002
[0087] Figure 10: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000036_0002

[0088] Figura 11 : Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del arroz), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial. [0088] Figure 11: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Rice weevil), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000037_0001
Figure imgf000037_0001

[0089] Figura 12: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus oryzae (Gorgojo del[0089] Figure 12: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus oryzae (Cow weevil)

5 arroz), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000037_0002
[0090] Figura 13: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000038_0001
5 rice), per observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000037_0002
[0090] Figure 13: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000038_0001

[0091] Figura 14: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000038_0002
[0092] Figura 15: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000039_0001
[0091] Figure 14: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000038_0002
[0092] Figure 15: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000039_0001

[0093] Figura 16: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000039_0002
[0094] Figura 17: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000040_0001
[0093] Figure 16: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000039_0002
[0094] Figure 17: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000040_0001

[0095] Figura 18: Mortalidad acumulada para Sitophilus zeamais (Gorgojo del maíz), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000040_0002
[0096] Figura 19: Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000041_0001
[0097] Figura 20: Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000041_0002
[0098] Figura 21 : Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000042_0001
[0095] Figure 18: Cumulative mortality for Sitophilus zeamais (Corn weevil), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000040_0002
[0096] Figure 19: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000041_0001
[0097] Figure 20: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000041_0002
[0098] Figure 21: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000042_0001

[0099] Figura 22: Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000042_0002
[0100] Figura 23: Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000043_0002
[0101 ] Figura 24: Mortalidad acumulada para Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Carcoma achatada), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000043_0001
[0102] Figura 25: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides maurítanicus (Carcoma grande), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000044_0001
[0099] Figure 22: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000042_0002
[0100] Figure 23: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000043_0002
[0101 ] Figure 24: Cumulative mortality for Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Flattened woodworm), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000043_0001
[0102] Figure 25: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maurítanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000044_0001

[0103] Figura 26: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides maurítanicus[0103] Figure 26: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides mauritanicus

(Carcoma grande), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000044_0002
[0104] Figura 27: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides maurítanicus (Carcoma grande), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000045_0001
(Large woodworm), at time of observation, in the second artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000044_0002
[0104] Figure 27: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maurítanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000045_0001

[0105] Figura 28: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides maurítanicus (Carcoma grande), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial. [0105] Figure 28: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maurítanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000046_0001
Figure imgf000046_0001

[0106] Figura 29: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides maurítanicus (Carcoma grande), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación

Figure imgf000046_0002
[0106] Figure 29: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides mauritanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the fifth infestation
Figure imgf000046_0002

[0107] Figura 30: Mortalidad acumulada para Tenebroides maurítanicus (Carcoma grande), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial. [0107] Figure 30: Cumulative mortality for Tenebroides maurítanicus (Large woodworm), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000047_0001
Figure imgf000047_0001

[0108] Figura 31 : Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Carcoma dentada), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000047_0002
[0108] Figure 31: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000047_0002

[0109] Figura 32: Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Carcoma dentada), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial. [0109] Figure 32: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000048_0001
Figure imgf000048_0001

[0110] Figura 33: Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Carcoma dentada), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000048_0002
[0110] Figure 33: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000048_0002

[0111] Figura 34: Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Carcoma dentada), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial. [0111] Figure 34: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000049_0002
Figure imgf000049_0002

[0112] Figura 35: Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Carcoma dentada), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000049_0001
[0112] Figure 35: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000049_0001

[0113] Figura 36: Mortalidad acumulada para Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Carcoma dentada), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial. [0113] Figure 36: Cumulative mortality for Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. (Serrated woodworm), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000050_0001
Figure imgf000050_0001

[0114] Figura 37: Mortalidad acumulada para Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000050_0002
[0114] Figure 37: Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000050_0002

[0115] Figura 38: Mortalidad acumulada para Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial. [0115] Figure 38: Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000051_0001
Figure imgf000051_0001

[0116] Figura 39: Mortalidad acumulada para Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000051_0002
[0116] Figure 39: Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000051_0002

[0117] Figura 40: Mortalidad acumulada para Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial. [0117] Figure 40: Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000052_0001
Figure imgf000052_0001

[0118] Figura 41 : Mortalidad acumulada para Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000052_0002
[0118] Figure 41: Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poultry Moth (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000052_0002

Sitotroga cerealella (Palomita de los cereales), mes 5

Figure imgf000052_0003
Sitotroga cerealella (Cereal Popcorn), month 5
Figure imgf000052_0003

[0119] Figura 42: Mortalidad acumulada para Palomita de los cereales (Sitotroga cerealella), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial. [0119] Figure 42: Cumulative mortality for the Cereal Poison (Sitotroga cerealella), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.

Figure imgf000053_0001
Figure imgf000053_0001

[0120] Figura 43: Mortalidad acumulada para Taladríllo de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica), por momento de observación, en la primera infestación 5 artificial.

Figure imgf000053_0002
[0121] Figura 44: Mortalidad acumulada para Taladríllo de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica), por momento de observación, en la segunda infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000054_0001
[0120] Figure 43: Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the first artificial infestation 5.
Figure imgf000053_0002
[0121] Figure 44: Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the second artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000054_0001

[0122] Figura 45: Mortalidad acumulada para Taladríllo de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica), por momento de observación, en la tercera infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000054_0002
[0123] Figura 46: Mortalidad acumulada para Taladríllo de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica), por momento de observación, en la cuarta infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000055_0001
[0122] Figure 45: Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the third artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000054_0002
[0123] Figure 46: Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the fourth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000055_0001

[0124] Figura 47: Mortalidad acumulada para Taladríllo de los granos[0124] Figure 47: Accumulated mortality for the Grain Drill

(Rhizopertha dominica), por momento de observación, en la quinta infestación artificial.

Figure imgf000055_0002
[0125] Figura 48: Mortalidad acumulada para Taladríllo de los granos (Rhizopertha dominica), por momento de observación, en la sexta infestación artificial.
Figure imgf000056_0001
(Rhizopertha dominica), per observation time, in the fifth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000055_0002
[0125] Figure 48: Cumulative mortality for the European grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica), by observation time, in the sixth artificial infestation.
Figure imgf000056_0001

Claims

REIVINDICACIONES 1- FORMULADO PARA EL CONTROL BIOLOGICO DE INSECTOS PLAGAS DEL ALMACENAJE DE GRANOS, caracterizado porque comprende un sustrato solido granulado compuesto por un atractante alimentario con un 0,2% al 3% de por lo menos un principio activo biológico, teniendo dicho compuesto una granulometría con un rango entre 1 mm a 2,5mm, siendo dicho por lo menos un principio activo una sustancia de leve preocupación toxicológica sin presentar tolerancias de residuos (LMRs) elegido entre los insecticidas bioquímicos, botánicos o microbiológicos. 1- FORMULA FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF GRAIN STORAGE PEST INSECTS, characterized in that it comprises a solid granulated substrate composed of a food attractant with 0.2% to 3% of at least one biological active ingredient, said compound having a granulometry with a range between 1 mm to 2.5 mm, said at least one active ingredient being a substance of low toxicological concern without presenting residue tolerances (LMRs) chosen from biochemical, botanical or microbiological insecticides. 2- FORMULADO PARA EL CONTROL BIOLOGICO DE INSECTOS2- FORMULATED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS PLAGAS DEL ALMACENAJE DE GRANOS, de acuerdo a lo reivindicado en 1 , caracterizado
Figure imgf000057_0001
el principio activo es elegido entre por lo menos uno de los compuestos de las siguientes características o mezclas de los mismos: GRAIN STORAGE PESTS, as claimed in 1, characterized
Figure imgf000057_0001
The active ingredient is chosen from at least one of the compounds with the following characteristics or mixtures thereof: Disruptores microbianos de las membranas digestivas de insectos; Microbial disruptors of insect digestive membranes; • Bacillus thuríngiensis, sus sub-especies y las proteínas insecticidas que producen; • Bacillus thuringiensis, its subspecies and the insecticidal proteins they produce; • Moduladores alostéhcos del receptor nicotínico de la acetilcolina - Spinosinas Baculovirus; • Allosteic modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - Baculovirus spinosins; • Virus patógenos ocluidos específicos del huésped; • Host-specific occluded pathogenic viruses; Granulovirus (GVs), Nucleopoliedrovirus (NPVs); Granuloviruses (GVs), Nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs); Extractos vegetales y aceites crudos; • Azadiractinas; Plant extracts and crude oils; • Azadirachtins; • Hongos entomopatógenos; y • Entomopathogenic fungi; and • Péptidos derivados de toxinas naturales, ya sean estas de origen animal o vegetal, o derivados de técnicas de biología molecular. • Peptides derived from natural toxins, whether of animal or plant origin, or derived from molecular biology techniques. 3- FORMULADO PARA EL CONTROL BIOLOGICO DE INSECTOS3- FORMULATED FOR BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF INSECTS PLAGAS DEL ALMACENAJE DE GRANOS, de acuerdo a lo reivindicado en 1 , caracterizado porque el alimento de atracción es elegido entre mezclas que integran dos o más de los siguientes componentes: • proteína bruta; GRAIN STORAGE PESTS, according to the claim in 1, characterized in that the attractant food is chosen from mixtures that integrate two or more of the following components: • crude protein; • hidratos de carbono; • carbohydrates; • ácidos grasos; • fatty acids; • sémola de trigo; • wheat semolina; • germen de trigo; • harina de maní; y • wheat germ; • peanut flour; and • glucosa. • glucose.
PCT/IB2023/053035 2023-03-27 2023-03-27 Formulation for biologically controlling insect pests in grain storage Pending WO2024201100A1 (en)

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0229191A1 (en) * 1985-07-18 1987-07-22 Earth Chemical Co., Ltd. Fly-attractive composition
JPH1192301A (en) * 1995-07-13 1999-04-06 Earth Chem Corp Ltd Pest control poison bait, pest attractant, and pest control method
WO2006007595A2 (en) * 2004-07-01 2006-01-19 E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company Synergistic mixtures of anthranilamide invertebrate pest control agents
CN109430273A (en) * 2018-12-06 2019-03-08 山东圣鹏科技股份有限公司 A kind of insecticide for grains storage agent containing multiple killing teichomycin and preparation method thereof and application
US20210345605A1 (en) * 2018-10-26 2021-11-11 Citeq B.V. Biological pest control agent

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0229191A1 (en) * 1985-07-18 1987-07-22 Earth Chemical Co., Ltd. Fly-attractive composition
JPH1192301A (en) * 1995-07-13 1999-04-06 Earth Chem Corp Ltd Pest control poison bait, pest attractant, and pest control method
WO2006007595A2 (en) * 2004-07-01 2006-01-19 E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company Synergistic mixtures of anthranilamide invertebrate pest control agents
US20210345605A1 (en) * 2018-10-26 2021-11-11 Citeq B.V. Biological pest control agent
CN109430273A (en) * 2018-12-06 2019-03-08 山东圣鹏科技股份有限公司 A kind of insecticide for grains storage agent containing multiple killing teichomycin and preparation method thereof and application

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