WO2024110499A1 - Procede de fabrication de capsules polymeriques micrometriques - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication de capsules polymeriques micrometriques Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024110499A1 WO2024110499A1 PCT/EP2023/082615 EP2023082615W WO2024110499A1 WO 2024110499 A1 WO2024110499 A1 WO 2024110499A1 EP 2023082615 W EP2023082615 W EP 2023082615W WO 2024110499 A1 WO2024110499 A1 WO 2024110499A1
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- microdroplets
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J13/00—Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided for; Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/02—Making microcapsules or microballoons
- B01J13/06—Making microcapsules or microballoons by phase separation
- B01J13/14—Polymerisation; cross-linking
- B01J13/16—Interfacial polymerisation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
- B01F23/40—Mixing liquids with liquids; Emulsifying
- B01F23/41—Emulsifying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
- B01F33/00—Other mixers; Mixing plants; Combinations of mixers
- B01F33/30—Micromixers
- B01F33/301—Micromixers using specific means for arranging the streams to be mixed, e.g. channel geometries or dispositions
- B01F33/3011—Micromixers using specific means for arranging the streams to be mixed, e.g. channel geometries or dispositions using a sheathing stream of a fluid surrounding a central stream of a different fluid, e.g. for reducing the cross-section of the central stream or to produce droplets from the central stream
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/0093—Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00819—Materials of construction
- B01J2219/00833—Plastic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00851—Additional features
- B01J2219/00858—Aspects relating to the size of the reactor
- B01J2219/0086—Dimensions of the flow channels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00851—Additional features
- B01J2219/00867—Microreactors placed in series, on the same or on different supports
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J2219/00781—Aspects relating to microreactors
- B01J2219/00889—Mixing
Definitions
- the field of the invention relates to the field of processes for manufacturing microcapsules and the uses of said microcapsules.
- Polymeric microcapsules that is to say capsules of micrometric size, comprising a polymeric envelope and a core which can be solid or liquid, are present in numerous applications and different fields such as cosmetic products, medicines, phytosanitary products, paints, coatings etc.
- a common method for manufacturing polymeric microcapsules generally includes an emulsion preparation step, followed by an interfacial polymerization (IFP) step to form a polymeric shell around the droplets of the dispersed phase.
- IFP interfacial polymerization
- an emulsion is prepared beforehand, by mixing in a reactor, a dispersed phase solution and a continuous phase solution, so as to form the emulsion.
- the dispersed phase solution comprising a first monomer A.
- the interfacial polymerization step is carried out after bringing the droplets of the dispersed phase into contact with a polymerization solution comprising a second monomer B.
- the polycondensation polymerization of the monomers A and B at the interface between the two phases makes it possible to form in situ the envelope of the microcapsules.
- the envelope obtained by interfacial polycondensation can be a polyamide, a polyurethane, a polyurea, a polyester or even a polycyanoacrylate resulting from the polymerization of the monomers or prepolymers A and B indicated in Table 1.
- the size of the droplets directly influences the properties of the microcapsules, such as the release profile of the active ingredient, their permeability and stability over time, processes for manufacturing smaller and more homogeneous microcapsules have been proposed, in particular means to reduce and/or calibrate the size of the droplets.
- microfluidic devices makes it possible to obtain microcapsules monodisperse. This type of device is described exhaustively in the literature.
- CN 111437895 describes a method and a microfluidic device for the preparation of nano and microcapsules.
- the Polenz et al. (Ingmar Polenz, David A. Weitz and Jean-Christophe Baret, Langmuir 2015, 31, 3, 1127-1134), describes a method for manufacturing monodisperse polyurea microcapsules obtained by a microfluidic device and interfacial polymerization. Their work indicates that the properties of the polymeric envelope depend in particular on the surfactants present and the energy applied to the system to form the droplets.
- microfluidic emulsification methods have the main disadvantage that the minimum diameter of the microdroplets formed is restricted by the size of the channels used and the flow rates used. It is not possible to form microcapsules below a certain size fixed by the equipment used.
- microchannels of small section could be a solution to produce microcapsules of smaller diameter, this is not, in practice, an effective solution, which would require using much lower flow rates in the microchannels. , which limits productivity.
- potential obstruction of the microchannels would make their use more delicate.
- microcapsules or microparticles of micrometric diameter, homogeneous dimensions and shapes i.e. low polydispersity (coefficient of variation less than 15% or even less than 7%). and whose envelope has a controlled, constant and uniform thickness.
- the inventors have developed a process comprising an additional step making it possible to control and reduce the size of the microcapsules.
- the invention relates to a process for manufacturing polymeric microcapsules comprising the following steps: preparation, by microfluidics, of an emulsion comprising an aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase, in the form of microdroplets, said dispersed phase including a monomer or prepolymer A and a cosolvent, at least partially, miscible in the continuous phase; a stage of partial or total diffusion of the cosolvent from the dispersed phase to the continuous phase, by diffusion and/or convection; an interfacial polymerization step, by polycondensation, by bringing the microdroplets of the emulsion into contact with a polymerization solution comprising a second monomer or prepolymer B.
- the invention relates to a process for manufacturing polymeric microcapsules comprising the following steps: preparation, by microfluidics, of an emulsion comprising an aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase, in the form of microdroplets, said dispersed phase comprising a monomer or prepolymer A and a cosolvent, at least partially, miscible in the continuous phase; a step of diffusion of the cosolvent from the dispersed phase to the continuous phase, by diffusion and/or convection; an interfacial polymerization step, by polycondensation, by bringing the microdroplets of the emulsion into contact with a polymerization solution comprising a second monomer or prepolymer B.
- the method according to the invention comprises a step of preparing, by a microfluidic process, an emulsion from a continuous aqueous phase and a dispersed phase, in the form of microdroplets, said dispersed phase comprising a monomer A or prepolymer A, a solvent and a cosolvent, said cosolvent being, at least partially, miscible in the continuous phase; a step of partial or total diffusion of the cosolvent from the dispersed phase to the continuous phase, by diffusion and/or convection, this step being able to be carried out during the flow of the emulsion in a microchannel; an interfacial polymerization step, by polycondensation, by bringing the microdroplets of the emulsion into contact with a polymerization solution comprising a second monomer B or prepolymer B; this polymerization step can be carried out continuously in a microfluidic device or in batch.
- the invention relates to a preparation of microcapsules capable of being obtained according to the process of the invention characterized by a coefficient of variation of less than 7%.
- the invention relates to a process for manufacturing polymeric microcapsules comprising the following steps: preparation, by microfluidics, of an emulsion comprising an aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase, in the form of microdroplets, said dispersed phase comprising a monomer or prepolymer A and a cosolvent, at least partially, miscible in the continuous phase; a stage of partial or total diffusion of the cosolvent from the dispersed phase to the continuous phase, by diffusion and/or convection; an interfacial polymerization step, by polycondensation, by bringing the microdroplets of the emulsion into contact with a polymerization solution comprising a second monomer or prepolymer B.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the monomer B or prepolymer B is an amine if monomer A or prepolymer A is an acid chloride or an isocyanate, or monomer B or prepolymer B is an alcohol if monomer A or prepolymer A is an isocyanate or a carboxylic acid, advantageously the monomer A or prepolymer A is an isocyanate and monomer B or prepolymer B is an amine.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the isocyanate is a diisocyanate, advantageously a diisocyanate selected from 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), diisocyanate isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI), hexamethylene Biuret diisocyanate (HBD-LV), hexamethylene trimer diisocyanate (HDT-LV (low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate based), aliphatic isocyanate diisocyanate pentamethylene (PDI), a combination of these diisocyanates, advantageously hexamethylene Biuret diisocyanate (HBD-LV).
- TDI 2,4-toluene diisocyanate
- HDI 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate
- IPDI di
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the amine is chosen from Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA), Polyethylenimine (PEI), Ethylenediamine (En), Diethylenetriamine (DETA), Triethylenetetramine (TETA), Arylyl polyamine (XDA ), Aliphatic polyamine (TEPA), Polyetheramine, Guanidine carbonate, a combination of these amines, advantageously En or guanidine carbonate.
- HMDA Hexamethylenediamine
- PEI Polyethylenimine
- En Ethylenediamine
- DETA Diethylenetriamine
- TETA Triethylenetetramine
- XDA Arylyl polyamine
- TEPA Aliphatic polyamine
- Polyetheramine Guanidine carbonate
- a combination of these amines advantageously En or guanidine carbonate.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the cosolvent has a solubility in water of between 1 g/L and 100 g/L at 20°C.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the cosolvent is chosen from selected from butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate, butyl stearate, advantageously butyl acetate or ethyl acetate.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the dispersed phase comprises at least 60% by weight of said cosolvent relative to the total weight of the dispersed phase.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the dispersed phase comprises at least one excipient and/or an active principle and/or a solvent.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the dispersed phase comprises, relative to the total weight of the dispersed phase: from 60% to 90% by weight of cosolvent; from 3% to 12% by weight of monomer and/or prepolymer A; from 7% to 30% by weight of solvent; an active ingredient and monomer or prepolymer A in a 3:7 ratio.
- the process according to the invention is characterized in that the continuous phase comprises, relative to the total weight of the continuous phase: from 0.1% to 5% of a surfactant, advantageously SDS of water qsp
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the diffusion step is carried out by flowing the emulsion in a microfluidic microchannel.
- the method according to the invention is characterized in that the polymerization step is carried out continuously in a microfluidic microchannel or in batch.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device suitable for implementing any embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device suitable for implementing any embodiment of the method according to the invention_comprising a microchip or a cascade micromixer connected to a microfluidic microchannel, such as A microfluidic microchannel, the diameter of which is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device suitable for implementing any embodiment of the method according to the invention_comprising a microchip or a cascade micromixer connected directly to a microfluidic microchannel, as a microfluidic microchannel, the diameter of which is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device suitable for implementing any embodiment of the method according to the invention, comprising a microchip or a cascade micromixer connected directly to a microchannel PTFE microfluidic whose diameter is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device comprising a microchip or a cascade micromixer to which is connected to a PTFE microfluidic microchannel whose diameter is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device comprising a microchip or a cascade micromixer connected to a PTFE microfluidic microchannel whose diameter is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- the invention relates to a microfluidic device comprising a microchip or a cascade micromixer connected directly to a PTFE microfluidic microchannel whose diameter is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- the monomers and/or prepolymers A and B can be chosen from:
- the microdroplets are formed during the step of preparing the emulsion (pre-diffusion droplets) containing a solvent and/or a cosolvent, the latter then being extracted, by a phenomenon of diffusion and/or convection, from the dispersed phase towards the continuous phase of the emulsion during flow in a microchannel and to obtain, after the interfacial polymerization step, microcapsules of small dimension with a low polydispersity and whose envelope thickness is homogeneous.
- the cosolvent In order to promote the phenomenon of diffusion and/or convection, the cosolvent must be, at least partially, miscible in water.
- the cosolvent can be chosen from compounds having a solubility in water of between 1 and 100 g/L at 20°C.
- cosolvents particularly suitable for the invention are butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate and/or butyl stearate, more particularly suitable are butyl acetate or ethyl acetate,
- microcapsules thus produced have a diameter smaller than that of the prediffusion microdroplets (before diffusion of the cosolvent towards the continuous phase) and have homogeneous dimensions, low polydispersity (coefficient of variation of the size, less than 7%) and the envelope has a constant and uniform thickness.
- FIG. 1 [ Figure la]: Diagram of a device according to the invention. A - dispersed phase reservoir; B - continuous phase tank; C - pressure pumps; D - valves; E - three-way connector; F - microchip; [ Figure 1b]: Diagram of the process for manufacturing microcapsules according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 [ Figure 2a]: Image of the microdroplets during the preparation of the emulsion before diffusion of the cosolvent (pre-diffusion microdroplets); [ Figure 2b]: Histogram of microdroplet diameter distribution; [ Figure 2c]: Image of the microdroplets after diffusion of the cosolvent from the microdroplets to the continuous phase (post diffusion microdroplets); [ Figure 2d]: Histogram of microdroplet diameter distribution after diffusion of the cosolvent; [ Figure 2e]: Image of the microcapsules after interfacial polymerization; [ Figure 2f: Histogram of microcapsule diameter distribution;
- FIG. 4 Image of the formation of microdroplets in the micro-channel (a) dripping regime. Qc and Qd are 40.0 pL/min and 3.0 pL/min, respectively, (b) jetting regime, Qc and Qd are 110.0 pL/min and 3.0 pL/min, respectively.
- FIG. 9 Image of the formation of microdroplets in the microchannel (a) ‘dripping’ regime.
- Qc and Qd are 60.0 pL/min and 5.0 pL/min, respectively,
- Qc and Qd are 100.0 pL/min and 5.0 pL/min, respectively.
- Emulsion a mixture of two immiscible liquids, one forming the dispersed phase, in the form of microdroplets dispersed in the continuous phase.
- Emulsions in which the dispersed phase is lipophilic (e.g.: vegetable or mineral oil) and the dispersing phase is aqueous (e.g.: water) are called O/W or (O/W) type; emulsions in which the dispersed phase is aqueous and the lipophilic dispersing phase are called oily W/O or (W/O) type.
- Micrometric-sized polymeric microcapsules capsules whose size is less than 65 microns and preferably between 5 and 65 microns and having a homogeneous envelope covering their surface.
- Particle a solid particle.
- Microdroplets droplets whose average diameter is less than or equal to 80 microns and preferably between 0.5 and 80 microns.
- the pre-diffusion and post-diffusion microdroplets correspond to the microdroplets of the invention before and after the diffusion of the solvent from the dispersed phase to the continuous phase.
- Prepolymers polymerizable oligomers comprising 2 to 5 monomer units.
- Microfluidics system for the flow of fluids in networks of microchannels of which at least one dimension is of the order of a micron.
- the step of preparing the emulsion can be carried out by bringing into contact a solution corresponding to the dispersed phase and a second solution corresponding to the continuous phase, in a microfluidic device of the microchip type, advantageously a microchip with glass junction, comprising a cross, T or Y mixer or a cascade or lamination micromixer, advantageously the microchip is hydrophilic.
- microfluidic device makes it possible to form microdroplets of dispersed phase in the continuous phase.
- the size of the microdroplets depends on the hydrodynamic regime. There are four described below: “dripping”, “squeezing” or “jetting” or “tip streaming”; terms used for “drip”, “plugs”, “jet” and “point burst” respectively. Of these 4 diets, the dripping diet is particularly advantageous.
- This flow regime produces microdroplets whose diameter is generally large, of the order of 150 microns, which makes it unsuitable for the invention.
- microdroplets form near the microchannel junction, thanks to the pinching of the dispersed phase due to absolute stability.
- the microdroplets formed under this flow regime are monodisperse and have a size generally between 50 and 100 microns.
- Continuous phase 40 - 110 pL/min or
- Continuous phase 40 - 100 pL/min or
- a jet forms ( Figure 4) and the pinching of the continuous phase occurs downstream of the junction due to convective instability.
- the inertial force of the dispersed phase and the shear force of the continuous phase are large enough to overcome the interfacial tension (the only force that holds the dispersed phase inside the junction)
- the dispersed phase is entrained downstream before the instability reaches the critical value necessary for the rupture of the drop.
- the size of the microdroplets under this “jetting” regime will be close to that of “dripping” but has the disadvantage of greater polydispersity than under a “dripping” regime.
- Continuous phase 110 pL/min or more or
- a preferred regime is that of dripping which allows, depending on the flow rates chosen, to form drops of defined and controlled sizes.
- controlling the flow rate of the solutions of the continuous and dispersed phases makes it possible to form micrometric microdroplets that are homogeneous in size.
- microdroplets thus obtained have a micrometric diameter, which may be less than 100 pm, advantageously with a diameter less than 90 pm, more advantageously with a diameter less than 80 pm, even more advantageously with a diameter less than 70 pm and even more advantageously with a diameter less than 60 pm or 50 pm, or 40 pm or 30 pm, or 10 pm.
- the diameter can also be between 0.1 and 100 pm or between 15 and 50 pm, or between 1 and 50 pm.
- a microdroplet diameter of around 65 pm can be obtained using a microfluidic device according to the invention ( Figure 1) with a flow rate of 70 pL/min to 80 pL/min for the continuous phase and a flow rate of 1 pL/min for the dispersed phase.
- the diameter of these microdroplets is reduced during the step of diffusion of the cosolvent contained in the microdroplets towards the continuous phase, by a phenomenon of diffusion and/or convection, the cosolvent having miscibility properties, at least partial, with the continuous phase.
- This step can, for example, be carried out in a polytetrafluoroethylene microchannel, the diameter of which is between 500 and 2000 pm and whose length is preferably greater than 30 cm and advantageously between 30 cm and 1 m, in which the flow rate of the emulsion is between 0.002 m/s to 0.1 m/s.
- the passage time of the microdroplets in the microchannel is between 1 and 120 seconds.
- microdroplets are then transformed into microcapsules during an interfacial polymerization step by polycondensation, by bringing the microdroplets, comprising the monomer and/or prepolymer A, into contact with a polymerization solution comprising a second monomer and/or prepolymer B, added to the emulsion.
- the quantity of monomer or prepolymer A relative to the total weight of the dispersed phase does not exceed 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersed phase.
- the dispersed phase may comprise 12% by weight of a prepolymer A (HDB-LV), 28% of an active ingredient, octyl salicylate (OS) and 60% by weight of cosolvent (acetate d 'ethyl).
- HDB-LV prepolymer A
- OS octyl salicylate
- cosolvent acetate d 'ethyl
- the molar quantity of monomer or prepolymer B in the polymerization solution is adjusted as a function of the quantity of monomer or prepolymer A.
- the quantity of monomer or prepolymer B being in large excess, by a factor of 5 or more, relative to the quantity of monomer or prepolymer A.
- Density of the dispersed phase 0.937 kg/L
- the quantity of monomer and/or prepolymer B is of the order of 0.01% to 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the polymerization solution.
- the capsules thus produced present:
- the envelope of the microcapsules has a thickness of between 700 nm and 1500 nm for capsules with a diameter of between 25 pm and 50 pm.
- the capsules according to the invention have a diameter of between 50 pm and 90 pm, more advantageously between 10 pm and 50 pm.
- the dispersed phase solution comprises at least one monomer or prepolymer A, a cosolvent and may contain an additional solvent, excipients and active ingredients soluble in the solvent and/or the cosolvent.
- the quantity of monomer A or prepolymer A is less than or equal to 30% by weight and preferably is between 3% and 12% by weight of the composition of the dispersed phase.
- the cosolvent suitable for the invention must be miscible, at least partially, in the continuous, aqueous phase.
- the quantity of cosolvent used is at least 60% and preferably 90% by weight of the dispersed phase.
- cosolvent in an amount greater than 90% by weight relative to the weight of the dispersed phase makes it possible, after transfer of the solvent to the continuous phase, to reduce the diameter of the microdroplets initially from 50 - 80 pm to a diameter of around 24 pm - 40 pm, a reduction of around 50%.
- the quantity of solvent in the dispersed phase is less than or equal to 30% or even between 7 and 30% by weight of the dispersed phase.
- the proportions of monomer A or prepolymer A in the dispersed phase are less than 12% by weight, preferably less than 3% by weight and preferably 0.3% by weight.
- a composition of the dispersed phase according to the invention may for example comprise: from 60 to 90% by weight of cosolvent; from 3 to 12% by weight of monomer and/or prepolymer A; from 7 to 30% by weight of solvent; an active ingredient and monomer or prepolymer A in a 3:7 ratio.
- the dispersed phase comprises a cosolvent miscible, at least partially, in the aqueous continuous phase and may comprise an additional solvent which is not or very poorly miscible with the aqueous continuous phase.
- partial miscibility within the meaning of the invention, is meant a solubility of the cosolvent in water of at least 1 g/L at 20°C and preferably at least 100 g/L at 20°C.
- Fully miscible means that 100% of the cosolvent is miscible in water.
- partially miscible means that at least 10% of the cosolvent is miscible in water, or 20% of the cosolvent is miscible in water, or at least 30% of the cosolvent is miscible in water. , or at least 40% of the cosolvent is miscible in water, or at least 50% of the cosolvent is miscible in water or at least 60% of the cosolvent is miscible in water, or at least 70% of the cosolvent is miscible in water, or at least 80% of the cosolvent is miscible in water, or at least 90% of the cosolvent is miscible in water.
- cosolvents particularly suitable for the invention are chosen from dibutyl adipate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, amyl acetate and butyl stearate.
- the cosolvent is preferably n-butyl acetate.
- solvents suitable for the invention are cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclohexanone, hexane, heptane, octane, toluene, benzene, xylene, meta or para cresol, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, ethyl ether, chloromethane, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, fluoroform, difluoromethane, haloalkanes, haloalkenes, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, trifluoroethane , trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene or mixtures thereof.
- solvents particularly suitable for the invention are chosen from hexadecane, Toctyl salicylate, dibutyl adipate and dibutyl adipate or Cetiol B.
- the solvent is preferably Toctyl salicylate.
- the dispersed phase may comprise one or more active ingredients such as a phase change material (hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane or eicosane), a sunscreen (octyl salicylate or benzyl salicylate), a perfume (lavender, ethyl salicylate or limonene), a pesticide (pirimiphos-methyl or pyrethroid).
- a phase change material hexadecane, heptadecane, octadecane, nonadecane or eicosane
- a sunscreen octyl salicylate or benzyl salicylate
- a perfume lavender, ethyl salicylate or limonene
- pirimiphos-methyl or pyrethroid pirimiphos-methyl or pyrethroid
- the active principle being completely soluble in the solvent and/or the cosolvent of the dispersed phase, it must not have a solubility (or miscibility) greater than 0.1 g/L in the aqueous phase.
- esters such as the adipate family have the highest solubility (or miscibility) in the aqueous phase, which is approximately 0.1 g/L.
- the quantity of active principle contained in the dispersed phase can be between 0% and 28% and is for example between 0% and 28% by weight of the composition of the dispersed phase and corresponds to a final quantity of active principle in a microcapsule of between 0% and 70% by weight.
- the continuous phase is an aqueous phase, comprising water and at least one surfactant, preferably in an amount less than or equal to 1% by total weight of the continuous phase.
- the surfactant can be chosen from natural surfactants, or synthetic ionic, non-ionic or amphoteric surfactants.
- an ionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) will be used, for example.
- SDS sodium lauryl sulfate
- a nonionic surfactant and depending on the phase in which they will be used, we will preferably use a surfactant whose hydrophilic/lipophilic balance or “HLB” (from the English hydrophilic/lipophilic balance) is high.
- polyoxoethylenated sorbitan derivatives of the Tween® type
- copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene of the Pluronic® type
- ethers of fatty alcohols and of polyoxoethylene glycol or, on the contrary, agents surfactants with a low hydrophilic/lipophilic balance, such as sorbitan derivatives (Span® type).
- amphoteric surfactants we will use for example egg or soy lecithin or its purified derivatives.
- surfactants suitable for the preparation of the emulsions according to the invention can be chosen from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (tween 80), surfactants biosourced. SDS is particularly suitable for the invention.
- the emulsion is formed from the continuous and dispersed phases which are brought into contact within a microfluidic device (Dolomite microchip or Ehrfeld micromixer).
- a microfluidic device Dolomite microchip or Ehrfeld micromixer.
- the size and size distribution of the microdroplets formed is a function of the microfluidic device chosen and the operating conditions applied in terms of flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases.
- microchannel or tube
- PTFE PTFE
- these post-diffusion microdroplets After diffusion, these post-diffusion microdroplets have a diameter smaller than that of the pre-diffusion microdroplets. This reduction in the diameter of the microdroplets depends on several factors such as the quantity of cosolvent used and the kinetics of diffusion and/or convection. Depending on the conditions, the reduction in diameter can be around 20%, or even 50%.
- the flow of the emulsion within the microchip is visualized by a camera coupled to an integrated Meros High Speed Digital Microscope, such as that described by Dolomite Microfluidics. Visualizing the flow of the emulsion in the microchip makes it possible to determine the diameter of the pre-diffusion microdroplets.
- the microdroplets exiting the microchannel are then collected on a glass slide and are characterized by an optical microscope for post-diffusion microdroplet diameter.
- the emulsion After passing through the microfluidic device and then through the microchannel allowing the diffusion of the cosolvent, the emulsion is added to an aqueous solution which contains a monomer B or prepolymer B.
- a monomer B or prepolymer B The contact of the monomers and/or prepolymers A and B at the interface of the microdroplets of post-diffusion generates the formation of a polymeric envelope by interfacial polycondensation.
- This interfacial polymerization step can be carried out in batch, the emulsion being in this case mixed with the polymerization solution in a suitable tank. It can also be carried out continuously in a microfluidic device (tube or Ehrfeld microreactor).
- the polymeric shell can be a polyamide obtained by polycondensation of diacid or acid chloride and diamine, a polyurea obtained by polycondensation of diisocyanate and a diamine, a polyurethane obtained by polycondensation of diisocyanate and diol, or a polyester obtained by polycondensation of dicarboxylic acid and diol.
- the envelope is a polyurea, obtained using an isocyanate monomer or prepolymer A, an isocyanate prepolymer possibly comprising from 2 to 4 isocyanate functions.
- the isocyanate is a diisocyanate selected from 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI), hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret, HDT-LV (low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer), aliphatic isocyanates, pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI).
- TDI 2,4-toluene diisocyanate
- HDI 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate
- IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
- PMDI polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate
- HDT-LV low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate based on hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer
- the isocyanate is a prepolymer such as HDB-LV (hexamethylene biuret diisocyanate), HDT-LV, or pentamethylene diisocyanate (PDI), preferably HDB-LV.
- HDB-LV hexamethylene biuret diisocyanate
- HDT-LV hexamethylene biuret diisocyanate
- PDI pentamethylene diisocyanate
- the isocyanate is preferably chosen from the group consisting of a hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer, an isophorone diisocyanate trimer or a hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret, among which a hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret is even more preferred, for example HDB-LV.
- the monomer and/or prepolymer B used to obtain the polyurea shell is an amine, preferably chosen from 1,3-diaminopropane, 1,4-diaminobutane, ethylene-triamine, pentaethylenehexamine, hexanethylenediamine, bis( 3-aminopropyl)amine, bis(hexanethylene)triamine tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, tri ethylene-tetramine, N,N'-bis(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine, tetraethylenepentamine, pentaethylenehexamine, branched polyethylenimine, chitosan , nisin, gelatin, 1,3-diamino-guanidine, 1, 1 -di- methylbiguanide, guanidine, arginine, lysine, ornithine, Thexamethylenediamine (HMD A), polyethylenimine (PE
- the polyurea shell is obtained by the condensation of diisocyanate such as THDB-LV and a diamine, such as guanidine carbonate or ethylene diamine.
- the polymeric envelope can be a polyamide obtained by polycondensation of acid dichloride (monomer or prepolymer A) and amine (monomer or prepolymer B).
- the polymeric envelope may be a polyurethane obtained by polycondensation of diisocyanate and polyol.
- polyols examples include polyvinyl alcohol, butane-1,4-diol, hexane-1,6-diol, propane-1,3-diol, pentane-1,5-diol, octane -l,8-diol, and ethylene glycol, diols or triols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 3-methyl-1,5-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, 1,12-octadecanediol, 1,4 -cyclohexanedimethanol, a dimeric fatty acid diol (d
- the polymeric envelope can be a polyester obtained by polycondensation of caboxylic diacid and diol.
- caboxylic diacids are sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, adipic acid and methylsuccinic acid.
- diols are 1,9-nonanediol and 1,10-decanediol.
- the microfluidic device allows the preparation of the emulsion.
- the interfacial polymerization step can, for its part, be carried out in batch or continuously.
- the microfluidic devices suitable for the invention are a cascade or lamination micromixer (Ehrfeld) or a microchip (Dolomite).
- a micromixer (Ehrfeld) is a mixer composed of several channels which can be in parallel, or lamination, advantageously in parallel. It allows production: up to 9 1/h. There are extrapolated devices which allow production of up to 1000 1/h.
- the flow rate of the dispersed phase solution within the micromixer is between 10 mL to 100 mL/min, advantageously 10 mL/min and the flow rate of the continuous phase is between 20 mL and 200 mL/min, advantageously between 20 mL/min and 200 mL/min, more advantageously, 20 mL/min, 30 mL/min, 40 mL/min, 50 mL/min, 60 mL/min, 70 mL/min, 80 mL/min, 90 mL/min, 100 mL/min, 200 mL/min.
- the flow rate can be achieved using two pressure pumps, such as the HNP Mikrosysteme pressure pumps delivering flow rates varying from 1 mL/min to 300 mL/min.
- the Weber number obtained for the dispersed phase according to the process according to the invention according to the formula We p c u 2 d/y is between 1 and 10.
- the microchip is made of hydrophilic glass and includes a cross, “T” or “Y” mixer combined with an output microchannel.
- the microchannel at the junction has a width of at least 50 pm, or even 105 pm.
- the flow rate of the dispersed phase solution within the microchip is between 0.2 pL/min and 7 pL/min, advantageously 1 pL/min and the flow rate of the continuous phase solution is between 6 and 1000 pL/min, advantageously between 40 pL/min and 150 pL/min, more advantageously, 40 pL/min, 60 pL/min, 70 pL/min, 80 pL/min, 90 pL/min, 100 pL /min, 120 pL/min, 140 pL/min.
- a microfluidic device may include a 3D flow-focusing Dolomite microchip whose channel at the junction is 50 microns is used. Within the microchip, flow rates can be controlled using two pressure pumps equipped with two types of flow rate sensors such as Mitos Flow Rate Sensors such as that described by Dolomite Microfluidics, UK.
- the flow rate varies between 0.2 pL/min and 7 pL/min for the dispersed phase and between 6 pL/min and 1000 pL/min for the continuous phase.
- the Weber number obtained for the dispersed phase according to the process according to the invention according to the formula We p c u 2 d/y is between 10' 4 and 10' 3 .
- microchips are particularly suitable for the manufacture of small calibrated capsules, less than 50 microns.
- Ehrfeld micromixers is, for its part, more particularly suited to the continuous manufacture of capsules with even smaller diameters, typically less than 10 microns and for flow rates of around a hundred mL/min.
- the microchannel or tube in which the diffusion of the cosolvent takes place in an aqueous solution is advantageously made of Teflon and at least 30 cm to one meter in length.
- the microchip or micromixer is directly connected at its output to a Teflon (PTFE) microchannel.
- PTFE Teflon
- the emulsion formed within the reactor is sent with a flow rate of 0.1 m/s into a Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microchannel of at least 30 cm, or at least one meter in length,
- PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
- the diameter of the Polytetrafluoroethylene tube or microchannel is between 500 pm and 2000 pm.
- this microchannel does not have a hydrophobic property, a property which would cause microdroplets to adhere to its wall and then coalesce.
- Example 1 Manufacturing of microdroplets and microcapsules by Dolomite microchip
- This example describes the manufacturing, using a Dolomite microchip, of microcapsules composed of a polyurea shell and a core including a solar filter.
- the experiments presented show the feasibility of producing very monodisperse polyurea microcapsules (coefficient of variation less than 7%) with a minimum size of approximately 20 ⁇ m by the method according to the invention.
- the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets is compared to the size of the post-diffusion microdroplets.
- the stability of the microdroplets and capsules over time is also analyzed.
- the experiments are carried out using a hydrophilic borosilicate glass microchip (Droplet Junction Chip, Dolomite Microfluidics ⁇ , UK) for the preparation of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.
- the geometry of the chip is called flow-focusing with a junction width of 105 pm, a collection channel width of 300 pm and a height of 100 pm.
- the aqueous and organic phases are supplied using two pressure pumps (Mitos P-Pump, response time ⁇ 4s, Dolomite Microfluidics ⁇ , UK), equipped with two types of flow sensors (Mitos Flow Rate Sensors of 0.2-7 pL/min for the dispersed phase and 6-1000 pL/min for the continuous phase, response time ⁇ 30ms, Dolomite Microfluidics ⁇ , UK).
- Droplet formation and flow regimes are visualized using a high-speed camera with an integrated microscope (Meros High Speed Digital Microscope, 4000 fps, Dolomite Microfluidics ⁇ , UK).
- the experimental setup for microfluidic emulsification is shown in Figure 1(a).
- the initially formed pre-diffusion organic microdroplets then pass through a 30 cm Teflon microchannel, where the cosolvent is extracted from the microdroplets by diffusion and/or convection. This results in a reduction in the size of these microdroplets (step 2 in Figure 1 (b))-
- step 3 in Figure 1 (b) the interfacial polymerization continues for four days at room temperature (25°C).
- the dispersed phase includes a cosolvent, a polyisocyanate prepolymer, HDB-LV and an active ingredient, octyl salicylate (OS); the aqueous phase includes water and dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
- hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret (HDB-LV, Vencorex Chemicals), has a proportion of free isocyanate group in a molecule of 23.5 ⁇ 1.0% by weight relative to the total weight of the organic phase.
- Sodium dodecyl sulfate (Across Organics, pure grade), ethylenediamine (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%), octyl salicylate (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%), butyl acetate (Sigma Aldrich, ACS reagent, > 99%), ethyl acetate (ACS reagent, > 99%) are used without further purification. Distilled water is produced by mono-distillate 2008, GFL. All liquids are pre-filtered by a syringe filter (JVLAB, PTFE with 0.45 pm pores).
- the continuous phase is composed of 1% by weight of SDS and 99% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the aqueous phase.
- the aqueous solution in the beaker contains respectively 0.01% ethylene diamine and 1% SDS by weight relative to the total weight of the aqueous phase.
- the experiments are repeated at least three times to check reproducibility.
- the process includes the following steps:
- microcapsules thus formed can be collected using a pipette and air-dried on a glass slide for analysis.
- Filter the organic phase Take the solution with a syringe. Add the syringe filter and clean the bottle with the filtered solution. Take the solution with the syringe and pour the desired solution with the filter into the clean bottle.
- the aqueous phase bottle is placed in the reservoir at the inlet of the pump for the continuous phase;
- the bottle of organic phase is placed in the reservoir at the inlet of the pump for the dispersed phase;
- the pumps are on;
- Flow rate of the dispersed phase (Qd) is set at: from 1 pL/min to 5 pL/min,
- Flow rate of the continuous phase (Qc) is set at: from 40 pL/min to 150 pL/min.
- a beaker containing 1 kg of aqueous phase containing 0.01% ethylene diamine is prepared (aqueous polymerization solution);
- the post-diffusion microdroplets are collected in the beaker at the outlet of the microchannel where the diffusion of the cosolvent takes place and brought into contact with the aqueous polymerization solution;
- microcapsules form in the beaker in the presence of ethylene diamine.
- Interfacial polymerization continues for four days at room temperature.
- the molar quantity of amine functions in the beaker is at least five times greater than that of isocyanate functions in the collected microdroplets.
- a measurement of the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets, post-diffusion microdroplets and microcapsules is carried out.
- a drop of microcapsule suspension is placed on a glass slide and cut by a coverslip using an optical microscope. Then, this slide with the broken microcapsules must be placed on a SEM support. Finally, the microcapsules which are deposited on the SEM support are dried naturally for 12 hours. At least three different capsules are cut and measured to measure an average shell (skin) thickness.
- Pre-diffusion microdroplet formation and flow regimes are visualized using a high-speed camera with an integrated microscope (Meros High Speed Digital Microscope, Dolomite Microfluidics ⁇ , UK).
- Samples of post-diffusion microdroplets and microcapsules were taken respectively after the cosolvent diffusion phase and after polymerization, samples then observed by optical microscopy. The drops are collected on an optical microscope plate in order to be analyzed.
- Microdroplets and microcapsules with diameters between 10 pm and 100 pm are characterized by image analysis, either manually or using image processing software. Images provided by the microscope can be recorded on the AM Scope software with a scale of 1 pm real corresponding to 3.782 pixels, or 1 pm real corresponding to 0.946 pixels, depending on the resolution chosen.
- the diameter coefficient of variation is calculated from photos of pre-diffusion microdroplets, post-diffusion microdroplets and microcapsules.
- the size distributions of the diameters obtained with the AB-60% system are presented in Figures 2.
- the flow rates of the continuous phase (Qc) and the dispersed phase (Qd) are 85.0 pL/min and 1.0 pL /min.
- the calculated average CVs are 0.63%, 0.97% and 6.27% for pre-diffusion microdroplets, post-diffusion microdroplets and capsules respectively.
- THE microdroplets, both before and after diffusion, are very monodisperse with a CV value of approximately 1%, thanks to the use of a microfluidic device.
- Tables 5, 6 and 7 show the reproducibility of the results from experiments carried out 3 times.
- the cosolvent used is butyl acetate (BA). We present here the experiments carried out at different phase flow rates and cosolvent percentage.
- Figure 3 shows the evolution of droplet size as a function of continuous and dispersed phase flow rates with the 60% butyl acetate system. During these experiments, we had to deal with 2 different flow regimes as illustrated in Figure 4: dripping (a) and jetting (b).
- Figure 5 shows the size of the post-diffusion microdroplets as a function of the size of the pre-diffusion ones. The results are reproducible.
- ⁇ pre is the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets
- d pO st is the theoretical size of the post-diffusion microdroplets
- p Or ga is the density of the organic phase
- p HDB / os is the mixed density of the HDB -LV with octyl salicylate with a mass ratio of 3/7
- WHDB /os is mass percentage of HDB-LV with octyl salicylate in the organic phase.
- Figure 6 shows the evolution of diameters of post-diffusion microdroplets as a function of time. We see that the vast majority of the cosolvent has diffused 5 minutes after their collection. Of the Additional experiments even showed that after 2 minutes all of the cosolvent had diffused.
- Figure 7 shows the morphology of the microcapsules obtained. We can clearly see that they are spherical in shape. There is no observable hole on the surface. The skin is waterproof and may have roughness on the external surface. Table 8 gives the thickness of the skin measured during 3 identical experiments.
- Figure 8 shows the evolution of the size of the microdroplets as a function of the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases. During these experiments, we had to deal with 2 different flow regimes as illustrated in Figure 9: dripping and tip-streaming.
- the conditions for forming microdroplets in Figure 9 (b) are: an aqueous phase flow rate of 100 pL/min and an organic phase flow rate of 5 pL/min. These conditions seem very interesting since they make it possible to obtain microdroplets of very small size, monodisperse and with a significant flow rate.
- Figure 10 shows the size of the post-diffusion microdroplets as a function of the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets.
- Figure 11 shows the morphology of the microcapsules obtained. They are spherical in shape. The skin is waterproof and has roughness on the external surface. Table 9 gives the thickness of the skin measured during 3 identical experiments.
- EA ethyl acetate
- Figure 12 shows the evolution of the droplet size as a function of continuous phase flow rates with the 60% ethyl acetate system. During these experiments, the dripping regime was used.
- Figure 13 shows the evolution of the size of the microdroplets as a function of the flow rates of the continuous and dispersed phases. During these experiments, the dripping regime is implemented.
- Both cosolvents are suitable for reducing the size of microcapsules and achieve similar results.
- the dispersion (Coefficient of variation (CV)) of the droplets is particularly narrow with a CV ranging from 0.3 to 0.6%.
- CV coefficient of variation
- microcapsules these have the same size as the post-diffusion microdroplets.
- the CV measured for microcapsules is approximately 6 to 7%. The tests made it possible to verify that the size of the microdroplets decreased between their formation in the microchip and after leaving the cosolvent diffusion microchannel.
- the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets is reduced by 20% to 50% after diffusion of the cosolvent within the PTFE microchannel.
- the thickness of the microcapsule skin varies between 0.6 to 1.4 mm depending on the size of the microcapsules.
- Example 2 Manufacturing of microdroplets and microcapsules by the Ehrfeld cascade micromixer
- This example describes the manufacture, using an Ehrfeld micromixer, of microcapsules composed of a polyurea shell and a core comprising a solvent (cetiol B).
- the experiments presented show the feasibility of producing polyurea microcapsules with a minimum size of a few microns by the method according to the invention.
- the cascade micromixer used is a static micromixer which combines two liquids by repeated and transversely offset divisions in order to join the two flows, according to the “split and recombine” principle.
- the number of existing fluid lamellae is therefore doubled at the start of each recombination while its diameter is divided in two.
- This type of mixer can be used for very viscous or particle-containing fluids.
- the pressure drop is particularly low, so that high flow rates are achieved even when working with high viscosity fluids.
- the module that will be used also allows temperature control by a heat transfer mechanism located above and below the mixing structure.
- the optimal temperature is 25°C but can vary to modify the viscosity.
- the cascade micromixer has two inlet channels and one outlet channel combined with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) microchannel of length 53.5 cm, the passage volume (of this microfluidic flow phase is
- Two pumps are used to feed the micromixer in dispersed and continuous phase.
- the pre-diffusion organic microdroplets then pass into the Teflon tube or microchannel where the cosolvent is extracted from the microdroplets by diffusion and/or convection. This results in a reduction in the size of these microdroplets.
- the emulsion is sent into a beaker filled with the polymerization solution where the interfacial polymerization reaction will take place at room temperature and for 4 days.
- the dispersed phase includes a cosolvent, a polyisocyanate prepolymer, HDB-LV and a solvent; the aqueous phase includes water and dodecyl sulfate (SDS).
- hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret (HDB-LV, Vencorex Chemicals), has a proportion of free isocyanate group in a molecule of 23.5 ⁇ 1.0% by weight. relative to the total weight of the organic phase.
- Ethylene di amine (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%)
- octyl salicylate (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%)
- ethyl acetate ACS reagent, > 99%
- cetiol B Distilled water is produced by mono-distillate 2008, GFL. All liquids are pre-filtered by a syringe filter (JVLAB, PTFE with 0.45 pm pores).
- the continuous phase is composed of 1% by weight of SDS and 99% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the aqueous phase.
- the aqueous solution in the beaker contains respectively 0.01% ethylene diamine and 1% SDS by weight relative to the total weight of the aqueous phase.
- Table 12 summarizes the names of the experiments based on the cosolvent used and its composition. Table 12]: Composition of the drop phase for different chemical systems
- Figure 14 shows a photo of the pre-diffusion microdroplets for given dispersed and continuous phase flow rates.
- the sizes of the microdroplets are polydisperse as shown in Figures 15 and 16 using the distribution of microdroplet diameters.
- the CV is respectively 36.5% and 40.7%.
- Figure 17 shows the influence of the flow rate of the continuous phase on the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets.
- the same effect is observed when increasing the flow rate of the dispersed phase. Increasing one of the two flow rates results in a reduction in the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets.
- the cosolvent used is ethyl acetate.
- the cosolvent used is ethyl acetate.
- the following table 13 brings together the results obtained which are illustrated by Figures 19 and 20.
- the post-diffusion microdroplets are all as poly dispersed as the pre-diffusion microdroplets.
- the ratio a is respectively 3.2 and 6.0 for the AE 60% and AE 90% systems, which illustrates the reduction in size obtained. The differences between experimental and theoretical values undoubtedly come from the polydispersity of the sizes obtained.
- Figure 21 shows a photo of microcapsules obtained with the AE 60% system.
- Figures 22 and 23 give the distribution of the diameters of the capsules formed with the AE 60% and AE 90% systems. The values are collected in table 14.
- the characteristics of the capsules are very close to those of the post-diffusion microdroplets both in average diameter and in coefficient of variation.
- the tests made it possible to verify that the size of the microdroplets decreased between their formation in the micromixer and after leaving the cosolvent diffusion microchannel.
- the size of the pre-diffusion microdroplets is reduced by up to a factor of 6 after diffusion of the cosolvent within the PTFE microchannel.
- the pre-diffusion, post-diffusion microdroplets and microcapsules have polydisperse diameters.
- Example 3 Manufacturing of microdroplets and microcapsules with a diameter of one micron by the Ehrfeld cascade micromixer
- This example describes the manufacture, using an Ehrfeld micromixer, of microcapsules composed of a polyurea shell and a core including a solar filter.
- the experiments presented show the feasibility of producing polyurea microcapsules with a diameter of one micron by the method according to the invention. Different concentrations of the surfactant were tested to study its influence.
- the cascade micromixer used is a static micromixer which combines two liquids by repeated and transversely offset divisions in order to join the two flows, according to the “split and recombine” principle.
- the number of existing fluid lamellae is therefore doubled at the start of each recombination while its diameter is halved.
- This type of mixer can be used for very viscous or particle-containing fluids.
- the pressure drop is particularly low, so that high flow rates are achieved even when working with high viscosity fluids.
- the module we use also allows temperature control through a heat transfer mechanism located above and below the mixing structure.
- the optimal temperature is 25°C but can vary to modify the viscosity.
- the passage time is 0.50 s.
- Two pumps are used to feed the micromixer in dispersed and continuous phase.
- the pre-diffusion organic microdroplets then pass into the Teflon tube or microchannel where the cosolvent is extracted from the microdroplets by diffusion and/or convection. This results in a reduction in the size of these microdroplets.
- the emulsion is sent into a beaker filled with the polymerization solution where the interfacial polymerization reaction will take place at room temperature and for 4 days.
- the dispersed phase includes a cosolvent, a polyisocyanate prepolymer, HDB-LV and a solvent.
- the aqueous phase includes water and dodecyl sulfate (SD S).
- hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret (HDB-LV, Vencorex Chemicals), has a proportion of free isocyanate group in a molecule of 23.5 ⁇ 1.0% by weight relative to the total weight of the organic phase.
- Ethylene di amine (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%)
- octyl salicylate (Sigma Aldrich, > 99%)
- ethyl acetate ACS reagent, > 99%) are used without additional purification.
- Distilled water is produced by mono-distillate 2008, GFL. All liquids are pre-filtered by a syringe filter (JVLAB, PTFE with 0.45 pm pores).
- the dispersed phase includes a cosolvent, ethyl acetate, a polyisocyanate prepolymer, HDB-LV and an active ingredient, octyl salicylate (OS).
- a cosolvent ethyl acetate
- a polyisocyanate prepolymer ethyl acetate
- HDB-LV polyisocyanate prepolymer
- an active ingredient octyl salicylate (OS).
- OS octyl salicylate
- the continuous phase is composed of 1 to 2% by weight of SDS and 99 to 98% by weight of water relative to the total weight of the continuous phase.
- the aqueous solution in the beaker contains 0.1% ethylene diamine and 1% SDS respectively by weight relative to the total weight of the aqueous phase.
- the experimental method is identical to that described in Example 2 if cetiol B is replaced by octyl salicylate.
- the optimal flow rates of the dispersed and continuous phases are set at 200 ml/min.
- Table 16 summarizes the names of the experiments depending on the cosolvent used and its composition. [Table 16]: Composition of the dispersed phase for different chemical systems
- Table 18 summarizes the information on the size of the microdroplets after diffusion for an aqueous phase containing 1% SDS.
- the size of the droplets is less polydisperse with a CV of 27.5% than that of the droplets produced in Example 2 with a CV of 45.0%.
- the average size of the final droplets reached 3.5 ⁇ m, which is comparable to that (3.2 ⁇ m) of Example 2 when all other parameters are the same. Therefore, the use of octyl salycilate rather than Cetiol B as active ingredient makes it possible to generate more monodisperse droplets after the diffusion of ethyl acetate.
- Table 18 Characteristics of pre-diffusion and post-diffusion microdroplets.
- Table 19 Characteristics of pre-diffusion and post-diffusion microdroplets.
- the pre-diffusion and post-diffusion microdroplets are more monodisperse than the microdroplets manufactured with 1% SDS in the aqueous phase.
- the microdroplets with the largest population have a diameter varying between 0.8 and 1.2 pm.
- the experimental and theoretical a ratios are respectively 3.18 and 2.26, fairly close values. The differences between the experimental and theoretical values undoubtedly come from the polydispersity of the sizes obtained. They are weaker than those obtained with Cetiol B as active ingredient in example 2.
- the pre-diffusion and post-diffusion microdroplets have a more monodisperse size distribution by using octyl salicylate as the active ingredient instead of Cetiol B.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Micro-Capsules (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Cosmetics (AREA)
- Mixers With Rotating Receptacles And Mixers With Vibration Mechanisms (AREA)
- Polyurethanes Or Polyureas (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2025529739A JP2025538537A (ja) | 2022-11-22 | 2023-11-21 | マイクロメートルサイズのポリマーカプセルの製造方法 |
| AU2023384917A AU2023384917A1 (en) | 2022-11-22 | 2023-11-21 | Method for producing polymer microcapsules |
| CN202380089663.2A CN120435343A (zh) | 2022-11-22 | 2023-11-21 | 制备微米级聚合物胶囊的方法 |
| EP23810334.5A EP4622740A1 (fr) | 2022-11-22 | 2023-11-21 | Procede de fabrication de capsules polymeriques micrometriques |
| KR1020257020348A KR20250109770A (ko) | 2022-11-22 | 2023-11-21 | 중합체 마이크로캡슐의 제조 방법 |
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| FR2212173A FR3142105A1 (fr) | 2022-11-22 | 2022-11-22 | Procede de fabrication de capsules polymeriques micrometriques |
| FRFR2212173 | 2022-11-22 |
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| WO2024110499A1 true WO2024110499A1 (fr) | 2024-05-30 |
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| PCT/EP2023/082615 Ceased WO2024110499A1 (fr) | 2022-11-22 | 2023-11-21 | Procede de fabrication de capsules polymeriques micrometriques |
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| EP (1) | EP4622740A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2025538537A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20250109770A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN120435343A (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2023384917A1 (fr) |
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| JP2002282678A (ja) * | 2001-03-28 | 2002-10-02 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | マイクロカプセルの製造方法および感熱記録材料 |
| WO2007150030A2 (fr) | 2006-06-23 | 2007-12-27 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Synthèse microfluidique de nanoparticules organiques |
| US20080095705A1 (en) * | 2004-11-09 | 2008-04-24 | Virtanen Jorma A | Methods and Devices for Facile Fabrication of Nanoparticles and Their Applications |
| US20090273105A1 (en) * | 2005-05-23 | 2009-11-05 | Cornell Research Foundation | Method and system for performing an interfacial reaction in a microfluidic device |
| US20100184928A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2010-07-22 | Eugenia Kumacheva | Multiple continuous microfluidic reactors for the scaled up synthesis of gel or polymer particles |
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| CN106622054A (zh) * | 2016-12-19 | 2017-05-10 | 天津大学 | 一种制备聚酰胺双层微胶囊的方法 |
| CN111437895A (zh) | 2020-04-10 | 2020-07-24 | 青岛起初智能科技有限公司 | 一种制备纺丝级微纳米微胶囊的微流控装置和纺丝级微纳米微胶囊及其制备方法 |
| CN111632563A (zh) * | 2020-05-21 | 2020-09-08 | 扬州大学 | 基于微流控技术的水凝胶微球及其制备方法 |
| US20220105509A1 (en) * | 2019-01-31 | 2022-04-07 | The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania | Silicon chip having multi-zone through silicon vias and method of manufacturing the same |
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2022
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- 2023-11-21 EP EP23810334.5A patent/EP4622740A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-11-21 WO PCT/EP2023/082615 patent/WO2024110499A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-11-21 CN CN202380089663.2A patent/CN120435343A/zh active Pending
- 2023-11-21 KR KR1020257020348A patent/KR20250109770A/ko active Pending
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3142105A1 (fr) | 2024-05-24 |
| CN120435343A (zh) | 2025-08-05 |
| EP4622740A1 (fr) | 2025-10-01 |
| KR20250109770A (ko) | 2025-07-17 |
| JP2025538537A (ja) | 2025-11-28 |
| AU2023384917A1 (en) | 2025-06-12 |
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