WO2024185212A1 - 加熱炉の操業方法および加熱炉 - Google Patents
加熱炉の操業方法および加熱炉 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024185212A1 WO2024185212A1 PCT/JP2023/040516 JP2023040516W WO2024185212A1 WO 2024185212 A1 WO2024185212 A1 WO 2024185212A1 JP 2023040516 W JP2023040516 W JP 2023040516W WO 2024185212 A1 WO2024185212 A1 WO 2024185212A1
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- burner
- air
- gas
- heating
- fuel gas
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
- F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C1/00—Combustion apparatus specially adapted for combustion of two or more kinds of fuel simultaneously or alternately, at least one kind of fuel being either a fluid fuel or a solid fuel suspended in a carrier gas or air
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES
- F23J7/00—Arrangement of devices for supplying chemicals to fire
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
- F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D17/00—Arrangements for using waste heat; Arrangements for using, or disposing of, waste gases
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F27—FURNACES; KILNS; OVENS; RETORTS
- F27D—DETAILS OR ACCESSORIES OF FURNACES, KILNS, OVENS OR RETORTS, IN SO FAR AS THEY ARE OF KINDS OCCURRING IN MORE THAN ONE KIND OF FURNACE
- F27D7/00—Forming, maintaining or circulating atmospheres in heating chambers
- F27D7/02—Supplying steam, vapour, gases or liquids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for operating a heating furnace and a heating furnace.
- Nitrogen oxides are harmful to the human body and can cause photochemical smog and acid rain, so their emissions are subject to legal restrictions.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a boiler that includes a combustion device capable of burning ammonia as fuel in a furnace, and a flue for guiding combustion gas generated by burning the fuel, and that is installed in at least one of the furnace and the flue at a position downstream of the combustion device in the direction of the combustion gas, and that is also equipped with an injection unit that injects ammonia as a reducing agent toward the center of the furnace or the flue in a plan view. This allows ammonia to be supplied to the center of the furnace, and even a small amount of ammonia is said to be able to act as a reducing agent to reduce nitrogen oxides.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a boiler including a burner for burning fossil fuel in a furnace, an additional air supply unit provided downstream of the burner in the flow direction of combustion gas in the furnace, and an ammonia fuel supply unit upstream of the additional air supply unit in the flow direction of fuel gas, which supplies ammonia fuel to the furnace.
- Patent Document 1 targets a combustion device such as a boiler, and reduces nitrogen oxides generated in the combustion device by injecting ammonia downstream in the flow direction of the combustion gas.
- the amount of ammonia injected to reduce the nitrogen oxides is extremely small compared to the flow rate of the combustion gas generated in the combustion device, so even if ammonia is injected toward the center of the furnace, it may not be mixed uniformly with the nitrogen oxides contained in the combustion gas. As a result, the nitrogen oxides contained in the combustion gas may not be effectively reduced. This causes a problem in that ammonia, which is a reducing agent, is discharged outside the furnace without being burned.
- heating furnaces for heating objects to be heated such as steel materials generally have an opening and closing door for loading and extracting the objects to be heated into the heating furnace.
- toxic unburned ammonia also called “unburned ammonia”
- unburned ammonia toxic unburned ammonia
- Patent Document 2 also targets combustion equipment such as boilers, and reduces nitrogen oxides with ammonia in a reducing atmosphere region in a furnace.
- Patent Document 2 discloses that in order to form a reducing atmosphere region in the furnace, the amount of primary air supplied to the burner is less than the amount of air required to completely combust the fossil fuel.
- the technology disclosed in Patent Document 2 requires a certain amount of space to be secured in the furnace and a certain amount of reaction time to carry out the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides.
- a heating furnace for heating objects requires not only a combustion device (e.g., a burner) inside the heating furnace, but also a space for placing and charging the objects, whereas a furnace such as a boiler only requires the space required to cause a combustion reaction between fuel and combustion air. Therefore, when the technology disclosed in Patent Document 2 is applied to a heating furnace that heats a heated object, the space serving as the reducing atmosphere region expands, resulting in a problem that the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides does not proceed uniformly inside the reducing atmosphere region, and unburned ammonia is discharged to the outside of the heating furnace.
- a combustion device e.g., a burner
- Patent Document 2 discloses that when the amount of air supplied to burn ammonia is changed between 0.6 and 1.0 relative to the theoretical air amount, the amount of air supplied, the leakage rate of unburned ammonia at the outlet of the furnace, and the conversion rate to NOx have contradictory characteristics. Therefore, in order to reduce both nitrogen oxides (NOx) and unburned ammonia, it becomes necessary to control the primary air ratio within a narrow range, and changes in the operating conditions in the heating furnace make it easier for nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia to be discharged to the outside.
- NOx nitrogen oxides
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems of the conventional technology, and its purpose is to provide a heating furnace operating method and a heating furnace that uses ammonia, which can suppress carbon dioxide emissions, as the combustion fuel for the heating furnace, and that can reduce the amount of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia emitted outside the heating furnace.
- the method of operating a heating furnace according to the present invention which advantageously solves the above problems, is configured as follows.
- a method for operating a heating furnace comprising: a first burner heating step of burner-heating a first fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio of 0.9 to 1.0 to a theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas; a second burner heating step of burner-heating a second fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio of the second fuel gas to a theoretical air amount that is lower than the air ratio of the first fuel gas to a theoretical air amount; and an air injection step of injecting air.
- the air injection step is a method of operating a heating furnace, in which air is injected into a mixed exhaust gas which is a mixture of the exhaust gas generated by the first burner heating step and the exhaust gas generated by the second burner heating step.
- the second burner heating step is a method for operating a heating furnace, in which an air ratio of the second fuel gas to a theoretical air amount is less than 0.9.
- a heating furnace including: two or more burner equipment that performs burner heating using a fuel gas containing ammonia; an air ratio adjustment unit that adjusts the air ratio of the combustion air supplied to the two or more burner equipment relative to the theoretical air amount of the fuel gas; a control unit that controls the air ratio of the combustion air supplied to at least one of the two or more burner equipment to an air ratio different from the air ratio of the combustion air supplied to the other burner equipment; and an air injection unit that injects air into a mixed exhaust gas of exhaust gas discharged from the two or more burner equipment.
- the burner equipment comprises: a first burner equipment which performs burner heating on a first fuel gas containing ammonia, the air ratio of which has been adjusted by the air ratio adjusting unit, with combustion air having an air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas of 0.9 to 1.0; and a second burner equipment which performs burner heating on a second fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the second fuel gas that is lower than the air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas, and the first burner equipment, the second burner equipment, and the air injection equipment are arranged in this order from the upstream side of the gas flow inside the heating furnace along the gas flow inside the heating furnace.
- the heating furnace is provided with an opening through which the mixed exhaust gas is discharged, and the air injection device is arranged at a position closer to the opening than the first burner equipment and the second burner equipment.
- ammonia as the combustion fuel in the heating furnace, it is possible to suppress carbon dioxide emissions and reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia produced by the combustion of ammonia outside the heating furnace.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a heating furnace.
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram showing the arrangement of burner equipment in a heating furnace as viewed from the front in the steel material moving direction of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a heating furnace equipped with a burner system and an air injection system arranged in parallel according to the present embodiment. Schematic diagrams for explaining chemical reactions in a heating furnace. A) Nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia are present in the exhaust gas heated by the first burner. B) Nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia are present in the exhaust gas heated by the second burner. C) Chemical reactions between nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia in the mixed exhaust gas are shown.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a heating furnace.
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram showing the arrangement of burner equipment in a heating furnace as viewed from the front in the steel material moving direction of FIG. 1 .
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of
- FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram of a heating furnace equipped with burner equipment and air injection equipment arranged opposite to each other according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a heating furnace equipped with a burner and an air injection system according to an embodiment of the present invention, and is a schematic diagram for explaining chemical reactions in the heating furnace.
- B) Nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia are present in the exhaust gas heated by the second burner.
- 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a heating furnace according to an embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 11 is a configuration diagram of a heating furnace according to another embodiment of the present invention, which is equipped with an air ratio adjusting unit, a burner unit having a control unit, and an air injection unit.
- the heating furnace according to this embodiment will be described below.
- the heating furnace according to the embodiment of the present invention is a facility equipped with a burner that burns fuel gas as a heat source for heating, and in which an object to be heated is placed inside and heated to a predetermined temperature.
- the object to be heated is primarily metal, but may be either ferrous metal or non-ferrous metal.
- the heating temperature of the object to be heated is 700 to 1400°C. 1 and 2 show an example of a heating furnace according to the present embodiment in which the object to be heated is a steel material.
- a heating furnace used in a hot rolling line for steel material is used to heat a cast slab to a predetermined heating temperature (approximately 1100 to 1300° C.).
- the heating furnace 1 shown in FIG. 1 comprises a charging section 30 for charging the steel material S (slab) to be heated, and an unloading section 31 for unloading (extracting) the heated steel material S.
- the steel material S produced in a continuous casting line is transported to a yard on the charging side of the heating furnace, and is charged into the heating furnace 1 from the charging section 30 according to a production schedule of a hot rolling line or the like.
- the interior of the heating furnace 1 is divided into multiple zones, and the upstream side is often composed of a heating zone divided into 2 to 8 zones and 1 to 3 soaking zones.
- the interior of the heating furnace 1 is generally equipped with a fixed skid 33 on which the steel material S is placed, and a movable skid 32 for transporting the steel material S.
- a heating furnace equipped with a fixed skid 33 and a movable skid 32 is called a walking beam type continuous heating furnace.
- the atmospheric temperature is controlled to different zones inside the heating furnace, and the average temperature of the steel material S loaded into the heating furnace 1 gradually increases. This allows the steel material S to be controlled to a predetermined target heating temperature (the target temperature of the slab when it is removed from the heating furnace). When the steel material S has reached the target temperature, it passes through the discharge section 31 and is subjected to hot rolling.
- Burner B is arranged to heat the inside of the heating furnace by combustion.
- the temperature of the steel material rises due to radiation from the furnace wall.
- a flow of atmospheric gas occurs inside the heating furnace, and the steel material may be heated by convection.
- the steel material may be heated by the flame of the burner coming into direct contact with the steel material.
- the burner burns fuel gas as a heat source for heating, thereby heating the inside of the heating furnace and raising the temperature of the material to be heated inside the heating furnace.
- the inside of the heating furnace 1 is provided with a space for placing and transporting the material to be heated, in addition to the space where the flame is emitted from the burner. Therefore, compared with boilers and the like that are intended to cause a combustion reaction inside, the furnace has a feature that the volume inside the furnace is large relative to the combustion energy input into the furnace.
- Representative values of the furnace volume (m 3 /MW) per combustion energy in gas turbines, pulverized coal boilers, and gas and oil boilers are, for example, 2 m 3 /MW for gas turbines, 6 m 3 /MW for pulverized coal boilers, and 2 m 3 /MW for gas and oil boilers.
- heating furnaces are large, about 10 to 16 m 3 /MW, and for example, heating furnaces used in hot rolling lines for steel materials are about 11 to 13 m 3 /MW.
- the doors (opening and closing doors) of the loading section 30 and the unloading section 31 are closed, and a higher pressure is generated inside than in the atmosphere.
- the doors are temporarily opened when loading and unloading the steel material S.
- a pressure difference occurs between the pressure inside the heating furnace and the area near the doors, so the combustion gas inside the heating furnace flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.
- the combustion gas often flows in the direction in which it is discharged outside the heating furnace 1 through the opening.
- FIG. 2 shows a cross section of the heating furnace 1.
- burners B are often placed on both the top and bottom sides of the steel material S so that no temperature difference occurs between the top and bottom of the steel material S. Also, burners B are often placed on both sides in the conveying direction of the steel material S so that no temperature difference occurs between the leading end S1 and trailing end S2 of the steel material S.
- the heating furnace 1 of this embodiment is a heating furnace including two or more burner facilities that perform burner heating using a fuel gas containing ammonia, an air ratio adjustment unit that adjusts the air ratio of the combustion air supplied to the two or more burner facilities to the theoretical air amount of the fuel gas, a control unit that controls the air ratio of the combustion air supplied to at least one of the two or more burner facilities to an air ratio different from the air ratio of the combustion air supplied to the other burner facilities, and an air injection facility that injects air into a mixed exhaust gas of exhaust gas discharged from the two or more burner facilities.
- ⁇ Burner equipment> It is preferable to have a first burner facility which applies burner heating to a first fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas of 0.9 to 1.0, and a second burner facility which applies burner heating to a second fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the second fuel gas lower than the air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas.
- At least one of the burners B arranged inside is a first burner equipment that performs burner heating of a first fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air
- at least one of the other burners B is a second burner equipment that performs burner heating of a second fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air.
- Figure 3 includes a portion of the furnace wall 35 on one side of the heating furnace 1 shown in Figure 1, and shows the arrangement of the first burner equipment 2, second burner equipment 3, and air injection equipment 4 of the heating furnace 1 as viewed from above.
- the first burner equipment 2 performs first burner heating by injecting a flame into the furnace using a first fuel gas 5 containing ammonia gas as fuel gas and combustion air 12.
- the first burner equipment 2 is equipped with a first burner nozzle 7 for injecting a flame into the furnace, a first fuel gas supply system 14 for supplying the first fuel gas 5 to the first burner nozzle 7, and a combustion air supply system 18 for supplying the combustion air 12 to the first burner nozzle 7.
- the first burner nozzle 7 is, for example, a double-tube nozzle, and the first fuel gas 5 is injected into the furnace from the inside, and the combustion air 12 is supplied to the outside. As a result, a combustible mixture is formed by mixing the first fuel gas 5 and the combustion air 12, and a flame is injected from the tip of the first burner nozzle 7 toward the inside of the heating furnace 1.
- the second burner equipment 3 may have the same configuration as the first burner equipment 2.
- the second burner equipment 3 performs second burner heating by injecting a flame into the furnace using a second fuel gas 6 containing ammonia gas as a fuel gas and combustion air 12.
- the second burner equipment 3 includes a second burner nozzle 8 for injecting a flame into the furnace, a second fuel gas supply system 15 for supplying the second fuel gas 6 to the second burner nozzle 8, and a combustion air supply system 19 for supplying the combustion air 12 to the second burner nozzle 8.
- the second burner nozzle 8 is also, for example, a double-tube nozzle, and the second fuel gas 6 is injected into the furnace from the inner tube, and the combustion air 12 is supplied from the outer tube.
- a combustible mixture is formed by mixing the second fuel gas 6 and the combustion air 12, and a flame is injected from the tip of the second burner nozzle 8 toward the inside of the heating furnace 1.
- first burner equipment 2 and the second burner equipment 3 may be a swirl burner that has the function of stirring the fuel gas injected from the burner nozzle, or a tubular flame burner that blows the fuel gas and combustion air tangentially into the combustion tube and forms a swirling flow inside the combustion tube for combustion.
- the first fuel gas 5 and the second fuel gas 6 are both fuel gases containing ammonia.
- Ammonia gas may be used as the fuel gas alone, or a mixed gas in which ammonia gas is mixed with another fuel may be used as the fuel gas.
- the first fuel gas 5 and the second fuel gas 6 may have different or the same ammonia gas mixture ratios.
- the other fuels constituting the mixed gas may be different or the same for the first fuel gas 5 and the second fuel gas 6.
- the equipment for supplying the fuel gas to the heating furnace 1 may become complicated and the equipment costs may increase, it is economical to use the same fuel gas containing ammonia for the first fuel gas 5 and the second fuel gas 6.
- Ammonia gas is a flame-retardant fuel, and is more difficult to ignite than general fuels and burns slower. In order to improve the stability of combustion, it is recommended to use a mixed gas in which it is mixed with other fuels.
- the fuel to be mixed with ammonia gas is preferably coal gas.
- Coal gas is a gas obtained from coal. Coal gas preferably includes any of coke oven gas, blast furnace gas, converter gas, and electric furnace gas. These are by-product gases generated in steelworks and have the effect of stabilizing the combustion of ammonia gas.
- Blast furnace gas is a by-product gas produced when reducing iron ore in a blast furnace to produce pig iron.
- Coke oven gas is a by-product gas produced by high-temperature carbonization of coal to produce coke.
- Converter gas is a by-product gas produced in the steelmaking process in a converter.
- Electric furnace gas is a gas produced by incomplete combustion of auxiliary fuel (recarburizer) in an electric furnace.
- auxiliary fuel recarburizer
- As the coal gas constituting the mixed gas a gas in which blast furnace gas, coke oven gas, and converter gas are appropriately mixed (sometimes called M gas) may be used. By mixing coal gases with different heating values, the amount of heat required to heat the object being heated can be supplied, ensuring stable operation of the heating furnace.
- the first fuel gas 5 used in the first burner equipment 2 and the second fuel gas 6 used in the second burner equipment 3 shown in FIG. 3 are both mixed gases of ammonia gas and coal gas.
- the first fuel gas supply system 14 is connected to an ammonia gas supply system 25 and a coal gas supply system 27, and ammonia gas 10 and coal gas 11 are mixed in a mixing section 16 and supplied to the first burner nozzle 7. It is preferable to provide a flow rate control valve 53 for adjusting the supply amount of each gas to the mixing section 16 and a flow meter 52 for measuring the supply flow rate in the middle of the ammonia gas supply system 25 and the coal gas supply system 27. This makes it possible to adjust the mixing ratio of ammonia gas and coal gas contained in the mixed gas.
- the second fuel gas supply system 15 is also connected to an ammonia gas supply system 26 and a coal gas supply system 28, and ammonia gas 10 and coal gas 11 are mixed in a mixing section 17 and supplied to the second burner nozzle 8.
- the second burner equipment 3 may also be provided, midway between the ammonia gas supply system 26 and the coal gas supply system 28, with a flow rate control valve 53 for adjusting the amount of ammonia gas 10 and coal gas 11 supplied to the mixing section 17, and a flow meter 52 for measuring the supply flow rate.
- the mixing section (16, 17) refers to the portion where the supply pipe of the coal gas supply system (27, 28) and the supply pipe of the ammonia gas supply system (25, 26) join together. Ammonia gas 10 and coal gas 11 are supplied from their respective supply pipes and join together, so that mixing can be achieved without the need for a special stirring mechanism.
- the mixing section (16, 17) may be configured as a fixed space where these supply pipes intersect. However, the mixing section (16, 17) may be equipped with a static mixing device such as a static mixer, or a dynamic mixer with a stirring function. This is preferable in that a mixed gas in which the coal gas and ammonia gas are mixed more uniformly is generated.
- a flow control valve 53 for adjusting the flow rate of the combustion air 12 supplied to the first burner nozzle 7 and the second burner nozzle 8, and a flow meter 52 for measuring the supply flow rate, in the combustion air supply system 18 of the first burner equipment 2 and the combustion air supply system 19 of the second burner equipment 3.
- the amount of combustion air in the first burner equipment 2 and the second burner equipment 3 is adjusted, making it easier to adjust the air ratio in the burner heating of each of the first burner equipment 2 and the second burner equipment 3.
- the combustion air used for the first burner equipment 2 and the second burner equipment 3 may be air collected from the atmosphere and supplied from a combustion air supply system.
- modified air may be used for the combustion air 12 by removing nitrogen from the air or adding pure oxygen.
- Increasing the oxygen content of the combustion air promotes the oxidation reaction of the fuel gas and reduces the flow rate of the combustion air supplied from the combustion air supply system, thereby reducing the power consumption of pumps, etc.
- decreasing the oxygen content of the combustion air makes it possible to make the atmosphere inside the heating furnace a reducing atmosphere, promoting the reduction of nitrogen oxides.
- the heating furnace 1 of this embodiment is equipped with, in addition to the above-mentioned first burner equipment 2 and second burner equipment 3, an air injection equipment 4 that injects air into a mixed exhaust gas 23 which is a mixture of exhaust gas 21 discharged from the first burner equipment 2 and exhaust gas 22 discharged from the second burner equipment 3.
- the air injection equipment 4 is connected to an air supply system 29, and injects air 13 from an air injection nozzle 9 toward the inside of the furnace. It is preferable to provide a flow rate control valve 53 for adjusting the flow rate of the air 13 supplied to the air injection nozzle 9, and a flow meter 52 for measuring the supply flow rate, in the air supply system 29. This makes it possible to adjust the amount of air injected into the mixed exhaust gas of the exhaust gas from the first burner equipment 2 and the exhaust gas from the second burner equipment 3, and promote the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides contained in the mixed exhaust gas.
- the air injected from the air injection equipment 4 may be air collected from the atmosphere. However, air that has been modified by removing nitrogen from the air or adding pure oxygen may be supplied to the air injection nozzle 9 via the air supply system 29. By increasing the oxygen content of the air 13, the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides contained in the mixed exhaust gas 23 is promoted.
- a first burner equipment that performs burner heating with an air ratio to a first fuel gas of 0.9 to 1.0, a second burner equipment that performs burner heating with an air ratio to a second fuel gas that is smaller than the air ratio to the first fuel gas, and an air injection equipment that injects air into a mixed exhaust gas of the exhaust gas discharged from the first burner equipment and the exhaust gas discharged from the second burner are arranged in this order along the gas flow inside the heating furnace from the upstream side of the gas flow.
- the air injection device is preferably disposed at a position closer to the opening than the first burner device and the second burner device.
- Fig. 7 shows an example of the configuration of the heating furnace of this embodiment.
- the heating furnace shown in Fig. 7 includes a loading section 30 for loading the object to be heated into the heating furnace, a discharge section 31 for discharging the object to be heated, and a flue 34 for discharging exhaust gas (combustion gas) from inside the heating furnace 1 to the outside of the heating furnace.
- the loading section 30 is an opening that is temporarily opened when the object to be heated is loaded into the heating furnace.
- the discharge section 31 is also an opening that is temporarily opened when the object to be heated is discharged from the heating furnace.
- the flue 34 is provided to discharge exhaust gas from inside the heating furnace 1 and adjust the pressure inside the heating furnace so that it does not become excessive, and is an opening that is always open because it is partially open to the outside of the heating furnace. Therefore, inside the heating furnace 1 shown in Figure 7, a gas flow of combustion gas is generated at least from inside the heating furnace toward the flue 34.
- the first burner equipment 2, the second burner equipment 3, and the air injection equipment 4 are arranged in this order from the upstream side of the gas flow of the combustion gas toward the flue 34.
- the first burner equipment 2 is arranged above and below the object to be heated near the center of the heating furnace 1 in the transport direction. Downstream of the combustion gas flow of the first burner equipment 2, one second burner equipment 3 is arranged above the object to be heated and two second burner equipment 3 are arranged below the object to be heated. Then, along the gas flow F of the combustion gas, the air injection equipment 4 is arranged downstream of the second burner equipment 3.
- the first burner equipment 2 performs burner heating with an air ratio for the first fuel gas of 0.9 to 1.0
- the second burner equipment 3 performs burner heating with an air ratio for the second fuel gas that is smaller than the air ratio for the first fuel gas.
- the exhaust gas 21 containing more nitrogen oxides moves inside the heating furnace along the gas flow F of the combustion gas and mixes with the exhaust gas 22 containing more unburned ammonia to generate a mixed exhaust gas 23.
- the mixed exhaust gas 23 moves inside the heating furnace along the gas flow F of the combustion gas and further moves toward the flue 34, which is an opening.
- the air injection equipment 4 is disposed downstream in the gas flow from the first heating equipment 2 and the second heating equipment 3, air 13 is injected into the mixed exhaust gas 23 before the mixed exhaust gas 23 is discharged from the opening.
- the oxygen in the air 13 promotes the reduction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia, and the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the exhaust gas discharged to the outside of the heating furnace through the flue 34 can be reduced.
- the heating furnace 1 may have burner equipment other than the first burner equipment 2 and the second burner equipment 3 as burners.
- the burner equipment other than the first burner equipment 2 and the second burner equipment 3 (called the third burner equipment) is equipment that performs burner heating using a fuel that does not contain ammonia.
- the third burner equipment does not discharge nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia, or if it does discharge them, as long as the amount of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia discharged is low (for example, 1/10 or less) compared to the first burner equipment and the second burner equipment, it does not disturb the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides in the mixed exhaust gas.
- the third burner equipment may perform burner heating using coal gas as the fuel gas, for example.
- FIG. 8 shows the configuration of the heating furnace according to this embodiment.
- the heating furnace shown in FIG. 8 is equipped with two burner equipment (44A, 44B) and an air injection equipment 4.
- the two burner equipment (44A, 44B) may be burner equipment having the same structure, and the same fuel gas 45 may be supplied to the burner equipment 44.
- the burner equipment 44 is provided with an air ratio adjusting unit 40, and the air ratio adjusting units 40 corresponding to the two burner equipment (44A, 44B) are connected to a control unit 42.
- the air ratio adjusting units 40 have a function of adjusting the air ratio of the combustion air to the fuel gas 45 for each burner equipment 44.
- the air ratio adjustment unit 40 measures the flow rate of the fuel gas supplied to the burner nozzle as the fuel gas 45, and calculates the theoretical amount of air required to completely combust the fuel gas 45 from the measured flow rate of the fuel gas 45 and the fuel composition of the fuel gas 45. Then, based on the air ratio set for each burner equipment (44A, 44B), the air ratio for burner heating is set for each burner equipment (44A, 44B) by adjusting the aperture of a flow control valve arranged in the combustion air supply system.
- the control unit 42 provides a set value of the air ratio in the air ratio adjustment unit 40 of each burner equipment (44A, 44B).
- the control unit 42 provides a set value of the air ratio to the air ratio adjustment unit 40 so that the air ratio of one of the burner equipment 44A is 0.9 to 1.0.
- the control unit 42 provides a set value of the air ratio to the air ratio adjustment unit 40 so that the other burner equipment 44B performs burner heating at an air ratio smaller than the air ratio of the one burner equipment 44A.
- control unit 42 sets the air ratio of the burner equipment 44A located far from the air injection equipment 4 to be 0.9 to 1.0, and sets the air ratio of the burner equipment 44B located close to the air injection equipment 4 to be smaller than the air ratio of the burner equipment 44A located far from the air injection equipment 4.
- Burner equipment 44A which is located far from the air injection equipment 4 and has an air ratio set to 0.9 to 1.0, functions as a first burner equipment 2, while burner equipment 44B, which is located close to the air injection equipment 4, functions as a second burner equipment 3. Therefore, by providing two burner equipment (44A, 44B) equipped with an air ratio adjustment unit 40 and a control unit 42 that sets the air ratio between them, a mixed exhaust gas 23 containing nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia can be generated, and the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia is promoted by the air injection equipment 4.
- the present embodiment is a method for operating a heating furnace, the method including: a first burner heating step of burner-heating a first fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas of 0.9 to 1.0; a second burner heating step of burner-heating a second fuel gas containing ammonia with combustion air having an air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the second fuel gas that is lower than the air ratio to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas; and an air injection step of injecting air.
- nitrogen oxides are generated by burning ammonia-containing fuel gas, and a mixed exhaust gas in which nitrogen oxides and ammonia coexist is generated. Then, air containing oxygen is injected into the generated mixed exhaust gas. As a result, the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia is promoted. Ammonia is oxidized by oxygen in the air, and the oxidized ammonia decomposes the nitrogen oxides. As a result, ammonia is decomposed together with the nitrogen oxides contained in the mixed exhaust gas, and is rendered harmless.
- the reason for combining the two burner heatings, the first burner heating and the second burner heating, is to make the exhaust gas heated by the first burner contain a relatively large amount of nitrogen oxides and the exhaust gas heated by the second burner contain a relatively large amount of unburned ammonia, and by mixing these, a mixed exhaust gas in which nitrogen oxides and ammonia coexist is produced.
- first burner heating is performed by using combustion air 12 having an air ratio (sometimes simply referred to as air ratio) of 0.9 to 1.0 to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas 5.
- the theoretical air amount is the amount of air required to completely combust the fuel gas.
- the air ratio to the theoretical air amount is the ratio of the amount of air supplied to the burner equipment as combustion air to the amount of air required to completely combust the fuel gas.
- the reason why the air ratio for the first burner heating is set to 0.9 to 1.0 is to cause nitrogen oxides to be contained in the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner.
- the air ratio for the first burner heating is less than 0.9, the combustion of ammonia gas is suppressed, and the amount of unburned ammonia increases compared to nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner.
- the air ratio for the first burner heating exceeds 1.0, the combustion of ammonia contained in the first fuel gas is promoted, and the amount of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas 21 becomes excessive, making it difficult to sufficiently reduce the nitrogen oxides in the mixed exhaust gas 23.
- the concentration of nitrogen oxides contained in exhaust gas 21 generated by setting the air ratio for first burner heating to 0.9 to 1.0 is about 400 to 5000 ppm.
- the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner may also contain unburned ammonia, but the concentration is 5 ppm or less when the air ratio is 0.9, and is nearly zero when the air ratio is 0.95 to 1.0. As a result, the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner contains a relatively large amount of nitrogen oxides.
- second burner heating is performed in which the second fuel gas containing ammonia is burner heated with combustion air having an air ratio with respect to the theoretical air amount of the second fuel gas that is lower than the air ratio with respect to the theoretical air amount of the first fuel gas. This is to make the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner contain a relatively large amount of unburned ammonia. If the air ratio of the second burner heating is equal to or higher than the air ratio of the first burner heating, the effect of reducing the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas 21 by the unburned ammonia contained in the exhaust gas 22 decreases.
- the second burner heating preferably has an air ratio of the second fuel gas to the theoretical air amount of less than 0.9. This is because the amount of unburned ammonia contained in the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner increases, promoting the reduction reaction of the nitrogen oxides in the mixed exhaust gas 23.
- the lower limit of the air ratio for the second burner heating is 0.7. If the air ratio for the second burner heating is less than 0.7, the combustion for the second burner heating becomes unstable.
- the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner may contain both nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia, but by making the air ratio of the second burner heating smaller than that of the first burner heating, the exhaust gas 22 contains more unburned ammonia than the exhaust gas 21. Furthermore, by making the air ratio of the second burner heating 0.7 or more and less than 0.9, the concentration of unburned ammonia contained in the exhaust gas 22 can be set to 10 to 24,000 ppm. The concentration of unburned ammonia contained in the exhaust gas 22 increases as the air ratio of the second burner heating decreases, and is approximately 1,200 ppm when the air ratio is 0.85, and approximately 6,400 ppm when the air ratio is 0.8.
- the concentration is 400 ppm or less, and decreases to approximately 15 ppm when the air ratio is 0.85. In other words, a relatively large amount of unburned ammonia can be contained in the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner.
- the exhaust gas 21 diffuses in the heating furnace.
- a gas flow of the combustion gas exhaust gas
- the exhaust gas 21 moves along the gas flow in the heating furnace in the direction of the second burner equipment 3.
- the exhaust gas 22 by the second burner heating also moves along the gas flow in the heating furnace.
- the exhaust gas 21 containing a relatively large amount of nitrogen oxides and the exhaust gas 22 containing a relatively large amount of unburned ammonia are mixed in the heating furnace, and a mixed exhaust gas 23 containing both nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia is generated.
- the balance of the amount of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia contained in the mixed exhaust gas 23 can be changed by setting the air ratio of the first burner heating and the air ratio of the second burner heating.
- the ratio of the flow rate of the first fuel gas 5 used for the first burner heating and the flow rate of the second fuel gas 6 used for the second burner heating can be changed by setting.
- air 13 is injected into a mixed exhaust gas 23 containing both nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia using an air injection device 4.
- an air injection device 4 This is based on the finding that the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia is promoted in the presence of a certain amount of oxygen. That is, by injecting air 13 toward mixed exhaust gas 23 containing both nitrogen oxides and ammonia, the oxygen contained in the air 13 promotes the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia, thereby making it possible to reduce the nitrogen oxides and ammonia in mixed exhaust gas 23.
- the gas injected by air injection equipment 4 may be any gas containing oxygen, and modified air may be injected by removing nitrogen from the air or adding pure oxygen thereto.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram for explaining the chemical reactions that occur when air is injected into the mixed exhaust gas 23.
- the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner contains more nitrogen oxides produced by the combustion of ammonia than unburned ammonia.
- the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner contains more ammonia, which is ammonia gas contained in the fuel gas that remains in an unburned state, than nitrogen oxides.
- the mixed exhaust gas 23 is in a state in which these nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia are mixed, and oxygen is injected into the mixed exhaust gas.
- ammonia ( NH3 ) is oxidized by oxygen to generate NH radicals and HO2 radicals.
- the nitrogen oxides contained in the mixed exhaust gas 23 are mainly nitric oxide (NO), which is reduced by the NH radicals to generate nitrogen and OH radicals. In this way, the nitrogen oxides in the mixed exhaust gas 23 are reduced.
- the oxygen contained in the air 13 injected from the air injection equipment 4 decomposes the ammonia while unburned ammonia is contained in the mixed exhaust gas 23, generating NH radicals. In other words, if a sufficient amount of oxygen is injected into the mixed exhaust gas 23, the unburned ammonia will be decomposed. Also, if a sufficient amount of NH radicals are generated, it is possible to reduce the nitrogen oxides in the mixed exhaust gas 23. As a result, it is possible to reduce both the nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the mixed exhaust gas 23.
- nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia can be effectively decomposed by injecting air into the mixed exhaust gas of the exhaust gas heated by the first burner and the exhaust gas heated by the second burner. This makes it possible to suppress the discharge of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia outside the furnace of the heating furnace 1.
- the technology disclosed in Patent Document 2 has a preset air ratio for burning ammonia, so it is difficult to make nitrogen oxides and ammonia coexist. Even if nitrogen oxides and ammonia coexist, it is difficult to adjust the balance between them.
- the burners are heated so that the air ratio of the first burner heating and the air ratio of the second burner heating have a predetermined relationship, so that nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia can coexist in a balanced manner, and the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides by ammonia can be efficiently carried out.
- the gas temperature of the mixed exhaust gas 23 obtained by mixing the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner and the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner is preferably 700 to 1450° C. This is because NH radicals are generated and the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides is promoted.
- the air 13 is preferably injected into the mixed exhaust gas 23, which is a mixture of the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner and the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner.
- the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner is generated first
- the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner is mixed with the generated exhaust gas 21.
- the second burner heating equipment 3 is disposed downstream of the first burner equipment 2 with respect to the gas flow of the combustion gas in the heating furnace.
- Fig. 6 shows an example in which the second burner heating equipment 3 is disposed upstream of the first burner equipment 2.
- the second burner equipment 3 generates an exhaust gas 22 containing a relatively large amount of unburned ammonia upstream of the gas flow of the combustion gas.
- the exhaust gas 22 may approach the area of the flame injected from the first burner equipment 2.
- the exhaust gas 22 from the second burner equipment 3 moves downstream at a position close to the furnace wall.
- the exhaust gas 21 heated by the first burner is mixed with the exhaust gas 22 heated by the second burner to form a mixed exhaust gas 23, to which air is injected. Therefore, in the heating furnace 1, the first burner heating, the second burner heating and the air injection are performed from the upstream side of the gas flow along the gas flow inside the heating furnace.
- the burner equipment is arranged with the first burner equipment and the second burner equipment placed from the upstream side of the gas flow along the combustion gas flow F (flow occurring from the left to the right in Figure 3).
- An air injection equipment is provided on the downstream side of the gas flow of the second burner equipment.
- a mixed gas of ammonia and methane ( CH4 ) was used as the fuel gas for the first burner equipment and the second burner equipment.
- ammonia was supplied from ammonia gas supply systems 25 and 26 to the mixing sections 16 and 17, and methane was sent from coal gas supply systems 27 and 28 to the mixing sections 16 and 17 to generate a mixed gas of ammonia and methane, which was supplied to the burner nozzles as the first fuel gas 5 and the second fuel gas 6.
- the ammonia gas supply systems 25 and 26 and the coal gas supply systems 27 and 28 were provided with flow control valves to adjust the mixing ratio of the mixed gases.
- combustion air supply systems 18 and 19 were provided with flow control valves so that the air ratio of the first fuel gas 5 and the second fuel gas 6 to the theoretical air amount could be adjusted.
- the air injection equipment 4 injects air containing oxygen into the mixed exhaust gas of the exhaust gas discharged from the first burner equipment and the exhaust gas discharged from the second burner.
- the air supply system 29 is provided with a flow rate control valve so that the presence or absence (ON/OFF) of air to be injected into the mixed exhaust gas can be changed.
- the first and second burner equipment are capable of outputting a heat output of 800,000 kcal/hr.
- the first and second burner equipment are positioned 2 m apart in the direction of the combustion gas flow, and air injection equipment is provided 2 m further downstream.
- the flow rates of ammonia and methane supplied to the first burner equipment and the second burner equipment were 79 Nm3/hr and 51 Nm3 /hr, respectively, when the calorific value ratios of ammonia and methane were 40% and 60%.
- the flow rate of methane was 84 Nm3/hr.
- the flow rate of air injected from the air injection equipment was 0.1 Nm3 /hr.
- a combustion experiment was performed by changing the mixture ratio and air ratio of the mixed gas in the first burner heating facility and the second burner heating facility, and the exhaust gas was sampled downstream of the air injection facility 4 along the gas flow F of the combustion gas.
- the concentrations of nitrogen oxides (NOx), unburned ammonia (NH 3 ), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) contained in the exhaust gas were then measured.
- this example is a combustion experiment using a small number of burner equipment, the conditions are such that nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia are not emitted as much as in a case where a large number of burner equipment is installed, such as a heating furnace. Therefore, the standard values for nitrogen oxide concentration and unburned ammonia concentration were set stricter than for a normal heating furnace, with the standard value for nitrogen oxide concentration set at 100 ppm and the standard value for unburned ammonia concentration set at 20 ppm. If either the nitrogen oxide concentration or the unburned ammonia concentration exceeded the standard value, it was deemed a failure, and if both were below the standard value, it was deemed a pass.
- production No. 3 is an example in which ammonia is not used as fuel gas for the first burner heating and the second burner heating. In this case, emissions of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia are suppressed. However, like conventional burner equipment, there is the problem of high carbon dioxide emissions.
- the exhaust gas heated by the first burner may contain a small amount of unburned ammonia
- the unburned ammonia was oxidized by the second burner heating, promoting the generation of nitrogen oxides. Therefore, although unburned ammonia was not detected in the exhaust gas, the concentration of nitrogen oxides increased.
- a mixed gas of ammonia and methane is burned in both the first burner heating and the second burner heating, and the air ratio in the first burner heating is in the range of 0.9 to 1.0, and the air ratio in the second burner heating is lower than the air ratio in the first burner heating. Furthermore, air is injected toward the mixed exhaust gas of the exhaust gas heated by the first burner and the exhaust gas heated by the second burner by the air injection equipment 4. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the amount of carbon dioxide contained in the exhaust gas compared to the conventional example, and also to reduce the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and unburned ammonia contained in the exhaust gas. Furthermore, in the invention example (production No. 2), by setting the air ratio in the second burner heating to less than 0.9, it was possible to reduce the concentration of nitrogen oxides while maintaining the same concentration of unburned ammonia as in invention example 1.
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Abstract
Description
特許文献1には、火炉にアンモニアを燃料として燃焼可能な燃焼装置と、燃料が燃焼されて発生した燃焼ガスを案内する煙道とを備え、燃焼装置よりも燃焼ガスの下流位置にて火炉及び煙道の少なくとも一方に設置されると共に、アンモニアを還元剤として火炉あるいは煙道の平面視中央部に向けて噴射する噴射部を備える、ボイラが開示されている。
これにより火炉の中心部にアンモニアを供給することができ、少量のアンモニアであっても還元剤として窒素酸化物を還元できるとされている。
これにより、追加空気供給部を備えた2段燃焼ボイラにおいて、追加空気供給部よりも上流側の位置にアンモニア燃料を投入すれば、火炉内の還元雰囲気領域においてアンモニア燃料の窒素分がN2に還元され、窒素酸化物の生成を抑制できるとされる。
その場合、加熱炉の開閉扉が開口すると、毒性を有する未燃焼のアンモニア(「未燃アンモニア」ともいう。)が加熱炉の外部に排出され、加熱炉外部の環境が悪化するという問題が生じる。
一方、鋼材等の被加熱体を加熱するための加熱炉では、加熱炉の内部に燃焼装置(例えばバーナ)だけでなく、被加熱体を載置し装入するための空間を必要とする。これに対して、ボイラのような火炉では、燃料と燃焼用空気との燃焼反応を生じさせるのに必要な空間を備えればよい、という違いがある。
そのため、特許文献2に開示された技術を、被加熱体の加熱を行う加熱炉に適用しようとすると、還元雰囲気領域とする空間が拡大し、結果として還元雰囲気領域の内部で窒素酸化物の還元反応が均一に進行せず、未燃焼のアンモニアが加熱炉の外部に排出されるという問題が生じる。
[2]上記の[1]において、前記空気噴射ステップは、前記第1バーナ加熱ステップにより生成した排ガスと、前記第2バーナ加熱ステップにより生成した排ガスとが混合した混合排ガスに対して空気を噴射する、加熱炉の操業方法である。
[3]上記の[1]又は[2]において、前記第2バーナ加熱ステップは、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9未満である、加熱炉の操業方法である。
[4]上記の[1]又は[2]において、前記第1燃料ガスおよび前記第2燃料ガスのうち少なくとも一方はアンモニアと石炭ガスとの混合ガスを用いてバーナ加熱を行う、加熱炉の操業方法である。
[5]上記の[3]において、前記第1燃料ガスおよび前記第2燃料ガスのうち少なくとも一方はアンモニアと石炭ガスとの混合ガスを用いてバーナ加熱を行う、加熱炉の操業方法である。
[6]アンモニアを含有する燃料ガスを用いてバーナ加熱を施す2以上のバーナ設備と、前記2以上のバーナ設備に供給する燃焼用空気の、前記燃料ガスの理論空気量に対するそれぞれの空気比を調整する空気比調整部と、前記2以上のバーナ設備のうち少なくとも一つのバーナ設備に供給する燃焼用空気の空気比を、他のバーナ設備に供給する燃焼用空気の空気比とは異なる空気比に制御する制御部と、前記2以上のバーナ設備から排出される排ガスの混合排ガスに空気を噴射する空気噴射設備と、を含む、加熱炉である。
[7]上記の[6]において、前記バーナ設備は、前記空気比調整部によって空気比が調整された、アンモニアを含有する第1燃料ガスを、前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9~1.0となる燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第1バーナ設備と、アンモニアを含有する第2燃料ガスを、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比よりも低い空気比の燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第2バーナ設備とを有し、前記加熱炉の内部におけるガスの流れに沿って、前記ガスの流れの上流側から前記第1バーナ設備、前記第2バーナ設備、前記空気噴射設備の順に配置された加熱炉である。
[8]上記の[6]において、前記加熱炉は、前記混合排ガスが排出される開口部を備え、前記空気噴射装置は、前記第1バーナ設備および前記第2バーナ設備よりも前記開口部に近い位置に配置された加熱炉である。
<加熱炉>
本発明の実施形態にかかる加熱炉は、加熱用熱源として燃料ガスを燃焼させるバーナを備え、内部に被加熱体を装入して所定の温度まで昇温させる設備である。被加熱体は主として金属を対象とするが、鉄系金属であっても非鉄系金属であってもよい。被加熱体の加熱温度は700~1400℃である。
図1、2は、被加熱体を鋼材とする本実施形態に係る加熱炉の一例を示したものである。例えば鋼材の熱間圧延ラインに用いられる加熱炉は、鋳造されたスラブを所定の加熱温度(1100~1300℃程度)に加熱するために用いられる。
<バーナ設備>
アンモニアを含有する第1燃料ガスを、前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9~1.0となる燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第1バーナ設備と、アンモニアを含有する第2燃料ガスを、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比よりも低い空気比の燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第2バーナ設備とを有することが好ましい。
第1燃料ガス供給系統14は、アンモニアガス供給系統25と石炭ガス供給系統27とが接続されており、アンモニアガス10と石炭ガス11とが混合部16で混合され、第1バーナノズル7に供給される。アンモニアガス供給系統25と石炭ガス供給系統27の途中には、それぞれのガスの混合部16への供給量を調整する流量調整バルブ53と、供給流量を測定するための流量計52を備えるとよい。これにより混合ガスに含まれるアンモニアガスと石炭ガスとの混合比率を調整できる。
第2燃料ガス供給系統15も、アンモニアガス供給系統26と石炭ガス供給系統28とが接続されており、アンモニアガス10と石炭ガス11とが混合部17で混合され、第2バーナノズル8に供給されている。第2バーナ設備3も、アンモニアガス供給系統26と石炭ガス供給系統28の途中に、アンモニアガス10と石炭ガス11の混合部17への供給量を調整するための流量調整バルブ53と、供給流量を測定するための流量計52を備えるとよい。
本実施形態の加熱炉1は、上記の第1バーナ設備2および第2バーナ設備3に加え、第1バーナ設備2から排出される排ガス21と、第2バーナ設備3から排出される排ガス22とが混合した混合排ガス23に対して空気を噴射する空気噴射設備4を備える。
空気噴射設備4は、空気供給系統29と接続されていて、空気噴射ノズル9から空気13を炉内に向けて噴射する。空気供給系統29の途中には、空気噴射ノズル9に供給する空気13の流量を調整する流量調整バルブ53と、供給流量を測定するための流量計52を備えるとよい。これにより、第1バーナ設備2の排ガスと第2バーナ設備3の排ガスとの混合排ガスに対して噴射する空気噴射の量を調整でき、混合排ガス中に含まれる窒素酸化物の還元反応を促進させることができる。
加熱炉のバーナ設備の配置について説明する。本実施形態の加熱炉は、加熱炉の内部におけるガス流れに沿って、ガス流れの上流側から、第1燃料ガスに対する空気比を0.9~1.0としてバーナ加熱を行う第1バーナ設備、第2燃料ガスに対する空気比が第1燃料ガスに対する空気比よりも小さい空気比でバーナ加熱を行う第2バーナ設備、第1バーナ設備から排出される排ガスと第2バーナから排出される排ガスとの混合排ガスに空気を噴射する空気噴射設備の順に配置する。
これは、NOxと未燃アンモニアとの混合ガスに酸素を注入することにより、アンモニアによるNOxの還元反応が促進され、加熱炉から排出されるNOxおよび未燃アンモニアを低減できると考えられるためである。
また、加熱炉として燃焼ガスが排出される開口部を備える場合に、空気噴射装置は、第1バーナ設備および第2バーナ設備よりも開口部に近い位置に配置するのが好ましい。
一方、煙道34は、加熱炉1の内部から排ガスを排出し、加熱炉内の圧力が過大にならないように調整するために設けられ、加熱炉の外部に部分的に開放されていることから常時開口する開口部となっている。そのため、図7に示す加熱炉1の内部では、少なくとも加熱炉内部から煙道34に向かう燃焼ガスのガス流れが生じている。
例えば、空気比調整部40は燃料ガス45としてバーナノズルに供給される燃料ガスの流量を測定し、測定される燃料ガス45の流量と、燃料ガス45の燃料組成とから、燃料ガス45を完全燃焼させるための理論空気量を算出する。そして、バーナ設備(44A、44B)ごとに設定される空気比に基づいて、燃焼用空気供給系統に配置される流量調整弁の開度を調整することにより、バーナ設備(44A、44B)ごとにバーナ加熱の空気比を設定する。
この場合、図8の各設備の配置関係に示すように、制御部42は、空気噴射設備4から遠い位置に配置されるバーナ設備44Aの空気比が0.9~1.0になるように設定し、空気噴射設備4に近い位置に配置されるバーナ設備44Bの空気比が空気噴射設備4から遠い位置に配置されるバーナ設備44Aの空気比よりも小さくなるように設定するとよい。
そのため、空気比調整部40を備える2つのバーナ設備(44A、44B)とそれらの空気比を設定する制御部42を備えることにより、窒素酸化物と未燃アンモニアを含有する混合排ガス23を生成でき、空気噴射設備4によりアンモニアによる窒素酸化物の還元反応が促進される。
<加熱炉の操業方法>
本実施形態は、アンモニアを含有する第1燃料ガスを、前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9~1.0となる燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第1バーナ加熱ステップと、アンモニアを含有する第2燃料ガスを、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比よりも低い空気比の燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第2バーナ加熱ステップと、空気を噴射する空気噴射ステップと、を含む加熱炉の操業方法である。
第1バーナ加熱と第2バーナ加熱の2つのバーナ加熱を組合せるのは、第1バーナ加熱の排ガス中に窒素酸化物を比較的多く含有させ、第2バーナ加熱の排ガス中に未燃アンモニアを比較的多く含有させておき、これらを混合することにより窒素酸化物とアンモニアとが共存する混合排ガスを生成するためである。
本実施形態は、アンモニアを含有する第1燃料ガス5を、第1燃料ガス5の理論空気量に対する空気比(単に、空気比と呼ぶことがある。)が0.9~1.0となる燃焼用空気12によりバーナ加熱を行う第1バーナ加熱を行う。ここで、理論空気量とは、燃料ガスを完全燃焼させるのに必要な空気量である。また、理論空気量に対する空気比とは、燃料ガスを完全燃焼させるのに必要な空気量に対する燃焼用空気としてバーナ設備に供給する空気量の比をいう。
なお、第1バーナ加熱の空気比を0.9~1.0とすることにより生成する排ガス21に含まれる窒素酸化物の濃度は400~5000ppm程度である。第1バーナ加熱の排ガス21には未燃アンモニアも含有することがあるが、その濃度は空気比が0.9のときには5ppm以下であり、空気比が0.95~1.0場合にはほぼゼロとなる。これにより、第1バーナ加熱による排ガス21中には比較的多くの窒素酸化物が含まれる。
第2バーナ加熱の排ガス22に未燃アンモニアを比較的多く含有させるためである。第2バーナ加熱の空気比が、第1バーナ加熱の空気比以上の場合には、排ガス22に含まれる未燃アンモニアによる排ガス21中の窒素酸化物を還元する効果が低下する。
すなわち、窒素酸化物とアンモニアの両方を含有する混合排ガス23に向けて、空気13を噴射することにより、空気13に含まれる酸素がアンモニアによる窒素酸化物の還元反応を促進する。これにより、混合排ガス23中の窒素酸化物とアンモニアを低減できる。空気噴射設備4を用いて噴射する気体には、酸素を含有する気体であればよく、空気中の窒素を取り除いたり、純酸素を加えたりするなど、改質した空気を噴射してもよい。
一方、空気噴射設備4から噴射された空気13に含まれる酸素は、混合排ガス23中に未燃アンモニアが含有している間はアンモニアを分解し、NHラジカルを生成する。
つまり、混合排ガス23に噴射する酸素が十分あれば未燃アンモニアが分解されることになる。また、NHラジカルが十分生成すれば混合排ガス23中の窒素酸化物を低減できる。これにより混合排ガス23の窒素酸化物とアンモニアの両方を低減できる。
一方、上記実施形態によれば、第1バーナ加熱の空気比と第2バーナ加熱の空気比が所定の関係になるようにバーナ加熱を行うので、窒素酸化物と未燃アンモニアをバランスよく共存させることができ、アンモニアによる窒素酸化物の還元反応を効率的に進行させることが可能になる。
この場合、第1バーナ加熱による排ガス21と、第2バーナ加熱による排ガス22とが混合した混合排ガス23のガス温度は、700~1450℃にあることが好ましい。NHラジカルを生成し、窒素酸化物の還元反応が促進されるからである。
その結果、第1バーナ設備2の下流側に形成される混合排ガス23に含まれる未燃アンモニアの量が減少し、アンモニアによる窒素酸化物の還元反応が阻害されることがある。
したがって、加熱炉1内では、加熱炉の内部におけるガス流れに沿って、ガス流れの上流側から、第1バーナ加熱、第2バーナ加熱および空気噴射が行われる。
本発明の実施例として、図3に示すバーナ設備を用いて、燃焼ガスのガス流れの下流側で排ガスを採取し、排ガス中に含まれる窒素酸化物および未燃アンモニアの濃度を測定した例について説明する。
ただし、アンモニアガス供給系統25、26と、石炭ガス供給系統27、28には流量調整弁が備えられ、混合ガスの混合比率を調整した。また、燃焼用空気供給系統18、19にも流量調整弁が備えられ、第1燃料ガス5と第2燃料ガス6の理論空気量に対する空気比を調整できるように構成した。
一方、空気噴射設備4からは酸素を含有する空気が、第1バーナ設備から排出される排ガスと第2バーナから排出される排ガスとの混合排ガスに噴射されるように構成した。また、空気供給系統29には流量調整弁が備えられていて、混合排ガスに噴射する空気の有無(ON/OFF)を変更できるようになっている。
本実施例では、第1バーナ加熱設備と第2バーナ加熱設備での混合ガスの混合比率および空気比を変更して燃焼実験を行い、空気噴射設備4よりも燃焼ガスのガス流れFに沿った下流側で排ガスを採取した。そして、排ガス中に含まれる窒素酸化物(NOx)の濃度と、未燃アンモニア(NH3)の濃度、および二酸化炭素(CO2)の濃度を測定した。
比較例(製造No.5)は、第1バーナ加熱のみアンモニアとメタンの混合ガスを用いたが、空気噴射設備4からの空気噴射を行わなかった例である。比較例(製造No.5)では、第2バーナ加熱の排ガス中に未燃アンモニアを含まないため、第1バーナ加熱で生成する排ガス中に含まれる窒素酸化物が、還元されなかった。また、第1バーナ加熱の排ガスは、少量の未燃アンモニアを含むことがあるものの、第2バーナ加熱により未燃アンモニアが酸化され、窒素酸化物の生成が促進された。そのため、排ガス中には未燃アンモニアが検出されなかったが、窒素酸化物の濃度が増加した。
さらに、発明例(製造No.2)では、第2バーナ加熱における空気比を0.9未満とすることで、発明例1と同等の未燃アンモニアの濃度を維持しながら、窒素酸化物の濃度を低減できた。
B バーナ
F 燃焼ガスのガス流れ
S 鋼材
S1 鋼材先端
S2 鋼材尾端
2 第1バーナ設備
3 第2バーナ設備
4 空気噴射設備
5 第1燃料ガス
6 第2燃料ガス
7 第1バーナノズル
8 第2バーナノズル
9 空気噴射ノズル
10 アンモニアガス
11 石炭ガス
12 燃焼用空気
13 空気
14 第1燃料ガス供給系統
15 第2燃料ガス供給系統
16、17 混合部
18、19 燃焼用空気供給系統
21、22 排ガス
23 混合排ガス
24 空気噴射
25、26 アンモニアガス供給系統
27、28 石炭ガス供給系統
29 空気供給系統
30 装入側
31 搬出部
32 移動スキッド
33 固定スキッド
34 煙道
35 炉壁
36 炉内
40 空気比調整部
41 空気噴射
42 制御部
44 バーナ設備
45 燃料ガス
50 NOx濃度計
51 アンモニア濃度計
52 流量計
53 流量調整バルブ
54 第1空気比調整部
55 第2空気比調整部
100 鋼材移動方向
Claims (8)
- アンモニアを含有する第1燃料ガスを、前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9~1.0となる燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第1バーナ加熱ステップと、
アンモニアを含有する第2燃料ガスを、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比よりも低い空気比の燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第2バーナ加熱ステップと、
空気を噴射する空気噴射ステップと、
を含む、加熱炉の操業方法。 - 前記空気噴射ステップは、前記第1バーナ加熱ステップにより生成した排ガスと、前記第2バーナ加熱ステップにより生成した排ガスとが混合した混合排ガスに対して空気を噴射する、請求項1に記載の加熱炉の操業方法。
- 前記第2バーナ加熱ステップは、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9未満である、請求項1又は2に記載の加熱炉の操業方法。
- 前記第1燃料ガスおよび前記第2燃料ガスのうち少なくとも一方はアンモニアと石炭ガスとの混合ガスを用いてバーナ加熱を行う、
請求項1又は2に記載の加熱炉の操業方法。 - 前記第1燃料ガスおよび前記第2燃料ガスのうち少なくとも一方はアンモニアと石炭ガスとの混合ガスを用いてバーナ加熱を行う、
請求項3に記載の加熱炉の操業方法。 - アンモニアを含有する燃料ガスを用いてバーナ加熱を施す2以上のバーナ設備と、
前記2以上のバーナ設備に供給する燃焼用空気の、前記燃料ガスの理論空気量に対するそれぞれの空気比を調整する空気比調整部と、
前記2以上のバーナ設備のうち少なくとも一つのバーナ設備に供給する燃焼用空気の空気比を、他のバーナ設備に供給する燃焼用空気の空気比とは異なる空気比に制御する制御部と、
前記2以上のバーナ設備から排出される排ガスの混合排ガスに空気を噴射する空気噴射設備と、
を含む、加熱炉。 - 前記バーナ設備は、前記空気比調整部によって空気比が調整された、アンモニアを含有する第1燃料ガスを、前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が0.9~1.0となる燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第1バーナ設備と、
アンモニアを含有する第2燃料ガスを、前記第2燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比が前記第1燃料ガスの理論空気量に対する空気比よりも低い空気比の燃焼用空気によりバーナ加熱を施す第2バーナ設備と、
を有し、
前記加熱炉の内部におけるガスの流れに沿って、前記ガスの流れの上流側から前記第1バーナ設備、前記第2バーナ設備、前記空気噴射設備の順に配置された、
請求項6に記載の加熱炉。 - 前記加熱炉は、前記混合排ガスが排出される開口部を備え、
前記空気噴射装置は、前記第1バーナ設備および前記第2バーナ設備よりも前記開口部に近い位置に配置された、
請求項6に記載の加熱炉。
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| JPH10185159A (ja) * | 1996-12-24 | 1998-07-14 | Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc:The | アンモニアの分解と硫化水素の完全燃焼を同時に行う燃焼方法と燃焼装置 |
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| JPS4991912A (ja) * | 1972-12-08 | 1974-09-03 | ||
| JPH0328624A (ja) * | 1989-06-26 | 1991-02-06 | Babcock Hitachi Kk | 多段燃焼方法 |
| JPH10185159A (ja) * | 1996-12-24 | 1998-07-14 | Tokyo Electric Power Co Inc:The | アンモニアの分解と硫化水素の完全燃焼を同時に行う燃焼方法と燃焼装置 |
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