WO2024176711A1 - エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ及びその製造方法、並びに半導体デバイスの製造方法 - Google Patents
エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ及びその製造方法、並びに半導体デバイスの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an epitaxial silicon wafer and a method for manufacturing the same, as well as a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device.
- Epitaxial silicon wafers which have an epitaxial layer of single crystal silicon formed on a silicon wafer, are used as device substrates for producing a variety of semiconductor devices, such as MOSFETs (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors), DRAMs (Dynamic Random Access Memories), power transistors, and BSI (Back Side Illumination) type CISs (CMOS Image Sensors).
- MOSFETs Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors
- DRAMs Dynamic Random Access Memories
- power transistors and BSI (Back Side Illumination) type CISs (CMOS Image Sensors).
- BSI Back Side Illumination type CISs
- the epitaxial layer becomes contaminated with heavy metals, the dark current of the CIS increases, and defects called white defects occur, which are factors that degrade the characteristics of the semiconductor device. Therefore, in order to suppress such heavy metal contamination, there is a technology that forms gettering sites in the silicon wafer to capture heavy metals.
- One known method is to implant ions into the silicon wafer and then form the epitaxial layer. In this method, the ion-implanted region functions as the gettering site.
- Patent Documents 1 and 2 describe a method for producing an epitaxial silicon wafer, which includes a step of irradiating a surface of a silicon wafer with cluster ions, such as C3H5 , whose constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen, to form a modified layer in a surface layer portion of the silicon wafer, in which the constituent elements of the cluster ions are dissolved, and a step of forming a silicon epitaxial layer on the modified layer of the silicon wafer.
- cluster ions such as C3H5 , whose constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen
- Patent Document 1 shows that a modified layer formed by irradiating cluster ions whose constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen exhibits a higher gettering ability than an ion-implanted region obtained by implanting carbon monomer ions.
- Patent Document 2 describes, as an improved technology of the technology described in Patent Document 1, that the gettering ability of heavy metals can be improved by irradiating a high dose of cluster ions whose constituent elements are carbon and hydrogen so that a part of the thickness direction of the modified layer becomes an amorphous layer. Patent Document 2 also describes that when irradiating with such a high dose of cluster ions, tiny black dot-like defects caused by injected carbon, etc., are visible in cross-sectional TEM images of the modified layer after epitaxial growth, and that these black dot-like defects may contribute to improving the gettering ability.
- the high concentration of carbon implanted in the surface layer (modified layer) of the silicon wafer may diffuse into the silicon epitaxial layer during epitaxial growth and during the device formation process, forming point defects due to carbon in the silicon epitaxial layer (i.e., device formation region), which may affect the device characteristics.
- Patent Document 3 describes a method for manufacturing an epitaxial silicon wafer, in which a beam of cluster ions including SiH x (x is one or more selected from integers 1 to 3) ions and C 2 H y (y is one or more selected from integers 2 to 5) ions is irradiated onto the surface of the silicon wafer to form a modified layer, and a silicon epitaxial layer is formed on the modified layer. It is described that the dose of C 2 H y ions can be lowered to reduce the carbon concentration in the modified layer, while the gettering ability can be secured by implanting SiH x ions.
- Hydrogen injected into the surface layer (modified layer) of a silicon wafer diffuses into the epitaxial layer due to heat treatment during the device formation process in which a semiconductor device is formed in the epitaxial layer, passivating (inactivating) interface state defects in the epitaxial layer and contributing to improved device characteristics such as reduced leakage current.
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 all focus only on the gettering ability of epitaxial silicon wafers and examine the conditions for irradiating cluster ions, and do not examine the passivation effect of hydrogen injected into epitaxial silicon wafers. Thus, the present inventors conducted an investigation and found that there is room for improvement in the passivation effect of hydrogen in epitaxial silicon wafers.
- the present invention aims to provide an epitaxial silicon wafer with a high hydrogen passivation effect and a method for manufacturing the same.
- the gist of the present invention is as follows:
- a silicon wafer A modified layer formed on a surface layer portion of the silicon wafer, in which at least one of carbon and hydrogen is dissolved in solid solution; a silicon epitaxial layer formed on the modified layer; having In a defect evaluation of the modified layer using a cross-sectional TEM image, a first defect region was observed in the modified layer, in which microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates having a size of 3 nm or more and 10 nm or less exist at a density of 1.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 or more and 8.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 or less, and a second defect region was observed in which EOR defects having a maximum width of 50 nm or more and 250 nm or less exist at a density of 2.00 ⁇ 10 7 pieces/cm 2 or more and less than 5.00 ⁇ 10 7 pieces/cm 2 , the amount of carbon distributed in the silicon epitaxial layer and the modified layer is greater than 2.00 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2 and is not greater than 6.00 ⁇ 10 14
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which comprises forming a semiconductor device in the silicon epitaxial layer of the epitaxial silicon wafer described in [3] or [4] above.
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device which comprises forming a semiconductor device in the silicon epitaxial layer of the epitaxial silicon wafer described in [5] above.
- the epitaxial silicon wafer manufacturing method of the present invention makes it possible to manufacture an epitaxial silicon wafer with a high passivation effect due to hydrogen.
- the epitaxial silicon wafer of the present invention has a high passivation effect due to hydrogen.
- 1A to 1C are schematic cross-sectional views illustrating a method for manufacturing an epitaxial silicon wafer 100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 1 is a graph (mass spectrum) showing mass fragments of various cluster ions obtained from diethylsilane (SiC 4 H 12 ) as a source gas.
- 4 is a graph showing (a) a carbon concentration profile and (b) a hydrogen concentration profile by SIMS after forming an epitaxial layer in an example of the present invention.
- 1 shows cross-sectional TEM images (magnification: 200,000 times) of modified layers of (a) Comparative Example No. 9, (b) Inventive Example No. 6, and (c) Inventive Example No. 4 in the examples of the present invention.
- This is an equivalent circuit diagram of a MOS structure during (a) low-frequency CV measurement and (b) high-frequency CV measurement in the QSCV (Quasi-Static Capacitance-Voltage) method.
- 1 is a graph showing the calculation results of the interface state density Dit in an example of the present invention.
- a method for producing an epitaxial silicon wafer 100 includes a first step (steps A and B in FIG. 1) of irradiating a surface 10A of a silicon wafer 10 with a beam of cluster ions 12 including ions 12A of SiH x (x is one or more selected from integers 1 to 3) and ions 12B of C 2 H y (y is one or more selected from integers 2 to 5) to form a modified layer 14 in which the constituent elements of the cluster ions 12 are dissolved in the surface layer of the silicon wafer 10, and a second step (step C in FIG. 1) of forming a silicon epitaxial layer 16 on the modified layer 14 of the silicon wafer 10.
- the silicon epitaxial layer 16 becomes a device layer for manufacturing semiconductor elements such as a BSI type CIS.
- the silicon wafer 10 may be, for example, a bulk single crystal silicon wafer having no epitaxial layer on the surface.
- carbon and/or nitrogen may be added to the silicon wafer.
- any dopant may be added to the silicon wafer at a predetermined concentration to form a so-called n+ type or p+ type, or n- type or p- type substrate.
- the silicon wafer 10 may be an epitaxial silicon wafer in which a silicon epitaxial layer is formed on the surface of a bulk single crystal silicon wafer.
- the silicon epitaxial layer can be formed under typical conditions using the CVD method.
- the thickness of the epitaxial layer is preferably within the range of 0.1 to 10 ⁇ m, and more preferably within the range of 0.2 to 5 ⁇ m.
- cluster ions 12 including ions 12A of SiH x (x is one or more selected from integers 1 to 3) and ions 12B of C 2 H y (y is one or more selected from integers 2 to 5) is irradiated onto the surface 10A of the silicon wafer 10.
- cluster ions refers to ions obtained by colliding electrons with gaseous molecules by electron impact to dissociate the bonds of the gaseous molecules to form atomic aggregates of various numbers of atoms, fragmenting the atomic aggregates to ionize them, and performing mass separation of the ionized atomic aggregates of various numbers of atoms to extract ionized atomic aggregates of specific mass numbers.
- cluster ions refers to ions obtained by giving a positive or negative charge to a cluster formed by the aggregation of multiple atoms, and is clearly distinguished from monoatomic ions such as carbon ions and monomolecular ions such as carbon monoxide ions.
- the number of atoms constituting a cluster ion is usually about 5 to 100.
- CLARIS registered trademark manufactured by Nissin Ion Equipment Co., Ltd. can be used.
- the silicon in the surface layer of the silicon wafer 10 instantaneously reaches a high temperature of about 1350 to 1400°C due to the irradiation energy, and melts. After that, the silicon is rapidly cooled, and carbon, hydrogen, and silicon derived from the cluster ions 12 are dissolved in the surface layer of the silicon wafer.
- the "modified layer” in this specification means a layer in which at least one of carbon, hydrogen, and silicon, which are constituent elements of the irradiated cluster ions, is dissolved in the interstitial positions or substitution positions of the crystals in the surface layer of the silicon wafer.
- the "modified layer” is specified as a region in which the concentration of any one of the elements is detected to be higher than the background in the SIMS concentration profile of carbon and hydrogen in the depth direction of the silicon wafer.
- the surface layer of the silicon wafer is generally 500 nm or less from the surface.
- carbon diffuses from the surface of the silicon wafer to the inside, so that the surface layer of the silicon wafer is about 2 to 4 ⁇ m from the surface (interface between the epitaxial layer and the silicon wafer) becomes the modified layer.
- cluster ions 12 including SiH x ions 12A and C 2 H y ions 12B are one or more selected from integers of 1 to 3, i.e., SiH x ions 12A include one or more selected from the group consisting of SiH ions, SiH 2 ions, and SiH 3 ions.
- y is one or more selected from integers of 2 to 5, i.e., C 2 H y ions 12B include one or more selected from the group consisting of C 2 H 2 ions, C 2 H 3 ions, C 2 H 4 ions, and C 2 H 5 ions.
- the present inventor considers the effect of using the cluster ions 12 including SiH x ions 12A and C 2 H y ions 12B as follows. First, by irradiating the C 2 H y ions 12B, micro defects consisting of carbon aggregates are formed in the modified layer, and these micro defects become hydrogen trapping sites, so that hydrogen remains in the modified layer at a high concentration even after the epitaxial layer is formed, and a passivation effect by hydrogen is obtained.
- the gaseous molecules that are the source of the cluster ions are not particularly limited as long as they can simultaneously generate the above-mentioned SiHx ions and C2Hy ions, and examples thereof include diethylsilane (SiC4H12), butylsilane (SiC4H12 ) , methylpropylsilane ( SiC4H12 ) , pentylsilane (SiC5H14), methylbutylsilane (SiC5H14 ) , ethylpropylsilane (SiC5H14 ) , etc.
- cluster ions of various sizes can be generated from each of these source gases. For example, as shown in FIG.
- diethylsilane (SiC 4 H 12 ) generates C 2 H 2 ions, C 2 H 3 ions, C 2 H 4 ions, and C 2 H 5 ions as C 2 H y ions in the range of mass numbers 26 to 31, and SiH ions, SiH 2 ions, and SiH 3 ions as SiH x ions. Therefore, diethylsilane is optimal as the source gas used in this embodiment. By extracting cluster ions (fragments) in a desired mass number range from this, it is possible to generate cluster ions of a desired ion species.
- cluster ions that include SiH 3 ions, SiH 2 ions, and SiH ions as SiH x ions and C 2 H 5 ions as C 2 H y ions.
- the total dose of cluster ions can be adjusted by controlling the ion irradiation time as the device setting value.
- the total dose of cluster ions irradiated in the first step is set to 6.00 ⁇ 10 13 ions/cm 2 or more, and preferably 8.00 ⁇ 10 13 ions/cm 2 or more.
- the total dose of the cluster ions irradiated in the first step exceeds 1.00 ⁇ 10 15 ions/cm 2 , it will cause defects to occur in the epitaxial layer. Therefore, the total dose of the cluster ions irradiated in the first step is set to 1.00 ⁇ 10 15 ions/cm 2 or less, and preferably 8.00 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or less.
- the dose of C 2 H y ions irradiated in the first step is 1.00 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or less, the passivation effect by hydrogen cannot be obtained sufficiently. Therefore, the dose of C 2 H y ions irradiated in the first step is more than 1.00 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 , and is preferably 1.25 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or more. On the other hand, if the dose of C 2 H y ions irradiated in the first step is 3.00 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or less, the diffusion of carbon into the epitaxial layer during epitaxial growth and during the device formation process can be suppressed. Therefore, the dose of C 2 H y ions irradiated in the first step is 3.00 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or less, and is preferably 2.50 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or less.
- the ratio to the dose of C 2 H y ions is set to a predetermined range. That is, if the ratio [Si/C] of the number of Si atoms to the number of C atoms to be implanted is less than 0.3, the effect of the present invention by the implantation of SiH x ions cannot be fully obtained. Therefore, [Si/C] is set to 0.3 or more, and preferably 0.5 or more.
- the dose of SiH x ions irradiated in the first step is preferably 2.50 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or more.
- [Si/C] is set to 1.6 or less, and preferably 1.5 or less.
- the dose of SiH x ions irradiated in the first step is preferably 4.00 ⁇ 10 14 ions/cm 2 or less.
- the total dose can be grasped as an apparatus setting value.
- the dose of C 2 H y ions and the dose of SiH x ions cannot be grasped individually, so they are calculated as follows. That is, for the silicon wafer after irradiation with cluster ions, a carbon concentration profile in the depth direction from the surface of the silicon wafer is measured by SIMS measurement, and the amount of carbon injected into the modified layer is calculated from the carbon concentration profile. Since the carbon number of C 2 H y ions is 2, the value obtained by dividing the amount of injected carbon calculated above by 2 can be regarded as the "dose of C 2 H y ions".
- the "dose of SiH x ions" can be calculated by subtracting the dose of C 2 H y ions calculated as above from the total dose.
- the ratio of the dose of C2Hy ions to the dose of SiHx ions in the total dose can be controlled by the resolution of a mass separator for selecting ions, the mass number setting of the ions to be implanted, the amount of raw material gas introduced, the energy of electrons irradiated during ionization, and the like in the ion implantation apparatus.
- the acceleration voltage of the cluster ions affects the peak position of the concentration profile of the constituent elements in the modified layer in the depth direction.
- the acceleration voltage of the cluster ions can be set to more than 0 keV/ion and less than 200 keV/ion, preferably 100 keV/ion or less, and more preferably 80 keV/ion or less.
- Two methods are generally used to adjust the acceleration voltage: (1) electrostatic acceleration and (2) radio frequency acceleration.
- the former method involves arranging multiple electrodes at equal intervals and applying equal voltages between them to create a uniform accelerating electric field in the axial direction.
- the latter method involves the linear linac method, in which ions are accelerated using radio frequency while running in a straight line.
- the beam current value of the cluster ions is not particularly limited, but can be appropriately determined within the range of, for example, 50 to 5000 ⁇ A.
- the beam current value of the cluster ions can be adjusted, for example, by changing the decomposition conditions of the raw material gas in the ion source.
- the silicon epitaxial layer 16 can be formed under general conditions. For example, hydrogen is used as a carrier gas, and a source gas such as dichlorosilane or trichlorosilane is introduced into a chamber. Although the growth temperature varies depending on the source gas used, the silicon epitaxial layer 16 can be epitaxially grown on the modified layer 14 of the silicon wafer 10 by the CVD method at a temperature in the range of about 1000 to 1200° C. The thickness of the silicon epitaxial layer 16 is preferably within the range of 1 to 15 ⁇ m.
- the resistivity of the silicon epitaxial layer 16 may change due to outward diffusion of dopants from the silicon wafer 10, and if the thickness exceeds 15 ⁇ m, the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the CIS may be affected.
- the manufacturing method of this embodiment described above ensures gettering capability while suppressing the diffusion of carbon into the epitaxial layer during epitaxial growth and the device formation process, making it possible to manufacture epitaxial silicon wafers with a high hydrogen passivation effect.
- the silicon wafer 10 may be subjected to a recovery heat treatment for crystallinity recovery.
- the recovery heat treatment may be performed by holding the silicon wafer 10 at a temperature of 900°C or higher and 1100°C or lower for 10 minutes or longer and 60 minutes or shorter in an atmosphere of nitrogen gas or argon gas, for example.
- the recovery heat treatment may also be performed using a rapid temperature rise and fall heat treatment device, such as RTA (Rapid Thermal Annealing) or RTO (Rapid Thermal Oxidation), separate from the epitaxial device.
- RTA Rapid Thermal Annealing
- RTO Rapid Thermal Oxidation
- an epitaxial silicon wafer 100 is obtained by the above-mentioned manufacturing method, and has a silicon wafer 10, a modified layer 14 formed in a surface layer portion of the silicon wafer 10 and containing a solid solution of at least one of carbon and hydrogen, and a silicon epitaxial layer 16 formed on the modified layer 14.
- a first defect region is observed in the modified layer, in which microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates having a size (diameter) of 3 nm to 10 nm exist at a density of 1.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 to 8.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2
- a second defect region is observed in which EOR defects having a maximum width of 50 nm to 250 nm exist at a density of 2.00 ⁇ 10 7 pieces/cm 2 to less than 5.00 ⁇ 10 7 pieces/cm 2.
- cross-sectional TEM image refers to an image obtained by cleaving the epitaxial silicon wafer 100 in the thickness direction and observing the cleavage cross section of the modified layer using a TEM.
- a first defect region is observed in which microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates with a size (diameter) of 3 nm or more and 10 nm or less exist. This is because black dot-like microdefects are formed by the injected carbon. If the density of the microdefects is less than 1.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 , the passivation effect by hydrogen is not sufficiently obtained. Therefore, the density of the microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates is set to 1.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 or more, and preferably 1.50 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 or more.
- the density of the microdefects exceeds 8.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces, the microdefects are composed of carbon aggregates, so that the carbon concentration diffusing from the defects during the device heat treatment increases, which affects the electrical characteristics of the device. Therefore, the density of the microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates is set to 8.00 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 or less, and preferably 7.60 ⁇ 10 16 pieces/cm 2 or less.
- a second defect region in which an EOR defect having a maximum width of 50 nm or more and 250 nm or less is observed in the modified layer of the epitaxial silicon wafer 100. It is presumed that the EOR defect is a defect caused by the implantation of SiHx ions. That is, by having the second defect region, sufficient gettering ability can be exhibited despite the small amount of implanted carbon.
- EOR defect refers to a general term for defects in the form of stacking faults in the ⁇ 111 ⁇ direction, dislocation loops, ⁇ 311 ⁇ defects, etc., which are formed when atoms (in the present invention, silicon atoms in the silicon wafer) pushed out of the crystal lattice by the ion-implanted element aggregate at a position deeper than the implantation range (peak position of the carbon concentration profile by SIMS) by heat treatment.
- the "maximum width" of the EOR defect means the maximum width of each EOR defect in the TEM image.
- the density of EOR defects is set to 2.00 ⁇ 10 7 /cm 2 or more, and preferably 2.50 ⁇ 10 7 /cm 2 or more.
- the density of EOR defects is set to less than 5.00 ⁇ 10 7 /cm 2 , and preferably 4.50 ⁇ 10 7 /cm 2 or less.
- the "microdefect density” and the "EOR defect density” are obtained as follows. First, the microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates are confirmed at the same position as the carbon concentration peak position detected by SIMS measurement. Furthermore, as is clear from Figs. 4(b) and (c), the EOR defects are confirmed at a position slightly deeper than the position where the microdefects occur densely. Therefore, a TEM evaluation sample is cut out from the vicinity of the depth position of the carbon concentration peak observed in the SIMS measurement so as to include the area where the microdefects and the EOR defects occur, and this evaluation sample is observed with a TEM. Then, as shown in Figs.
- the density calculation area i.e., the defect area
- the density calculation area is set to a vertical (depth) of 300 nm so as to include the microdefects and the EOR defects.
- the number of microdefects observed in the area is counted, and the number of defects is divided by the area of the area to obtain the microdefect density (/ cm2 ).
- the number of EOR defects with a maximum width of 50 to 250 nm observed in the area is counted, and the number of defects is divided by the area of the area to determine the EOR defect density (/cm 2 ).
- the density calculation area is a region of 300 nm length x 200 nm width, but the horizontal length is not particularly limited.
- the amount of carbon distributed in the silicon epitaxial layer 16 and the modified layer 14 is 2.00 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2 or less, the passivation effect by hydrogen is not sufficiently obtained. Therefore, the amount of carbon distributed in the silicon epitaxial layer 16 and the modified layer 14 is more than 2.00 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2 , and preferably 2.50 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2 or more. On the other hand, if the amount of carbon distributed in the silicon epitaxial layer 16 and the modified layer 14 is more than 6.00 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2 , carbon diffuses into the epitaxial layer during epitaxial growth and during the device formation process.
- the amount of carbon distributed in the silicon epitaxial layer 16 and the modified layer 14 is set to not more than 6.00 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2 , and preferably not more than 5.50 ⁇ 10 14 atoms/cm 2.
- this "amount of carbon” can be determined by measuring a carbon concentration profile in the depth direction from the surface of the silicon epitaxial layer by SIMS measurement for the epitaxial silicon wafer, and integrating the profile from the epitaxial layer surface to the end of the modified layer (the position in the silicon wafer where the carbon concentration profile becomes flat).
- the carbon concentration profile of the silicon epitaxial layer and the modified layer in the depth direction by SIMS has a gentle first peak that exists across the silicon epitaxial layer and the modified layer, and a steep second peak that branches off from the first peak and exists at a position near the interface between the modified layer and the epitaxial layer.
- the carbon concentration profile has such a steep second peak. This allows sufficient gettering ability to be exhibited.
- the peak concentration of the steep second peak in the carbon concentration profile is preferably 5.00 ⁇ 10 17 atoms/cm 3 or more, and preferably 2.00 ⁇ 10 19 atoms/cm 3 or less.
- a peak with a peak concentration of 5.00 ⁇ 10 16 atoms/cm 3 or more exists in the modified layer (at a position near the interface with the epitaxial layer). If the hydrogen peak concentration in this peak is 5.00 ⁇ 10 16 atoms/cm 3 or more, the hydrogen remaining in the modified layer can be sufficiently diffused into the epitaxial layer during the heat treatment in the device formation process for forming a semiconductor device on the epitaxial layer, and defects in the epitaxial layer can be passivated.
- the hydrogen peak concentration is set to 5.00 ⁇ 10 16 atoms/cm 3 or more, and preferably 8.00 ⁇ 10 16 atoms/cm 3 or more.
- the hydrogen peak concentration is approximately 1.00 ⁇ 10 18 atoms/cm 3 or less.
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes each step of the method for manufacturing the epitaxial silicon wafer 100 described above, and a step of forming a semiconductor device in the silicon epitaxial layer 16.
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes a step of forming a semiconductor device in the silicon epitaxial layer 16 of the epitaxial silicon wafer 100. According to these manufacturing methods, while ensuring gettering capability, it is possible to suppress the formation of point defects caused by carbon in the device formation region of the epitaxial layer, and a sufficient passivation effect by hydrogen can be obtained.
- the semiconductor device formed in the silicon epitaxial layer 16 is not particularly limited, and examples include MOSFETs, DRAMs, power transistors, and back-illuminated solid-state imaging devices.
- n-type silicon wafer (diameter: 300 mm, thickness: 775 ⁇ m, dopant type: phosphorus, resistivity: 10 ⁇ cm) obtained from a CZ single crystal silicon ingot was prepared.
- FIG. 2 shows the mass spectrum of diethylsilane.
- Table 1 shows the ion species corresponding to mass numbers 26 to 31 in the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 2.
- the peak with mass number 31 corresponds to SiH 3 ions.
- the lower peak with mass number 30 corresponds to SiH 2 ions.
- the highest peak with mass number 29 corresponds to SiH ions and C 2 H 5 ions.
- the peaks with mass numbers 28, 27, and 26 correspond to C 2 H 4 ions, C 2 H 3 ions, and C 2 H 2 ions, respectively.
- a cluster ion generator manufactured by Nissin Ion Equipment Co., Ltd., CLARIS (registered trademark) was used to extract ion species with mass numbers in the range of 29 to 31 from among various ion species corresponding to the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 2 to obtain cluster ions, and a beam of these cluster ions was irradiated onto the surface of a silicon wafer at an acceleration voltage of 80 keV/ion and a beam current value of 800 ⁇ A.
- These cluster ions mainly contained SiH 3 ions as SiH x ions, and further contained trace amounts of SiH 2 ions and SiH ions, and further contained C 2 H 5 ions as C 2 H y ions. Since the cluster ion generator can set the total dose of all ion species, a different level of total dose was set as the device setting value in each example as shown in Table 2.
- the amount of implanted carbon, the dose of C2Hy ions , and the dose of SiHx ions were determined by the methods described above.
- Table 2 shows the cluster ion irradiation conditions for each example.
- the silicon wafer after the cluster ion irradiation was transferred into a single-wafer epitaxial growth apparatus (manufactured by Applied Materials, Inc.) and subjected to a hydrogen bake treatment at a temperature of 1120° C. for 30 seconds in the apparatus.
- a silicon epitaxial layer (thickness: 5 ⁇ m, dopant type: phosphorus, resistivity: 10 ⁇ cm) was epitaxially grown on the surface of the silicon wafer on which the modified layer was formed by a CVD method at 1120° C. using hydrogen as a carrier gas and trichlorosilane as a source gas, thereby obtaining an epitaxial silicon wafer.
- the thickness of the epitaxial layer formed on the silicon wafer was about 4.7 ⁇ m, and the range of about 4.7 to 7.0 ⁇ m deep from the surface of the silicon epitaxial layer was identified as the modified layer formed in the surface layer portion of the silicon wafer.
- the amount of carbon after epitaxial growth for each example was determined by integrating the carbon concentration profile from the surface of the epitaxial layer to the end of the modified layer (the position where the carbon concentration profile becomes flat), and is shown in Table 2.
- a gentle first peak exists across the silicon epitaxial layer and modified layer.
- a steep second peak branched off from this gentle first peak and appeared near the interface of the modified layer with the epitaxial layer.
- Such a second peak was also confirmed in Nos. 3 to 9.
- FIG. 4 shows TEM images (magnification: 200,000 times) obtained in (a) No. 9, (b) No. 6, and (c) No. 4.
- black dot-like microdefects with a diameter of about 5 nm were observed. This is an aggregate of carbon, and is known to be caused by the implantation of C 2 H y ions.
- stacking faults (EOR defects) with a maximum width of 50 to 250 nm were observed in Nos. 4 and 6. This is presumed to be a defect caused by the implantation of SiH x ions.
- the microdefect density and EOR defect density were obtained by the method described above. Table 2 shows the microdefect density and EOR defect density of each example.
- Figure 5 shows an equivalent circuit of a MOS structure at (a) low-frequency CV measurement and (b) high-frequency CV measurement.
- C ox is the gate oxide film capacitance
- C it is the interface state capacitance
- C s is the capacitance on the silicon substrate side, which represents the sum of the depletion layer capacitance and the inversion layer capacitance.
- the minimum capacitance C LF of the MOS capacitor at the time of low-frequency CV measurement is expressed by the following formula (1).
- the interface state density D it is expressed by the following formula (2).
- C ox C LF /(C ox - C LF ) in formula (2) is the substrate-side capacitance obtained by measurement.
- the substrate-side capacitance Cs of an ideal MOS structure can be calculated from a theoretical formula or from high-frequency CV measurement. In this experiment, Cs was calculated using the results of high-frequency CV measurement.
- Microdefects are formed due to the implantation of C 2 H y ions, and EOR defects are formed due to the implantation of SiH x ions. Since the density of microdefects also decreases with the decrease in the amount of carbon implantation, it is considered that the hydrogen trapping concentration due to microdefects is also reduced by limiting the amount of carbon implantation. However, since it is considered that microdefects consisting of carbon aggregates have a high hydrogen trapping ability (adsorption reaction), it is considered that the amount of hydrogen recaptured in the hydrogen adsorption/desorption reaction is reduced due to the low microdefect density.
- the point defect density of vacancies and interstitial silicon increases in the mixed molecular ion implantation region, and the diffusion rate of hydrogen increases. Therefore, it is considered that the decrease in the recapture rate of hydrogen and the increase in the diffusion rate of hydrogen increase the amount of hydrogen that reaches the SiO 2 /Si interface, leading to an improvement in the passivation effect by hydrogen.
- the present invention provides an epitaxial silicon wafer with a high hydrogen passivation effect and a method for producing the same.
- silicon wafer 10 silicon wafer 10A surface of silicon wafer 12 cluster ions 12A SiH x ions 12B C 2 H y ions 14 modified layer 16 silicon epitaxial layer
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Abstract
Description
前記シリコンウェーハの前記改質層上にシリコンエピタキシャル層を形成する第2工程と、
を有し、
前記第1工程で照射する前記クラスターイオンの総ドーズ量が6.00×1013ions/cm2以上1.00×1015ions/cm2以下であり、
前記第1工程で照射する前記C2Hyイオンのドーズ量が1.00×1014ions/cm2超え3.00×1014ions/cm2以下であり、
前記第1工程で注入するC原子数に対するSi原子数の比[Si/C]が0.3以上1.6以下であることを特徴とするエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの製造方法。
前記シリコンウェーハの表層部に形成された、炭素及び水素の少なくとも一方が固溶した改質層と、
前記改質層上に形成されたシリコンエピタキシャル層と、
を有し、
前記改質層の断面TEM画像による欠陥評価において、前記改質層には、3nm以上10nm以下のサイズの炭素集合体からなる微小欠陥が1.00×1016個/cm2以上8.00×1016個/cm2以下の密度で存在する第1欠陥領域が観察され、かつ、最大幅が50nm以上250nm以下のEOR欠陥が2.00×107個/cm2以上5.00×107個/cm2未満の密度で存在する第2欠陥領域が観察され、
前記シリコンエピタキシャル層及び前記改質層に分布する炭素の量が2.00×1014atoms/cm2超え6.00×1014atoms/cm2以下であり、
前記改質層の深さ方向におけるSIMSの水素濃度プロファイルにおいて、ピーク濃度が5.00×1016atoms/cm3以上1.00×1018atoms/cm3以下であることを特徴とするエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ。
前記エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの前記シリコンエピタキシャル層に半導体デバイスを形成する工程と、
を有する半導体デバイスの製造方法。
本発明の一実施形態によるエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100の製造方法は、図1に示すように、シリコンウェーハ10の表面10Aに、SiHx(xは1~3の整数から選択される1つ以上)のイオン12AとC2Hy(yは2~5の整数から選択される1つ以上)のイオン12Bとを含むクラスターイオン12のビームを照射して、当該シリコンウェーハ10の表層部に、前記クラスターイオン12の構成元素が固溶した改質層14を形成する第1工程(図1ステップA,B)と、前記シリコンウェーハ10の改質層14上にシリコンエピタキシャル層16を形成する第2工程(図1ステップC)と、を有する。シリコンエピタキシャル層16は、BSI型のCIS等の半導体素子を製造するためのデバイス層となる。
シリコンウェーハ10としては、例えば、表面にエピタキシャル層を有しないバルクの単結晶シリコンウェーハが挙げられる。また、より高いゲッタリング能力を得るために、シリコンウェーハに炭素及び/又は窒素を添加してもよい。さらに、シリコンウェーハに任意のドーパントを所定濃度添加して、いわゆるn+型もしくはp+型、又は、n-型もしくはp-型の基板としてもよい。
シリコンエピタキシャル層16は、一般的な条件により形成することができる。例えば、水素をキャリアガスとして、ジクロロシラン、トリクロロシランなどのソースガスをチャンバー内に導入し、使用するソースガスによっても成長温度は異なるが、概ね1000~1200℃の範囲の温度でCVD法によりシリコンウェーハ10の改質層14上にエピタキシャル成長させることができる。シリコンエピタキシャル層16は、厚さを1~15μmの範囲内とすることが好ましい。厚さが1μm未満の場合、シリコンウェーハ10からのドーパントの外方拡散によりシリコンエピタキシャル層16の抵抗率が変化してしまう可能性があり、また、厚さが15μm超えの場合、CISの分光感度特性に影響が生じるおそれがあるためである。
図1を参照して、本発明の一実施形態によるエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100は、上記製造方法により得られるものであり、シリコンウェーハ10と、当該シリコンウェーハ10の表層部に形成された、炭素及び水素の少なくとも一方が固溶した改質層14と、この改質層14上に形成されたシリコンエピタキシャル層16と、を有する。
エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100では、改質層の断面TEM画像による欠陥評価において、当該改質層には、3nm以上10nm以下のサイズ(直径)の炭素集合体からなる微小欠陥が1.00×1016個/cm2以上8.00×1016個/cm2以下の密度で存在する第1欠陥領域が観察され、かつ、最大幅が50nm以上250nm以下のEOR欠陥が2.00×107個/cm2以上5.00×107個/cm2未満の密度で存在する第2欠陥領域が観察される。なお、本明細書において「断面TEM画像」とは、エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100を厚み方向に劈開し、改質層の劈開断面をTEMを用いて観察した画像をいう。
エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100において、シリコンエピタキシャル層16及び改質層14に分布する炭素の量が2.00×1014atoms/cm2以下であると、水素によるパッシベーション効果が十分に得られない。したがって、シリコンエピタキシャル層16及び改質層14に分布する炭素の量は2.00×1014atoms/cm2超えとし、2.50×1014atoms/cm2以上であることが好ましい。一方、シリコンエピタキシャル層16及び改質層14に分布する炭素の量が6.00×1014atoms/cm2超えであると、エピタキシャル成長中及びデバイス形成プロセス中にエピタキシャル層へ炭素が拡散する。したがって、シリコンエピタキシャル層16及び改質層14に分布する炭素の量は、6.00×1014atoms/cm2以下とし、5.50×1014atoms/cm2以下とすることが好ましい。なお、本発明において、この「炭素の量」は、エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハについて、SIMS測定によって、シリコンエピタキシャル層の表面から深さ方向に向かって炭素濃度プロファイルを測定し、当該プロファイルのエピタキシャル層表面から改質層の終端(シリコンウェーハにおいて炭素濃度プロファイルが平坦になる位置)までを積分することによって、求めることができる。
本発明の一実施形態による半導体デバイスの製造方法は、上記エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100の製造方法の各工程と、シリコンエピタキシャル層16に半導体デバイスを形成する工程と、を有する。また、本発明の他の実施形態による半導体デバイスの製造方法は、上記エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ100のシリコンエピタキシャル層16に半導体デバイスを形成する工程を有する。これらの製造方法によれば、ゲッタリング能力を確保しつつ、エピタキシャル層のデバイス形成領域に炭素起因の点欠陥が形成されることを抑制でき、水素による十分なパッシベーション効果が得られる。
CZ単結晶シリコンインゴットから得たn型シリコンウェーハ(直径:300mm、厚さ:775μm、ドーパント種類:リン、抵抗率:10Ω・cm)を用意した。
表2に示すように、クラスターイオン照射条件の異なる9つの実験(No.1~9)を行った。さらに、比較例として、クラスターイオンの注入を行わずにエピタキシャル成長を行ったエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハを作製した(No.10)。
次いで、クラスターイオン照射後のシリコンウェーハを枚葉式エピタキシャル成長装置(アプライドマテリアルズ社製)内に搬送し、装置内で1120℃の温度で30秒の水素ベーク処理を施した後、水素をキャリアガス、トリクロロシランをソースガスとして、1120℃でCVD法により、シリコンウェーハの改質層が形成された側の表面上にシリコンエピタキシャル層(厚さ:5μm、ドーパント種類:リン、抵抗率:10Ω・cm)をエピタキシャル成長させて、エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハを得た。
No.1~9について、SIMS測定によって、シリコンエピタキシャル層の表面から深さ方向における炭素及び水素の濃度プロファイルを測定した。代表して、No.5における炭素濃度プロファイルを図3(a)に、水素濃度プロファイルを図3(b)に示す。図3(a)では、炭素濃度プロファイルはシリコンエピタキシャル層の表面から約3.5~7.0μmの範囲でバックグラウンドよりも高くなっていた。一方、図3(b)では、水素濃度プロファイルはシリコンエピタキシャル層の表面から約4.7~4.9μmの範囲でバックグラウンドよりも高くなっていた。よって、No.5では、シリコンウェーハ上に形成されたエピタキシャル層の厚さが約4.7μmであり、シリコンエピタキシャル層の表面からの深さが約4.7~7.0μmの範囲が、シリコンウェーハの表層部に形成された改質層として特定された。
各例のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの改質層(エピタキシャル層との界面近傍)の断面をTEM観察した。図4に、(a)No.9、(b)No.6、(c)No.4において得られたTEM画像(倍率:20万倍)を示す。No.9のTEM画像においては、直径が5nm程度の黒点状の微小欠陥が観察された。これは、炭素の集合体であり、C2Hyイオンの注入に起因することが知られている。一方、No.4,6では、微小欠陥に加え、最大幅が50~250nmの積層欠陥(EOR欠陥)が観察された。これは、SiHxイオンの注入に起因する欠陥であると推測される。各例において、既述の方法で微小欠陥密度及びEOR欠陥密度を求めた。表2に、各例の微小欠陥密度及びEOR欠陥密度を示す。
水素によるパッシベーション効果を評価するために、各例のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハに対して、酸化膜を800℃4時間(25nm)にて成膜し、700℃30分の追加熱処理を行ったサンプルを用意した。追加熱処理後のサンプルをQSCV法によって測定し、得られた容量値から界面準位密度Ditを算出した。
評価結果から考察すると、発明例では、以下のような現象が起きたものと推測される。C2Hyイオンの注入に起因して微小欠陥が形成され、さらにSiHxイオンの注入に起因してEOR欠陥が形成される。炭素注入量の低下に伴い微小欠陥の密度も減少するため、炭素注入量を制限することにより微小欠陥による水素捕獲濃度も減少すると考えられる。しかし、炭素集合体からなる微小欠陥は水素の捕獲能力(吸着反応)も高いと考えられることから、水素の吸着脱離反応において、微小欠陥密度が低いことにより再捕獲される水素は低減すると考えられる。さらに、SiHxイオンを同時に注入することで、混合分子イオン注入領域では空孔及び格子間シリコンの点欠陥密度が増加し、水素の拡散速度が増加する。そのため、水素の再捕獲率の低下と、水素の拡散速度の増加によって、SiO2/Si界面まで到達する水素が増加し、水素によるパッシベーション効果の向上に繋がったと考えられる。
10 シリコンウェーハ
10A シリコンウェーハの表面
12 クラスターイオン
12A SiHxイオン
12B C2Hyイオン
14 改質層
16 シリコンエピタキシャル層
Claims (8)
- シリコンウェーハの表面に、SiHx(xは1~3の整数から選択される1つ以上)のイオンとC2Hy(yは2~5の整数から選択される1つ以上)のイオンとを含むクラスターイオンのビームを照射して、前記シリコンウェーハの表層部に、前記クラスターイオンの構成元素が固溶した改質層を形成する第1工程と、
前記シリコンウェーハの前記改質層上にシリコンエピタキシャル層を形成する第2工程と、
を有し、
前記第1工程で照射する前記クラスターイオンの総ドーズ量が6.00×1013ions/cm2以上1.00×1015ions/cm2以下であり、
前記第1工程で照射する前記C2Hyイオンのドーズ量が1.00×1014ions/cm2超え3.00×1014ions/cm2以下であり、
前記第1工程で注入するC原子数に対するSi原子数の比[Si/C]が0.3以上1.6以下であることを特徴とするエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの製造方法。 - 前記第1工程で照射する前記C2Hyイオンのドーズ量が1.25×1014ions/cm2以上である、請求項1に記載のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの製造方法。
- シリコンウェーハと、
前記シリコンウェーハの表層部に形成された、炭素及び水素の少なくとも一方が固溶した改質層と、
前記改質層上に形成されたシリコンエピタキシャル層と、
を有し、
前記改質層の断面TEM画像による欠陥評価において、前記改質層には、3nm以上10nm以下のサイズの炭素集合体からなる微小欠陥が1.00×1016個/cm2以上8.00×1016個/cm2以下の密度で存在する第1欠陥領域が観察され、かつ、最大幅が50nm以上250nm以下のEOR欠陥が2.00×107個/cm2以上5.00×107個/cm2未満の密度で存在する第2欠陥領域が観察され、
前記シリコンエピタキシャル層及び前記改質層に分布する炭素の量が2.00×1014atoms/cm2超え6.00×1014atoms/cm2以下であり、
前記改質層の深さ方向におけるSIMSの水素濃度プロファイルにおいて、ピーク濃度が5.00×1016atoms/cm3以上1.00×1018atoms/cm3以下であることを特徴とするエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ。 - 前記改質層の断面TEM画像による欠陥評価において、前記第2欠陥領域には、前記EOR欠陥が2.50×107個/cm2以上4.50×107個/cm2以下の密度で存在する、請求項3に記載のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ。
- 前記シリコンエピタキシャル層及び前記改質層に分布する炭素の量が2.50×1014atoms/cm2以上である、請求項3又は4に記載のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ。
- 請求項1又は2に記載のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの製造方法と、
前記エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの前記シリコンエピタキシャル層に半導体デバイスを形成する工程と、
を有する半導体デバイスの製造方法。 - 請求項3又は4に記載のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの前記シリコンエピタキシャル層に半導体デバイスを形成する、半導体デバイスの製造方法。
- 請求項5に記載のエピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの前記シリコンエピタキシャル層に半導体デバイスを形成する、半導体デバイスの製造方法。
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| KR1020257026167A KR20250133738A (ko) | 2023-02-22 | 2024-01-25 | 에피택셜 실리콘 웨이퍼 및 그 제조 방법, 그리고 반도체 디바이스의 제조 방법 |
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| WO2022044562A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-26 | 2022-03-03 | 株式会社Sumco | エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ及びその製造方法、並びに半導体デバイスの製造方法 |
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| JP5776670B2 (ja) * | 2012-11-13 | 2015-09-09 | 株式会社Sumco | エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハの製造方法、エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ、および固体撮像素子の製造方法 |
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| WO2022044562A1 (ja) * | 2020-08-26 | 2022-03-03 | 株式会社Sumco | エピタキシャルシリコンウェーハ及びその製造方法、並びに半導体デバイスの製造方法 |
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| CN120731501A (zh) | 2025-09-30 |
| TW202435284A (zh) | 2024-09-01 |
| TWI872943B (zh) | 2025-02-11 |
| JPWO2024176711A1 (ja) | 2024-08-29 |
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