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WO2024121389A1 - Réacteur pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 et procédé pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 - Google Patents

Réacteur pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 et procédé pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024121389A1
WO2024121389A1 PCT/EP2023/084899 EP2023084899W WO2024121389A1 WO 2024121389 A1 WO2024121389 A1 WO 2024121389A1 EP 2023084899 W EP2023084899 W EP 2023084899W WO 2024121389 A1 WO2024121389 A1 WO 2024121389A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
section
reactor
bicarbonate
aqueous medium
semi
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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PCT/EP2023/084899
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English (en)
Inventor
Carla GLASSL
Florian TILLER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ucaneo Biotech GmbH
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Ucaneo Biotech GmbH
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Publication date
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Priority to EP23820931.6A priority Critical patent/EP4630139A1/fr
Publication of WO2024121389A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024121389A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
    • B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
    • B01D53/46—Removing components of defined structure
    • B01D53/62—Carbon oxides
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D19/00—Degasification of liquids
    • B01D19/0031—Degasification of liquids by filtration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D63/00—Apparatus in general for separation processes using semi-permeable membranes
    • B01D63/02—Hollow fibre modules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D69/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by their form, structure or properties; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D69/14—Dynamic membranes
    • B01D69/141—Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes
    • B01D69/142—Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes with "carriers"
    • B01D69/144—Heterogeneous membranes, e.g. containing dispersed material; Mixed matrix membranes with "carriers" containing embedded or bound biomolecules
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D71/00—Semi-permeable membranes for separation processes or apparatus characterised by the material; Manufacturing processes specially adapted therefor
    • B01D71/06—Organic material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01D—SEPARATION
    • B01D2257/00—Components to be removed
    • B01D2257/50—Carbon oxides
    • B01D2257/504—Carbon dioxide

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a reactor for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • the invention further relates to a use of the reactor and a process for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • climate scenarios show that ⁇ 2-3 GT carbon dioxide by 2030 and up to 10 Gt by 2050 per year have to be captured.
  • thermo-chemical capturing in which carbon dioxide is temporarily captured by a chemical and subsequently released again.
  • a main problem with these approaches is that after the carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the chemical, it requires a lot of energy to release the carbon dioxide again to reach pure carbon dioxide gas required for storage. It also requires a lot of energy to regenerate the chemical (binding agent) for the next cycle. The number of cycles is frequently limited as well, e.g. due to by catalyst poisoning, leading to low turnover numbers and high maintenance costs.
  • Other approaches include electro-chemical direct air capture, which also suffers from high costs and limited turnover numbers.
  • the known approaches to remove carbon dioxide from C02-containing gas compositions such as air suffer from a range of disadvantages, including a high cost per volume of carbon dioxide removed. Furthermore, several known approaches are incapable of removing carbon dioxide at low concentrations, which is a severe drawback given the low concentration of carbon dioxide in air. Some of the known approaches involve delicate biological or biotechnological systems, which can be capricious and susceptible to damage. In particular, many of the known approaches involving living cells carrying genetic material are delicate and error- prone. Biotechnological systems are mostly used for carbon sequestration instead of providing pure CO2 gas for storage, e.g. algae convert carbon dioxide into plastics or fuel. Many of the known systems for removing CO2 from air also require large amounts of energy, which limits their usability.
  • the C02-containing fluid is a C02-containing gas. It is a further object to advance the state of the art in the area of processes for reducing the amount of CO2 in a CO2- containing fluid, such as a C02-containing gas composition.
  • a reactor and a process are provided, which are suitable for removing CO2 from a C02-containing fluid, in particular from air.
  • a reactor and a process are provided which allow the amount of CO2 to be reduced with low energy consumption.
  • a reactor and a process are provided which allow the amount of CO2 to be reduced at low cost.
  • a reactor and a process are provided which are free from living cells.
  • a reactor and a process are provided which operate under mild conditions and allow high turnover numbers.
  • a reactor and a process are provided which allow removal of CO2 from air in all regions of the earth, including energy-poor regions.
  • the present invention relates to a reactor for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • the reactor comprises a first section having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, wherein the first section is configured for accommodating a first aqueous medium.
  • the reactor further comprises a second section configured for accommodating a second aqueous medium.
  • the reactor further comprises a semi-permeable membrane separating the first section and the second section, wherein the semi-per- meable membrane comprises bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the reactor may be used to reduce the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, preferably in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • CO2 may be introduced into the first aqueous medium where it forms bicarbonate.
  • the other components of the gas composition may either dissolve as well or may not dissolve.
  • the other components of the gas composition may either undergo a chemical reaction with the aqueous medium or not.
  • nitrogen and oxygen will typically only be dissolved in minute amounts, if at all, in the first aqueous medium but nitrogen and oxygen will typically not undergo a chemical reaction with the aqueous medium.
  • the bicarbonate formed by dissolution of the carbon dioxide in the first aqueous medium may be transported from the first aqueous medium to the second aqueous medium.
  • bicarbonate will be accumulated in the second section of the reactor and depleted in the first section of the reactor to provide a CO2-depleted fluid, such as a CO2-depleted gas, which may then be removed from the first section.
  • the bicarbonate accumulated in the second section may be removed from the second section of the reactor, for example in the form of CO2.
  • the disclosure relates to a reactor for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing gas composition, such as air.
  • the fluid inlet is a gas inlet and the fluid outlet is a gas outlet.
  • the reactor may be configured for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing liquid, such as seawater.
  • the reactor is suitable for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • the reactor is suitable for at least partially, preferably fully, removing CO2 from the fluid, such as the C02-containing gas composition.
  • the C02-containing gas composition may, for example, be air.
  • the C02-containing gas composition comprises less than 10 VoL-% CO2, such as less than 5 VoL-%, such as less than 1 VoL-%, CO2.
  • the reactor comprises a housing.
  • the first section and/or the second section may, for example, be arranged inside the housing.
  • the semi-per- meable membrane may also be arranged inside the housing.
  • the housing comprises a container.
  • Section as used herein typically refers to a delimited three-dimensional space.
  • a section may be a three-dimensional space that is at least partially delimited by one or more walls, such as a wall of the reactor.
  • the first section and the second section are separated from each other by the semi-permeable membrane.
  • An aqueous medium as used herein comprises water.
  • An aqueous medium may additionally comprise other solvents, preferably solvents miscible with water.
  • An aqueous medium may comprise a gel, such as a hydrogel.
  • an aqueous medium comprises at least 20 wt.-%, such as at least 50 wt.-%, such as at least 70 wt.-% water.
  • the aqueous medium further comprises additives such as salts.
  • the first aqueous medium may be the same as the second aqueous medium.
  • the first aqueous medium and the second aqueous medium may be different from each other, such as different in concentrations and/or additives.
  • the reactor is free of living cells. Free of living cells preferably means that the reactor includes less than 1 wt.-%, preferably less than 0.1 wt.- %, preferably less than 0.01 wt.-%, more preferably less than 0.001 wt.-%, living cells. In an embodiment, the reactor is free of cells carrying genetic material, such as free of DNA and/or RNA. Free of cells carrying genetic material preferably means that the reactor includes less than 1 wt.-%, preferably less than 0.1 wt.-%, preferably less than 0.01 wt.-%, more preferably less than 0.001 wt.-%, cells carrying genetic material.
  • the first section is configured for depleting the C02-con- taining fluid of CO2.
  • the first section is configured for at least partially, preferably fully, removing CO2 from the C02-containing fluid.
  • the first section is configured for providing bicarbonate inside a first aqueous medium.
  • the first section may be configured for reacting CO2 in the aqueous medium to form bicarbonate.
  • Bicarbonate refers to the hydrogen carbonate anion (HCOa-).
  • the bicarbonate may typically be dissolved in the aqueous medium, particularly in water of the aqueous medium.
  • the bicarbonate may be associated with, such as bound to, cations, such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and/or lithium.
  • the bicarbonate may also be partially or fully dissolved. It is understood that CO2 and bicarbonate are interconvertible into each other. As an example, when CO2 and water are brought into contact with each other, a chemical equilibrium between CO2 and water on the one hand and bicarbonate on the other hand is established. Consequently, the process and reactor disclosed herein are suitable for reducing the amount of bicarbonate in a fluid, as well as suitable for reducing the amounts of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid.
  • the first section is configured for accommodating a first aqueous medium.
  • the first section has a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet.
  • the fluid inlet may comprise or be a gas inlet and the fluid outlet may comprise or be a gas outlet.
  • the gas inlet may comprise a gas inlet pipe and the gas outlet may comprise a gas outlet pipe.
  • the gas inlet pipe may comprise an inlet valve for controlling the flow of the C02-containing gas into the first section.
  • the gas outlet pipe may comprise an outlet valve for controlling the flow of the C02-containing gas out of the first section.
  • the reactor further comprises a gas diffuser arranged inside the first section and in fluid communication with the gas inlet.
  • the gas diffuser may be connected to the gas inlet.
  • the gas diffuser may, for example, be arranged such that it is in fluid communication with a first aqueous medium inside the first section.
  • One advantage of the gas diffuser is that it increases the rate of dissolution of CO2 inside the first aqueous medium through surface area enlargement.
  • the first section contains the first aqueous medium.
  • the first aqueous medium may include a hydrogel. If the first aqueous medium includes a hydrogel, at least a portion of the hydrogel may in some variants be attached to the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the reactor further comprises carbonic anhydrase arranged inside the first section.
  • the carbonic anhydrase may be dispersed throughout the first aqueous medium.
  • the second section is configured for enriching bicarbonate.
  • the second section may be configured for taking up the bicarbonate from the first section.
  • the second section is typically configured for accommodating a second aqueous medium.
  • first>>, «second» merely serve to distinguish different elements. The presence of a second element does therefore not necessarily require he presence of a first element.
  • first element”, “second element” may also be replaced by “element A”, “element B” etc.
  • the first section has a larger volume than the second section.
  • the first aqueous medium has a larger volume than the second aqueous medium. A large volume of the first aqueous medium and/or the first section may, for example, contribute to reaching adequate amounts of bicarbonate in the first aqueous medium.
  • the semi-permeable membrane separates the first section and the second section.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is in fluid communication with the first aqueous medium and the second aqueous medium.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be arranged such that it may be in direct contact with the first aqueous medium and the second aqueous medium.
  • the semi-permeable membrane has a first side and a second side opposite the first side.
  • the first side faces the first section and the second side faces the second section.
  • the first side may be in direct contact with the first aqueous medium and the second side may be in direct contact with the second aqueous medium.
  • the semi-permeable membrane completely separates the first section and the second section.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be configured such that a fluid flow between the first section and the second section is only possible through the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is configured for enabling bicarbonate transport from the first section to the second section.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is configured to allow bicarbonate transport only from the first section to the second section.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is configured to allow bicarbonate transport from the first section to the second section and from the second section to the first section.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises at least one lipid layer incorporating the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the lipid layer may be a lipid monolayer or a lipid bilayer.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a lipid bilayer.
  • the lipid monolayer and/or the lipid bilayer comprise one or more of the following lipids: phospholipids, glycolipids or cholesterol.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a phospholipid bilayer.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is configured such that small ions can only cross the semi-permeable membrane through the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is permeable for small ions only through the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the semi-permeable membrane would be essentially impermeable to small ions if the semi-permeable membrane was devoid of bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • Small ions as used in this paragraph, preferably include ions having a molecular weight of less than 500 g/mol, such as less than 150 g/mol, such as less than 100 g/mol.
  • small ions may include bicarbonate and chloride.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins are configured for transporting bicarbonate across the semi-permeable membrane.
  • Bicarbonate transport proteins as used herein are proteins that are able to transport bicarbonate across the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins may transport the bicarbonate alone or the bicarbonate transport proteins may co-transport one or more other ions.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins are configured for selectively transporting only bicarbonate and optionally one or more co-transport ion.
  • the one or more co-transport ion is an anion.
  • the one or more co-transport ion is a cation.
  • the one or more co-transport ion is selected from chloride anion, fluoride anion, bromide anion, phosphate anion, cyanide anion, proton, sodium cation, lithium cation, potassium cation, magnesium cation and/or calcium cation, preferably a chloride anion and/or a sodium cation.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins have a permeability of transporting at least 100 bicarbonate ions per bicarbonate transport protein per second, preferably at least 1 ’000 bicarbonate ions per bicarbonate transport protein second.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins may have a permeability of transporting at least 10’000 bicarbonate ions per bicarbonate transport protein per second, preferably up to 10 7 bicarbonate ions per bicarbonate transport protein per second, more preferably up to 10 5 bicarbonate ions per bicarbonate transport protein per second.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins include proteins belonging to the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (APC) superfamily. In an embodiment, the bicarbonate transport proteins belong to the bicarbonate transporter family.
  • the bicarbonate transporter family is a member of the APC superfamily.
  • the bicarbonate transporter family includes chloride-bicarbonate exchangers, sodium- coupled bicarbonate transporters and potassium-coupled bicarbonate transporters.
  • the chloride-bicarbonate exchangers include anion exchanger 1 (AE1 ), anion exchanger 2 (AE2) and anion exchanger 3 (AE3).
  • the sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters include NBCel , NBCe2, NBCnl , NBCn2, NBCBE, BicA and SbtA.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins are selected from one or more of the following: SLC4A1 , SLC4A2, SLC4A3, SLC4A4, SLC4A5, SLC4A7, SLC4A8, SLC4A9, SLC4A10 and SLC4A1 1 , preferably SLC4A1 .
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises SLC4A1 .
  • the SLC4A1 makes up at least 10%, preferably at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, preferably at least 70% of the bicarbonate transport proteins comprised in the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins include chloride bicarbonate exchangers. In an embodiment, the bicarbonate transport proteins include anion exchanger 1 and/or anion exchanger 2 and/or anion exchanger 3.
  • SLC4A1 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A1 gene.
  • the SLC4A1 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 109270.
  • OMIM refers to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man catalog.
  • SLC4A1 is synonymous with anion exchanger 1 (AE1 ).
  • Anion exchanger 1 as used herein refers in particular to Uni- Prot entries P02730 and P04919. UniProt refers to the Universal Protein resource database.
  • Anion exchanger 1 as used herein refers to the definition provided in the Wikipedia article https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band_3_anion_transport_pro- tein, as accessed on 30 November 2022.
  • SLC4A2 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A2 gene.
  • the SLC4A2 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 109280.
  • SLC4A2 is synonymous with anion exchanger 2 (AE2).
  • Anion exchanger 2 as used herein refers in particular to UniProt entries P04920 and P13808.
  • Anion exchanger 2 as used herein refers in particular to the definition provided in the Wikipedia article https://en.wik- ipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_protein_2, as accessed on 30 November 2022.
  • SLC4A3 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A3 gene.
  • the SLC4A3 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 106195.
  • SLC4A3 is synonymous with anion exchanger 3 (AE3).
  • Anion exchanger 3 as used herein refers in particular to UniProt entries P48751 and P16283.
  • Anion exchanger 3 as used herein refers in particular to the definition provided in the Wikipedia article https://en.wik- ipedia.org/wiki/Anion_exchange_protein_3, as accessed on 30 November 2022.
  • SLC4A4 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A4 gene.
  • the SLC4A4 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 603345.
  • SLC4A5 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A5 gene.
  • the SLC4A5 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 606757.
  • SLC4A7 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A7 gene.
  • the SLC4A7 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 603353.
  • SLC4A8 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A8 gene.
  • SLC4A8 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 605024.
  • SLC4A9 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A9 gene.
  • SLC4A9 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 610207.
  • SLC4A10 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A10 gene.
  • the SLC4A10 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 605556.
  • SLC4A1 1 as used herein is a protein that is encoded by the SLC4A1 1 gene.
  • the SLC4A1 1 gene includes in particular OMIM entry 610206.
  • the respective definition includes amino acid sequences having at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, sequence identity to the specific sequence indicated as part of the definition.
  • the respective definition preferably includes nucleic acid sequences having at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95%, sequence identity to the specific sequence provided.
  • sequence identity refers to the percentage of sequence identity between two amino acid sequences or two nucleic acid sequences.
  • the percent identity of two amino acid sequences is determined by first aligning the sequences (e.g. gaps can be introduced in the sequence of a first amino acid or nucleic acid sequence for optimal alignment with a second amino acid or nucleic acid sequence).
  • the amino acid residues (respectively nucleotides) at corresponding amino acid positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same amino acid residue (respectively nucleotide) at the corresponding position in the second sequence, then the molecules are identical at that position.
  • the percent identity between the two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the sequences.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may also comprise proteins other than bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins make up at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, of the proteins of the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins make up at least 10%, more preferably at least 20%, of the proteins of the lipid layer.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins make up at least 20%, preferably at least 30%, more preferably at least 40%, more preferably from 40% to 70%, of the protein mass of the lipid layer.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 1 mm, preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 100 micrometers, preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 10 micrometers, preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 1 micrometer, preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 100 nm, preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 50 nm, more preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 10 nm, more preferably essentially impermeable to objects having a diameter of at least 5 nm.
  • the object may, for example, be a molecule or an atom.
  • a molecule may be neutral in charge or may carry a charge.
  • an atom may be neutral in charge or may carry a charge.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is essentially impermeable to molecules having a molecular weight of more than 10’000 g/mol, preferably essentially impermeable to molecules having a molecular weight of more than 5’000 g/mol, preferably essentially impermeable to molecules having a molecular weight of more than 1 ’000 g/mol, preferably essentially impermeable to molecules having a molecular weight of more than 500 g/mol.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is essentially impermeable to solids, preferably essentially impermeable to solids having a diameter of at least 10 nm.
  • essentially impermeable may mean that the permeability is less than 5% of the permeability of bicarbonate, preferably less than 1 % of the permeability of bicarbonate, more preferably less than 0.1 % of the permeability of bicarbonate, more preferably less than 0.01 % of the permeability of bicarbonate.
  • essentially impermeable may mean that the permeability is less than 0.001 % of the permeability of bicarbonate.
  • the permeability of molecules having a molecular weight of more than 10’000 g/mol may be less than 0.01 % of the permeability of bicarbonate.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be permeable to water or may be essentially impermeable to water.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may comprise a membrane layer incorporating the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins may be stabilized by the membrane layer.
  • the membrane layer may, for example, comprise or be made of a polymer material, such as a block-copolymer.
  • the bicarbonate proteins are reconstituted by the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises polymersomes incorporating the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins may for example be reconstituted by one or more polymersomes.
  • the polymersomes may comprise a diblock AB copolymer, wherein A is a hydrophilic block and B is a hydrophobic block.
  • the polymersomes may comprise a triblock ABA copolymer, wherein A is a hydrophilic block and B is a hydrophobic block.
  • the polymersomes may comprise a triblock ABC copolymer, wherein A and C are chemically distinct hydrophilic blocks and B is a hydrophobic block.
  • the polymersomes may comprise a diblock AB copolymer and a triblock ABC copolymer.
  • different hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks may be chosen.
  • the hydrophilic blocks A and C may, for each copolymer independently and for A and C independently, be chosen from the group consisting of: poly (2-methyl oxazoline) (PMOXA), polyethylene oxide) (PEO), poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), or a combination thereof.
  • the hydrophobic block B may, for each copolymer independently, be chosen from the group consisting of polybutadiene (PBd), polyisobutylene (PIB), polystyrene (PS), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), poly (propylene oxide) (PPO) or a combination thereof. It is understood that A and B may each be chosen independently for the diblock AB copolymer and for the triblock ABC copolymer. Similarly, A and C may be chosen independently of each other and that A and B are chemically distinct.
  • PBd polybutadiene
  • PIB polyisobutylene
  • PS polystyrene
  • PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
  • PPO poly (propylene oxide)
  • One advantage of these embodiments is that they are mechanically and chemically robust and therefore increase long-term stability and functionality of the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • a further advantage of using polymersomes is that they can provide a native-like membrane environment, e.g. by their ability to selfassemble into vesicles.
  • the precise chemical and mechanical properties of the polymersomes may be fine-tuned for different variants. Parameters for optimization include the flexibility of the polymeric chains and the thickness of the hydrophobic block, e.g. to influence conformational adaptation. In some variants, the polymersomes have a thickness of up to 20 nm, such as up to 12 nm.
  • Different block copolymers may be used for the semi-permeable membrane.
  • triblock ABA copolymers that may be used include PMOXA-PDMS- PMOXA, PEO-PIB-PEO, or PEO-PPO-PEO.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may in some variants comprise the polymer Pluronic®.
  • triblock ABC copolymers that may be used include PEO-PDMS-PMOXA.
  • PEO-PDMS-PMOXA One advantage of using PEO-PDMS-PMOXA is that it may allow manipulating the membrane curvature for oriented insertion of ion-channel forming membrane proteins to can give rise to asymmetrical membrane assemblies, e.g. by fine-tuning the length of hydrophilic blocks.
  • block copolymers such as diblock AB copolymers, triblock ABA copolymers or triblock ABC copolymers that may be used for the semi-permeable membrane are provided in:
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a plurality of lipid bilayers each incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins, wherein each lipid bilayer forms a liposome defining an intraliposomal space and an extraliposomal space.
  • the extraliposomal space of all liposomes partially defines the first section of the reactor and the intraliposomal spaces of all liposomes define the second section of the reactor. It is understood that the extraliposomal space of all liposomes defines the space that is extraliposomal to each liposome.
  • the second section of the reactor is dispersed throughout the first section of the reactor.
  • One advantage of these embodiments is that by having a plurality of lipid bilayers, the surface area of the lipid bilayer that is exposed to the first aqueous medium is significantly enlarged, thus enabling a high rate of bicarbonate exchange.
  • a further advantage is that liposomes formed by lipid bilayers are typically stable, thus minimizing maintenance.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a plurality of poly- mersomes each incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins, wherein each pol- ymersome defines an intrapolymersomal space and an extrapolymersomal space, wherein the extrapolymersomal space of all polymersomes partially defines the first section of the reactor and the intrapolymersomal spaces of all polymersomes define the second section of the reactor.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may comprise both a plurality of polymersomes and a plurality of lipid bilayers.
  • the intraliposomal space and the intrapolymersomal space may coincide and, similarly, the extraliposomal space and the extrapolymersomal space may coincide.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may optionally be stabilized using different strategies.
  • the lipid bilayer may in some variants be tetherable.
  • the lipid bilayer is a tethered bilayer.
  • the lipid bilayer may comprise a linker for tethering.
  • the linker for tethering may for example be a polyethylene glycol linker, a polyethylene oxide linker, an alkanethiol linker, an oligoethyleneoxy linker, or a combination thereof.
  • the linker may for example be configured to link the lipid bilayer to a support unit or a scaffold.
  • the support unit or the scaffold may for example comprise a polymeric cushion, for example cellulose or a polydopamine cushion.
  • the linker of the lipid bilayers is linked to the support unit or to the scaffold.
  • the lipid bilayer may optionally be crosslinkable.
  • the lipid bilayer may comprise a crosslinkable functional group, such as biotin, streptavidin, thiol, acrylate, an alkyne, or a combination thereof.
  • the liposome is free of genetic material, such as free of DNA and RNA.
  • the liposomes are contained inside the container of the reactor.
  • the container may, for example, further contain the first aqueous medium.
  • the liposomes may be dispersed throughout the first aqueous medium.
  • the liposomes are filled with the second aqueous medium.
  • the second aqueous medium may include a hydrogel. If the second aqueous medium includes a hydrogel, at least a portion of the hydrogel may in some variants be attached to the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the second aqueous medium has a chloride concentration of at least 5% (w/v), preferably at least 10% (w/v), more preferably from 10% to 30% (w/v).
  • the second aqueous medium has a pH from 6 to 10, more preferably from 6 to 8.5, more preferably from 6.5 to 8, more preferably from
  • the first section is a first chamber and the second section is a second chamber.
  • the first chamber and second chamber may be housed in the same housing or in a different housing.
  • the housing of the reactor may house the first chamber and the second chamber.
  • the first chamber and the second chamber may, for example, be adjacent to each other.
  • the first chamber is defined by a first wall and the semi- permeable membrane.
  • the second chamber is defined by a second wall and the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the first wall and/or the second wall typically comprise, and are preferably made of, a solid material, such as a solid inorganic material.
  • the solid material is preferably solid at 25 °C and 1 bar and preferably retains its structural integrity upon exposure to 50 °C, such as 70 °C.
  • the solid material also retains its structural integrity upon exposure to 4 °C, preferably upon exposure to -10 °C.
  • the first wall and/or the second wall comprise, and are typically made of, a metal, a stone or a plastic.
  • the first wall and the second wall are part of the housing of the reactor.
  • the reactor may have a housing defining an inside and an outside, wherein the semi-permeable membrane is arranged inside the housing, such that it separates the inside of the housing into a first chamber and a second chamber.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a scaffold structure.
  • the scaffold structure is configured for structurally supporting the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the scaffold structure may be configured for structurally supporting membrane layer and/or the poly- mersomes.
  • the scaffold structure is configured for structurally supporting the at least one lipid layer.
  • the at least one lipid layer may be supported by the scaffold structure.
  • the scaffold structure is made of a solid material.
  • the scaffold structure may, for example, be made of cellulose, glass, metal, plastic, such as PTFE, Aluminum oxide, Polysulfone (PSU), Polyethersulfone (PES).
  • the scaffold structure may be porous.
  • the scaffold structure may define pores.
  • the pores of the scaffold structures may, for example, have a pore size of less than 10 mm, preferably from 0.1 nm to 5 mm, more preferably from 1 nm to 1 mm, more preferably from 10 nm to 0.1 mm, more preferably from 10 nm to 10 micrometers.
  • the pores of the scaffold structure may have a pore size of less than 1 micrometer and preferably at least 10 nm.
  • the pores may have a pore size from 10 nm to 200 nm.
  • the pore size as used herein denotes the nominal pore size. As an example, if a given pore was circular, the pore size would denote its diameter.
  • the nominal pore size is defined as the maximum in the pore size distribution.
  • the scaffold structure may structurally support the semi-permeable membrane in different ways.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be attached to the scaffold structure.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be at least partially attached to a surface of the scaffold structure.
  • a lipid layer is at least partially attached to the surface of the scaffold structure.
  • the polymersomes may be at least partially attached to the surface of the scaffold structure.
  • the lipid layer is arranged inside the pores of the scaffold structure.
  • the polymersomes may be arranged inside pores of the scaffold structure.
  • the scaffold structure comprises at least two scaffold layers separated by the at least one lipid layer and/or by the polymersomes.
  • the lipid layer may be sandwiched between a first scaffold layer and a second scaffold layer.
  • the semi-permeable membrane may be a hollow fiber membrane.
  • the second chamber comprises a CO2 outlet for removing carbon dioxide from the second chamber.
  • the CO2 outlet is suitable for removing gaseous carbon dioxide from the second chamber.
  • the CO2 outlet may, for example, comprise a CO2 outlet pipe.
  • the CO2 outlet pipe may, for example, be connected with a carbon dioxide removal device.
  • the first section of the reactor further comprises a first aqueous medium regeneration inlet and a first aqueous medium regeneration outlet.
  • the first aqueous medium regeneration inlet is configured for controlling inflow of the first aqueous medium into the first section and may optionally comprise a valve.
  • the first aqueous medium regeneration outlet is configured for controlling outflow of the first aqueous medium out of the first section and may optionally comprise a valve.
  • the second section of the reactor further comprises a second aqueous medium regeneration inlet and a second aqueous medium regeneration outlet.
  • the second aqueous medium regeneration inlet is configured for controlling inflow of the second aqueous medium into the second section and may optionally comprise a valve.
  • the second aqueous medium regeneration outlet is configured for controlling outflow of the second aqueous medium out of the second section and may optionally comprise a valve.
  • the reactor further comprises a carbon dioxide removal device for removing carbon dioxide from the second aqueous medium.
  • the carbon dioxide removal device is arranged such that it is in fluid communication with the second aqueous medium that may, for example, be inside the second chamber.
  • the carbon dioxide removal device comprises a vacuum pump.
  • Vacuum pump as used herein describes a pump that may generate a pressure of less than 1 bar, preferably less than 500 mbar, preferably less than 200 mbar.
  • the vacuum pump may, for example, be in fluid communication with the CO2 outlet.
  • the carbon dioxide removal device comprises a heating element that is configured for heating the second aqueous medium.
  • the heating element may, for example, comprise a water bath.
  • the heating element may also, for example, comprise a thermal insulation system or a heating system.
  • the carbon dioxide removal device comprises a stripping column.
  • the carbon dioxide removal device comprises a membrane.
  • the carbon dioxide removal device is configured for being connectable to a carbon dioxide storage.
  • the present invention relates to a use of the reactor according to any one of the embodiments according to the first aspect of the invention, for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-contain- ing gas composition, such as air.
  • the reactor may be used in a process according to any one of the embodiments according to the third aspect of the invention.
  • the present invention relates to a process for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • the process includes the step of a) introducing the C02-containing fluid into a first section of a reactor, wherein the first section contains a first aqueous medium.
  • the process further includes the step of b) reacting the introduced CO2 with the first aqueous medium to form bicarbonate.
  • the process further includes the step of c) transporting the bicarbonate formed in step b) from the first section through a semi-permeable membrane into a second section of the reactor con- taining a second aqueous medium, wherein the semi-permeable membrane separates the first section and the second section and comprises bicarbonate transport proteins, thereby accumulating bicarbonate in the second section and depleting bicarbonate in the first section, thereby forming a CO2-depleted fluid, such as a CO2-depleted gas, in the first section.
  • the process further includes the step of d) removing the CC -depleted fluid, such as CO2-depleted gas, from the first section.
  • step c) the CO2-depleted gas that may be formed may be fully or partially dissolved in water.
  • step b) the CO2 reacts with water from the first aqueous medium to form bicarbonate. It is understood that when CO2 and water are brought into contact with each other, a chemical equilibrium between CO2 and water on the one hand and bicarbonate on the other hand is established. Accordingly, the step of reacting the introduced CO2 with the first aqueous medium to form bicarbonate includes establishing and/or maintaining of this chemical equilibrium. As an example, if C02-containing seawater is introduced into the first section of the reactor in step a), then step b) may include maintaining the already-present chemical equilibrium between CO2 and bicarbonate in the seawater.
  • a C02-containing gas composition is introduced into the first section of the reactor.
  • air may be introduced into the first section of the reactor.
  • a C02-containing fluid such as seawater
  • the CO2 may be present in the liquid in the form of bicarbonate when the C02-containing liquid is introduced into the reactor.
  • the process is carried out using the reactor according to any embodiment according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • the C02-containing fluid is introduced into a first section of a reactor according to any embodiment according to the first aspect of the present invention.
  • steps a) through d) are performed consecutively.
  • step a) may be followed by step b), followed by step c), followed by step d).
  • the steps may directly follow one another or the process may comprise additional steps or sub-steps carried out in between.
  • the process is carried out batch-wise or continuously. In an embodiment, at least steps b and c, preferably steps a, b, c and d, are carried out in a continuous fashion.
  • the reactor further comprises carbonic anhydrase arranged inside the first section.
  • the carbonic anhydrase may be dispersed throughout the first aqueous medium.
  • Carbonic anhydrase is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion between carbon dioxide and water and bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
  • step b) includes carbonic anhydrase-catalyzed dissolution of CO2 in the first aqueous medium to form bicarbonate.
  • the reactor further comprises metal oxides, such as oxides of one or more of the following: Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, particularly MgO and CaO.
  • the reactor is free of metal oxides, such as free of oxides of one or more of the following: Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Fe, Al, particularly MgO and CaO.
  • the semi-permeable membrane separating the first section and the second section comprises at least one lipid layer incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the bicarbonate in step c), is transported through the bicarbonate transport proteins. In an embodiment, the bicarbonate is transported only through the bicarbonate transport proteins. In an embodiment, the bicarbonate is transported only through the bicarbonate transport proteins incorporated in the lipid layer.
  • step c) further comprises transporting chloride from the second section through the semi-permeable membrane, preferably through the bicarbonate transport proteins, into the first section of the reactor.
  • the bicarbonate and the chloride are transported through the same bicarbonate transport protein, preferably in the same transport cycle.
  • chloride is only transported through the bicarbonate transport proteins, particularly through bicarbonate transport proteins incorporated in the lipid layer.
  • step c) only bicarbonate and optionally a co-transport ion are transported across the semi-permeable membrane.
  • the first aqueous medium is free of living cells. Additionally or alternatively, the second aqueous medium may be free of living cells. Additionally or alternatively, the semi-permeable membrane may be free of living cells.
  • the first aqueous medium is free of cells carrying genetic material, such as free of DNA and/or RNA.
  • the second aqueous medium is free of cells carrying genetic material, such as free of DNA and/or RNA.
  • the semi-permeable membrane is free of cells carrying genetic material, such as free of DNA and/or RNA.
  • the process further comprises the steps of e) removing CO2, which is formed in equilibrium from bicarbonate in the second section, from the second section.
  • Step e) may, for example, be carried out before, after or simultaneously with step d).
  • the CO2 may, for example, be removed using a carbon dioxide removal device of the reactor.
  • the CO2 is removed from the second section through a CO2 outlet.
  • the CO2 outlet may be in fluid communication with the carbon dioxide removal device.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a plurality of lipid bilayers each incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins, wherein each lipid bilayer forms a liposome defining an intraliposomal space and an extraliposomal space, wherein the extraliposomal space of all liposomes defines the first section and the intraliposomal spaces of all liposomes define the second section.
  • the liposomes are filled with the second aqueous medium.
  • the semi-permeable membrane comprises a plurality of poly- mersomes each incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins, wherein each pol- ymersome defines an intrapolymersomal space and an extrapolymersomal space, wherein the extrapolymersomal space of all polymersomes defines the first section and the intrapolymersomal spaces of all polymersomes define the second section, wherein the polymersomes are filled with the second aqueous medium.
  • step e) additionally includes separating the liposomes and/or the polymersomes from the first aqueous medium, preferably by centrifugation or filtration. Step e) may further include at least temporarily breaking the lipid bilayer to release the second aqueous medium contained inside the liposome.
  • the concentration of bicarbonate in the first aqueous medium and the concentration of bicarbonate in the second aqueous medium are maintained such that the bicarbonate concentration in the second aqueous medium is at least two times, preferably at least five times, more preferably at least 10 times, even more preferably from 10 times to 150 times, higher than the bicarbonate concentration in the first aqueous medium. It is understood that either the bicarbonate concentration in the first aqueous medium or the bicarbonate concentration in the second aqueous medium or both may be adjusted in order to maintain the indicated bicarbonate concentration ratio.
  • the rate at which CO2, which is formed in equilibrium from bicarbonate, is removed from the second aqueous medium may be increased in response to the measurement.
  • the bicarbonate concentration in the first aqueous medium is maintained at approximately 0.04%.
  • the bicarbonate and a co-transport ion are transported through the bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the co-transport ion may, for example, be chloride.
  • the concentration of the co-transport ion in the first aqueous medium and the concentration of the co-transport ion in the second aqueous medium are maintained such that the co-transport ion concentration in the second aqueous medium is at least two times, preferably at least five times, more preferably at least ten times, even more preferably from ten times to 150 times, higher than the co-transport ion concentration in the first aqueous medium.
  • the concentration of chloride in the second aqueous medium and the concentration of chloride in the first aqueous medium are maintained such that the chloride concentration in the second aqueous medium is at least 0.1 % (w/v) higher, preferably at least 0.4% (w/v) higher, more preferably at least 1 % (w/v) higher, than the chloride concentration in the first aqueous medium.
  • the chloride concentration in the first and second aqueous medium may be maintained such that the chloride concentration in the second aqueous medium is up to 5% (w/v) higher than the chloride concentration in the first aqueous medium. It is understood that either the chloride concentration in the first aqueous medium or the chloride concentration in the second aqueous medium or both may be adjusted in order to maintain the indicated chloride concentration ratio.
  • the concentration of a co-transport ion is maintained such that it favors transport of bicarbonate from the first aqueous medium to the second aqueous medium.
  • the chloride concentration in the first aqueous medium and in the second aqueous medium may be maintained such that the chloride concentration in the second aqueous medium is higher than the chloride concentration in the first aqueous medium.
  • the sodium concentration in the first aqueous medium and in the second aqueous medium may be maintained such that the sodium concentration in the first aqueous medium is higher than the sodium concentration in the second aqueous medium. In an embodiment, this contributes to accumulation of bicarbonate in the second aqueous medium.
  • Fig. 1 shows an embodiment of the reactor comprising a first chamber and a second chamber
  • Fig. 2 shows an embodiment of the reactor comprising liposomes
  • Fig. 3 shows an embodiment of the process for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing fluid, such as in a C02-containing gas composition
  • Fig. 4 shows the absolute amount of chloride measured in experimental example 2 inside the liposomes before the run (left), inside the liposomes after the run (middle) and inside the tank liquid (right), when using either pure CO2 gas (bar filled with horizontal lines) or direct air (black bar with white filling).
  • Fig. 5 shows the absolute amount of CO2 (in mg) captured (see bar with white filling) and the absolute amount of CO2 provided (in g, see bar filled with horizontal lines), when using either pure CO2 (left) or direct air (right);
  • Fig. 6 shows the results of an experiment to monitor AE1 activity through pH measurement (the solid line (i.e. drawn through line, which is the lowest line in figure 6) corresponds to isotonic Na2SO4, the dotted line (which is the top line in figure 6) corresponds to the negative control (NaCI), and the dot-dashed line (which is the middle line in figure 6) corresponds to the mixture of isotonic Na2SO4 and inhibitor).
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of a reactor of the present invention.
  • the illustrated reactor 1 comprises a first section 2 corresponding to a first chamber, and a second section 6 corresponding to a second chamber.
  • the first chamber has a fluid inlet 4 and a fluid outlet 5.
  • the fluid inlet 4 is a gas inlet 4 and the fluid outlet 5 is a gas outlet 5.
  • the first chamber contains a first aqueous medium 3.
  • the second chamber contains a second aqueous medium 7.
  • the semi-permeable membrane 8 comprises a lipid bilayer incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins are illustrated in figure 1 as white ellipses permeating the lipid bilayer.
  • the remaining part of the semi-permeable membrane 8 may be essentially impermeable to small ions.
  • air with a carbon dioxide concentration of 0.04%, is introduced into the first chamber through a gas inlet 4.
  • a gas diffuser 9 is arranged on an end of the gas inlet 4 and configured for distribution of the air into the first aqueous medium 3.
  • the carbon dioxide contained in the air comes into contact with water in the first aqueous medium 3 and forms bicarbonate.
  • the bicarbonate formed by reaction of CO2 with water is concentrated through the semi-permeable membrane 8 and accumulates in the second aqueous medium 7.
  • the gas from the air that remains in the first chamber is CO2-de- pleted.
  • the CO2-depleted air eventually exits the first chamber through the gas outlet 5.
  • the concentration of bicarbonate in the second aqueous medium 7 is powered by ion concentration gradients.
  • the chloride concentration in the second aqueous medium 7 is maintained to be higher than in the first aqueous medium 3.
  • the concentrated bicarbonate in the second aqueous medium is brought back into the carbon dioxide gas phase and removed through a CO2 outlet pipe 15, for example by a vacuum pump, as illustrated by the circular pump symbol.
  • carbonic anhydrase is present in the first aqueous medium 3.
  • the carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the dissolution of carbon dioxide in the first aqueous medium 3.
  • the second aqueous medium 7 is heated by a water bath 16, which favors the formation of gaseous carbon dioxide in the second section 6 and its subsequent removal from the second section 6 through a CO2 outlet pipe 15.
  • the reactor 1 further comprises a first sensor 13 for measuring the temperature, the pH, the bicarbonate concentration and the chloride concentration of the first aqueous medium 3.
  • the reactor 1 further comprises a second sensor 14 for measuring the temperature, the pH, the bicarbonate concentration and the chloride concentration of the second aqueous medium 7.
  • FIG. 2 shows a further embodiment of a reactor of the present invention.
  • the illustrated reactor 1 is similar to the reactor illustrated in figure 2 in that it also comprises a gas inlet 4, a gas outlet 5 and a gas diffuser 9.
  • the reactor 1 illustrated in figure 2 additionally comprises a semi-permeable membrane 8 comprising a plurality of lipid bilayers, wherein each lipid bilayer incorporates bicarbonate transport proteins and each lipid bilayer forms a liposome 10 defining an intraliposomal space 11 and an extraliposomal space 12.
  • the extraliposomal space 12 of all liposomes 10 defines the first section 2 of the reactor 1 and the intraliposomal spaces 1 1 of all liposomes 10 defines the second section 6 of the reactor 1 .
  • the first aqueous medium 3 is arranged in the extraliposomal space 12 and the second aqueous medium 7 is arranged inside the liposomes 10.
  • the intraliposomal space could be an intrapolymersomal space and the extraliposomal space could be an extrpolymersomal space.
  • the bicarbonate transport proteins are illustrated in figure 1 as white ellipses permeating the lipid bilayer.
  • Figure 3 shows an embodiment of the process for reducing the amount of CO2 in a C02-containing gas composition.
  • the process may, for example, be carried out using the reactor 1 illustrated in figure 1 or 2.
  • a first step a of the illustrated process the air is introduced into the first section 2 of the reactor 1 .
  • the CO2 from the air is dissolved in the first aqueous medium 3 to form bicarbonate.
  • the bicarbonate formed in step b is transported from the first section 2 through the bicarbonate transport proteins comprised in the semi-permeable membrane 8 into the second section 6 of the reactor 1 containing the second aqueous medium 7.
  • step d the CO2-depleted gas is removed from the first section 2.
  • step e the carbon dioxide formed in the second section 6 from bicarbonate is removed from the second section 6.
  • a 1 M NaH2PO4 solution was prepared by adding 156 g to 1 L of ddFW.
  • a LYSIS SOLUTION (0.6% (w/v) NaCI Phosphate buffer (0.1 M), pH 7.4) was prepared as follows: 12.25 g Na2HPO4 powder was added to 3.7 mL 1 M NaH2PO4 solution, following by adding 800 mL ddH2O. 6 g of NaCI were added to the solution. The pH was adjusted with NaOH 1 N or Phosphoric acid until pH 8.0 is reached. The volume was added up to reach 1 L.
  • a WASHING SOLUTION (0.9% (w/v) NaCI Solution) was prepared by dissolving 4.5 g of sodium chloride NaCI in 500 mL of demineralized water (ultrapure).
  • a RESEALING SOLUTION (1.5% (w/v) NaCI Phosphate buffer (0.1 M), pH 7.4) was prepared as follows: 12.25 g Na2HPO4 powder was added to 3.7 mL 1 M NaH2PO4 solution, followed by adding -800 mL ddH20. 15 g of NaCI were added to the solution. The pH was adjusted with NaOH 1 N or Phosphoric acid until pH 8.0 is reached. The volume was added up to reach 1 L.
  • Liposomes formed by lipid bilayers incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins were prepared as follows:
  • Step 1 Providing Blood A blood sample was taken from 100 ml defibrinated sheep blood, supplied by Thermo Fisher I Oxoid (Article number: R0051 C). The blood was stored at 4°C and used within 5 days to create liposomes. The blood was certified for lab and research use.
  • Step 2 Washing the blood 1 .
  • a table centrifuge was cooled down to 6 °C.
  • Two 15 mL tubes with 1 mL blood each were prepared. The samples were weighed before centrifugation for equilibrium.
  • a second lysis was performed by adding 6 ml of 0.6% NaCI lysis solution, following by stirring for 5 min. 9. A voume of 6 mL of 1.5% NaCI resealing solution was added per tube. The samples were weighed before centrifugation for equilibrium.
  • the steps outlined above provide liposomes formed by lipid bilayers incorporating bicarbonate transport proteins.
  • the liposomes may be viewed as ghost cells, or red blood cells depleted of haemoglobin.
  • Liposomes with a chloride concentration of 0.6% (w/v) were prepared as de- scribed in example 1. To measure the chloride concentration inside, the liposomes were added to water to utilize osmotic pressure to rupture them. Measurements were executed with a chloride sensor.
  • a water tank was filled with a phosphate buffer and sparged with gas, either 100% CO2 gas for 30 seconds or pure air for 5 min at room temperature. 3.
  • the chloride-containing liposomes prepared according to excample 1 (which contain the bicarbonate transporter within their membrane) were added to a water tank with continuing gas supply. The sparging also provided constant mixing.
  • the liposomes formed a pellet after centrifugation, showing that the liposomes did not simply burst open. Also, different values for both conditions were observed, suggesting that the liposomes stayed intact during the exposure to bicarbonate solution.
  • FIG. 4 shows the absolute chloride ion weight (in mg) inside the liposomes before the run (left), inside the liposomes after the run (middle) and in the tank liquid after the run (right).
  • the amount of bicarbonate exchanged through the liposomes was calculated assuming a 1 :1 exchange of bicarbonate and chloride ions based on the transport mechanism of the bicarbonate transporter protein AE1 .
  • Figure 6 shows the results of an experiment to monitor AE1 activity through pH measurement over time.
  • the goal of this experiment and the hypotheses underlying the experiment are to monitor AE1 activity by observing the characteristic pH drop and subsequent recovery of pH (i.e. subsequent increase in pH) when red blood cells are put in a solution of isotonic (100 mM) sodium-sulfate (Na2SO4) with a control through AE1 inhibitor.
  • AE1 is known to transport both chloride and sulfate, wherein transport of the latter is much slower. As the ion transport is expected to occur fast, the slower ion transport of sulfate is used for monitoring.
  • AE1 sulfate transport is expected to drop in pH from 7.4 to 6.5 and subsequently recover within approximately 25 minutes.
  • Isotonic Na2SO4 + 3mM inhibitor to 80 mL isotonic Na2SO4 (see above) add 0.1 1 g 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS inhibitor) to reach a concentration of 3 mM; stir for 10 min, as DIDS does not dissolve easily; then adjust the pH carefully (note that the solution is not buffered); use 1 mM NaOH to increase pH to 7.4.
  • DIDS inhibitor 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un réacteur (1) pour réduire la quantité de CO2 dans un fluide contenant du CO2. Le réacteur (1) comprend une première section (2) comportant une entrée de fluide (4) et une sortie de fluide (5), la première section (2) étant conçue pour recevoir un premier milieu aqueux (3). Le réacteur (1) comprend en outre une seconde section (6) conçue pour recevoir un second milieu aqueux (7). Le réacteur (1) comprend en outre une membrane semi-perméable (8) séparant la première section (2) et la seconde section (6), la membrane semi-perméable (8) comprenant des protéines de transport de bicarbonate. La présente invention concerne en outre l'utilisation du réacteur (1) pour réduire la quantité de CO2 dans un fluide contenant du CO2. L'invention concerne en outre un procédé pour réduire la quantité de CO2 dans un fluide contenant du CO2. (Figure 1)
PCT/EP2023/084899 2022-12-09 2023-12-08 Réacteur pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 et procédé pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 Ceased WO2024121389A1 (fr)

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EP23820931.6A EP4630139A1 (fr) 2022-12-09 2023-12-08 Réacteur pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2 et procédé pour réduire la quantité de co2 dans un fluide contenant du co2

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