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WO2024243662A1 - Procédé de fractionnement de la porosité dans des éléments du système poreux dans le cadre de l'évaluation pétrographique - Google Patents

Procédé de fractionnement de la porosité dans des éléments du système poreux dans le cadre de l'évaluation pétrographique Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024243662A1
WO2024243662A1 PCT/BR2024/050214 BR2024050214W WO2024243662A1 WO 2024243662 A1 WO2024243662 A1 WO 2024243662A1 BR 2024050214 W BR2024050214 W BR 2024050214W WO 2024243662 A1 WO2024243662 A1 WO 2024243662A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
throat
pore
fact
porous
throats
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PCT/BR2024/050214
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English (en)
Portuguese (pt)
Inventor
Matheus Augusto ALVES CUGLIERI
Bruno CAVALCANTI DE PAULA
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Petroleo Brasileiro SA Petrobras
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Petroleo Brasileiro SA Petrobras
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Priority claimed from BR102023010381-2A external-priority patent/BR102023010381A2/pt
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Publication of WO2024243662A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024243662A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/08—Investigating permeability, pore-volume, or surface area of porous materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
    • G06F18/00—Pattern recognition
    • G06F18/20—Analysing
    • G06F18/24—Classification techniques
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T7/00—Image analysis
    • G06T7/10—Segmentation; Edge detection
    • G06T7/11—Region-based segmentation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
    • G06T—IMAGE DATA PROCESSING OR GENERATION, IN GENERAL
    • G06T7/00—Image analysis
    • G06T7/60—Analysis of geometric attributes
    • G06T7/62—Analysis of geometric attributes of area, perimeter, diameter or volume

Definitions

  • the present invention is part of the field of technologies responsible for the classification of parameters related to lithological characterization; that is, a rock classification system, more specifically, a method for characterizing lithology that presents porosity in the microscopic scope.
  • Fundamentals of the invention [002] The evaluation of porosity is one of the most relevant aspects of the study of rocks through petrographic tools.
  • a rock section made for microscopic analysis is composed of a volume of rock, the thickness of which is much smaller than the other dimensions, the distribution of its elements (minerals and porosity) is considered as a plane in the two-dimensional field, randomly oriented, representative of the volume of rock sampled ( Figure 1).
  • the constituents of a thin section of rock present morphologies and spatial ordering resulting from the paragenetic relationship between the different mineral phases and empty spaces, projected in the thin section.
  • empty spaces are defined as “porosity” and are of great importance, since they are the volumes occupied by fluids (water or oil) within lithologies defined as reservoir rocks.
  • porous volume defined as “porous volume”, seen as a “system of porous chambers and their connections (pore throats)”. This system, which makes up the concept of each lithology, is also represented in thin sections as a two-dimensional projection.
  • the porous system can be defined as “volumes of voids, connected or not, spatially distributed, with the capacity to store and transmit fluids, formed as a result of the interaction of multiple geological processes, in depositional and diagenetic scope”.
  • porous chamber which consists of empty spaces, with variable geometric properties, that can be occupied by fluids.
  • the fluid flow capacity (measured by the tensor called “Permeability”) is related to the connection between these porous chambers, and can be represented by the smallest surface (area) between two porous chambers that potentially causes a significant restriction on fluid flow.
  • Porous chambers are represented by areas of various shapes, while pore throats can be identified by straight lines connecting the points closest to the pore walls.
  • This two-dimensional projection omits information on a spatial axis and favors the appearance of an element representative of porosity, the PorEl, called “Porous Element” as defined by Ehrlich (1971).
  • a PorEl is the two-dimensional representation of a porous system or part of it; that is, it is an oriented or non-oriented section of one or more porous chambers connected by their respective throats.
  • PorEls can acquire different shapes, characterized as two-dimensional expressions of this highly variable spatial arrangement, the geometric parameters obtained may not reflect the reality of the spatial arrangement of porosity, but are considered the best approximation available, in the petrographic context ( Figure 2).
  • the information related to porosity is usually limited to an estimated porosity value (areal percentage occupied by pores) and its allocation (genetic relationship with other constituents). Geometric measurements are rarely obtained, and when they are, they are related to a composition of porous chambers and pore throats, and they do not meet all the demands related to the characterization of porous systems. In other words, it is impossible, within the scope of petrographic work, to subdivide the porosity identified in the slide into porous chambers and their connections (pore throats).
  • Document CN108798658 provides a type of oil migration determination method for parameter and device, this method including: oil generation stress layer, reservoir pressure, reservoir formation water density, reservoir crude oil density, and reservoir core sample, which are obtained by gas well, according to a reservoir core sample, angle of the wetting oil reservoir, face tension of the oil reservoir water gauge, and radius of the reservoir pore throat are determined. According to all the parameters mentioned above, the migration direction and migration distance of the oil are determined. It is mentioned that the present invention greatly reduces the cost without carrying out complicated tests and calculations, and is easily achieved and has a wider application range. While the oil traffic direction is accurate, the oil migration distance can also be quantified.
  • CN108798658 does not use image processing to determine and discretize porosity parameters, and tries to establish a method for determining parameter for oil migration, taking into account several parameters, one of which is the radius of the reservoir pore throat.
  • CN108798658 does not use petrographic data, or analysis of petrographic images and measurement of pore restrictions to estimate the distribution of pore throat sizes. There are other analyses that also obtain these values (porosimetry tests, for example), through destructive tests.
  • the method proposed in this invention in addition to enabling the obtaining of data related to this, does so without the need to destroy sample aliquots, and would also serve as another source of data of this type, to be cross-referenced with these other analyses to verify equivalence, or seek correlation coefficients that relate these methods.
  • data are generated regarding pore connections, but also data related to their geometric properties, such as axis size, area of each porous chamber, perimeter/area ratio, aspect ratio, among others, which are important inputs within the characterization of reservoir rocks for the development of static models – petrofacies, porosity distribution, permeability, etc.
  • Document CN113610095 refers to the technical field of petroleum and discloses a method and a processor for dividing forms of occurrence of microscopic residual oil.
  • the method comprises the following steps: acquisition of an image of an initial state of saturated oil in an oil wetting model; processing the image to identify a characteristic region, in which the characteristic region comprises a particle region, a residual oil region, a throat region, and a blind end region; implementing a first classification mode: identifying throat residual oil in the throat region and corner residual oil in the blind end region; implementing a second classification mode: the areas of throat residual oil and corner-shaped residual oil that are identified in the first classification mode are removed, and micro heterogeneous residual oil, throat residual oil, oil films, and oil droplets are identified in the unidentified residual oil areas.
  • CN113610095 comprises a method for partitioning the existing morphology of microscopic residual oil, characterized in that it comprises: acquiring an image of an initial saturated oil state in an oil wetting model; processing the image to identify a characteristic region, wherein the characteristic region comprises a particle region, a residual oil region, a throat region, and a blind end region; implementing a first classification mode: identifying throat residual oil in the throat region and corner residual oil in the blind end region; implementing a second classification mode: and eliminating the throat residual oil areas and corner-shaped residual oil that are identified in the first classification mode, and identifying micro heterogeneous residual oil, throat residual oil, oil film, and unidentified oil droplet in the residual oil areas.
  • the report of CN113610095 mentions that the method may further include: processing the distance transformation diagram to obtain a pore throat axis skeleton diagram; obtaining a central axis aperture map according to the distance transformation map, and the pore throat central axis skeleton map.
  • CN113610095 mentions a method that works with image processing and aims to identify and obtain some geometric properties related to residual oil. Hence, the automated recognition occurs through the identification of residual oil, arranged in specific geometric features of the porous system; in this case, the pore throats are mentioned. Although this method and the one proposed in the present invention may have the same study material, the focuses for solving the technical problem in question are completely different.
  • CN113610095 seeks to recognize forms of occurrence of residual oil, which, in a certain way, depends on the spatial framework of the porosity regarding the arrangement of porous chambers and pore throats, which seems to make both methods complementary. Furthermore, the method proposed in the present invention obtains geometric information about the porous chambers, which are also essential for the characterization of the fluid storage capacity of part of the analyzed rock, which is not mentioned in the method of CN113610095.
  • CN107993261 relates to petroleum geology exploration engineering, is related to a kind of hole based on three-dimensional core scanning image and pore throat recognition methods, hole and pore throat recognition methods, which realize holes and pore throats to be partitioned into interstitials in the space of three-dimensional core scanning image, from the identification of interstitial space to the realization of segmentation, to the hole and pore throat.
  • the pore throat is the passage of two connecting holes.
  • quantitative analysis could be carried out for characteristics of holes and pore throats; can preferably evaluate the smooth occurrence status of reservoir oil storage gas storage capacity, intrapore oil, migration capacity.
  • CN103778328 refers to the field of oil and natural gas exploration and development, in particular to a method for extracting reservoir-sensitive pore throats based on standard deviation analysis.
  • the standard deviation analysis of the pore throat radius of different types of reservoir pore throat structures is carried out according to the radii and content distribution of the pore throats, in which the radii and content distribution of the pore throats are obtained through conventional mercury penetration analysis; the main distribution range and content of sensitive pore throats in reservoirs of different types are calculated; the distribution and content of sensitive pore throats in reservoirs of different pore throat structures are obtained; the analysis of the overall statistical distribution feature of the pore throat structure pores in each reservoir is achieved. In this way, the accuracy of characterizing the microscopic structures of reservoir pore throats is improved.
  • CN103778328 utilizes macroscopic properties based on the textural classification of reservoir pore throats, uses statistical deviation approach to request the distribution range of responsive pore throats under different constraints of pore throat structure type, distribution, and thus the problem of measuring the content of responsive pore throats in different reservoirs is solved, enabling to elaborate the analysis of the overall statistical distribution characteristics of the reservoir structure, thus obtaining the accuracy of structural characterization of the reservoir micro throat. [030] In this way, it is found that CN103778328 is based on the distribution of pore throat sizes probably obtained by Hg intrusion porosimetry.
  • the application of the method of the present invention offers the possibility of identifying the (projections of) connections between porous chambers in a more accurate and realistic manner, providing more precise and diverse inputs for evaluating permoporous properties. This is mainly because the methods of the aforementioned documents are based on properties that do not fully reflect the geological complexity that may be represented in a petrographic slide.
  • the method described in the present invention falls within the field of technologies responsible for the classification lithological; that is, a rock classification system, more specifically, a method for characterizing lithology that presents porosity in the microscopic scope. The proposed method enables the acquisition of data related to the porous chambers and the pore throats that connect them.
  • Figure 3 shows a schematic example of PorEl (closed perimeter) with two subdivision schemes.
  • Figure 4 shows a schematic flowchart for identifying recesses as pore throats.
  • Figure 5 shows a proposed workflow for implementing the method of the present invention.
  • the method described in the present invention for fractionating porosity in elements of the porous system within the scope of petrographic evaluation comprises the steps of: I) Segmentation of the petrographic image into pore/non-pore, by means of binarization; II) Fragmentation of the porosity segment with separation of the identified recesses, preferably by means of a set of image processing instructions, defining one or more possible PorEl as an oriented or non-oriented section of one or more porous chambers connected by their respective throats; III) Measurement of the identified lines in terms of length and orientation to define potential pore throats; IV) Measurement of the largest axis parallel to the orientation of the pore throat axis, as measured in step III, inscribed in the possible porous chambers connected by the respective potential throat; V) Measurement of the size of the potential throat and measurement of the parallel axis; VI) If the size determined in step V) is greater than a stipulated limit, the potential throat is not in fact a throat, and is
  • this established rule (as per the example cited above) will dictate whether the identified recess is, in fact, a pore throat or not; VII) Deletion of the recorded line in case of negative response (it is not a throat), in which the updated porous chamber becomes the area added between the porous chambers connected by that possible throat. VIII) Marking of the recorded line as a throat in case of positive response (it is a throat), in which the PorEl is subdivided between two porous chambers, with their own geometric properties and connected by a pore throat.
  • step I if the petrographic image has not yet been processed, it is also possible to proceed with the elimination of noises or irregularities identified by means of ordinary filters, characterizing an improvement in the image.
  • the image binarization can be done by applying Thresholds, Otsu functions, among others.
  • semi-supervised classifications can also be applied.
  • step II a transformation of the PorEls into gradients similar to the topography is first used by applying the distance function, which correlates the brightness intensity of each pixel with its distance to the area limit. For this transformation, Euclidean, quasi-Euclidean, “City-block”, “Chesstable” spaces, among others, can be used.
  • step III the measurement is performed in terms of length (end point – start point) and the orientation is given by measuring an angle in relation to a reference axis; for example, vertical axis.
  • step IV a checklist is made to define boundary conditions to classify WS lines into pore throats. The conditions can be, for example, a range or limit of parallel axis size, or minimum inscribed circumference.
  • Step V) represents the actual measurement of the method and, if the aforementioned boundary condition is satisfied (YES), the WS line is considered a “pore throat”, and the porous area is segmented into two, separated by a pore throat, defining new shapes of the pores and throats. [049] If the aforementioned boundary condition is not satisfied (NO), the WS line is disregarded and the area is not segmented into two distinct pores, maintaining the pore shape. [050] After repeated measurements and acquisition of the geometric properties of a plurality of pores and pore throats, it is possible to consolidate the products/data generated for a given sample. [051] In a preferred embodiment, a microscopic slide is composed of a thin section of rock (approx.
  • PorEls PorEls (sensu Ehrlich, 1971), in different shades of gray. These PorEls represent, in two-dimensional section, areas with defined limits, identified as empty space (filled with resin), regardless of the distance between the existing pore walls. In petrographic images, PorEls are defined as closed continuous areas, limited in perimeter by pixels identified as solid.
  • a pore throat does not only represent a variation in the behavior of the pore walls, but also a potential restriction point for fluid flow, with possible impacts on fluid flow and on the petrophysical properties linked to their transmissions, a factor that is associated with the relationship between the size of this connection and the size of the porous chambers connected by it ( Figure 3).
  • the evaluation of a recess in the pore walls as “pore throat or not” involves the analysis between i) size of the line/axis defined as pore throat; and ii) size of the largest axis, parallel to the pore throat line, contained within the porous chamber.
  • throat axis / “pore chamber parallel axis”
  • pore chamber parallel axis must be contained within a limit of values, to be stipulated by the method. This is because there is, in fact, no classification of pore throats by their sizes, since the connections between porous chambers are marked by their dimensions ( Figure 4).
  • the evaluation consists of comparing the size of the recess with the size of the largest axis, oriented parallel to the recess, within each pore defined by it. If the ratio (“indentation length” / “axis length //”) is sufficiently small (case “a”), the indentation is a pore throat, the PorEl is segmented, and should be considered as distinct porous chambers, with distinct geometric properties. If this ratio does not reach the required value (case “b”), the identified indentation is not configured as a pore throat and is excluded from the system, without impacting the geometric measurements obtained; in (5) the result of this case-by-case evaluation is the subdivision of the porosity segment into porous chambers and their respective pore throats, in addition to the geometric properties of these two elements.
  • the proposed method enables the acquisition of data related to the porous chambers and the pore throats that connect them.
  • geometric data can be obtained from the porous chambers and pore throats, data that are well-established in the literature for various studies on reservoir characterization. Examples include: perimeter of the porous chambers, aspect ratio, orientation of the axes of the porous chambers, Gamma, size of the pore throat section, orientation of the pore throats, among others.

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Abstract

Le procédé décrit dans la présente invention concerne le domaine des technologies responsables de la classification de paramètres associés à la caractérisation lithologique ou encore un système de classification de roches, plus spécifiquement, un procédé de caractérisation à l'échelle microscopique de la lithologie qui présente une porosité. Le procédé offre la possibilité d'acquérir des données relatives à des chambres poreuses et à des gorges de pores qui les relient. Une fois que le segment identifié comme « poreux » est subdivisé en éléments essentiels, en plus de la quantification estimée (pourcentage sableux associé au volume de vides de roche), il est possible d'obtenir des données géométriques des chambres poreuses et des gorges de pores, à partir des lames pétrographiques qui reflètent la complexité géologique d'une roche de manière échantillonnée.
PCT/BR2024/050214 2023-05-29 2024-05-27 Procédé de fractionnement de la porosité dans des éléments du système poreux dans le cadre de l'évaluation pétrographique Pending WO2024243662A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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BR1020230103812 2023-05-29
BR102023010381-2A BR102023010381A2 (pt) 2023-05-29 Método para fracionamento da porosidade em elementos do sistema poroso no âmbito da avaliação petrográfica

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN103778328A (zh) * 2014-01-10 2014-05-07 中国石油大学(华东) 基于标准偏差分析的储层敏感孔喉提取方法
CN107993261A (zh) * 2017-11-02 2018-05-04 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 一种基于三维岩心扫描图像的孔隙与孔喉识别方法
WO2020005885A1 (fr) * 2018-06-29 2020-01-02 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Identification de propriétés géométriques d'une structure rocheuse par imagerie numérique
BR112013020555A2 (pt) * 2011-02-28 2020-07-28 Prad Research And Development Limited método para caracterizar uma amostra de meio poroso incluindo uma pluralidade de corpos de poro e uma pluraridade de gargantas de poro, sistema para caracterizar uma amostra de meio poroso incluindo uma pluralidade de corpos de poro e uma pluralidade de gargantas de poro, e método para caracterizar uma amostra de formação de rocha subterrânea porosa incluindo uma pluralidade de corpos de poro e uma pluralidade de gargantas de poro
CN111504875A (zh) * 2020-04-28 2020-08-07 中国地质大学（北京） 一种致密砂岩孔喉参数的提取及计算方法及提取装置
CN111738978A (zh) * 2020-03-27 2020-10-02 中国石油化工股份有限公司 储层孔喉连通性的评价方法、装置、电子设备及存储介质
US11062439B2 (en) * 2019-09-24 2021-07-13 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Automating microfacies analysis of petrographic images

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BR112013020555A2 (pt) * 2011-02-28 2020-07-28 Prad Research And Development Limited método para caracterizar uma amostra de meio poroso incluindo uma pluralidade de corpos de poro e uma pluraridade de gargantas de poro, sistema para caracterizar uma amostra de meio poroso incluindo uma pluralidade de corpos de poro e uma pluralidade de gargantas de poro, e método para caracterizar uma amostra de formação de rocha subterrânea porosa incluindo uma pluralidade de corpos de poro e uma pluralidade de gargantas de poro
CN103778328A (zh) * 2014-01-10 2014-05-07 中国石油大学(华东) 基于标准偏差分析的储层敏感孔喉提取方法
CN107993261A (zh) * 2017-11-02 2018-05-04 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所 一种基于三维岩心扫描图像的孔隙与孔喉识别方法
WO2020005885A1 (fr) * 2018-06-29 2020-01-02 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Identification de propriétés géométriques d'une structure rocheuse par imagerie numérique
US11062439B2 (en) * 2019-09-24 2021-07-13 Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. Automating microfacies analysis of petrographic images
CN111738978A (zh) * 2020-03-27 2020-10-02 中国石油化工股份有限公司 储层孔喉连通性的评价方法、装置、电子设备及存储介质
CN111504875A (zh) * 2020-04-28 2020-08-07 中国地质大学（北京） 一种致密砂岩孔喉参数的提取及计算方法及提取装置

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