WO2024261689A1

WO2024261689A1 - Device for hydrogen production

Info

Publication number: WO2024261689A1
Application number: PCT/IB2024/056035
Authority: WO
Inventors: Alberto Valli; Mario Pietro NARDI
Original assignee: Hyter Srl
Current assignee: Hyter Srl
Priority date: 2023-06-23
Filing date: 2024-06-20
Publication date: 2024-12-26
Anticipated expiration: 2025-12-23

Abstract

Electrolyser device (1), of the type which uses the anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) technology for the production of hydrogen, characterized in that it comprises: - at least one support frame (2) with a substantially laminar development, comprising at least two seats (3) which are defined on the same support frame (2) so as not to overlap with each other, - at least two electrochemical modules (10) wherein: - each electrochemical module (10) is mounted at a respective seat (3), - each electrochemical module (10) includes an anion exchange separation membrane (11) which is interposed between two electrodes, respectively between an anode (12) and a cathode (13), - at least the separation membranes (11 ) of said at least two electrochemical modules (10) are structurally distinct and separated from each other, means (20) for applying electrical energy to the electrodes (12, 13) of each electrochemical module (10).

Description

DEVICE FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention concerns an electrochemical device for hydrogen production. In particular, the present invention concerns a device for hydrogen production by electrolysis of water or in any case of an aqueous solution.

STATE OF THE ART

Water electrolysis is a well-known technology for producing hydrogen.

Currently, the most used technologies for water electrolysis are generally the alkaline one, the one with proton exchange membrane (also known as "Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis" or "PEMWE"), the one with anion exchange membrane (also known as “Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis” or “AEMWE”) and solid oxide electrolysis (also known as “Solid Oxide Electrolysis” or “SOE”).

Alkaline and PEMWE electrolysers are currently the most advanced and marketed, with alkaline having the lowest installation cost and PEMWE being the most compact, combining higher current densities and hydrogen outlet pressures. Solid oxide electrolysers are those with the highest electrical efficiency.

AEMWE electrolysers represent a recent technology that combines the benefits of alkaline and PEMWE. However, to date, AEMWE technology has only been implemented on small-sized devices with particularly small membranes (usually with a surface extension of 20cm x 20cm). Larger membranes are less mechanically stable and have less long-lasting electrical performance and this currently makes the scaling up of AEMWE electrolysers very complicated.

WO2023057376A1 describes a photoelectrochemical converter comprising an electrochemical module and a photovoltaic module superimposed on the electrochemical module. The electrochemical module includes: an anode housing which has at least two recesses separated by a dividing wall; at least two electrolytic units, not overlapping, separated by the dividing wall and each of which is located in one of the recesses. Each electrolytic unit includes an electrolytic cell, electrically powered by the photovoltaic module to generate hydrogen by electrolysis of water, an anode plate and a cathode block between which said electrolytic cell is interposed. Each electrolytic cell comprises a proton exchange electrolytic membrane which is covered on the opposite faces with an anodic catalytic layer and a cathodic catalytic layer respectively.

W02017040625A1 describes a stack of electrochemical cells comprising a plurality of planar development cell modules; each module includes electrodes, proton exchange membranes, separator plates and outflow plates. CN111952647A reveals a water electrolysis device that uses a modular system of stacked membranes and electrodes; in particular, the system comprises multiple stacked frames, each of which is equipped with a plurality of holes for the installation of a corresponding electrode unit.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

The object of the invention is to propose an electrolyser device for hydrogen production which allows to overcome, at least in part, the drawbacks of known solutions.

Another object of the invention is to propose an electrolyser device with AEMWE technology which allows a hydrogen production equal to or greater than approximately 30 Nm³/h, preferably greater than approximately 50 Nm³/h.

Another object of the invention is to propose an electrolyser device with AEMWE technology that is highly scalable, in particular in order to increase the quantity of hydrogen produced.

Another object of the invention is to propose an electrolyser device with AEMWE technology with a reduced size, particularly in height.

Another object of the invention is to propose an electrolyser device with AEMWE technology with high hydrogen production density.

Another object of the invention is to propose a low-cost device.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device with long-lasting electrical performance.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device that is durable.

Another object of the invention is to propose a particularly mechanically robust device.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device with high mechanical and electrical performance.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device that can be manufactured simply, quickly and at low costs.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device that can be assembled simply, quickly and at low costs.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device of simple, easy and economical maintenance.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device that allows a saving of raw materials, extending the duration of electrical performance without penalizing mechanical stability. Another object of the invention is to propose a device that can be manufactured quickly and efficiently on an industrial level.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device that is an improvement and/or alternative compared to traditional solutions.

Another object of the invention is to propose a device with an alternative characterization, both in functional and implementational terms, compared to traditional solutions.

Another object of the invention is to propose a method for scaling, preferably for scaling up, electrolysers with AEMWE technology.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

All the objects mentioned here, considered both individually and in any combination thereof, and others that will emerge from the following description are achieved, according to the invention, with a device according to claim 1 , and/or with an appliance according to claim 23, and/or with an apparatus according to claim 24, and/or with a method according to claim 25.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The present invention is further clarified below in some of its preferred embodiments reported for purely illustrative and non-limiting purposes with reference to the attached drawings, wherein: figure 1 shows an exploded perspective view of a device according to the invention, figure 2 shows a plan view of the frame of the device in fig. 1 , figure 3 shows a plan view of a plate of the device in fig. 1 at its first face, figure 4 shows a plan view of the frame in fig. 2, without the first plate, and with the second plate applied (like the one in fig. 2) which is illustrated as dotted lines in the background, figure 5 shows a section on a Z-Y plane of the assembled device of fig. 1 , figure 6 shows the same view as fig. 4 wherein also the first plate is applied to the frame (like the one in fig. 2), figure 7A shows section A - A of fig. 6, figure 7B shows section B - B of fig. 6, figure 8 shows a plan view of a first variant of the frame of the device according to the invention, figure 9 shows a plan view of a second variant of the frame of the device according to the invention, figure 10A shows a perspective view of a face of a frame of the device according to the invention, figure 10B shows a perspective view of the other face of the frame in fig. 10A, figure 11 shows the same view as fig. 3 with the paths defined by the corresponding channels indicated in different dotted lines, figure 12 shows a plan view of the support frame of fig. 10A superimposed on the plate as illustrated in fig. 11 , figure 13A shows a perspective view of a face of a third variant of the frame of the device according to the invention, figure 13B shows a perspective view of the other face of the frame in fig. 13A, figure 14 shows a plan view of a first variant of a current-carrying plate at its first face, figure 15A shows a plan view of a second variant of a current-carrying plate at its first face, figure 15B shows an exploded perspective view of the current-carrying plate of fig. 15A, figure 15C shows a perspective view of an enlarged detail of the current-carrying plate in fig. 15A, figure 16A shows a perspective view of an appliance comprising a plurality of devices according to the invention stacked to form the so-called stack, figure 16B shows the appliance of fig. 16A from a different perspective view, figure 17 shows a perspective view of an internal detail of the appliance in fig. 16A, and figure 18 shows a section on a Z-Y plane of a series of devices stacked/superimposed on each other inside the appliance in fig. 17A, figure 19A shows a schematic view of an apparatus - including a device according to the invention and the fluidic circuits associated with the anode part and the cathode part - during a first start-up phase, figure 19B shows a schematic view of the apparatus of fig. 19A during a second/subsequent start-up phase, figure 19C shows a schematic view of the apparatus of fig. 19A during its operation during which hydrogen generation occurs, figure 20 shows the same view as fig. 5 in a variant wherein the compression frame is provided, figures 21 - 24 show a perspective view of various embodiments wherein the support frame is made in two or more pieces, figure 25 shows a perspective view of a different embodiment of the appliance of figures 16A and 16B, figure 26 shows a perspective view of the assembly of the components of the appliance according to the invention at one of its end heads, figure 27A shows a perspective view of a face (anodic side) of a further (fourth) variant of the frame of the device according to the invention, and figure 27B shows a perspective view of the other face (cathode side) of the frame in fig. 27A.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND OF SOME PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The present invention concerns an electrolyser device 1 for the production of hydrogen, i.e. of the type configured for the production of hydrogen by electrolysis. The device 1 is of the type which is configured for the hydrogen production by electrolysis of water or in any case of an aqueous solution. The device 1 is an electrolyser of the AEMWE (“Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis”) type and therefore uses an anion exchange membrane technology.

The device 1 comprises at least one support frame 2 with a substantially laminar development. In particular, the support frame 2 has a substantially laminar development, wherein the development along the X, Y directions (perpendicular to each other and corresponding to the development in length and width) is considerably greater than the development along the Z direction (which is perpendicular to the X, Y directions and which corresponds to the development in thickness). Preferably, the support frame 2 has no perimeter containment walls which develop perpendicular to the innermost/most central area.

The support frame 2 is provided with at least two seats 3 which are defined on said frame so as not to overlap each other. In other words, said at least two seats 3 are separated/distinct from each other and are arranged so as to be distributed along the plan development (i.e. along the X and Y directions) of the laminar body.

Conveniently, said at least two seats 3 are not contiguous to each other, and in particular there is a separation section between them.

Conveniently, said at least two seats 3 are defined in said support frame 2, which is substantially laminar, so that one is arranged laterally with respect to the other, not necessarily so as to be adjacent or close together.

Preferably, said at least two seats 3 can be substantially coplanar. Conveniently, said two seats 3 can be adjacent or even spaced apart. Conveniently, said two seats 3 can be placed side by side. Conveniently, said two seats 3 can be distributed on the support frame 2 so as to be close to each other or they can be positioned at a (more or less significant) distance from each other. Conveniently, said at least two seats 3 can be distributed on the support frame 2 according to a predefined pattern or arrangement, or they can be distributed in a disorderly manner. Conveniently, said at least two seats 3 can be distributed on the support frame so as to be aligned with each other along the X and/or Y direction, and/or along the radial development or along the diagonal of the frame itself.

Conveniently, the frame 2 can be made in a single piece (see fig. 2) or it can also comprise and be made in two or more pieces 2' (see for example figures 21 - 24), which can be mechanically connected with each other directly or indirectly; conveniently, the pieces 2' can be adjacent to each other, with or without contact, and be made integral with each other through the respective connection to further elements (for example defined by or provided at the ends) which are directly connected to each other.

Conveniently, in the embodiments wherein the single frame 2 includes two or more pieces 2', each piece 2' of said frame 2 can include at least one seat 3 and, in particular, can include only one seat 3 (see fig. 21 and 22) or two seats 3 (see fig. 23 and 24), or (in a version not illustrated here) even more than two seats 3. Conveniently, each of said at least two seats 3 of the frame 2 is obtained and/or defined by/in a single corresponding piece.

The device 1 includes at least two electrochemical modules 10, each of which is mounted at a respective seat 3 of the support frame 2. In particular, each seat 3 of the support frame 2 is configured to receive a corresponding electrochemical module 10. In other terms, in the presence of at least one first seat and at least one second seat, as well as at least one first electrochemical module and at least one second electrochemical module, a first electrochemical module is mounted at (i.e. inside) said first seat, while a second electrochemical module is mounted at (i.e. inside) said second seat. Preferably, each

Conveniently, each of said at least two electrochemical modules 10 can define an electrolytic cell and, therefore, the device 1 includes at least two electrolytic cells which are arranged/mounted non-overlapping, preferably substantially coplanar with each other and placed side by side on the same support frame 2.

Conveniently, therefore, in the device 1 the electrochemical modules 10 are not superimposed on each other along the Z direction. Essentially, in the device 1 the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2 are separated/distinct from each other and are distributed along the flat surface (i.e. along the XY directions) of the frame itself.

Preferably, in the device 1 there are at least two electrochemical modules 10 which are substantially coplanar. Preferably, in the device 1 the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2 can be adjacent and/or side by side (preferably in an orderly manner along the X and/or Y directions of the frame 2, or along a radial direction in the X-Y plane) or they can be positioned at a certain (more or less significant) distance.

Each electrochemical module 10 includes its own separation membrane 11 interposed between a pair of electrodes and, in particular, interposed between an anode 12 (or anode electrode) and a cathode (or cathode electrode) 13. In particular, the membrane 11 separates, inside the corresponding electrochemical module 10, the anode side from the cathode side, and vice versa.

In particular, in the device 1 , (at least) the membranes 11 of each of the electrochemical modules 10 are structurally distinct and separated from each other. Preferably, in the device 1 , it turns out that:

- the membranes 11 of each of the electrochemical modules 10 are structurally distinct and separate from each other,

- the corresponding anodes (anodic electrodes) 12 of each of the electrochemical modules 10 are structurally distinct and separated from each other, and

- the corresponding cathodes (cathode electrodes) 12 of each of the electrochemical modules 10 are structurally distinct and separated from each other.

Preferably, the device 1 comprises at least two electrochemical modules 10 which are structurally distinct/separated from each other, and which are mounted on the same frame 2 so as to be placed side by side and, more preferably, so as to be substantially coplanar.

Conveniently, each electrochemical module 10 can define an electrolytic cell wherein the membrane 11 of the corresponding module divides the cell itself into two half-cells: an anodic half-cell containing the anode 12 and a cathodic half-cell containing the cathode 13.

Therefore, the device 1 includes at least two electrolytic cells which are mounted side by side, preferably mounted substantially coplanar with each other, inside respective seats 3 of the same frame 2.

Conveniently, in a traditional way, once an electrical potential difference has been applied between the two electrodes (as described below in greater detail) of each electrochemical module 10, the traditional electrolysis process occurs with the following halfreactions: • Half-reaction at the cathode (cathode half-cell):

2H₂O + 2e- ^ H₂ + 2OH-

• Half-reaction at the anode (anodic half-cell):

H₂O ¹/₂O₂ + 2H⁺ + 2e-

The membrane 11 of each electrochemical module 10 is structurally distinct and separated from the membranes of the other electrochemical modules 10 which are arranged/mounted on the same support frame 2.

The membrane 11 of each electrochemical module 10 is an anion exchange membrane. Preferably, the membrane 11 of each electrochemical module 10 is made of electrically non-conductive polymeric material. Preferably, the membrane 11 of each electrochemical module 10 is porous/permeable to the aqueous solution but is substantially impermeable to the gas. Preferably, the membrane 11 of each electrochemical module 10 defines a physical barrier between the two gases, i.e. hydrogen and oxygen, which are produced at the two electrodes and which do not mix with each other thanks to the presence of the membrane 11. Preferably, the membrane 11 is substantially whole or continuous i nternal ly/centrally , in particular it has no central holes or openings.

Preferably, the anode 12 of each electrochemical module 10 is structurally distinct and separated from the anodes of the other electrochemical modules 10 which are arranged/mounted on the same support frame 2.

Preferably, the cathode 13 of each electrochemical module 10 is structurally distinct and separated from the cathodes of the other electrochemical modules 10 which are arranged/mounted on the same support frame 2.

The device 1 also includes means 20 for carrying and/or applying electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 of each electrochemical module 10. Preferably, the means 20 can be configured to supply/impose an electric current to the electrodes 12, 13. Conveniently, the means 20 can be configured to supply/impose an electric voltage to the electrodes.

Preferably, said means 20 are configured to supply an electric current, more preferably a direct electric current, to said at least two electrochemical modules 10; more in detail, said means 20 are configured to subject the electrodes 12, 13 of each electrochemical module 10 to an electric potential difference.

Preferably, said means 20 comprise a pair of plates, respectively a first plate 21 and a second plate 22, between which the support frame 2 of said at least two electrochemical modules 10 is interposed. Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 are electric current-carrying plates. In particular, the plates 21 and 22 are connected with an electric current source and transfer the electric current to the electrodes 12, 13, thus creating a potential difference between the electrodes of each electrochemical module 10.

Conveniently, each or at least one of the two plates 21 and 22 can be a bipolar type plate.

Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 are configured to supply a direct electric current to all the electrochemical modules 10 which are mounted on the same frame 2. To this end, conveniently, the plates 21 and 22 have a surface extension such as to affect all the electrochemical modules 10 which are mounted on the same frame 2. Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 can have a slightly smaller surface extension than those of the frame 2.

Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 are made of electrically conductive material. Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 are made of electrically conductive metallic material. Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 are made of material resistant to the alkaline environment. More preferably, the plates 21 and 22 can be made of steel, for example AISI 316L or AISI 31 OS stainless steel, nickel Ni, nickel-plated carbon steel. Preferably, the plates 21 and 22 are configured (in terms of shape and/or thickness and/or material) to withstand an internal relative pressure of at least 25 bar of a gas.

In a possible embodiment, the cathode 13, the membrane 11 and the anode 12 of each electrochemical module 10 are juxtaposed with each other. Preferably, the cathode 13, the membrane 11 and the anode 12 of each electrochemical module 10 are defined by three distinct elements which are superimposed during their positioning inside the corresponding seat 3 of the frame 2 which is intended to receive the corresponding module electrochemical module 10. In otherwords, the cathode 13, the membrane 11 and the anode 12 of each electrochemical module 10 are arranged one above the other during the assembly and mounting/positioning of each electrochemical module 10 on the frame 2. Preferably, the cathode 13, the membrane 11 and the anode 12 do not define a monolithic element.

Preferably, the membrane 11 of each electrochemical module 10 is inserted already wet inside the corresponding seat 3 of the frame 2 which is intended to receive the corresponding electrochemical module 10. Preferably, the anode 12 and/or the cathode 13 of each module electrochemical module 10 are inserted already wet inside the corresponding seat 3 of the frame 2 which is intended to receive the corresponding electrochemical module 10.

In a possible embodiment, the assembly comprising the two electrodes 12, 13 and the membrane 11 can be defined by a membrane-electrode assembly/grouping, also known as "MEA" or "membrane-electrode assembly". Conveniently, the electrodes can be deposited directly on the membrane 11. Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, one of the two electrodes 12 or 13 is made in a single body with the membrane 11.

Preferably, each electrochemical module 10 can also comprise a pair of supports for the electrodes, respectively an anode support 14 for the anode 12 and a cathode support 15 for the cathode 13. In particular, the anode support 14 is placed in contact with the anode 12, while the cathode support 15 is placed in contact with the cathode 13.

Conveniently, therefore, each electrochemical module 10 can comprise the following elements superimposed on each other in the following order:

- the cathode holder 15 for the cathode,

- the cathode 13,

- the separation membrane 11 ,

- the anode 12,

- the anode holder 14 for the anode.

Preferably, the supports 14, 15 for the electrodes 12, 13 of each electrochemical module 10 are provided with through holes or pores (which for example can have a section of approximately 1 nm - 1cm) which pass entirely through the thickness of the supports themselves from side to side, to thus allow the passage of the aqueous solution up to the respective electrodes 12, 13. Preferably, the supports 14, 15 for the electrodes 12, 13 of each electrochemical module 10 are made of electrically conductive material and, more preferably, are made of electrically conductive metallic material to thus transfer the electric current of the respective plates 21 , 22 to the corresponding electrodes . Preferably, the supports 14, 15 of each electrochemical module 10 are made of material resistant to the alkaline environment. More preferably, the supports 14, 15 of each electrochemical module 10 can be made of steel, for example in AISI 316L or AISI 31 OS stainless steel, in nickel Ni, in nickel-plated carbon steel. Preferably, the supports 14, 15 of each electrochemical module 10 are configured (in terms of shape and/or thickness and/or material) to withstand corresponding mutually opposing pressures, for example of approximately 25 bar. Conveniently, the supports 14, 15 of each electrochemical module 10 can have the characteristics described for the electrode holders of WO2021/214318, the contents of which are intended to be incorporated herein by reference.

The device 1 also includes means for fluidly connecting together said at least two electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2.

Preferably, said fluid connection means between at least two electrochemical modules 10 are configured to bring an aqueous solution 31 at each of said at least two electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2, to thus wet with said aqueous solution 31 all the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2.

Conveniently, aqueous solution 31 is an electrolytic solution. Conveniently, the aqueous solution 31 can be any aqueous solution containing an alkaline or basic electrolyte. Preferably, the aqueous solution 31 is an alkaline aqueous solution, for example containing potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or other alkaline salts in a weight percentage between 1 % and 30%, or it can optionally also be pure/distilled water.

Preferably, said fluid connection means between at least two electrochemical modules 10 of the device 1 comprise a first internal circuit 37 configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the anode 12 side, the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2. Conveniently, in the first internal circuit 37 an aqueous solution 31 can circulate, to thus wet with said aqueous solution 31 from the side of the anode 12 all the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2. Conveniently, during the operational functioning of the device 1 (i.e. following the application of electrical energy - preferably current - to the electrodes), the oxygen generated at the cathode 13 of all the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2 can circulate in the first internal circuit 37.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the first internal circuit 37 can comprise first passages 32 obtained, at least in part, on said first plate 21 and/or on said second plate 22. Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the first internal circuit 37 can include first passages 32 obtained, at least partly or exclusively, on the frame 2 (see fig. 27A). Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the first internal circuit 37 can include first passages 32 obtained partly on the frame 2 and partly on said first plate 21 and/or on said second plate 22.

Conveniently, the first internal circuit 37 can be configured to be fluidly connected, at its input and output respectively, with a first external fluidic circuit C1 which is external to the device 1 , as will become clearer later. Conveniently, for this purpose, the first internal circuit 37 can include at least a first opening A1 and/or at least a second opening A2, which are obtained on the frame 2 and/or on said first plate 21 and/or on said second plate 22, and which are in fluid communication with said first passages 32 of the first internal circuit 37. Preferably, the first opening A1 and the second opening A2 are obtained at two opposite ends, more preferably diagonally opposite, of the frame 2 and/or of the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22.

Preferably, at said at least one first opening A1 and/or said at least one second opening A2, sealing means are provided (for example gaskets, preferably inserted in appropriate receiving recesses), to thus prevent the leakage of the fluid (and in detail of the aqueous solution 31) outside the first internal circuit 37.

Preferably, said fluid connection means between at least two electrochemical modules 10 of the device 1 comprise a second internal circuit 38 configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the cathode 13 side, the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2.

Conveniently, at least during the start-up phase of the device 1 (i.e. before applying electrical energy to the electrodes), an aqueous solution 31 or distilled or pure water can circulate in the second internal circuit 38, to thus wet with said aqueous solution 31 from the side of the cathode 13 all the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2. Conveniently, during the operational functioning of the device 1 (i.e. following the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13), in the second internal circuit 38 the hydrogen which is generated at the cathode 13 of all the electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2 can circulate. Conveniently, the second internal circuit 38 can be configured to be fluidly connected, at its input and output respectively, with a second external fluidic circuit C2 which is external to device 1 , as will become clearer later.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the second internal circuit 38 can comprise second passages 80 obtained, at least in part, on said second plate 22 and/or on said first plate 21. Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the second internal circuit 38 can include second passages 80 obtained, at least partially or exclusively, on the frame 2 (see fig. 27B). Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the second internal circuit 38 can include second passages 80 obtained partly on the frame 2 and partly on said first plate 21 and/or on said second plate 22.

Conveniently, the second internal circuit 38 can be configured to be fluidly connected, at its input and output respectively, with a first external fluidic circuit C1 which is external to the device 1 , as will become clearer later. Conveniently, for this purpose, the second internal circuit 38 can include at least a third opening A3, preferably at least two third openings A3, obtained on the frame 2 and/or on said first plate 21 and/or on said second plate 22, and which is/are in fluid communication with said second passages 80 of the second internal circuit 38. Preferably, the third openings A3 are obtained at two opposite ends, more preferably diagonally opposite, of the frame 2 and/or of the first plate 21 and/or or of the second plate 22. Preferably, at said at least one third opening A3, sealing means are provided (for example gaskets, preferably inserted into suitable receiving recesses), to thus prevent the leakage of the fluid (and in particular of the aqueous solution 31 during the start- up phase and of the hydrogen during the operational functioning phase) outside the second internal circuit 38.

Conveniently, during the start-up phase, a third opening A3 acts as an inlet for the aqueous solution 31 (or other inert gas) which is introduced onto the side of the cathode 13, while another third opening A3 acts as an outlet for the aqueous solution 31 (or other inert gas) which is introduced on the side of the cathode 13.

As mentioned, in a possible and preferred embodiment illustrated in the figures, the first internal circuit 37 is obtained on the means 20 for carrying and/or applying electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 of each electrochemical module 10. Preferably, said internal circuit 37 is obtained on at least one of said plates 21 , 22 which carry the electric current to said at least two electrochemical modules 10.

Conveniently, the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22 comprises, at one of its two faces, at least a first passage 32 which is configured to bring the aqueous solution 31 to the anode side of each of said two electrochemical modules 10 mounted in a substantially coplanar manner on the same frame 2. In particular, said at least one first passage 32 is configured to wet, with the aqueous solution 31 , all the electrochemical modules 10 which are mounted side by side, preferably in a substantially coplanar manner with each other, on the same frame 2.

Conveniently, said at least one first passage 32 is open and, in particular, has a substantially concave transverse profile at least at the sections wherein it passes over the electrochemical modules 10, to thus allow the aqueous solution 31 to escape. Preferably, said at least one first passage 32 has a transverse profile which is concave along the entire length of the channel itself.

Preferably, the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22 can comprise a first mouth 33 for the passage of the aqueous solution 31 and a second mouth 34 for the passage of the aqueous solution 31. Conveniently, the first mouth 33 and/or the second mouth 34 also define the passage for the escape of the oxygen which is produced, following the electrolysis reaction, at the anode 12.

Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the first mouth 33 and the second mouth 34 are obtained at two opposite, more preferably diagonally opposite, ends of the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22.

Preferably, in a possible embodiment, the first mouth 33 is provided for the inlet of the aqueous solution 31 and is fluidly connected with the inlet end of said at least one first passage 32, while the second mouth 34 is provided for the outlet of the aqueous solution 31 and is fluidly connected to the outlet end of said at least one first passage 32. Conveniently, the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22 can also comprise at least a third mouth 35, more preferably two third mouths 35, for the escape of the hydrogen produced at the cathode 13. Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the two third mouths 35 are obtained at two opposite, more preferably diagonally opposite, ends of the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22.

In particular, in a possible embodiment, the first plate 21 - which is positioned on the side of the anode 12 and which, preferably, rests on the anode support 14 - includes on a first face 2T (i.e. on the face which is facing the anode 12) at least a first passage 32 for the passage of the aqueous solution 31 so as to wet said electrochemical modules 10.

More in detail, preferably, said at least one first passage 32 thus defines the first internal circuit 37 which is configured to bring the aqueous solution 31 at the anode 12 of each of said two electrochemical modules 10 mounted in a substantially coplanar manner on the same frame 2.

Conveniently, said at least one first passage 32 can be defined by a groove. Conveniently, said at least one first passage 32 can be obtained by carrying out mechanical engraving operations on the first face 2T of the first plate 21.

Preferably, the other/second face 21" (which is opposite to the first face 2T) of the first plate 21 can be substantially flat and continuous, or in any case can be free of grooves for the escape of the aqueous solution 31 .

Preferably, in a possible embodiment, the second plate 22 can be the same as the first plate 21 , in particular in terms of shape, dimensions and characteristics of the respective faces. In particular, corresponding to the first plate 21 , the second plate 22 can include a first face 22' wherein said at least one first passage 32 is obtained and a second face 22" which is substantially devoid of first passages 32 and which, preferably, is substantially continuous or flat.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the first face 2T of the first plate 21 - which is the face provided with said at least one first passage 32 - faces the anode 12 and, preferably, comes into contact with the anode support 14, while the second face 22" of the second plate 22 - which is the face without first passages 32 and which is preferably substantially smooth - faces towards the cathode 13 and, preferably, comes into contact with the cathode support 15.

In a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures (see fig. 3), the first internal circuit 37 includes a plurality of first passages 32 (for example five passages 32) having their respective inlet ends in fluid connection with the first mouth 33 for the entry of the aqueous solution 31 and the respective opposite outlet ends in fluid connection with the second mouth 34 for the exit of the aqueous solution 31. The first passages 32 are fluidly separated and independent from each other along the respective paths which are defined between the first mouth 33 and the second mouth 34. Preferably, each first passage 32 of said plurality of first passages defines, between the first mouth 33 and the second mouth 34, a substantially serpentine path that passes through and involves two or more electrochemical modules 10 placed side by side and spaced apart, thus allowing the aqueous solution 31 to flow out onto said electrochemical modules 10.

In a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures (see fig. 14), the first circuit 37 can comprise a plurality of interdigitated first passages 32 . In particular, the first circuit 37 can include two groups of first passages 32, respectively a first group 32' of first passages and a second group 32" of first passages, which are aligned so that the channels of the first group 32' are inserted between the channels of the second group 32" and vice versa. Furthermore, the channels of the first group 32' are fluidly connected only with the first mouth 33, while the channels of the second group 32" are fluidly connected only with the second mouth 34. In this case, therefore, the fluid connection between the first mouth 33 and the second mouth 34 occurs through the through holes/pores of the anode support 14 for the anode 12; in particular, the aqueous solution 31 passes from the channels of the first group 32' to the channels of the second group 32" (or vice versa) through the anode support 14 which is provided with through holes/pores and which is in contact and in fluid connection with both groups 32' and 32" of channels.

In another possible embodiment (see fig. 15A - 15C), the plate 21 and/or 22 is made from three metal sheets 57, 58 and 59, preferably of laser-cut and laser wrought metal sheet, which are mutually overlapping and which are fixed together (preferably by welding) at their respective external edges. In particular, in addition to the slits defining the first mouth 33, the second mouth 34 and the third mouth(s) 35, on the first sheet 57 (which faces the anode 12, preferably coming into contact with the anode support 14) and on the second intermediate sheet 58 corresponding through cuts are made, respectively first cuts 64' on the first sheet 57 and second cuts 64" on the second sheet 58; the third sheet 59 (which faces towards the cathode 13, preferably coming into contact with the cathode support 15) is devoid of cuts and thus substantially defines a continuous/solid wall. Conveniently, the configuration of the first cuts 64' and the second cuts 64" - both in terms of conformation and their mutual arrangement - is such as to define first passages 32 for the aqueous solution 31 having sections with closed section and defined between the first 57 and the third sheet 59 and also having sections with an open section, defined by the first cuts 64' obtained on the first sheet 57, for the escape of the aqueous solution 31 towards the anode 12 of the electrochemical modules 10.

As mentioned, in a possible embodiment, the first passages 32 - to bring the aqueous solution 31 at the anodic part of each of said at least two electrochemical modules 10 - can be obtained entirely or partially on the same frame 2 on which they are mounted in a substantially coplanar manner said at least two electrochemical modules 10. For example, as illustrated in the embodiments of fig. 8 and 9, the frame 2 can include an inlet mouth 23 (which can have a circular or annular cross-section) for the aqueous solution 31 , a mouth which is then fluidly connected by means of respective first passages 32 with each seat 3 (which is provided on the frame 2) for mounting the respective electrochemical modules 10, to thus wet each electrochemical module 10 mounted on the frame 2 with said aqueous solution 31. Preferably, the inlet mouth 23 is surrounded by the seats 3 and the first passages 32 develop radially towards the external from said inlet mouth 23. Preferably, the inlet mouth 23 is obtained in the center of the frame 2. Preferably, the first passages 32 can be defined by depressed and sunken sections obtained on the frame 2. For example, in another possible embodiment (see fig. 27A), the frame 2 can include on one face (and in particular on the face on the anode side) a first circuit 37 with a plurality of first passages 32 which are defined by suitable depressed and sunken sections obtained on frame 2.

As mentioned, in a possible and preferred embodiment illustrated in the figures (see for example fig. 27B), the second internal circuit 38 is obtained on the frame 2. Conveniently, the frame 2 comprises, at one of its two faces (and in particular on the face on the cathode side), at least a second passage 80 which is configured to let out the hydrogen produced on the cathode side of each of said two electrochemical modules 10 and/or to bring the aqueous solution 31 and/or other inert gas on the cathode side of each of said two electrochemical modules 10 mounted in a substantially coplanar manner on the same frame 2. Preferably, said at least one second passage 80 is configured to collect the hydrogen produced on the cathode side of each of said electrochemical modules 10 mounted on the same frame 2 and to bring it towards said at least one third opening A3. Preferably, said at least one second passage 80 is configured to wet with the aqueous solution 31 all the electrochemical modules 10 which are mounted side by side, preferably in a substantially coplanar manner with each other, on the same frame 2.

Preferably, the second passages 80 include sunken sections obtained on the second surface 51 of the frame 2. Preferably, said sunken sections are obtained between through openings 40 adjacent to each other and/or between each third gap 45 and at least one through opening 40 adjacent to the opening same. Preferably, the second passages 80 are in direct communication with the cathode support 15 of each electrochemical module 10 which is inserted into each corresponding through opening 40.

Conveniently, during the operational operation phase, the hydrogen which is generated at the cathode 13 can circulate in the second passages 80. Conveniently, during the start-up phase, in the second passages 80 it can circulate the aqueous solution 31 coming from the second circuit C2 (as will become clearer later), and which thus wets/humidifies the cathode 13.

Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, a plurality of seats 3 can be obtained in the frame 2, side by side and also spaced/separated, each of these being provided for the assembly and reception of only one corresponding electrochemical module 10.

Preferably, the device 1 comprises a number of electrochemical modules 10 which corresponds to the number of seats 3 provided in the frame 2.

Preferably, the support frame 2 is made of electrically insulating material. Preferably, said support frame 2 is made of electrically insulating metallic material. Preferably, the support frame 2 can be made of plastic material with or without reinforcing inserts, for example it can be made of polymeric resin with or without reinforcing glass fibres, and in any case it is suitably resistant to the mechanical stresses induced in the process.

Preferably, the support frame 2 can be made by injection molding. Preferably, the support frame 2 can be made by mechanical processing.

In a possible and preferred embodiment, the support frame 2 is made of polymeric material, for example POM-C or PPS filled with glass.

Conveniently, the frame 2 can have any in-plan shape (i.e. along the X-Y directions) for example it can have a polygonal shape (see the substantially squared shape with rounded edges of the frame of fig. 2 or 8) or a circular shape (see fig. 9).

Preferably, the frame 2 can be made in a single piece or in several pieces permanently fixed or made integral with each other (for example by welding).

For example, in the embodiment of fig. 2, in the frame 2 there are nine seats 3 coplanar with each other for as many electrochemical modules 10, but evidently only two seats 3 or even more than nine seats 3 could be provided.

Preferably, the seats 3 are defined in an orderly manner inside the frame 2, in particular being aligned with each other in groups of two or more along corresponding parallel rows and/or parallel columns, or along a radial/diametric direction.

Preferably, all the seats 3 of the frame 2 have the same shape and dimensions, to thus receive corresponding electrochemical modules 10 which are all equal to each other in terms of shape and dimensions. Preferably, the electrochemical modules 10 can also have the same configuration (in particular in terms of structure and materials used) and also have the same performances. In particular, advantageously, the electrochemical modules 10 (or in any case the individual components) can be made/produced in the same way, preferably on an industrial scale.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment which is not illustrated, the seats 3 of the frame 2 can have different shapes and/or dimensions from each other, to thus receive corresponding electrochemical modules 10 which are different from each other.

In particular, each seat 3 can include a through opening 40. Conveniently, the through opening 40 can have any shape, for example it can have a polygonal shape (see the square shape of the through openings 40 in fig. 2 or 8) or circular shape (see fig. 9).

Conveniently, the frame 2 can include a first gap 43 and a second gap 44. Preferably, the aqueous solution 31 for the anode 12 of each electrochemical module 10 can enter and/or exit through the first gap 43 and the second gap 44. Preferably, the first 43 and/or second gap 44 can also define the passage for the escape of the oxygen produced, following the electrolysis reaction, at the anode 12. Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the first gap 43 and the second gap 44 are obtained on the base portion 39 of the frame 2. Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the first gap 43 and the second gap 44 are obtained at two opposite ends, more preferably diagonally opposite, of the frame 2 and, in particular, of the base portion 39.

Conveniently, the frame 2 can also include at least a third gap 45, more preferably two third gaps 45. Preferably, through the third gaps 45 the hydrogen produced at the cathode 13 escapes and/or enters and exits respectively (at least during the phase start-up, as will be described in more detail below) an aqueous solution 31 or an inert gas for the cathode of each electrochemical module 10. Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the two third gaps 45 are obtained on the base portion 39 of the frame 2. Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the two third gaps 45 are obtained at two opposite ends, more preferably diagonally opposite, of the frame 2 and, in particular, of the base portion 39.

Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the first opening A1 of the first fluid circuit 37 is defined by the overlap of the first gap 43 of the frame 2 and the first mouth 33 of the first plate 21 and/or of the second plate 22. In particular, for this purpose, the first gap 43 of the frame 2 is superimposed - at least in part - on the first mouth 33 of the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22, to thus allow their fluid connection. Preferably, the first gap 43 of the frame 2 can have a shape substantially corresponding to that of the first mouth 33 of the first plate 21 and/or of the second plate 22.

Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, the second opening A2 of the first fluid circuit 37 is defined by the overlap of the second gap 44 of the frame 2 and the second mouth 34 of the first plate 21 and/or of the second plate 22. In in particular, for this purpose, the second gap 44 of the frame 2 is superimposed - at least partially - on the second mouth 34 of the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22, to thus allow their fluid connection. Preferably, the second gap 44 of the frame 2 can have a shape substantially corresponding to that of the second mouth 34 of the first plate 21 and/or of the second plate 22.

Preferably, in a possible embodiment illustrated in the figures, each third opening A3 of the second fluid circuit 38 is defined by the overlap of a third gap 45 obtained on the frame 2 and a third mouth 35 of the first plate 21 and/or of the second plate 22. In particular, for this purpose, each third gap 45 of the frame 2 is overlapped - at least in part - with a corresponding third mouth 35 of the first plate 21 and/or the second plate 22, to thus allow their fluid connection. Preferably, each third gap 45 of the frame 2 can have a shape substantially corresponding to that of the third mouth 35 of the first plate 21 and/or of the second plate 22.

Preferably, the frame 2 includes a base portion 39 on which at least two (more preferably a plurality of) through openings 40 are obtained (each of which defines a corresponding seat 3) which are structurally separated and distinguished from each other by (solid) sections of said base portion 39. Conveniently, the frame 2 - and in particular the base portion 39 of the frame - has two opposite surfaces, respectively a first surface 50 (also called "anode side surface") and a second surface 51 (called also "cathode side surface"), which extend along the X-Y directions and which are spaced from each other along the Z direction corresponding to the thickness of the frame 2, in particular corresponding to the thickness of its base portion 39.

Conveniently, each through opening 40 is closed at its first surface 50 by the first plate 21 and at its second surface 51 by the second plate 22. In particular, the first face 2T of the first plate 21 rests and comes into contact with the first surface 50, while the second face 22" of the second plate 22 rests and comes into contact the second surface 51 .

Furthermore, in more detail, in a possible and preferred embodiment illustrated in the figures, the first face 2T includes the first passages 32 having at least one open section for the escape of the aqueous solution 31 at each electrochemical module 10 mounted on the frame 2, while the second face 22" - which is devoid of first passages 32 - defines a continuous closing and support wall.

Conveniently, each seat 3 can include a step 53 which surrounds the through opening 40 and which is lowered towards the inside of the opening itself. In particular, the step 53 is lowered with respect to the first surface 50 of the base portion 39 which surrounds the step itself. Conveniently, the step 53 has a shape corresponding to that of the through opening 40 which it surrounds. More in detail, preferably, at each through opening 40, the first surface 50 connects (along the thickness) to the second surface 51 , narrowing towards the inside of the opening 40 and defining a stepped profile 53. In particular, the through opening 40 has an extension along X and/or Y which is greater at the first surface 50 and smaller at the second surface 51. Conveniently, the step 53 includes a corresponding third surface 54 which, preferably, is substantially parallel to the first surface 50 and to the second surface 51 and also includes:

- a first wall 55 - which preferably develops parallel to the thickness - connecting the first surface 50 to the third surface 54, and

- a second wall 56 - which preferably extends parallel to the thickness - connecting the second surface 51 to the third surface 54.

Conveniently, despite being on two different levels along the thickness Z, the first wall 55 is more external than the second wall 56, thus delimiting laterally a first zone and a second zone respectively.

Preferably, the anode 12 and the membrane 11 have a shape and surface development (in particular along the X-Y directions) substantially corresponding to those of the (first) zone of the through opening 40 delimited laterally by the first wall 55. Preferably, the cathode 13 has a surface development smaller than that of the (first) zone of the through opening 40 delimited laterally by the first wall 55. Preferably, the anode support 14 and the cathode support 15 have a shape and surface development (in particular along the X-Y directions) substantially corresponding to those of the (second) zone of the through opening 40 delimited laterally by the second wall 56.

Conveniently, therefore, the cathode support 15 is inserted inside the second zone of the through opening 40, i.e. the zone which is delimited laterally by the second wall 56. The cathode 13 rests with one side on the cathode support 15, while on the on the opposite side, the cathode 13 is in contact with one side of the membrane 11 which is inserted inside the first zone of the through opening 40, i.e. the zone which is delimited laterally by the first wall 55. The other side of the membrane 11 is then in contact with one side of the anode 12 which, in turn, is then in contact on the opposite side with the anode support 14. More in detail, the membrane 11 , the anode 12 and the anode support 14 are inserted inside of the first zone of the through opening 40, i.e. the zone which is delimited laterally by the first wall 55.

Conveniently, the electrochemical module 10 - and in particular the package comprising, in sequence, the cathode support 15, the cathode 13, the membrane 11 , the anode 12 and the anode support 14 - has a thickness (i.e. a development along the Z direction) substantially corresponding to or smaller than the thickness of the frame 2.

Advantageously, each electrochemical module 10 can also include a sealing element 60 configured to allow fluid sealing at the membrane 11 and, in particular, to fluidly separate the anode 12 and the cathode 13 from each other at the membrane 11. Suitably , the sealing element 60 allows to prevent the hydrogen which, by electrolysis, is produced at the cathode 13 from passing to the anode 12. Preferably, the sealing element 60 can include a gasket frame 61 which rests on the third surface 54 and which receives the membrane 11 as support. More preferably, the membrane 11 is in contact with the cathode 13, which rests on the cathode support 15, and externally the membrane 11 is also in contact with the gasket frame 61 which rests on the third surface 54 of the step 53.

Conveniently, the gasket frame 61 can then be compressed against the third surface 54 by the anode support 14 or - preferably - by a compression frame 62 (see fig. 20) which acts on the anode 12 which is in contact with the membrane 11 , which in turn is in contact with the gasket frame 61 . Preferably, the compression frame 62 is a dedicated element made of metallic material (or in any case suitably and/or substantially rigid) which receives the anode support 14 inside it. Conveniently, the compression frame 62 is positioned at the level of the anode support 14 so as to surround it externally, to press the gasket frame 61 against the third surface 54.

The use of the compression frame 62 can be particularly advantageous when the anode support 14 includes through holes/pores (as described above) which, following the squeezing, could become permanently deformed and therefore no longer provide an appropriate compression thrust on the gasket frame 61 .

The assembly of device 1 occurs as follows. First, the frame 2 is positioned on the second plate 22 so that the second surface 51 of the frame 2 rests on the second face 22" of the second plate 22. A corresponding electrochemical module 10 is then mounted in each seat 3 of the frame 2.

Preferably, each electrochemical module 10 is assembled by positioning its respective components inside the through opening 40 of each seat 3. In particular, for each seat 3, the following operations are carried out. First, the cathode support 15 is inserted into the second zone of the through opening 40, so that it rests on the second face 22" of the second plate 22. Subsequently, the cathode 13 is positioned resting on the cathode support 15 and the gasket frame 61 resting on the third surface 54 of the step 53. Subsequently, the membrane 11 is positioned so that it rests both on the cathode 13 and on the external gasket frame 61. Subsequently, the anode 12 is positioned on top of the membrane 11. Subsequently, the anode support 14 is positioned above the anode 12. Advantageously - before, at the same time or after the positioning of the anode support 14 - the compression frame 62 can also be positioned.

Therefore, once all the electrochemical modules 10 have been mounted inside the seats 3 of the frame 2, the first plate 21 is positioned on the frame 2 so that the first face 2T of the first plate 21 rests on the first surface 50 of the frame 2.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the frame 2 can include around the base portion 39 a perimeter flange 47 which, preferably, has a greater thickness than the base portion 39, thus being raised with respect to one or both of the opposite faces of said base portion 39.

Preferably, through holes 109 are made on the perimeter flange 47 of the frame 2 for the passage of tie rods 107, or equivalent members, to compact the devices 1 together when they are stacked together so as to define a stack appliance 100, as described in more detail below. Conveniently, in a possible embodiment which is not shown, a central through hole can be provided on the frame 2 for the passage of a central tie rod.

Preferably, further through holes 110 can be obtained on the perimeter flange 47 for the passage of pins, or other equivalent members, for centering the devices 1 when they are stacked together so as to define the stack appliance 100.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment (see figures 13A and 13B), the frame 2 can include only the base portion 39, thus being devoid of a perimeter flange 47.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment (see figures 27A and 27B), the frame 2 can include the base portion 39 which is surrounded externally by the perimeter flange 47.

Conveniently, the device 1 can be configured so that, during the hydrogen production, no aqueous solution is introduced directly from the cathode side.

The present invention also concerns an appliance 100 comprising a plurality of devices 1 , as described here, which are superimposed/stacked on each other, in particular so as to form the so-called stack. Preferably, inside the appliance 100, two devices 1 superimposed on each other can share the same plate 21 or 22, where - in particular - the same plate 21 or 22 has its first face 2T or 22' (wherein there are obtained the first passages 32) which is facing the anode 12 of a first device, while the other/second face 21" or 22" (which is devoid of first passages 32) of the same plate is facing the cathode 13 of a second device arranged above (or below) the first device.

Preferably, the devices 1 are stacked and held between two end heads, and more in detail between a first head 105 and a second head 106. Conveniently, the two heads 105 and 106 are made of metallic material and are electrically insulated.

Preferably, the first head 105 defines the lower head while the second head 106 defines the upper head of the appliance 100 (or vice versa), while the devices 1 are stacked vertically between said two heads 105, 106.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the first head 105 or the second head 106 can comprise or be associated with a structure suitable for allowing the insertion of the lifting forks of a suitable apparatus (for example a forklift) for the lifting and the movement of the appliance 100.

Conveniently, tie rods 107 are also provided which, starting from the first head 105, pass through the devices 1 stacked on top of each other, emerge from the second head 106 and are tightened by means of appropriate and traditional clamping members 108, thus causing packing and compression of the devices 1.

The appliance 100 includes a first joint/connection 101 , a second joint/connection 102 and at least a third joint/connection 103, preferably two third joints/connections 103.

Preferably, the first joint/connection 101 is in fluid connection with the first opening A1 of the first internal circuit 37 of each device 1. Conveniently, the aqueous solution 31 enters through the first joint/connection 101 to wet the anode side of each electrochemical module 10 of each device 1 .

Preferably, the second joint/connection 102 is in fluid connection with the second opening A2 of the first internal circuit 37 of each device 1. Conveniently, the aqueous solution 31 which has wetted the anode side of each electrochemical module 10 of each device 1 can exit from the second joint/connection 102, and the oxygen that has been produced at the anode side of each electrochemical module 10 of each device 1 can exit as well. Preferably, each third joint/connection 103 is in fluid connection with a corresponding third opening A3 of the second internal circuit 38 of each device 1. Conveniently, during the start-up phase, the aqueous solution 31 can enter through a third joint/connection 103 to wet the cathode side of each electrochemical module 10 of each device 1 , while the aqueous solution 31 which has wetted the cathode side of each electrochemical module 10 of each device 1 can exit through the other third joint/connection 103. Conveniently, during the operational functioning phase, the hydrogen which was produced at the cathode side of each electrochemical module 10 of each device 1 can exit through each third joint/connection 103.

Conveniently, the first joint/connection 101 , the second joint/connection 102 and the third joints/connections 103 are in fluid communication with all the electrochemical modules 10 of all the devices 1 of the appliance 100. In particular, the first joint/connection 101 is in fluid connection with the first mouth 33 of the plates 21 and 22 of each device 1 and with the first gap 43 obtained in the frame 2 of each device 1 ; the second joint/connection 102 is in fluid connection with the second mouth 34 of the plates 21 and 22 of each device 1 and with the second gap 44 obtained in the frame 2 of each device 1 ; the third joint/connection 103 is in fluid connection with the mouth(s) 35 of the plates 21 and 22 of each device 1 and with the third gap(s) 45 obtained in the frame 2 of each device 1.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment (see fig. 16A and 16B), the first joint/connection 101 , the second joint/connection 102 and said at least one third joint/connection 103 are obtained in said first head 105, while the tie rods 107 protrude from the other/second head 106.

Conveniently, in another possible embodiment not shown, all the fittings 101 , 102 and 103 can be obtained on the same head 105 or 106 from which the tie rods 107 emerge.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment (see fig. 25), a third connection 103 can be defined on the first head 105 and a further third connection 103 can be defined on the other/second head 106.

Conveniently, in a possible embodiment, the appliance 1 can comprise a single first joint/connection 101 which, for example, is provided on the first head 105. Conveniently, in another possible embodiment, the appliance 1 can comprise several first joints/connections 101 , of which at least one first joint/connection 101 is provided on the first head 105 and at least one further first joint/connection 101 is provided on the second head 106.

Conveniently, the appliance 100 also includes:

- first cables 29' connected at one end to the positive pole of an electrical power source (not shown) and at the other end they are intended to be electrically connected to the anode 12 of at least one device 1 , and

- second cables 29" connected at one end to the negative pole of an electrical power source (not shown) and at the other end they are intended to be electrically connected with the cathode 13 of at least one device 1 .

In a possible embodiment (see fig. 16A and 16B), the first cables 29' are fixed to a plate with a protruding section configured to act as a current collector 70 which is positioned below the second head 106, while the second cables 29" are fixed to the second head 106. Conveniently, this type of connection of the first 29' and second cables 29" allows two or more appliances 100 to be connected in parallel with each other.

In another possible embodiment (see fig. 25), the first and second cables are connected respectively to corresponding current collectors 70' and 70" each arranged at one of the two end heads of the appliance. In particular, the second cables 29" are fixed to a plate with a protruding section configured to act as a first current collector 70', which is positioned in the vicinity (preferably above) of the first head 105, while the first cables 29' are fixed to another plate with a protruding section configured to act as a second current collector 70", which is positioned in the vicinity (preferably below) of the other second head 106 (or even vice versa). In particular, in this embodiment, neither the first nor the second cables 29', 29" are connected to the heads 105 and 106, which are therefore both connected to ground. Conveniently, this type of connection of the first 29' and second 29" cables allows two or more appliances 100 to be connected even in series with each other, to thus advantageously reduce the sizing and costs of the electrical power source.

Preferably, as shown in figure 26, the current collector 70, 70' or 70" is interposed between a first (or last) device 1 (of the stack of devices 1 of the appliance) and an insulating plate 71 (made precisely in electrically insulating material) which then in turn comes into contact with the corresponding head 106 (or 105). Preferably, the current collector 70, 70' or 70" is configured so as to be inserted partly inside the first (or last) device 1 (of the stack of devices 1 of the appliance) and partly inside of the insulating plate 71 , and also has a section that protrudes externally (and which preferably can also be folded) with respect to the device 1 and the insulating plate 71 for connection with the first cables 29' or second cables 29".

The present invention also concerns an apparatus 200 comprising at least one device 1 or an appliance 100 as described above(s) with a first external fluidic circuit C1 which is fluidly connected with the anode part of said at least one device (or of the devices 1 of the appliance 100) and with a second external fluidic circuit C2 which is fluidly connected with the cathode part of said at least one device (or of the devices 1 of the appliance 100).

The first external fluidic circuit C1 is configured to allow a flow of an aqueous solution 31 towards the anode part of the device 1 and, preferably, into the anode support 14.

In some possible embodiments, the first external fluid circuit C1 which passes through the anode part of the device 1 is shaped like a closed loop and includes a first pump P1 to force the circulation of the aqueous solution which, in the example provided here, is contained in a first S1 tank. The first pump P1 is upstream of the device 1 and, in particular, is upstream of the anode part of the device 1 . Preferably, the first external fluid circuit C1 includes a first upstream section M1 , which is positioned upstream and at the entrance of the device 1 on the anode side, and a first downstream section E1 , which is positioned downstream and at the exit of the device 1 on the anode side.

Preferably, the first upstream section M1 is fluidly connected and engages with the first joint/connection 101 of the appliance 100. Preferably, the first downstream section E1 is fluidly connected and engages with the second joint/connection 102 of the appliance 100.

Preferably, the first external fluid circuit C1 includes a first branch D1 for the escape of the oxygen produced on the anode side of the device 1 . Conveniently, the first branch D1 can be fluidly connected with the first downstream section E1 .

The second fluid circuit C2 is configured to selectively circulate an aqueous solution 31 or an inert gas in the cathode side 13 of said at least one device 1 and/or to let out the hydrogen produced on the cathode side 13 of said at least one device 1. In particular, the second external fluid circuit C2 is configured to allow a flow of an aqueous solution 31 , also preferably alkaline, towards the cathode part of the device 1 , preferably into the cathode support 15.

In some possible embodiments, the second external fluid circuit C2 which passes through the cathode part of the device 1 is configured as a closed loop and includes a second pump P2 to force the circulation of the aqueous solution which, in the example provided here, is contained in a second S2 tank. The second pump P2 is preferably upstream of the device 1 and, in particular, is upstream of the cathode part of the device 1.

Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 includes a second upstream section M2, which is positioned upstream and at the entrance of the device 1 on the cathode side, and a second downstream section E2, which is positioned downstream and at the exit of the device 1 on the cathode side.

Preferably, the second upstream section M2 is fluidly connected and engages with a third joint/connection 103 of the appliance 100. Preferably, the second downstream section E2 is fluidly connected and engages with the other third joint/connection 103 of the appliance 100.

Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 includes a second branch D2 for the escape of the hydrogen produced on the cathode side of the device 1 . Conveniently, the second branch D2 can be fluidly connected with the second downstream section E2. Conveniently, the second branch D2 is fluidly connected to the outside, for example with a user or a container for storing hydrogen. Conveniently, the second external fluidic circuit C2 can include a third branch D3 for the inlet of an inert gas (for example nitrogen) into the device 1 and, preferably, into the cathode side of the device 1 . Conveniently, the third branch D3 is fl uidical ly connected to a source of inert gas.

The first external fluid circuit C1 and the second external fluid circuit C2 are provided with fluid shut-off means, preferably consisting of at least one valve.

Preferably, the first external fluid circuit C1 includes first fluid shut-off means (for example comprising two valves V2 and V3, but could also include a three-way valve) configured to selectively divert the passage of a fluid towards the first branch D1 .

Preferably, the first external fluid circuit C1 can include a first valve V1 on the first upstream section M1 , more preferably downstream of the first pump P1.

Preferably, the first external fluid circuit C1 can include a second valve V2 on the first downstream section E1 , more preferably downstream of the first branch D1. Preferably, the first external fluid circuit C1 can include a third valve V3 on the first branch D1 .

Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 includes second fluid shut-off means (for example comprising two valves V4 and V5, but could also include a three-way valve) configured to selectively divert the passage of a fluid towards the second branch D2.

Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 can include a fourth valve V4 on the second downstream section E1 , more preferably downstream of the second branch D2. Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 can include a fifth valve V5 on the second branch D2.

Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 includes third fluid shut-off means (for example comprising two valves V6 and V7, but could also include a three-way valve) configured to allow, selectively, the inlet into the cathode side of the device 1 of an inert gas (for example nitrogen) or of an aqueous solution 31.

Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 can include a sixth valve V6 on the second upstream section V6, more preferably upstream of the third branch D3. Preferably, the second external fluid circuit C2 can include a seventh valve V7 on the third branch D3.

The apparatus according to the invention is controlled to operate at least in the following configurations:

- a first start-up configuration (see fig. 19A), to be assumed before the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 , wherein there is a recirculation of aqueous solution 31 in the cathode part of the device 1 ,

- an operational configuration (see fig. 19C), to be assumed following the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 , wherein there is hydrogen production at the cathode part of the device 1 and there is oxygen production at the cathode part of the device 1 .

Conveniently, at least before the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 and therefore before the start of hydrogen production, the cathode part of the device 1 is (at least partially) humid/wet. Advantageously, starting from a wet/humid cathode, the anionic transfer from the cathode 13 to the anode 12 is promoted and the time elapsed between the start of the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 of the device 1 and the start of the production of hydrogen and oxygen by the device itself is decreased.

Preferably, before the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 and therefore before the start of hydrogen production, each of the electrode holder supports 14, 15 is, at least partially, wetted by and/or immersed in the aqueous solution 31.

Preferably, the apparatus 200 can also be controlled to operate - subsequent to said first start-up configuration and prior to said operational configuration - in a second start-up configuration (see Fig. 19B), to be assumed before the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 , wherein there is a recirculation of an inert gas (see 19B) in the cathode part of the device in order to eliminate the excess of aqueous solution in the cathode part.

Preferably, the apparatus 200 can also be controlled to operate - subsequently or at the end of said operational configuration - in a shutdown configuration (not shown), to be assumed following the switching off of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13, wherein there is a recirculation of an inert gas (for example nitrogen) in the cathode part of the device. Advantageously, by introducing an inert gas (for example nitrogen) onto the cathode side which thus replaces the hydrogen which has remained trapped on the cathode side itself, the residual electrical voltage is reduced, which could trigger a reverse process to that of electrolysis, also leading to damage of the components of the device 1.

The present invention also concerns a method of operation of said apparatus 200 wherein the following is provided:

- a first start-up phase (see 19th) wherein, before applying electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13 , a recirculation of aqueous solution 31 is carried out in the cathode part of the device 1 ,

- an operational phase (see 19C) wherein, following the application of electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13, there is production of hydrogen at the cathode part of the device 1 and there is production of oxygen at the cathode part of the device 1 .

Preferably, before or simultaneously with the application of electrical energy to the electrodes, the two electrodes 12, 13 of the device 1 are moist and wet by an alkaline aqueous solution 31. Advantageously, having a degree of humidity, or hydration, also on the cathodic part, or face, of the membrane 11 before applying electrical energy to the electrodes favors the anionic transfer from the cathode 13 to the anode 12 and decreases the time that elapses between beginning of the application of electrical energy to the electrodes and the beginning of the production of hydrogen and oxygen.

Preferably, the method can also include a second start-up phase (see 19B) wherein, before the application of the electric current to the electrodes 12, 13 there is a recirculation of an inert gas (for example nitrogen) in the cathode part of the device 1 in order to eliminate the excess of aqueous solution 31 which was previously introduced and which remained inside the second external fluid circuit C2.

Advantageously, the conformation and control of the apparatus 200 allows to carry out, during a first start-up phase of the device 1 and before applying electrical energy to the electrodes 12, 13, the recirculation of aqueous solution 31 in the cathode part of the device 1 and, preferably, in the cathode support 15. Conveniently, during this first start-up phase, the valve V6 can be opened, the valve V7 can be closed and the second pump P2 can be active (see fig. 19A); furthermore, preferably, valve V5 can be closed while valve V4 can be opened to thus allow the aqueous solution 31 to be reintroduced into the tank S2. Preferably, during this first start-up phase there is no recirculation of aqueous solution 31 in the anode part of the device 1 and, in particular, the pump P1 can be deactivated and/or the valves V1 , V2 and V3 can be closed.

Preferably, before applying electrical energy to the electrodes, a subsequent second start-up phase can be provided - after the first phase of recirculation of the aqueous solution 31 on the cathode part - wherein a recirculation of inert gas is carried out (see 19B) in the cathode part of the device itself in order to eliminate/clean the excess aqueous solution in the cathode part. Conveniently, during this inert gas recirculation phase, the sixth valve V6 can be closed and the seventh valve E7 can be closed, to thus allow the passage of inert gas from the branch D3 inside the device 1 ; furthermore, preferably, the valve V5 can be opened while the valve V4 can be closed to thus allow the inert gas to escape through the branch D2. Preferably, during this second start-up phase there is no recirculation of aqueous solution 31 in the anode part of the device 1 and, in particular, the pump P1 can be deactivated and/or the valves V1 , V2 and V3 can be closed.

Therefore, after the start-up, electrical energy is applied to the electrodes 12, 13 and the operational phase thus begins (see fig. 19C) wherein there is production of hydrogen and oxygen by the device 1. Conveniently, during the operational phase, the second pump P2 can be deactivated and/or the valves V4, V6 and V7 can be closed, while the valve V5 is open to thus allow the hydrogen produced by the device 1 to escape through the branch D2. Conveniently, during the operational phase, there is a recirculation of aqueous solution 31 in the anode part of the device 1 and, in particular, the pump P1 can be activated and the valves V1 and V2 can be opened, while the valve V3 is closed.

Advantageously, the flow of aqueous solution 31 in the cathodic part allows the membrane 11 to be humidified more quickly compared to the embodiment wherein the aqueous solution is only on the anodic part. Advantageously, having a degree of humidity, or hydration, also on the cathodic part, or face, of the membrane 11 at the start of the device 1 favors the anionic transfer from the cathode 13 to the anode 12 and decreases the time that elapses between the start of the application of electrical energy to the electrodes of device 1 and the start of the production of hydrogen and oxygen by the device itself.

Preferably, the apparatus may further comprise purification means (not shown) to purify the hydrogen produced from any residual moisture.

Preferably, the method of operation of the apparatus 200 can also provide, subsequently or at the end of the operational phase, a shutdown phase wherein, following the switching off of the electrical energy for the electrodes, a recirculation of an inert gas (for example nitrogen) in the cathode part of the device 1 is executed, to thus reduce the residual electrical voltage on the device itself.

Preferably, the first circuit C1 and the second circuit C2 are fluidly separated and independent from each other. Conveniently, the aqueous solution 31 circulating in the first circuit C1 can be the same or different than the aqueous solution 31 circulating in the second circuit C2.

In further possible embodiments not shown here, the first circuit C1 and the second circuit C2 can be selectively in fluid connection with each other. In further possible implementation variants not shown here, it can be provided that only a pump and a tank are present. In this case, the second pump P2 can coincide with the first pump P1 and the second tank S2 coincides with the first tank S1 . In this case, in particular, the second circuit C2 is a branch of the first circuit C1 (or vice versa) originating downstream of the pump P1 (or P2) which is preferably excludable, selectively, thanks to further fluid shut-off means. The exclusion can take place, for example, after the start-up of the apparatus 200, i.e. after having carried out the aforementioned recirculation of aqueous solution 31 in the cathode part of the latter.

The present invention also concerns a method for the scaling, preferably for the scaling up, of electrolysers with AEMWE technology wherein a device 1 as described above is used. From what has been said it is clear that the solution according to the invention is particularly advantageous, or rather, optimal, as:

- it has a more flexible design than known solutions wherein a single membrane is mounted on the frame; in particular, the configurations, arrangements and number of electrochemical modules within the same chassis can be the most diverse,

- it allows for better electrical performance as, for the same current density, the cell voltage is lower; in particular, it allows the use of a plurality of membranes with reduced surface extension which, for the same current density, require the application of a lower electrical voltage compared to solutions with a single membrane having a high surface extension,

- it allows for greater durability over time,

- it is easy and economical to produce.

- it allows significant savings in raw materials, mechanical processing, assembly and maintenance operations,

- it allows the production process of the electrochemical module to be industrialized in the case of use, inside the same device and in the various devices of the appliance, of a plurality of electrochemical modules equal to each other,

- it allows to take less space, particularly in the case of an appliance made up of a stack of devices; in more detail, it defines a good compromise between size and accessibility compared, for example, to a traditional solution with multiple stacks of 2Nm³/h which instead requires a lot of space in order to guarantee easy access to all the stacks.

The present invention has been illustrated and described in some of its preferred embodiments, but it is understood that executive variations may be made to them in practice, without however departing from the scope of protection of the present patent for industrial invention.

Claims

C L A I M S

1 . Electrolyser device (1 ), of the type which uses the anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) technology for the production of hydrogen, characterized in that it comprises:

- at least one support frame (2) with a substantially laminar development, comprising at least two seats (3) which are defined on the same support frame (2) so as not to overlap with each other,

- at least two electrochemical modules (10) wherein:

- each electrochemical module (10) is mounted at a respective seat (3),

- each electrochemical module (10) includes an anion exchange separation membrane (11) which is interposed between two electrodes, respectively between an anode (12) and a cathode (13),

- at least the separation membranes (11 ) of said at least two electrochemical modules (10) are structurally distinct and separated from each other,

- means (20) for applying electrical energy to the electrodes (12, 13) of each electrochemical module (10).

2. Device according to claim 1 , characterized in that it comprises means for fluidly connecting said at least two electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2).

3. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that said support frame (2) is made in a single piece.

4. Device according to claims 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises at least two pieces (2') which are arranged so as to be substantially coplanar with each other and wherein each of said at least two pieces (2') comprises at least one seat (3 ) wherein a corresponding electrochemical module (10) is mounted.

5. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that said means (20) for carrying and/or applying electrical energy to the electrodes (12, 13) of each electrochemical module (10) comprise a pair of electrical current-carrying plates, respectively a first plate (21) and a second plate (22), between which the support frame (2) of said at least two electrochemical modules (10) is interposed.

6. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that the cathode (13), the separation membrane (11) and the anode (12) of each electrochemical module (10) are arranged one above the other during the assembly and mounting of each electrochemical module (10) on the support frame (2).

7. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that: - each electrochemical module (10) also includes a pair of supports for the electrodes, respectively an anode support (14) for the anode (12) and a cathode support (15) for the cathode (13),

- said anode support (14) and said cathode support (15) are made of electrically conductive material and also include through holes or pores that pass through the entire thickness of the supports themselves, to thus allow the passage of an aqueous solution (31) up to the respective electrodes (12, 13).

8. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that said means for fluidly connecting to each other said at least two electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) comprise a first internal circuit (37) configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the anode side (12), the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2).

9. Device according to the previous claim, characterized in that an aqueous solution (31) circulates in said first internal circuit (37), thus wetting all the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) with said aqueous solution (31) from the side of the anode (12).

10. Device according to claims 8 or 9, characterized in that said first internal circuit (37) configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the side of the anode (12), the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) includes first passages (32) obtained on said support frame (2).

11. Device according to one or more of claims 8 - 10, characterized in that said first internal circuit (37) configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the side of the anode (12), the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) includes first passages (32) obtained on said means (20) to carry and/or apply electrical energy to the electrodes (12, 13) of each electrochemical module (10).

12. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that said means for fluidly connecting to each other said at least two electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) comprise a second internal circuit (38) configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the side of the cathode (13), the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2).

13. Device according to the previous claim, characterized in that said second internal circuit (38) configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the side of the cathode (13), the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) includes second passages (80) obtained on said support frame (2).

14. Device according to claims 12 or 13, characterized in that said second internal circuit (38) configured to fluidly connect to each other, on the side of the cathode (13), the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) comprises second passages (80) obtained on said means (20) to carry and/or apply electrical energy to the electrodes (12, 13) of each electrochemical module (10).

15. Device according to one or more of claims 12 - 14, characterized in that an aqueous solution (31) circulates in said second internal circuit (38), at least during the start-up phase of the device (1), to thus wet with said aqueous solution (31) on the side of the cathode (13) the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2).

16. Device according to one or more of claims 12 - 15, characterized in that the hydrogen which is generated at the cathode (13) of the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) circulates in said second internal circuit (38).

17. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that:

- said means (20) for carrying and/or applying electrical energy to the electrodes (12, 13) of each electrochemical module (10) comprise a pair of electrical current-carrying plates, respectively a first plate (21) and a second plate (22 ), between which the support frame (2) of said at least two electrochemical modules (10) is interposed, and in that it includes:

- first passages (32) to fluidly connect to each other on the side of the anode (12) the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2), said first passages (32) being obtained on said support frame (2) and/or on said first plate (21) and/or on said second plate (22),

- second passages (80) to fluidly connect to each other on the cathode side (13) the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2), said second passages (80) are obtained on said support frame (2) and /or on said first plate (21 ) and/or on said second plate (22).

18. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that each electrochemical module (10) has a thickness substantially corresponding to or smaller than the thickness of the support frame (2).

19. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that:

- all seats (3) of the support frame (2) have the same dimensions and shape,

- the electrochemical modules (10) mounted on the same support frame (2) have the same dimensions, shape, configuration and performances.

20. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that said support frame is made of electrically insulating material.

21. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that said support frame is made of polymeric material.

22. Device according to one or more of the previous claims, characterized in that, during the hydrogen production, no aqueous solution is introduced directly from the side of the cathode.

23. Electrolyser appliance (100) for hydrogen production, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of devices (1) according to one or more of the previous claims which are stacked together to form a stack.

24. Apparatus (200) for the production of hydrogen, characterized in that it comprises:

- at least one device (1) according to one or more of claims from 1 to 22,

- a first external fluid circuit C1 which is fluidly connected with the side of the anode (12) of said at least one device (1) and, preferably, with said first internal circuit (37) of each device (1), said first fluid circuit C1 being configured to circulate an aqueous solution (31) in the side of the anode (12) of said at least one device (1),

- a second external fluid circuit C2 which is fluidly connected with the side of the cathode (13) of said at least one device (1) and, preferably, with said second internal circuit (38) of each device (1), said second fluid circuit C2 being configured to selectively circulate an aqueous solution (31) or an inert gas in the side of the cathode (13) of said at least one device (1) and/or to make the hydrogen produced on the side of the cathode (13) of said at least one device (1) flow out.

25. Method for the scaling, preferably for the scaling up, of electrolysers with anion exchange membrane, characterized in that a device (1) according to one or more of claims 1 to 22 is used.