WO2024176038A1 - 表示システム - Google Patents
表示システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024176038A1 WO2024176038A1 PCT/IB2024/051302 IB2024051302W WO2024176038A1 WO 2024176038 A1 WO2024176038 A1 WO 2024176038A1 IB 2024051302 W IB2024051302 W IB 2024051302W WO 2024176038 A1 WO2024176038 A1 WO 2024176038A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
- G09G5/36—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators characterised by the display of a graphic pattern, e.g. using an all-points-addressable [APA] memory
- G09G5/39—Control of the bit-mapped memory
- G09G5/391—Resolution modifying circuits, e.g. variable screen formats
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/01—Head-up displays
- G02B27/017—Head mounted
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
- G02B27/02—Viewing or reading apparatus
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
- G09G3/3225—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED] using an active matrix
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
- G09G3/3266—Details of drivers for scan electrodes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
- G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
- G09G3/22—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources
- G09G3/30—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels
- G09G3/32—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED]
- G09G3/3208—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters using controlled light sources using electroluminescent panels semiconductive, e.g. using light-emitting diodes [LED] organic, e.g. using organic light-emitting diodes [OLED]
- G09G3/3275—Details of drivers for data electrodes
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G5/00—Control arrangements or circuits for visual indicators common to cathode-ray tube indicators and other visual indicators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/366—Image reproducers using viewer tracking
- H04N13/383—Image reproducers using viewer tracking for tracking with gaze detection, i.e. detecting the lines of sight of the viewer's eyes
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2320/00—Control of display operating conditions
- G09G2320/02—Improving the quality of display appearance
- G09G2320/0261—Improving the quality of display appearance in the context of movement of objects on the screen or movement of the observer relative to the screen
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- G—PHYSICS
- G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
- G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
- G09G2330/00—Aspects of power supply; Aspects of display protection and defect management
- G09G2330/02—Details of power systems and of start or stop of display operation
- G09G2330/021—Power management, e.g. power saving
Definitions
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a display device.
- One aspect of the present invention relates to a system having a display device.
- One aspect of the present invention relates to an electronic device having a display device.
- one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to the above technical field.
- Examples of technical fields of one embodiment of the present invention disclosed in this specification and the like include semiconductor devices, display devices, light-emitting devices, power storage devices, memory devices, electronic devices, lighting devices, input devices, input/output devices, driving methods thereof, and manufacturing methods thereof.
- a semiconductor device refers to any device that can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics.
- HMDs Head Mounted Displays
- XR Extended Reality or Cross Reality
- VR virtual reality
- AR augmented reality
- HMDs can display images 360 degrees around the user in response to the user's head movements, line of sight, or operations, allowing the user to experience a high level of immersion and realism.
- the HMD is configured so that the user can view an image that is displayed on the display device and is enlarged by optical components or the like.
- the inclusion of optical components may result in an increase in the size of the housing, or the user may easily see the pixels and feel a strong sense of graininess, so there is a demand for high-definition and compact display devices.
- an HMD with fine pixels has been disclosed by using transistors that can be driven at high speed (see Patent Document 1).
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device, display device, electronic device, or display system with low power consumption.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device, display device, electronic device, or display system that can reduce the amount of data transmission.
- An object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device, display device, electronic device, or display system with excellent drawing processing capabilities.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a novel semiconductor device, display device, electronic device, or display system.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to alleviate at least one of the problems of the prior art.
- the image generation unit has a function of generating first image data based on the posture information, a function of generating resolution information for each block based on the coordinate information, and a function of outputting the first image data and the resolution information to the data generation unit.
- the data generation unit has a function of generating second image data by performing thinning processing on the first image data for each block based on the resolution information, and outputting it to the display module.
- the circuit unit has a function of generating third image data that has been subjected to an interpolation process to fill in missing data in blocks that have been subjected to a thinning process of the second image data, and outputting the third image data to the display unit.
- the display unit has a function of displaying an image based on the third image data.
- the optical system located between the display module and the user.
- the optical system it is preferable for the optical system to have a pancake lens.
- the optical system has one or more lenses and two or more reflectors.
- the gaze detection unit has a light source that emits infrared light and a camera that is sensitive to infrared light.
- the camera is provided in a position that allows an image of the user's eyes to be captured from diagonally below.
- the display unit has a pixel circuit
- the pixel circuit has a transistor including an oxide semiconductor in a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed.
- the display module further has a plurality of driving circuits, and the driving circuits have a gate driver circuit and a source driver circuit. It is also preferable that the display unit and the driving circuits are provided on the same substrate and overlap each other.
- the source driver circuit has a transistor containing silicon in a semiconductor layer in which a channel is formed.
- a novel semiconductor device, display device, electronic device, or display system can be provided. Furthermore, according to one aspect of the present invention, at least one of the problems of the prior art can be at least alleviated.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of a display system.
- 2A to 2C are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of a display system.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a method of operating the display system.
- 4A and 4B are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a display device.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of the configuration of a display device.
- 6A and 6B are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a display device.
- 7A to 7D are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a display device.
- 8A to 8C are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a display device.
- 9A to 9C are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a display device.
- 10A and 10B are diagrams illustrating an example of the operation of the display device.
- 11A to 11C are perspective views of a display module.
- 12A and 12B are diagrams illustrating a configuration example of a display device.
- 13A to 13D are diagrams illustrating examples of the configuration of a pixel circuit.
- 14A to 14D are diagrams illustrating examples of the configuration of a pixel circuit.
- FIG. 15 is a timing chart illustrating a method of driving the display device.
- 16A and 16B are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of an electronic device.
- 17A and 17B are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of an electronic device.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating an example of the operation of the electronic device.
- 19A and 19B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of an electronic device.
- 20A and 20B are schematic diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of an electronic device.
- 21A and 21B are schematic diagrams illustrating a configuration example of an electronic device.
- Fig. 22A is a diagram for explaining a sub-display section, and Fig. 22B1 to Fig. 22B7 are diagrams for explaining examples of pixel configurations.
- 23A to 23D are diagrams illustrating configuration examples of light-emitting elements.
- 24A to 24D are diagrams illustrating configuration examples of light-emitting elements.
- 25A to 25D are diagrams showing configuration examples of light-emitting elements.
- 26A and 26B are diagrams illustrating an example of the configuration of a light-emitting element.
- FIG. 27 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a display device.
- FIG. 28 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a display device.
- 29A to 29C are diagrams showing configuration examples of a semiconductor device.
- 30A to 30D are diagrams showing configuration examples of a semiconductor device.
- FIG. 31A is a schematic diagram of an electronic device according to an example, and FIG. 31B is a photograph of the electronic device.
- the display system of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a wearable display device that can be worn on the user's head.
- the display system has a function of detecting where the user is gazing at on an image, displaying a high-resolution image at or near the gaze point, and displaying a low-resolution image in an area away from the gaze point. This makes it possible to reduce the amount of image data, thereby reducing the power consumption required for data transmission.
- the display unit that displays the image is preferably divided into a number of blocks, with the resolution and frame frequency being able to be set for each block.
- the number of blocks is made smaller than the number of pixels the display unit has. This means that the only setting data required to set the resolution and frame frequency is the number of blocks, making it possible to vary the resolution and frame frequency quickly and efficiently.
- FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of a display system 500 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the display system 500 includes a gaze detection unit 501, a posture detection unit 502, a coordinate detection unit 503, an image generation unit 504, a data generation unit 505, a display module 506, and an optical system 507.
- the gaze detection unit 501, the posture detection unit 502, the display module 506, and the optical system 507 are housed inside a housing having a wearable device that can be fixed to the user's head.
- the coordinate detection unit 503, the image generation unit 504, and the data generation unit may each be housed within the housing, or may be provided separately from the housing.
- the display module 506 has a display section 515 and a circuit section 516.
- FIG. 1B shows a schematic diagram of the display module 506.
- the display unit 515 has a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix.
- FIG. 1B shows an enlarged view of the display unit 515.
- pixels 520R that emit red light, pixels 520G that emit green light, and pixels 520B that emit blue light are each periodically arranged.
- the display unit 515 is also divided into a number of blocks 521.
- Each block also called a section
- Each block is provided with its own independent driver circuit (e.g., a source driver circuit and a gate driver circuit) and can be driven individually.
- driver circuit e.g., a source driver circuit and a gate driver circuit
- the display resolution can be set for each block. For example, a block 521 close to the gaze point can display an image at the same display resolution as the pixel resolution, while a block 521 far from the gaze point can display an image at a display resolution lower than the pixel resolution. This reduces the amount of image data transmitted, and therefore the power consumption required for data transmission.
- pixel resolution refers to the total number of pixels that the display unit has
- display resolution refers to the resolution of the image (image data) displayed on the display unit.
- the display unit cannot display images with a display resolution higher than the pixel resolution.
- the display unit can display images with a display resolution lower than the pixel resolution. Note that pixel resolution or display resolution may sometimes simply be referred to as resolution.
- the gaze detection unit 501 has a function of capturing an image of the user's eye 551 and its vicinity, and outputting the captured data to the coordinate detection unit 503 as image information.
- the gaze detection unit 501 has an imaging unit 511 and a light source 512. It is preferable to use a light-emitting element that emits infrared light for the light source 512, since this allows imaging without being seen by the user. Also, a camera that is sensitive to infrared light can be used for the imaging unit 511.
- the imaging unit 511 is placed in a position where it can image the user's eye 551 from diagonally below.
- part of the eye 551 may be blocked by the eyebrows, eyelashes, upper eyelid, hair, etc., making it impossible to clearly image the pupil.
- the position of the imaging unit 511 is not limited to this and can be changed as appropriate depending on the specifications of the housing, etc.
- the posture detection unit 502 has a function of detecting the orientation of the user's head and outputting it as posture information to the image generation unit 504. For example, it is preferable to use a motion sensor using an acceleration sensor as the posture detection unit 502, since this can be easily miniaturized.
- the coordinate detection unit 503 has a function of estimating the user's gaze based on the image information input from the gaze detection unit 501, calculating the coordinates of the gaze point on the display unit of the display module 506 from the direction of the gaze, and outputting the coordinate information to the image generation unit 504.
- the image generation unit 504 has a function of generating first image data according to the movement of the user's head based on the posture information input from the posture detection unit 502, and outputting the first image data to the data generation unit 505.
- the first image data can be generated using image data captured by an omnidirectional camera or image data generated by computer graphics.
- the first image data is an image with a resolution that matches the pixel resolution of the display unit 515.
- the image generation unit 504 also has a function of generating resolution information including information on the display resolution for each block 521 of the display unit 515 based on the coordinate information input from the coordinate detection unit 503, and outputting the information to the data generation unit 505.
- the display resolution of block 521 including the gaze point and surrounding blocks 521 can be set to be equal to the pixel resolution, while blocks 521 located further out can have a display resolution of 1/n (n is an integer of 2 or more) of the pixel resolution. It is preferable that the user can set the rate at which the display resolution is reduced, the range of blocks for which the display resolution is reduced, etc. For example, the user can set all display resolutions to be equal to the pixel resolution regardless of the gaze point.
- the data generation unit 505 generates second image data by performing thinning processing (also called down-conversion) on each block of the first image data input from the image generation unit 504 based on the resolution information, and outputs the data to the circuit unit 516 of the display module 506. For example, the second image data that has been thinned out even by one block will have a smaller amount of information (amount of data) than the first image data. This makes it possible to reduce the amount of data transmitted from the data generation unit 505 to the display module 506, thereby reducing power consumption.
- thinning processing also called down-conversion
- one or more of the coordinate detection unit 503, image generation unit 504, and data generation unit 505 may be configured by a computer and a program executable by the computer.
- they may be realized by a calculation device such as a general-purpose CPU and a program executed by the calculation device.
- a SoC System on Chip
- they may be realized in a customizable manner by an FPGA.
- the second image data can be transmitted from the data generation unit 505 to the display module 506 via a wired or wireless connection.
- the circuit unit 516 has a function of generating third image data by performing an interpolation process (also called up-conversion) on the second image data input from the data generation unit 505 to interpolate the missing data of the blocks 521 that have been thinned out, and outputting the third image data to the display unit 515.
- an interpolation process also called up-conversion
- the display unit 515 has a function of displaying an image based on the third image data input from the circuit unit 516. This allows the display unit 515 to display an image with a higher resolution the closer it is to the gaze point, and a lower resolution the farther it is from the gaze point.
- the optical system 507 is located between the user's eyes 551 and the display unit 515, and has functions such as enlarging the image displayed on the display unit 515, enlarging the field of view (FOV), and adjusting the focus.
- the optical system 507 can be configured to have at least one lens, reflector, light guide, polarizer, or diffuser.
- Figures 2A to 2C each show a more specific example configuration of the optical system 507.
- the optical system 507A shown in FIG. 2A has a pair of lens groups 531.
- the lens group 531 is located between the display module 506 and the user's eyes 551.
- the lens group 531 can be configured by combining a convex lens, a concave lens, a Fresnel lens, etc.
- a catadioptric system also called a pancake lens
- a reflective polarizer or the like it is preferable to apply to the lens group 531, since this makes it possible to make the lens group 531 thin and lightweight.
- the optical system 507B shown in FIG. 2B has a pair of lens groups 532, a lens 533, a reflector 534, and a reflector 535.
- the light of an image displayed on the display unit of the display module 506 is reflected by the reflector 535, passes through the lens 533, is reflected by the reflector 534, passes through the lens group 532, and reaches the eye 551.
- the degree of freedom in design is increased.
- a lens 533 that functions as a relay lens between the two reflectors (reflectors 534 and 535) the degree of freedom in design can be further increased.
- the display module 506 is positioned in front of the eye 551, but by changing the orientation of the reflectors and the number of reflectors, the display module can be positioned in various positions.
- the optical system 507C shown in FIG. 2C has a light guide plate 537, and a pair of lenses 536, reflectors 538, and reflectors 539. Note that here, there is one light guide plate 537, but it may be separate for each eye.
- the light emitted from the display module 506 passes through the lens 536, is reflected by the reflector 538, is guided inside the light guide plate 537, and is then reflected by the reflector 539 to reach the eye 551.
- This configuration there is no need to provide a lens in front of the eye 551, making it possible to create a thin and lightweight device.
- step S01 the gaze detection unit 501 captures an image of the user's eye 551 and its vicinity, and outputs the image information to the coordinate detection unit 503.
- step S02 the coordinate detection unit 503 calculates viewpoint coordinates from the image information and outputs them to the image generation unit 504 as coordinate information.
- step S03 the posture detection unit 502 detects the orientation of the user's head and outputs it to the image generation unit 504 as posture information.
- step S04 the image generation unit 504 generates first image data based on the orientation information. Also, based on the coordinate information, it generates resolution information for each block 521. Then, it outputs the first image data and the resolution information to the data generation unit 505.
- step S05 the data generation unit 505 generates second image data by performing thinning processing on the first data for each block based on the resolution information, and outputs the generated second image data to the display module 506.
- the resolution information may also be output to the display module 506. At this time, by transmitting the resolution information during the blank period between the frames, it is possible to prevent delays in data transmission.
- step S06 the circuit unit 516 generates third image data that has been subjected to an interpolation process to fill in the missing data in the blocks that have been subjected to the thinning process of the second image data, and outputs the third image data to the display unit 515.
- the interpolation process may be performed based on the resolution information input from the data generation unit 505.
- step S07 the display unit 515 displays an image based on the third image data.
- the above is an example of how the display system operates over one frame period.
- the amount of data transmission can be reduced, making it possible to display high-quality moving images with low power consumption.
- the amount of data transmission can be reduced, it is possible to increase the frame frequency, making it possible to display smooth moving images.
- This embodiment can be implemented by combining at least a portion of it with other embodiments described in this specification.
- the pixel density (resolution) of the display unit 13 is preferably 1000 ppi or more and 10000 ppi or less. For example, it may be 2000 ppi or more and 6000 ppi or less, or 3000 ppi or more and 5000 ppi or less.
- the display unit 13 can support various screen ratios, such as 1:1 (square), 4:3, 16:9, and 16:10.
- a display element may sometimes be referred to as "device.”
- a display element, a light-emitting element, and a liquid crystal element may be referred to as a display device, a light-emitting device, and a liquid crystal device, for example.
- Display device 10A receives various signals and power supply potentials from the outside via terminal section 14, and can display images using display elements provided in display section 13.
- Various elements can be used as the display elements.
- Representative examples include light-emitting elements that have the function of emitting light, such as organic EL elements and LED elements, liquid crystal elements, and MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical Systems) elements.
- a number of layers are provided between substrate 11 and substrate 12, and each layer is provided with transistors for performing circuit operations or display elements for emitting light.
- pixel circuits having the function of controlling the operation of the display elements are provided.
- drive circuits having the function of controlling the pixel circuits are provided.
- the functional circuit corresponds to the circuit section illustrated in embodiment 1.
- FIG. 4B shows a perspective view that illustrates the configuration of each layer provided between substrate 11 and substrate 12 of display device 10A.
- a layer 20 is provided on the substrate 11.
- the layer 20 has a driving circuit 30, a functional circuit 40, and an input/output circuit 80.
- the layer 20 has a transistor 21 (also called a "Si transistor” or “SiFET”) having silicon in a channel formation region 22.
- the substrate 11 is, for example, a silicon substrate.
- a silicon substrate is preferable because it has higher thermal conductivity than a glass substrate.
- the transistor 21 can be, for example, a transistor having single crystal silicon in the channel formation region (also called a "c-Si transistor").
- a transistor having single crystal silicon in the channel formation region is used as the transistor provided in the layer 20
- the on-current of the transistor can be increased. This is preferable because the circuit in the layer 20 can be driven at high speed.
- the display device 10A can be formed in which an accelerator such as a CPU or GPU, an application processor, etc. are integrally provided with the display unit.
- a transistor having polycrystalline silicon in a channel formation region may be provided in layer 20.
- Low temperature polysilicon LTPS: Low Temperature Poly Silicon
- LTPS transistor a transistor having LTPS in a channel formation region
- OS transistor may be provided in layer 20 as necessary.
- the driving circuit 30 has, for example, a gate driver circuit (also called a “scanning line driving circuit"), a source driver circuit (also called a "video signal line driving circuit”), and the like.
- the driving circuit 30 may have an arithmetic circuit, a memory circuit, a power supply circuit, and the like.
- the gate driver circuit, the source driver circuit, and other circuits can be arranged overlapping the display unit 13, the width of the non-display area (also called a frame) existing on the periphery of the display unit 13 of the display device 10A can be made extremely narrow compared to the case where these circuits and the display unit 13 are arranged side by side, and the display device 10A can be made smaller.
- the functional circuit 40 has, for example, the function of an application processor for controlling each circuit in the display device 10A and generating signals for controlling each circuit.
- the functional circuit 40 may also have a circuit for correcting image data such as an accelerator such as a CPU or GPU.
- the functional circuit 40 may also have an LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) circuit, a MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Interface) circuit, and a D/A (Digital to Analog) conversion circuit, which function as an interface for receiving image data from outside the display device 10A.
- the functional circuit 40 may also have a circuit for compressing and expanding image data, a power supply circuit, etc. It is also possible to use an external arithmetic device instead of the functional circuit 40 without providing the functional circuit 40 in the display device 10A. In addition, some of the functions of the functional circuit 40 may be provided on the layer 50 side.
- the layer 50 is provided on the layer 20.
- the layer 50 has a pixel circuit group 55 including a plurality of pixel circuits 51.
- the layer 50 may be provided with an OS transistor.
- the pixel circuit 51 may be configured to include an OS transistor.
- the layer 50 may be provided by stacking on the layer 20.
- a Si transistor may be provided in layer 50.
- pixel circuit 51 may be configured to include a transistor having single crystal silicon or polycrystalline silicon in the channel formation region.
- LTPS may be used as the polycrystalline silicon.
- layer 50 may be formed on another substrate and bonded to layer 20.
- layer 50 may be formed on another substrate, and only layer 50 may be transferred from the substrate onto layer 20.
- layer 50 may be formed on another substrate, layer 50 may be peeled off from the substrate, and layer 50 may be provided on a flexible substrate (substrate with flexibility).
- the pixel circuit 51 may be composed of multiple types of transistors using different semiconductor materials.
- the transistors may be provided in different layers for each type of transistor.
- the Si transistors and the OS transistors may be provided in a stacked state. By providing the transistors in a stacked state, the area occupied by the pixel circuit 51 is reduced. This can improve the resolution of the display device 10A.
- LTPO a configuration in which LTPS transistors and OS transistors are combined may be referred to as LTPO.
- the transistor 52 which is an OS transistor
- Such an OS transistor has a characteristic of having a very low off-state current. Therefore, it is preferable to use an OS transistor as a transistor provided in a pixel circuit, in particular, because analog data written to the pixel circuit can be retained for a long period of time.
- the functional circuit 40 when used as a CPU and an OS transistor is used for the CPU, it can be a normally-off CPU (also called a "NoffCPU" (registered trademark)).
- the NoffCPU can stop the power supply to circuits in the NoffCPU that do not need to operate, and put the circuits into a standby state. When the power supply is stopped, the circuits that are in a standby state do not consume power. Therefore, the NoffCPU can minimize power consumption.
- Layer 60 is provided on layer 50.
- Substrate 12 is provided on layer 60.
- Substrate 12 is preferably a light-transmitting substrate or a layer made of a light-transmitting material.
- a plurality of light-emitting elements 61 are provided on layer 60.
- Layer 60 can be configured to be stacked on layer 50.
- As light-emitting element 61 for example, an organic electroluminescence element (also called organic EL element) can be used.
- light-emitting element 61 is not limited to this, and for example, an inorganic EL element made of an inorganic material can be used. Note that "organic EL element” and “inorganic EL element” may be collectively called “EL element”.
- Light-emitting element 61 may have an inorganic compound such as quantum dots.
- quantum dots can be used in the light-emitting layer to function as a light-emitting material.
- the display device 10A can have a stacked structure of the light-emitting element 61, the pixel circuit 51, the driver circuit 30, and the functional circuit 40, and therefore the aperture ratio (effective display area ratio) of the pixel can be extremely high.
- the aperture ratio of the pixel can be 40% or more and less than 100%, preferably 50% or more and 95% or less, and more preferably 60% or more and 95% or less.
- the pixel circuits 51 can be arranged at an extremely high density, and the resolution of the pixel can be extremely high.
- the pixel 230 can be arranged at a resolution of 2000 ppi or more, preferably 3000 ppi or more, more preferably 5000 ppi or more, and even more preferably 6000 ppi or more, and 20000 ppi or less, or 30000 ppi or less.
- Such a display device 10A has extremely high resolution, it is suitable for head-mounted displays or glasses-type VR or AR devices. For example, even in a configuration in which the display unit of the display device 10A is viewed through an optical component such as a lens, the display device 10A has an extremely high-resolution display unit, so that even if the display unit is enlarged with a lens, the pixels are not visible, providing a highly immersive display.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 may be 0.1 inches to 5.0 inches, preferably 0.5 inches to 2.0 inches, and more preferably 1 inch to 1.7 inches.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 may be 1.5 inches or close to 1.5 inches.
- the display device 10A can be applied to devices other than wearable electronic devices.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 may exceed 2.0 inches.
- the configuration of the transistors used in the pixel circuit 51 may be appropriately selected according to the diagonal size of the display unit 13.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 is preferably 0.1 inches or more and 3 inches or less.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 is preferably 0.1 inches or more and 30 inches or less, and more preferably 1 inch or more and 30 inches or less.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 is preferably 0.1 inches or more and 50 inches or less, and more preferably 1 inch or more and 50 inches or less.
- the diagonal size of the display unit 13 is preferably 0.1 inches or more and 200 inches or less, and more preferably 50 inches or more and 100 inches or less.
- Display devices using single crystal Si transistors are very difficult to enlarge because it is difficult to enlarge the single crystal Si substrate.
- LTPS transistors when LTPS transistors are used in a display device, it is difficult to accommodate larger sizes (typically, screen sizes exceeding 30 inches in diagonal size) because a laser crystallization device is used in the manufacturing process.
- OS transistors are not restricted by the use of a laser crystallization device in the manufacturing process, and can be manufactured at a relatively low process temperature (typically 450°C or lower), so they can accommodate display devices with relatively large areas (typically, diagonal sizes of 50 inches to 100 inches).
- LTPO can accommodate diagonal sizes of the display area (typically, 1 inch to 50 inches) in the area between when LTPS transistors are used and when OS transistors are used.
- FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating the pixel circuit 51 in the display device 10A, the multiple wirings that connect the drive circuit 30 and the function circuit 40, and the bus wiring within the display device 10A.
- the layer 50 has a plurality of pixel circuits 51 arranged in a matrix.
- the layer 20 includes a drive circuit 30, a function circuit 40, and an input/output circuit 80.
- the drive circuit 30 includes, as an example, a source driver circuit 31, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) 32, a gate driver circuit 33, a level shifter 34, an amplifier circuit 35, an inspection circuit 36, an image generation circuit 37, and an image distribution circuit 38.
- the function circuit 40 includes, as an example, a memory circuit (also called a "memory device”) 41, a GPU (also called an "AI accelerator") 42, an EL correction circuit 43, a timing generation circuit 44, a CPU 45, a sensor controller 46, a power supply circuit 47, a temperature sensor 48, and a brightness correction circuit 49.
- the function circuit 40 has the function of an application processor.
- the input/output circuit 80 supports transmission methods such as LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling), and has a function of distributing control signals and image data input via the terminal unit 14 to the drive circuit 30 and the function circuit 40.
- the input/output circuit 80 also has a function of outputting information from the display device 10A to the outside via the terminal unit 14.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a configuration in which the circuits included in the drive circuit 30, the circuits included in the functional circuit 40, and the input/output circuit 80 are each electrically connected to the bus wiring BSL.
- the source driver circuit 31 has a function of transmitting image data to the pixel circuit 51 of the pixel 230. Therefore, the source driver circuit 31 is electrically connected to the pixel circuit 51 via a wiring SL (also called a "video signal line"). Note that multiple source driver circuits 31 may be provided.
- the digital-to-analog conversion circuit 32 has a function of converting image data that has been digitally processed by a GPU, a correction circuit, etc., described below, into analog data.
- the image data converted into analog data is amplified by an amplifier circuit 35, such as an operational amplifier, and transmitted to the pixel circuit 51 via the source driver circuit 31. Note that the image data may be transmitted in the order of the source driver circuit 31, the digital-to-analog conversion circuit 32, and the pixel circuit 51.
- the digital-to-analog conversion circuit 32 and the amplifier circuit 35 may also be included in the source driver circuit 31.
- the gate driver circuit 33 has a function of selecting a pixel circuit in the pixel circuit 51 to which image data is to be sent. Therefore, the gate driver circuit 33 is electrically connected to the pixel circuit 51 via a wiring GL (also called a "scanning line"). Note that multiple gate driver circuits 33 may be provided in correspondence with the source driver circuits 31.
- the level shifter 34 has the function of converting signals input to the source driver circuit 31, the digital-to-analog conversion circuit 32, the gate driver circuit 33, etc., to an appropriate level, for example.
- the memory circuit 41 has a function of storing image data to be displayed in the pixel circuit 51.
- the memory circuit 41 can be configured to store image data as digital data or analog data.
- the memory circuit 41 When storing image data in the memory circuit 41, it is preferable that the memory circuit 41 is a non-volatile memory. In this case, for example, a NAND type memory can be used as the memory circuit 41.
- the memory circuit 41 is a volatile memory.
- an SRAM or a DRAM can be used as the memory circuit 41.
- the GPU 42 has a function of performing processing to output image data read from the memory circuit 41 to the pixel circuit 51.
- the GPU 42 is configured to perform pipeline processing in parallel, so that the image data to be output to the pixel circuit 51 can be processed at high speed.
- the GPU 42 can also function as a decoder for restoring an encoded image.
- Function circuit 40 may also include multiple circuits capable of improving the display quality of display device 10A. Such circuits may include, for example, a correction circuit (color adjustment, dimming) that detects color unevenness in the displayed image and corrects the color unevenness to create an optimal image. For example, when a light-emitting device using an organic EL is applied to the display element, function circuit 40 may be provided with an EL correction circuit that corrects image data according to the characteristics of the light-emitting device. As an example, function circuit 40 includes EL correction circuit 43.
- a correction circuit color adjustment, dimming
- artificial intelligence may be used for the image correction described above.
- the current flowing through the pixel circuit (or the voltage applied to the pixel circuit) may be monitored and acquired, and the displayed image may be acquired by an image sensor or the like, and the current (or voltage) and the image may be treated as input data for an artificial intelligence calculation (e.g., an artificial neural network), and the output result may be used to determine whether or not the image needs to be corrected.
- an artificial intelligence calculation e.g., an artificial neural network
- artificial intelligence calculations can be applied not only to image correction, but also to up-conversion processing that increases the resolution of image data.
- the GPU 42 in FIG. 5 illustrates blocks for performing various correction calculations (color unevenness correction 42a, up-conversion 42b, etc.).
- Algorithms for upconverting image data can be selected from the Nearest Neighbor method, Bilinear method, Bicubic method, RAISR (Rapid and Accurate Image Super-Resolution) method, ANR (Anchored Neighborhood Regression) method, A+ method, SRCNN (Super-Resolution Convolutional Neural Network) method, etc.
- the upconversion process may be configured to use different algorithms for each specific area of the display unit 13. For example, the user's point of gaze on the display unit 13 may be detected, and upconversion process of the point of gaze and the area near the point of gaze may be performed using an algorithm with a slower processing speed but higher accuracy, while upconversion process of areas other than the detected area may be performed using an algorithm with a faster processing speed but lower accuracy. With this configuration, the time required for upconversion process can be shortened. Also, the power consumption required for upconversion process can be reduced.
- down-conversion processing may be performed to reduce the resolution of image data. If the resolution of the image data is greater than the resolution of the display unit 13, a portion of the image data may not be displayed on the display unit 13. In such a case, down-conversion processing can be performed to display the entire image data on the display unit 13.
- the timing generation circuit 44 has, as an example, a function for controlling the drive frequency (sometimes called the "frame frequency,” “frame rate,” or “refresh rate”) at which an image is displayed. For example, when display device 10A displays a still image, the drive frequency can be lowered by the timing generation circuit 44, thereby reducing the power consumption of display device 10A.
- a drive that reduces the power consumption of the display device by driving with a lowered drive frequency may be referred to as an idling stop (IDS) drive.
- IDS idling stop
- the CPU 45 has a function to perform general-purpose processing such as, for example, running an operating system, controlling data, performing various calculations, and running programs.
- the CPU 45 has a role to execute commands such as writing or reading image data in the memory circuit 41, correcting image data, and operating the sensor described below.
- the CPU 45 may have a function to send a control signal to at least one of the circuits included in the functional circuit 40.
- the sensor controller 46 has, as an example, a function for controlling the sensor. Also, in FIG. 5, wiring SNCL is illustrated as wiring for electrically connecting to the sensor.
- the sensor may be, for example, a touch sensor that may be provided on the display unit 13.
- the sensor may be, for example, an illuminance sensor.
- the power supply circuit 47 has a function of generating voltages to be supplied to the pixel circuits 51, the drive circuit 30, the function circuit 40, etc., as one example.
- the power supply circuit 47 may also have a function of selecting the circuit to which the voltage is to be supplied. For example, the power supply circuit 47 can reduce the power consumption of the entire display device 10A by stopping the supply of voltage to the CPU 45, the GPU 42, etc., during the period when a still image is being displayed.
- the display device can have a stacked structure of a display element, a pixel circuit, a driver circuit, and a functional circuit 40.
- the driver circuit and the functional circuit which are peripheral circuits, can be arranged to overlap with the pixel circuit, and the width of the frame can be made extremely narrow, so that a display device with a small size can be obtained.
- the display device according to one embodiment of the present invention can have a stacked structure, so that wiring connecting the circuits can be shortened, and therefore a display device with a reduced weight can be obtained.
- the display device according to one embodiment of the present invention can have a display portion with improved pixel resolution, so that a display device with excellent display quality can be obtained.
- ⁇ Display device 10B> 6A and 6B are perspective views of a display device 10B, which is a modification of the display device 10A.
- Fig. 6B is a perspective view for explaining the configuration of each layer of the display device 10B. In order to reduce repetition of explanation, differences from the display device 10A will be mainly explained.
- FIG. 7A shows an example of the configuration of pixel circuit group 55 of display device 10B.
- FIG. 7B shows an example of the configuration of drive circuit 30 of display device 10B.
- Partitions 59 and 39 are arranged in a matrix of m rows and n columns (m and n are integers of 2 or more).
- partition 59 in the first row and first column is indicated as partition 59[1,1]
- partition 59 in the mth row and nth column is indicated as partition 59[m,n].
- partition 39 in the first row and first column is indicated as partition 39[1,1]
- partition 39 in the mth row and nth column is indicated as partition 39[m,n].
- sub-display section 19 in the first row and first column may be indicated as sub-display section 19[1,1].
- Sub-display section 19[1,1] includes partition 59[1,1] and partition 39[1,1].
- FIGS. 7A and 7B show the case where m is 4 and n is 8. That is, the pixel circuit group 55 and the drive circuit 30 are each divided into 32. Therefore, the display unit 13 is divided into 32.
- Each of the multiple sections 59 has multiple pixel circuits 51, multiple wirings SL, and multiple wirings GL.
- one of the multiple pixel circuits 51 is electrically connected to at least one of the multiple wirings SL and at least one of the multiple wirings GL.
- section 59[i,j] (i is an integer between 1 and m, and j is an integer between 1 and n) and section 39[i,j] are provided to overlap.
- the source driver circuit 31[i,j] of section 39[i,j] is electrically connected to the wiring SL of section 59[i,j].
- the gate driver circuit 33[i,j] of section 39[i,j] is electrically connected to the wiring GL of section 59[i,j].
- the source driver circuit 31[i,j] and the gate driver circuit 33[i,j] have the function of controlling the multiple pixel circuits 51 of section 59[i,j].
- connection distance (wiring length) between the pixel circuit 51 in section 59[i,j] and the source driver circuit 31 and gate driver circuit 33 in section 39[i,j] can be made extremely short.
- wiring resistance and parasitic capacitance are reduced, so the time required for charging and discharging is shortened, enabling high-speed driving to be achieved. Also, power consumption can be reduced. Also, a smaller and lighter device can be achieved.
- the timing generation circuit 441, the input/output circuit 442, and the memory circuit 443 may be collectively referred to as the "local controller.”
- the local controller may have circuits other than the timing generation circuit 441, the input/output circuit 442, and the memory circuit 443.
- the local controller may not have one or more of the timing generation circuit 441, the input/output circuit 442, and the memory circuit 443.
- timing generation circuit 441 in the section 39[i,j] is shown as timing generation circuit 441[i,j].
- the input/output circuit 442 in the section 39[i,j] is shown as input/output circuit 442[i,j].
- the memory circuit 443 in the section 39[i,j] is shown as memory circuit 443[i,j].
- the functional circuit 40 supplies the input/output circuit 442[i,j] with operation parameters such as setting signals for the scanning direction and drive frequency of the gate driver circuit 33[i,j], and the number of pixels to be thinned out in image data when reducing the resolution (the number of pixels that are not rewritten when the image data is rewritten).
- the timing generation circuit 441[i,j] has a function of determining the drive frequency of the section 39[i,j] in accordance with the operation parameters.
- the timing generation circuit 441[i,j] has a function of determining the drive frequency of the sub-display unit 19 in the i-th row and j-th column in accordance with the operation parameters.
- the operation of the source driver circuit 31[i,j] and the gate driver circuit 33[i,j] is controlled by the timing generation circuit 441[i,j].
- the memory circuit 443[i,j] has a function of storing operating parameters such as resolution and drive frequency supplied to the section 39[i,j].
- the memory circuit 443[i,j] also has a function of storing image data of an image to be displayed on the sub-display section 19[1,1]. In other words, the memory circuit 443[i,j] functions as a frame memory.
- the memory circuit 443 may be a flash memory, MRAM, PRAM, ReRAM, FeRAM, DRAM, or SRAM. Alternatively, the memory circuit 443 may be a DOSRAM (registered trademark), NOSRAM (registered trademark), or the like.
- DOSRAM registered trademark
- NOSRAM registered trademark
- each sub-display unit 19 by providing a memory circuit 443 for each sub-display unit 19, it is possible to rewrite the image data for each sub-display unit 19. For example, if a change occurs in part of the image data, it is only necessary to rewrite the image data for the sub-display unit 19 corresponding to the area where the change occurred. In other words, since there is no need to transmit image data for the entire display unit 13, the amount of image data transmitted can be reduced. This makes it possible to achieve power savings when transmitting data.
- the input/output circuit 442 has a function of outputting information photoelectrically converted by the light receiving element to the functional circuit 40.
- the functional circuit 40 may not be provided in the display device 10B, and an external device capable of functioning as the functional circuit 40 may be connected to the display device 10B. Signals may be input/output between the external device and the display device 10B via the terminal unit 14.
- circuits other than the timing generation circuit 441, the input/output circuit 442, and the memory circuit 443 may be provided for each section 39.
- the display device 10B has a configuration in which each section 39 has a source driver circuit 31 and a gate driver circuit 33. Therefore, the display unit 13 can be divided into sections 59 corresponding to the sections 39, and image data can be rewritten. For example, it is possible to rewrite image data only in sections of the display unit 13 where changes have occurred in the image, and to retain image data in sections where no changes have occurred, thereby reducing power consumption.
- one of the display unit 13 divided into sections 59 may be referred to as a sub-display unit 19.
- the sub-display unit 19 can also be said to be part of the display unit 13 divided into sections 39.
- the display unit 13 is made up of multiple sub-display units 19. Therefore, it can also be said that the display unit 13 has multiple sub-display units 19.
- the display device 10B described using Figures 6A, 6B, and 7A to 7C a case is shown in which the display unit 13 is divided into 32 sub-display units 19 in 4 rows and 8 columns.
- the number of sub-display units 19 that the display unit 13 has is not limited to this.
- the sub-display unit 19 Similar to the display unit 13, the sub-display unit 19 also has multiple pixels 230.
- the sub-display unit 19 is controlled for each section 59, and each section 59 is controlled by a corresponding section 39.
- the image display operation in one sub-display unit 19 is performed by multiple light-emitting elements 61, one section 59, and one section 39 working together.
- the "sub-display unit 19" may include multiple light-emitting elements 61, one section 59, and one section 39.
- one sub-display unit 19 is shown as a vertically long rectangle when the display unit 13 is viewed from the Z direction, but the planar shape of the sub-display unit 19 is not limited to this.
- the planar shape of one sub-display unit 19 may differ depending on the shape of the display unit 13 and the number of divisions.
- the planar shape of the sub-display unit 19 may be a horizontally long rectangle.
- the planar shape of the sub-display unit 19 may be a square.
- the display unit 13 may be configured to combine a vertically long sub-display unit 19, a horizontally long sub-display unit 19, and a square sub-display unit 19.
- the display device 10B can arbitrarily set the drive frequency for image display for each sub-display unit 19 by using the timing generation circuit 44 of the functional circuit 40.
- the functional circuit 40 has a function of controlling the operation of each of the multiple sections 39 and the multiple sections 59. In other words, the functional circuit 40 has a function of controlling the drive frequency and operation timing of each of the multiple sub-display units 19 arranged in a matrix.
- the functional circuit 40 also has a function of adjusting synchronization between the sub-display units.
- power consumption can be reduced by detecting the user's gaze point on the display unit 13 and varying the drive frequency for each sub-display unit 19 in response to the movement of the gaze point (in response to the movement of the user's line of sight).
- FIG. 9A shows a display unit 13 having sub-display units 19 arranged in 4 rows and 8 columns.
- FIG. 9A shows a first region S1 to a third region S3 centered on a gaze point G on the display unit 13.
- Each of the multiple sub-display units 19 is assigned to either a first region 29A that overlaps with the first region S1 or the second region S2, or a second region 29B that overlaps with the third region S3. That is, each of the multiple sections 39 is assigned to either the first region 29A or the second region 29B.
- the first region 29A includes an area that overlaps with the gaze point G.
- the second region 29B includes a sub-display unit 19 located outside the first region 29A. (See FIG. 9B)
- the second area 29B is an area that overlaps with the third area S3, which includes the stable fixation field, the induced field, and the auxiliary field, and is an area where the user's ability to distinguish is low. Therefore, even if the number of times image data is rewritten per unit time (hereinafter also referred to as the "number of times image is rewritten") is less in the second area 29B than in the first area 29A during image display, the actual display quality (hereinafter also referred to as the "actual display quality”) perceived by the user is less degraded.
- the driving frequency (also referred to as the "second driving frequency”) of the sub-display unit 19 included in the second area 29B is lower than the driving frequency (also referred to as the "first driving frequency") of the sub-display unit 19 included in the first area 29A, the actual display quality is less degraded.
- Lowering the drive frequency can reduce the power consumption of the display device.
- lowering the drive frequency also reduces the display quality.
- the display quality when displaying moving images is reduced.
- by making the second drive frequency lower than the first drive frequency it is possible to reduce the power consumption in areas where the user's visibility is low, while suppressing the substantial degradation of the display quality.
- the first drive frequency may be 30 Hz or more and 500 Hz or less, preferably 60 Hz or more and 500 Hz or less.
- the second drive frequency is preferably equal to or less than the first drive frequency, more preferably equal to or less than 1/2 the first drive frequency, and even more preferably equal to or less than 1/5 the first drive frequency. Note that the unit of drive frequency (frame rate) may be "fps" instead of "Hz".
- the area farther from the first area 29A may be set as the third area 29C (see FIG. 9C), and the drive frequency (also referred to as the "third drive frequency") of the sub-display units 19 included in the third area 29C may be set lower than that of the second area 29B.
- the third drive frequency is preferably equal to or lower than the second drive frequency, more preferably equal to or lower than 1/2 the second drive frequency, and even more preferably equal to or lower than 1/5 the second drive frequency.
- a transistor with an extremely low off-state current As the transistor that constitutes pixel circuit 51.
- an OS transistor As the transistor that constitutes pixel circuit 51. Since OS transistors have an extremely low off-state current, they can hold image data supplied to pixel circuit 51 for a long period of time.
- an OS transistor as transistor 52A.
- the video scene displayed on the display unit 13 changes, an image with significantly different brightness, contrast, or color tone than the previous image may be displayed.
- a difference occurs in the timing of image switching between the first area 29A and an area with a lower drive frequency than the first area 29A, which may result in a significant difference in brightness, contrast, or color tone between the two areas, compromising the actual display quality.
- the image data in areas other than the first area 29A is first rewritten at the same drive frequency as the first area 29A, and then the drive frequency of the areas other than the first area 29A is lowered.
- the image data in areas other than the first area 29A may be rewritten at the same drive frequency as the first area 29A, and if it is determined that the amount of change is within the certain amount, the drive frequency in areas other than the first area 29A may be reduced. Furthermore, if it is determined that the amount of change in the gaze point G is small, the drive frequency in areas other than the first area 29A may be further reduced.
- the second drive frequency and the third drive frequency must both be an integer fraction of the first drive frequency.
- the second drive frequency and the third drive frequency can be set to any value, not limited to an integer division of the first drive frequency.
- the degree of freedom in setting the drive frequency can be increased. Therefore, the actual deterioration of the display quality can be reduced.
- the areas set on the display unit 13 are not limited to the three areas of the first area 29A, the second area 29B, and the third area 29C. Four or more areas may be set on the display unit 13. By setting multiple areas on the display unit 13 and gradually lowering the drive frequency, it is possible to further reduce the actual degradation of the display quality.
- the image displayed in the first area 29A may be subjected to the above-mentioned upconversion process.
- the display quality can be improved.
- the image displayed in an area other than the first area 29A may be subjected to the above-mentioned upconversion process.
- the actual decrease in display quality when the drive frequency in an area other than the first area 29A is reduced can be reduced.
- down-conversion processing may be performed on the image displayed in the area other than the first area 29A depending on the purpose. For example, by rewriting the image displayed in the area other than the first area 29A every few rows, every few columns, or every few pixels, high-speed rewriting and reduced power consumption can be achieved.
- the upconversion process, downconversion process, and foveated rendering process associated with the display method exemplified here correspond to the interpolation process for filling in missing data exemplified in the first embodiment.
- processing can be used as a method for restoring image data from which data has been thinned out for each area (block).
- FIG. 10A shows some of the pixel circuits 51 included in the first area 29A.
- FIG. 10A illustrates 36 pixel circuits 51 arranged in a matrix of 6 rows and 6 columns.
- One image data is written to one pixel circuit 51.
- 36 image data represented by image data A1 to A6, image data B1 to B6, image data C1 to C6, image data D1 to D6, image data E1 to E6, and image data F1 to F6 are written to the 36 pixel circuits 51 shown in FIG. 10A.
- FIG. 10B shows some of the pixel circuits 51 included in the second area 29B.
- four adjacent pixel circuits 51 are used as one pixel circuit.
- the four pixel circuits 51 used as one pixel circuit are shown as pixel circuits 51a. The same image data can be written to the four pixel circuits 51 included in pixel circuit 51a.
- image data A1 can be written to the four pixel circuits 51 included in pixel circuit 51a.
- image data A2, image data B1, and image data B2 are not used, so the amount of image data sent to the sub-display unit 19 (section 39) can be reduced.
- image data C1 when writing image data C1 to the four pixel circuits 51 included in pixel circuit 51a, image data C2, image data D1, and image data D2 are not used. Therefore, the amount of image data sent to the sub-display unit 19 (section 39) can be reduced.
- the resolution of the sub-display unit 19 included in the first area 29A is 480 x 720 pixels
- the resolution of the sub-display unit 19 included in the second area 29B can be considered to be 240 x 360 pixels. Therefore, the amount of image data sent to the sub-display unit 19 (section 39) included in the second area 29B will be 1/4 of that of the first area 29A.
- the resolution can be considered to be 160 x 240 pixels.
- the amount of image data sent to the sub-display unit 19 (section 39) included in the second area 29B is 1/9 of that of the first area 29A.
- the amount of image data sent to the sub-display unit 19 can be reduced. Because the amount of image data used to display an image is reduced, the burden on the circuits included in the section 39, such as the input/output circuit 442, memory circuit 443, and drive circuit, can be reduced.
- the source driver circuit writes image data to all pixels in one row simultaneously while the gate driver circuit selects the pixels in one row.
- the source driver circuit needs to write image data to 4000 pixels while the gate driver circuit selects the pixels in one row.
- the frame frequency is 120 Hz
- the time for one frame is approximately 8.3 msec. Therefore, the gate driver circuit needs to select 2000 rows of pixels in approximately 8.3 msec, and the time for selecting one row of pixels, that is, the time for writing image data per pixel, is approximately 4.17 ⁇ sec.
- the higher the resolution of the display section and the higher the frame frequency the more difficult it becomes to ensure sufficient time for rewriting image data.
- the display section 13 is divided into four in the row direction. Therefore, in one sub-display section 19, the time it takes to write image data per pixel can be four times longer than when the display section 13 is not divided. According to one aspect of the present invention, even when the frame frequency is set to 240 Hz or even 360 Hz, it is easy to ensure the time required to rewrite image data, thereby realizing a display device with high display quality.
- the display unit 13 is divided into four in the row direction, so the length of the wiring SL that electrically connects the source driver circuit and the pixel circuit is reduced to one-quarter. As a result, the resistance value and parasitic capacitance of the wiring SL are each reduced to one-quarter, and the time required to write (rewrite) image data can be shortened.
- the display unit 13 is divided into eight in the column direction, so the length of the wiring GL that electrically connects the gate driver circuit and the pixel circuit is reduced to one-eighth.
- the resistance value and parasitic capacitance of the wiring GL are each reduced to one-eighth, improving signal degradation and delay and making it easier to ensure the time required for rewriting image data.
- the display device 10B With the display device 10B according to one embodiment of the present invention, it is easy to ensure sufficient time for writing image data, and therefore high-speed rewriting of the displayed image can be realized. This makes it possible to realize a display device with high display quality. In particular, it makes it possible to realize a display device that excels in displaying moving images.
- Example of display module configuration Next, a configuration example of a display module including the display device 10 (the display device 10A or the display device 10B) will be described.
- FIGS. 11A to 11C are perspective views of the display module 300.
- the display module 300 has a structure in which an FPC 304 (Flexible Printed Circuit) is provided on the terminal portion 14 of the display device 10A.
- the FPC 304 has a structure in which wiring is provided on a film made of an insulating material.
- the FPC 304 is flexible.
- the FPC 304 functions as wiring for supplying video signals, control signals, power supply potential, and the like from the outside to the display device 10A.
- An IC may also be mounted on the FPC 304.
- the display module 300 shown in FIG. 11B has a configuration in which a display device 10A is provided on a printed wiring board 301.
- the printed wiring board 301 has a structure in which wiring is provided inside or on the surface, or both inside and on the surface, of a substrate made of an insulating material.
- the terminal portion 14 of the display device 10A and the terminal portion 302 of the printed wiring board 301 are electrically connected via a wire 303.
- the wire 303 can be formed by wire bonding.
- ball bonding or wedge bonding can be used as the wire bonding.
- the electrical connection between the display device 10A and the printed wiring board 301 may be achieved by a method other than wire bonding.
- the electrical connection between the display device 10A and the printed wiring board 301 may be achieved by an anisotropic conductive adhesive or bumps.
- the terminal portion 302 of the printed wiring board 301 is electrically connected to the FPC 304.
- the terminal portion 14 and the FPC 304 may be electrically connected via the printed wiring board 301.
- the spacing (pitch) of the multiple electrodes in the terminal portion 14 can be converted to the spacing of the multiple electrodes in the terminal portion 302 using wiring formed on the printed wiring board 301. In other words, even when the pitch of the electrodes in the terminal portion 14 is different from the pitch of the electrodes in the FPC 304, the electrodes of both can be electrically connected.
- various elements such as resistor elements, capacitor elements, and semiconductor elements can be provided on the printed wiring board 301.
- the terminal portion 302 may be electrically connected to a connection portion 305 provided on the underside of the printed wiring board 301 (the side on which the display device 10A is not provided).
- the connection portion 305 a socket-type connection portion, the display module 300 can be easily attached to and detached from other devices.
- ⁇ Example of pixel circuit configuration> 12A and 12B show a configuration example of a pixel circuit 51 and a light-emitting element 61 connected to the pixel circuit 51.
- Fig. 12A is a diagram showing the connections of the elements
- Fig. 12B is a diagram showing a schematic hierarchical relationship between a layer 20 including a driver circuit, a layer 50 including a plurality of transistors included in the pixel circuit, and a layer 60 including a light-emitting element.
- the pixel circuit 51 shown as an example in FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B includes a transistor 52A, a transistor 52B, a transistor 52C, and a capacitor 53.
- the transistors 52A, 52B, and 52C can be OS transistors.
- Each of the OS transistors 52A, 52B, and 52C preferably includes a backgate electrode.
- the backgate electrode can be configured to receive the same signal as the gate electrode, or the backgate electrode can be configured to receive a signal different from the gate electrode.
- Transistor 52B has a gate electrode electrically connected to transistor 52A, a first electrode electrically connected to light-emitting element 61, and a second electrode electrically connected to wiring ANO.
- Wiring ANO is a wiring for providing a potential for supplying a current to light-emitting element 61.
- Transistor 52A has a first terminal electrically connected to the gate electrode of transistor 52B, a second terminal electrically connected to the wiring SL that functions as a source line, and a gate electrode that has the function of controlling the conductive state or non-conductive state based on the potential of the wiring GL1 that functions as a gate line.
- the transistor 52C has a first terminal electrically connected to the wiring V0, a second terminal electrically connected to the light-emitting element 61, and a gate electrode that has a function of controlling the conductive state or non-conductive state based on the potential of the wiring GL2 that functions as a gate line.
- the wiring V0 is a wiring for providing a reference potential and a wiring for outputting the current flowing through the pixel circuit 51 to the drive circuit 30 or the functional circuit 40.
- Capacitor 53 has a conductive film electrically connected to the gate electrode of transistor 52B and a conductive film electrically connected to the second electrode of transistor 52C.
- the light-emitting element 61 has a first electrode electrically connected to the first electrode of the transistor 52B and a second electrode electrically connected to the wiring VCOM.
- the wiring VCOM is a wiring for providing a potential for supplying a current to the light-emitting element 61.
- a current value that can be used to set pixel parameters can be output from the wiring V0.
- the wiring V0 can function as a monitor line for outputting the current flowing through the transistor 52B or the current flowing through the light-emitting element 61 to the outside.
- the current output to the wiring V0 is converted to a voltage by a source follower circuit or the like and output to the outside. Alternatively, it can be converted to a digital signal by an A-D converter or the like and output to the functional circuit 40, etc.
- the light-emitting element described in one embodiment of the present invention is a self-emitting display element such as an organic EL element (also called an OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode)).
- the light-emitting element electrically connected to the pixel circuit can be a self-emitting light-emitting element such as an LED (Light Emitting Diode), a micro LED, a QLED (Quantum-dot Light Emitting Diode), a semiconductor laser, etc.
- the wiring electrically connecting the pixel circuit 51 and the drive circuit 30 can be shortened, and the wiring resistance of the wiring can be reduced. Therefore, data can be written at high speed, and the display device 10A can be driven at high speed. As a result, even if the display device 10A has a large number of pixel circuits 51, a sufficient frame period can be secured, and the pixel density of the display device 10A can be increased. In addition, by increasing the pixel density of the display device 10A, the resolution of the image displayed by the display device 10A can be increased. For example, the pixel density of the display device 10A can be 1000 ppi or more, 5000 ppi or more, or 7000 ppi or more. Therefore, the display device 10A can be used as a display device for AR or VR, for example, and can be suitably applied to electronic devices such as HMDs in which the display unit is close to the user.
- FIG. 12A and FIG. 12B show an example of pixel circuit 51 having a total of three transistors, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this. Below, an example of the configuration of a pixel circuit that can be applied to pixel circuit 51 and an example of a driving method will be described.
- the pixel circuit 51A shown in FIG. 13A includes a transistor 52A, a transistor 52B, and a capacitor 53.
- FIG. 13A also shows a light-emitting element 61 connected to the pixel circuit 51A.
- the pixel circuit 51A is electrically connected to wiring SL, wiring GL, wiring ANO, and wiring VCOM.
- the pixel circuit 51A has a configuration in which the transistor 52C is removed from the pixel circuit 51 shown in FIG. 12A, and wiring GL1 and wiring GL2 are replaced with wiring GL.
- the gate of transistor 52A is electrically connected to wiring GL, one of its source and drain is electrically connected to wiring SL, and the other is electrically connected to the gate of transistor 52B and one electrode of capacitor C1.
- One of the source and drain of transistor 52B is electrically connected to wiring ANO, and the other is electrically connected to the anode of light-emitting element 61.
- the other electrode of capacitor C1 is electrically connected to the anode of light-emitting element 61.
- the cathode of light-emitting element 61 is electrically connected to wiring VCOM.
- the pixel circuit 51B shown in FIG. 13B has a configuration in which a transistor 52C is added to the pixel circuit 51A. In addition, the pixel circuit 51B is electrically connected to the wiring V0.
- Pixel circuit 51C shown in FIG. 13C is an example in which transistors having a pair of gates electrically connected are used as transistors 52A and 52B of pixel circuit 51A.
- Pixel circuit 51D shown in FIG. 13D is an example in which the same transistor is used in pixel circuit 51B. This can increase the current that the transistor can pass. Note that, although transistors having a pair of gates electrically connected are used for all transistors here, this is not limited to this. Furthermore, transistors having a pair of gates that are electrically connected to different wirings may also be used. For example, reliability can be improved by using a transistor in which one of the gates is electrically connected to a source.
- the pixel circuit 51E shown in FIG. 14A has a configuration in which a transistor 52D is added to the pixel circuit 51B described above.
- the pixel circuit 51E is also electrically connected to wirings GL1, GL2, and GL3 that function as gate lines. Note that in this embodiment and the like, the wirings GL1, GL2, and GL3 may be collectively referred to as wirings GL. Therefore, the number of wirings GL is not limited to one, and may be multiple.
- the gate of transistor 52D is electrically connected to wiring GL3, one of the source and drain is electrically connected to the gate of transistor 52B, and the other is electrically connected to wiring V0.
- the gate of transistor 52A is electrically connected to wiring GL1, and the gate of transistor 52C is electrically connected to wiring GL2.
- transistor 52B By simultaneously turning on transistors 52C and 52D, the source and gate of transistor 52B have the same potential, and transistor 52B can be turned off. This makes it possible to forcibly cut off the current flowing through light-emitting element 61.
- This type of pixel circuit is suitable for use in a display method in which display periods and off periods are alternated.
- the pixel circuit 51F shown in FIG. 14B is an example in which a capacitance 53A is added to the pixel circuit 51E.
- the capacitance 53A functions as a storage capacitance.
- Pixel circuit 51G shown in FIG. 14C and pixel circuit 51H shown in FIG. 14D are examples of pixel circuit 51E and pixel circuit 51F, respectively, to which a transistor having a pair of gates is applied.
- Transistors 52A, 52C, and 52D are transistors in which a pair of gates are electrically connected, and transistor 52B is a transistor in which one gate is electrically connected to its source.
- FIG. 15 shows a timing chart relating to a method of driving a display device to which pixel circuit 51E is applied.
- the diagram shows the transition of the potential of wiring GL1[k], wiring GL2[k], and wiring GL3[k], which are gate lines in the kth row, and wiring GL1[k+1], wiring GL2[k+1], and wiring GL3[k+1], which are gate lines in the k+1th row.
- FIG. 15 also shows the timing of a signal provided to wiring SL, which functions as a source line.
- an example of a driving method is shown in which one horizontal period is divided into a light-on period and a light-off period.
- the horizontal period of the kth row and the horizontal period of the k+1th row are shifted by the selection period of the gate line.
- a high-level potential is applied to the wiring GL1[k] and the wiring GL2[k], and a source signal is applied to the wiring SL.
- a source signal is applied to the wiring SL.
- a low-level potential is applied to the wiring GL1[k] and the wiring GL2[k], bringing the transistors 52A and 52C into a non-conducting state, and the gate potential of the transistor 52B is held.
- the off period will be described.
- a high-level potential is applied to the wiring GL2[k] and the wiring GL3[k].
- the transistors 52C and 52D are turned on, and the same potential is supplied to the source and gate of the transistor 52B, causing almost no current to flow through the transistor 52B.
- This turns off the light-emitting element 61.
- All the sub-pixels located in the kth row are turned off.
- the sub-pixels in the kth row are maintained in the off state until the next lighting period.
- the k+1th row goes into an off period, and all sub-pixels in the k+1th row go into an off state, as described above.
- a driving method in which the display is not constantly lit during one horizontal period, but rather there is an off period during one horizontal period can also be called duty driving.
- duty driving it is possible to reduce the afterimage phenomenon when displaying moving images, thereby realizing a display device with high video display performance.
- so-called VR sickness can be alleviated by reducing the afterimage.
- the ratio of the on period to one horizontal period can be called the duty ratio.
- a duty ratio of 50% means that the on period and the off period are the same length.
- the duty ratio can be freely set and can be adjusted as appropriate within a range of, for example, higher than 0% and less than 100%.
- 16A shows a perspective view of a glasses-type (goggle-type) electronic device 100 as an example of a wearable electronic device.
- a pair of display devices 10 (a display device 10_L and a display device 10_R), a motion detection unit 101, a gaze detection unit 102, a calculation unit 103, and a communication unit 104 are provided in a housing 105.
- the display device 10 provided in the electronic device 100 the display device 10A or the display device 10B described in the above embodiment can be used.
- the calculation unit 103 may have the functions of the image generation unit and the data generation unit exemplified in the first embodiment. Also, either the gaze detection unit 102 or the calculation unit 103 may have the functions of the coordinate detection unit exemplified in the first embodiment.
- 16B is a block diagram of the electronic device 100 of FIG. 16A.
- the electronic device 100 has a display device 10_L, a display device 10_R, a motion detection unit 101, a gaze detection unit 102, a calculation unit 103, and a communication unit 104, and transmits and receives various signals to and from each other via a bus wiring BW.
- the display device 10_L and the display device 10_R each have a plurality of pixels 230, a drive circuit 30, and a function circuit 40. Note that the function circuit 40 may not be provided in one or both of the display device 10_L and the display device 10_R, and the calculation unit 103 may be used as the function circuit 40.
- One pixel 230 includes one light-emitting element 61 and one pixel circuit 51.
- the display device 10_L and the display device 10_R each include a plurality of light-emitting elements 61 and a plurality of pixel circuits 51.
- the motion detection unit 101 has a function of detecting the movement of the housing 105, that is, the movement of the head of the user wearing the electronic device 100.
- the motion detection unit 101 may use, for example, a motion sensor using MEMS technology.
- the motion sensor may be a three-axis motion sensor or a six-axis motion sensor.
- first information or "motion information.”
- the gaze detection unit 102 has a function of acquiring information about the user's gaze. Specifically, it has a function of detecting the user's gaze.
- the user's gaze may be acquired, for example, by an eye tracking method such as the Pupil Center Corneal Reflection method or the Bright/Dark Pupil Effect method. Alternatively, it may be acquired by an eye tracking method using a laser or ultrasound.
- the calculation unit 103 has a function of calculating the user's gaze point using the gaze detection result in the gaze detection unit 102. In other words, it is possible to know which object the user is gazing at in the images displayed on the display devices 10_L and 10_R. It is also possible to know whether the user is gazing at a part other than the screen. Note that in this specification, the information regarding the user's gaze obtained by the gaze detection unit 102 (gaze detection result) may be referred to as "second information" or "gaze information”.
- the calculation unit 103 has a function of performing drawing processing (calculation processing of image data) according to the movement of the housing 105.
- the drawing processing according to the movement of the housing 105 in the calculation unit 103 is performed using the first information and image data input from the outside via the communication unit 104.
- 360-degree omnidirectional image data can be used as the image data.
- the 360-degree omnidirectional image data may be, for example, image data captured by an omnidirectional camera (omnidirectional camera, 360° camera), or may be image data generated by computer graphics or the like.
- the calculation unit 103 has a function of converting the 360-degree omnidirectional image data into image data that can be displayed on the display device 10_L and the display device 10_R according to the first information.
- the calculation unit 103 also has a function of using the second information to determine the size and shape of multiple areas to be set on the display unit of each of the display devices 10_L and 10_R. Specifically, the calculation unit 103 calculates a gaze point on the display unit according to the second information, and sets the first area S1 to the third area S3, etc. on the display unit based on the gaze point.
- calculation unit 103 in addition to a central processing unit (CPU: Central Processing Unit), other microprocessors such as a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) and a GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) can be used alone or in combination. These microprocessors may also be realized by a PLD (Programmable Logic Device) such as an FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) or an FPAA (Field Programmable Analog Array).
- CPU Central Processing Unit
- DSP Digital Signal Processor
- GPU Graphics Processing Unit
- PLD Programmable Logic Device
- FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
- FPAA Field Programmable Analog Array
- the calculation unit 103 performs various data processing and program control by interpreting and executing commands from various programs using the processor.
- the programs that can be executed by the processor may be stored in a memory area of the processor, or may be stored in a separately provided storage unit.
- the storage unit for example, a storage device using non-volatile storage elements such as flash memory, MRAM (Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory), PRAM (Phase change RAM), ReRAM (Resistive RAM), and FeRAM (Ferroelectric RAM), or a storage device using volatile storage elements such as DRAM (Dynamic RAM) and SRAM (Static RAM) may be used.
- the communication unit 104 has the function of communicating with external devices wirelessly or via wires to obtain various data such as image data.
- the communication unit 104 may be provided with, for example, a high-frequency circuit (RF circuit) and transmit and receive RF signals.
- the high-frequency circuit is a circuit that converts between electromagnetic signals and electrical signals in a frequency band determined by the legislation of each country, and uses the electromagnetic signals to communicate wirelessly with other communication devices.
- communication standards such as LTE (Long Term Evolution), GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication: registered trademark), EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution), CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access 2000), WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: registered trademark), or IEEE communication standard specifications such as Wi-Fi (registered trademark), Bluetooth (registered trademark), and ZigBee (registered trademark) can be used as communication protocols or communication technologies.
- LTE Long Term Evolution
- GSM Global System for Mobile Communication: registered trademark
- EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
- CDMA2000 Code Division Multiple Access 2000
- WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access: registered trademark
- IEEE communication standard specifications such as Wi-Fi (registered trademark), Bluetooth (registered trademark), and ZigBee (registered trademark)
- 3G third generation mobile communication system
- 4G fourth generation mobile communication system
- 5G fifth generation mobile communication system defined by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
- ITU International Telecommunications Union
- the communication unit 104 may also have external ports such as a terminal for connecting to a LAN (Local Area Network), a terminal for receiving digital broadcasts, and a terminal for connecting an AC adapter.
- a terminal for connecting to a LAN Local Area Network
- a terminal for receiving digital broadcasts and a terminal for connecting an AC adapter.
- Each of the display devices 10_L and 10_R has a plurality of light-emitting elements 61, a plurality of pixel circuits 51, a drive circuit 30, and a functional circuit 40.
- the pixel circuit 51 has a function of controlling the light emission of the light-emitting elements 61.
- the drive circuit 30 has a function of controlling the pixel circuit 51.
- the functional circuit 40 may not be provided in one or both of the display devices 10_L and 10_R, and the calculation unit 103 may be used as the functional circuit 40.
- the information on the multiple regions in the display unit of the display device determined by the calculation unit 103 is used for driving the display unit to have different resolutions for each region.
- the functional circuit 40 has a function of controlling the drive circuit 30 to perform a high-resolution display in regions close to the gaze point, and to control the drive circuit 30 to perform a low-resolution display in regions farther from the gaze point.
- a low-resolution display can be achieved by rewriting image data every other pixel or every few pixels. Reducing the number of pixels for which image data is rewritten can reduce the power consumption of the display device. Also, pixels that are not being rewritten may emit light, but it is preferable that they do not emit light. Stopping the emission of light from pixels that are not being rewritten can reduce the power consumption of the display device.
- a calculation unit 103 may be provided separately from the functional circuit 40.
- the calculation unit 103 it is possible to have the calculation unit 103 take on high-load calculation processes such as drawing processing according to the movement of the housing 105 and determining multiple areas (first area S1 to third area S3) according to the gaze point, which will be described later.
- the function circuit 40 take on the process of controlling the drive circuit 30, it is possible to reduce the size of the circuit and the power consumption.
- the function of outputting a control signal for the drive circuit 30 can be separated from the calculation unit 103 and performed by the functional circuit 40. Therefore, the load is not concentrated on one calculation unit, and the load on the calculation unit can be suppressed. Therefore, it is possible to reduce the power consumption overall.
- the electronic device 100 may also be provided with a sensor 125.
- the sensor 125 may have a function of acquiring information on one or more of the user's vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell. More specifically, the sensor 125 may have a function of detecting or measuring information on one or more of the following: force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotation speed, distance, light, magnetism, temperature, sound, time, electric field, current, voltage, power, radiation, humidity, gradient, vibration, odor, and infrared light.
- the electronic device 100 may be provided with one or more sensors 125.
- the sensor 125 may be used to measure the surrounding temperature, humidity, illuminance, odor, etc.
- the sensor 125 may also be used to obtain information for personal authentication using, for example, a fingerprint, palm print, iris, retina, pulse shape (including vein shape and artery shape), or face.
- the sensor 125 may also be used to measure the number of times the user blinks, eyelid behavior, pupil size, body temperature, pulse rate, or oxygen saturation in the blood, and detect the user's fatigue level and health condition, etc.
- the electronic device 100 may detect the user's fatigue level and health condition, etc., and display a warning, etc. on the display device 10.
- the operation of electronic device 100 may also be controlled by detecting the movement of the user's line of sight and eyelids. Since the user does not need to touch electronic device 100 to operate it, input operations can be performed without holding anything in both hands (both hands are free).
- the electronic device 100 may also be provided with an imaging device 129 for capturing images of the surroundings.
- the imaging device 129 may capture images of the surroundings and display them on the display device 10. Other information may be superimposed on the image captured by the imaging device 129 and displayed on the display device 10.
- FIG. 17A is a perspective view showing electronic device 100.
- housing 105 of electronic device 100 has, in addition to a pair of display devices 10_L, 10_R, and a calculation unit 103, a mounting unit 106, a cushioning member 107, a pair of lenses 108, and the like, as an example.
- the pair of display devices 10_L and 10_R are each provided in a position inside housing 105 that can be viewed through lens 108.
- the housing 105 shown in FIG. 17A is also provided with an input terminal 109 and an output terminal 110.
- the input terminal 109 can be connected to a cable that supplies an image signal (image data) from a video output device or the like, or power for charging a battery (not shown) provided within the housing 105.
- the output terminal 110 functions as an audio output terminal, for example, and can be connected to earphones, headphones, etc.
- the housing 105 has a mechanism capable of adjusting the left-right positions of the lens 108 and the display devices 10_L and 10_R so that they are optimally positioned according to the position of the user's eyes. It is also preferable that the housing 105 has a mechanism for adjusting the focus by changing the distance between the lens 108 and the display devices 10_L and 10_R.
- the cushioning member 107 is the part that comes into contact with the user's face (forehead, cheeks, etc.).
- the cushioning member 107 comes into close contact with the user's face, preventing the intrusion of external light (light leakage), and enhancing the sense of immersion.
- a soft material for the cushioning member 107 so that it comes into close contact with the user's face when the user wears the electronic device 100. Using such a material is preferable because it feels good on the skin and does not make the user feel cold when worn in cold seasons.
- the electronic device may further include an earphone 106A.
- the earphone 106A includes a communication unit (not shown) and has a wireless communication function.
- the earphone 106A can output audio data using the wireless communication function.
- the earphone 106A may also include a vibration mechanism to function as a bone conduction earphone.
- the earphone 106A can be directly connected to the mounting section 106 or connected by wire, like the earphone 106B shown in FIG. 17B.
- the earphone 106B and the mounting section 106 may have a magnet. This allows the earphone 106B to be fixed to the mounting section 106 by magnetic force, which is preferable as it makes storage easier.
- FIG. 18 is a flowchart for explaining an example of the operation of the electronic device 100.
- the motion detection unit 101 acquires the first information (information regarding the motion of the housing 105) (step E11).
- the gaze detection unit 102 acquires second information (information relating to the user's gaze) (step E12).
- the calculation unit 103 performs a drawing process of 360-degree omnidirectional image data based on the first information (step E13).
- Step E13 will now be described with a specific example.
- the schematic diagram shown in FIG. 19A illustrates a user 112 positioned at the center of 360-degree omnidirectional image data 111.
- the user can view an image 114A in a direction 113A displayed on the display device 10 of the electronic device 100.
- the schematic diagram shown in FIG. 19B shows how user 112 moves his/her head from the schematic diagram in FIG. 19A to view image 114B in direction 113B.
- image 114A changes to image 114B in response to the movement of the housing of electronic device 100
- user 112 can recognize the space represented by image data 111 in all 360 degrees directions.
- the housing of the electronic device 100 moves in response to the movement of the head of the user 112.
- the calculation unit 103 determines, based on the second information, a number of regions corresponding to the gaze point G for the display unit area of the display device (step E14). For example, as shown in FIG. 20A, a first region S1 including the gaze point G is determined, and a second region S2 adjacent to the first region S1 is determined. The outside of the second region is defined as a third region S3.
- Step E14 will be explained using a specific example.
- the discriminative visual field is the area where visual functions such as visual acuity and color discrimination are at their best, and refers to the area within approximately 5° of the center of the visual field (including the point of gaze).
- the effective visual field is the area in which specific information can be instantly identified by eye movement alone, and refers to the adjacent area outside the discriminative visual field, within approximately 30° horizontally and 20° vertically of the center of the visual field (point of gaze).
- the stable gaze field is the area in which specific information can be identified effortlessly with head movement, and refers to the adjacent area outside the effective visual field, within approximately 90° horizontally and 70° vertically of the center of the visual field.
- the induced visual field is the area in which the presence of a specific object can be detected, but the ability to identify it is low, and refers to the adjacent area outside the stable gaze field, within approximately 100° horizontally and 85° vertically of the center of the visual field.
- the auxiliary visual field is an area where the ability to distinguish specific objects is extremely low and the presence of stimuli can be recognized, and refers to an area adjacent to and outside the induced visual field, within approximately 100°-200° horizontally and approximately 85°-130° vertically from the center of the visual field.
- the image quality of image 114 is important from the discrimination field to the usable field.
- the image quality of the discrimination field is crucial.
- FIG. 20A is a schematic diagram showing a state in which a user 112 is observing an image 114 displayed on a display unit of a display device 10 provided in an electronic device 100 from the front (image display surface).
- the image 114 shown in FIG. 20A also corresponds to the display unit.
- the area on the image 114 that includes the discriminative visual field is referred to as the "first area S1,” and the area that includes the effective visual field is referred to as the "second area S2.”
- the area that includes the stable fixation visual field, induced visual field, or auxiliary visual field is referred to as the "third area S3.”
- the boundary (contour) between the first region S1 and the second region S2 is shown as a curved line, but is not limited to this.
- the boundary (contour) between the first region S1 and the second region S2 may be a rectangle or a polygon. It may also be a shape that combines straight lines and curves.
- the display section of the display device 10 may also be divided into two regions, with the region that includes the discriminatory visual field and the effective visual field being the first region S1, and the other region being the second region S2. In this case, the third region S3 is not formed.
- FIG. 21A is a top view of image 114 displayed on the display unit of display device 10 of electronic device 100
- FIG. 21B is a side view of image 114 displayed on the display unit of display device 10 of electronic device 100.
- the horizontal angle of first region S1 is indicated as “angle ⁇ x1” and the horizontal angle of second region S2 is indicated as “angle ⁇ x2" (see FIG. 21A).
- the vertical angle of first region S1 is indicated as “angle ⁇ y1” and the vertical angle of second region S2 is indicated as “angle ⁇ y2" (see FIG. 21B).
- the angle ⁇ x1 for example, by setting the angle ⁇ x1 to 10° and the angle ⁇ y1 to 10°, the area of the first region S1 can be increased. In this case, part of the effective visual field is included in the first region S1. Furthermore, by setting the angle ⁇ x2 to 45° and the angle ⁇ y2 to 35°, the area of the second region S2 can be increased. In this case, part of the stable fixation field is included in the second region S2.
- the position of the gaze point G fluctuates slightly due to fluctuations in the line of sight 113. For this reason, it is preferable that the angles ⁇ x1 and ⁇ y1 are each greater than or equal to 5° and less than 20°.
- the gaze point G When the gaze 113 of the user 112 moves, the gaze point G also moves. Therefore, the first area S1 and the second area S2 also move. For example, when the amount of change in the gaze 113 exceeds a certain amount, it is determined that the gaze 113 has moved. That is, when the amount of change in the gaze point G exceeds a certain amount, it is determined that the gaze point G has moved. Also, when the amount of change in the gaze 113 falls below a certain amount, it is determined that the movement of the gaze 113 has stopped, and the first area S1 to the third area S3 are determined. That is, when the amount of change in the gaze point G falls below a certain amount, it is determined that the movement of the gaze point G has stopped, and the first area S1 to the third area S3 are determined.
- the drive circuit 30 is controlled according to the multiple regions (first region S1 to third region S3) (step E15). For example, the drive frequency is adjusted according to the multiple regions.
- pixel 230 in row p, column 1 is indicated as pixel 230[p,1]
- pixel 230 in row 1 is indicated as pixel 230[p,1]
- column q is indicated as pixel 230[1,q]
- pixel 230 in row p, column q is indicated as pixel 230[p,q].
- the circuit included in the gate driver circuit 33 functions, for example, as a scanning line driving circuit.
- the circuit included in the source driver circuit 31 functions, for example, as a signal line driving circuit.
- an OS transistor may be used as the transistor constituting the pixel 230, and a Si transistor may be used as the transistor constituting the driver circuit.
- OS transistors have a low off-state current, and therefore power consumption can be reduced.
- Si transistors have a higher operating speed than OS transistors, and therefore are suitable for use in the driver circuit.
- OS transistors may be used as both the transistor constituting the pixel 230 and the transistor constituting the driver circuit.
- Si transistors may be used as both the transistor constituting the pixel 230 and the transistor constituting the driver circuit.
- Si transistors may be used as the transistor constituting the pixel 230, and OS transistors may be used as the transistor constituting the driver circuit.
- both Si transistors and OS transistors may be used for the transistors that make up the pixel 230.Also, both Si transistors and OS transistors may be used for the transistors that make up the driver circuit.
- the pixel 230 arranged in the rth row (r is an arbitrary number, and in this embodiment, etc., is an integer between 1 and p) is electrically connected to the gate driver circuit 33 via the rth line GL.
- the pixel 230 arranged in the sth column (s is an arbitrary number, and in this embodiment, etc., is an integer between 1 and q) is electrically connected to the source driver circuit 31 via the sth line SL.
- the pixel 230 in the rth row and sth column is shown as pixel 230[r, s].
- the number of wirings GL electrically connected to the pixels 230 included in one row is not limited to one.
- the number of wirings SL electrically connected to the pixels 230 included in one column is not limited to one.
- the wirings GL and SL are just examples, and the wirings connected to the pixels 230 are not limited to the wirings GL and SL.
- a full-color display can be achieved by arranging a pixel 230 that controls red light, a pixel 230 that controls green light, and a pixel 230 that controls blue light in a striped pattern, collectively functioning as one pixel 240, and controlling the amount of light emitted by each pixel 230 (light emission brightness).
- each of the three pixels 230 functions as a sub-pixel. That is, each of the three sub-pixels controls the amount of light emitted, etc., of red light, green light, or blue light (see FIG. 22B1).
- the color of light controlled by each of the three sub-pixels is not limited to a combination of red (R), green (G), and blue (B), but may also be cyan (C), magenta (M), and yellow (Y) (see FIG. 22B2).
- a display unit 13 capable of full-color display at so-called 2K resolution can be realized.
- a display unit 13 capable of full-color display at so-called 4K resolution can be realized.
- a display unit 13 capable of full-color display at so-called 8K resolution can be realized.
- the arrangement of the three pixels 230 constituting one pixel 240 may also be a delta arrangement (see FIG. 22B3). Specifically, the three pixels 230 constituting one pixel 240 may be arranged so that a line connecting the center points of each of the three pixels 230 constituting one pixel 240 forms a triangle.
- the arrangement of the three pixels 230 constituting one pixel 240 may also be an S-stripe arrangement (see FIG. 22B4). Note that the arrangement of the pixels 230 is not limited to the stripe arrangement, delta arrangement, and S-stripe arrangement.
- the arrangement of the pixels 230 may also be a zigzag arrangement, a Bayer arrangement, or a Pentile arrangement.
- each of the three sub-pixels does not have to be the same. If the luminous efficiency and reliability differ depending on the luminous color, the area of the sub-pixel may be changed for each luminous color (see FIG. 22B4).
- a subpixel that controls white light may be added to three subpixels that control red, green, and blue light respectively (see FIG. 22B5).
- a subpixel that controls white light By adding a subpixel that controls white light, the brightness of the display area can be increased.
- a subpixel that controls yellow light may also be added to three subpixels that control red, green, and blue light respectively (see FIG. 22B6).
- a subpixel that controls white light may also be added to three subpixels that control cyan, magenta, and yellow light respectively (see FIG. 22B7).
- the display device can reproduce color gamuts of various standards.
- the PAL Phase Alternating Line
- NTSC National Television System Committee
- sRGB standard RGB
- Adobe RGB Adobe RGB standard widely used in display devices for electronic devices such as personal computers, digital cameras, and printers
- ITU-R BT the color gamut of the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector Broadcasting Service (Television) 709 (International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector Broadcasting Service (Television) 709) standard, the Digital Cinema Initiatives P3 (DCI-P3) standard used in digital cinema projection, and the ITU-R BT. 2020 (REC. 2020 (Recommendation 2020)) standard used in UHDTV (Ultra High Definition Television, also known as Super Hi-Vision).
- a light-emitting element 61 that can be used in a display device according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described.
- the light-emitting element 61 includes an EL layer 172 between a pair of electrodes (conductor 171, conductor 173).
- the EL layer 172 can be composed of multiple layers, such as a layer 4420, a light-emitting layer 4411, and a layer 4430.
- the layer 4420 can include, for example, a layer including a substance with high electron injection properties (electron injection layer) and a layer including a substance with high electron transport properties (electron transport layer).
- the light-emitting layer 4411 includes, for example, a light-emitting compound.
- the layer 4430 can include, for example, a layer including a substance with high hole injection properties (hole injection layer) and a layer including a substance with high hole transport properties (hole transport layer).
- a structure including layer 4420, light-emitting layer 4411, and layer 4430 disposed between a pair of electrodes can function as a single light-emitting unit, and in this specification and elsewhere, the structure in FIG. 23A is referred to as a single structure.
- the light-emitting element 61 shown in FIG. 23B includes a layer 4430-1 on the conductor 171, a layer 4430-2 on the layer 4430-1, a light-emitting layer 4411 on the layer 4430-2, a layer 4420-1 on the light-emitting layer 4411, a layer 4420-2 on the layer 4420-1, and a conductor 173 on the layer 4420-2.
- the layer 4430-1 functions as a hole injection layer
- the layer 4430-2 functions as a hole transport layer
- the layer 4420-1 functions as an electron transport layer
- the layer 4420-2 functions as an electron injection layer
- the layer 4420-2 functions as a hole injection layer
- tandem structure As shown in FIG. 23D, a configuration in which multiple light-emitting units (EL layer 172a, EL layer 172b) are connected in series via an intermediate layer (charge generating layer) 4440 is referred to as a tandem structure or stack structure in this specification. Note that a tandem structure can be used to realize a light-emitting element capable of emitting light with high brightness.
- the luminescent color of the EL layer 172a and the EL layer 172b may be the same.
- the luminescent color of the EL layer 172a and the EL layer 172b may both be green.
- a full-color display can be realized by using a light-emitting element 61 that emits red light (R), a light-emitting element 61 that emits green light (G), and a light-emitting element 61 that emits blue light (B) as sub-pixels and configuring one pixel with these three sub-pixels.
- R red light
- G green light
- B blue light
- each light-emitting element 61 may be in a tandem structure.
- the EL layer 172a and the EL layer 172b of the R sub-pixel each have a material capable of emitting red light
- the EL layer 172a and the EL layer 172b of the G sub-pixel each have a material capable of emitting green light
- the EL layer 172a and the EL layer 172b of the B sub-pixel each have a material capable of emitting blue light.
- the material of the light-emitting layer 4411 and the light-emitting layer 4412 may be the same.
- the light-emitting color of the light-emitting element can be red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, or white, depending on the material that constitutes the EL layer 172.
- the color purity can be further improved by providing the light-emitting element with a microcavity structure.
- the light-emitting layer may contain two or more luminescent materials that emit light of R (red), G (green), B (blue), Y (yellow), O (orange), etc. It is preferable that a light-emitting element that emits white light has a configuration in which the light-emitting layer contains two or more types of luminescent materials. To obtain white light emission, it is sufficient to select luminescent materials such that the respective emissions of the two or more luminescent materials are in a complementary color relationship. For example, by making the luminescent color of the first luminescent layer and the luminescent color of the second luminescent layer complementary colors, it is possible to obtain a light-emitting element that emits white light as a whole. The same applies to a light-emitting element that has three or more luminescent layers.
- the light-emitting layer preferably contains two or more luminescent materials that emit light of R (red), G (green), B (blue), Y (yellow), O (orange), etc.
- the light-emitting layer contains two or more luminescent materials, and the light emitted by each luminescent material contains spectral components of two or more of the colors R, G, and B.
- a material that emits near-infrared light can also be used as the luminescent material.
- Light-emitting substances include substances that emit fluorescence (fluorescent materials), substances that emit phosphorescence (phosphorescent materials), and substances that exhibit thermally activated delayed fluorescence (thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials).
- Light-emitting substances that can be used in EL elements include not only organic compounds but also inorganic compounds (such as quantum dot materials).
- FIG. 24A shows a schematic top view of a portion of a display unit having multiple light-emitting elements 61.
- the display unit has multiple light-emitting elements 61R that emit red light, multiple light-emitting elements 61G that emit green light, and multiple light-emitting elements 61B that emit blue light.
- the symbols R, G, and B are added within the light-emitting region of each light-emitting element to easily distinguish between the light-emitting elements.
- FIG. 24A illustrates a configuration having three light-emitting colors, red (R), green (G), and blue (B), but this is not limiting. For example, a configuration having four or more colors may be used.
- Light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B are each arranged in a matrix.
- Figure 24A shows a so-called stripe arrangement in which light-emitting elements of the same color are arranged in one direction, but the arrangement of the light-emitting elements is not limited to this.
- the light-emitting element 61R, the light-emitting element 61G, and the light-emitting element 61B it is preferable to use an organic EL device such as an OLED (organic light-emitting diode) or a QOLED (quantum-dot organic light-emitting diode).
- organic EL device such as an OLED (organic light-emitting diode) or a QOLED (quantum-dot organic light-emitting diode).
- the light-emitting substance possessed by the EL element include a substance that emits fluorescence (fluorescent material) and a substance that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material).
- TADF thermally activated delayed fluorescence
- the light-emitting substance possessed by the EL element not only organic compounds but also inorganic compounds (such as quantum dot materials) can be used.
- FIG. 24B is a schematic cross-sectional view corresponding to dashed line A1-A2 in FIG. 24A.
- FIG. 24B shows cross sections of light-emitting element 61R, light-emitting element 61G, and light-emitting element 61B.
- Light-emitting element 61R, light-emitting element 61G, and light-emitting element 61B are each provided on insulator 363 and have conductor 171 functioning as a pixel electrode and conductor 173 functioning as a common electrode.
- insulator 363 one or both of an inorganic insulating film and an organic insulating film can be used.
- inorganic insulating films include oxide insulating films and nitride insulating films such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum oxynitride film, and a hafnium oxide film.
- the light-emitting element 61R has an EL layer 172R between the conductor 171 functioning as a pixel electrode and the conductor 173 functioning as a common electrode.
- the EL layer 172R has a light-emitting organic compound that emits light having a peak at least in the red wavelength range.
- the EL layer 172G of the light-emitting element 61G has a light-emitting organic compound that emits light having a peak at least in the green wavelength range.
- the EL layer 172B of the light-emitting element 61B has a light-emitting organic compound that emits light having a peak at least in the blue wavelength range.
- EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B may each have one or more of an electron injection layer, an electron transport layer, a hole injection layer, and a hole transport layer in addition to a layer containing a light-emitting compound (light-emitting layer).
- the conductor 171 functioning as a pixel electrode is provided for each light-emitting element.
- the conductor 173 functioning as a common electrode is provided as a continuous layer common to each light-emitting element.
- a conductive film having translucency to visible light is used for either the conductor 171 functioning as a pixel electrode or the conductor 173 functioning as a common electrode, and a conductive film having reflectivity is used for the other.
- the light-emitting element 61R is a top-emission type
- the light 175R emitted from the light-emitting element 61R is emitted toward the conductor 173.
- the light-emitting element 61R is a top-emission type
- the light 175G emitted from the light-emitting element 61G is emitted toward the conductor 173.
- the light-emitting element 61B is a top-emission type
- the light 175B emitted from the light-emitting element 61B is emitted toward the conductor 173.
- An insulator 272 is provided to cover the end of the conductor 171 that functions as a pixel electrode.
- the end of the insulator 272 is preferably tapered.
- the insulator 272 can be made of a material similar to that which can be used for the insulator 363.
- the insulator 272 is provided to prevent adjacent light-emitting elements 61 from unintentionally shorting electrically and causing erroneous light emission. In addition, when a metal mask is used to form the EL layer 172, the insulator 272 also functions to prevent the metal mask from coming into contact with the conductor 171.
- EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B each have a region that contacts the top surface of conductor 171, which functions as a pixel electrode, and a region that contacts the surface of insulator 272.
- the ends of EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B are located on insulator 272.
- a gap is provided between two EL layers between light-emitting elements of different colors.
- EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B are provided so as not to be in contact with each other. This makes it possible to preferably prevent current from flowing through two adjacent EL layers and causing unintended light emission (also known as crosstalk). This makes it possible to increase contrast and realize a display device with high display quality.
- EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B can be separately produced by a vacuum deposition method using a shadow mask such as a metal mask. Alternatively, they may be separately produced by a photolithography method. By using the photolithography method, it is possible to produce a high-definition display device that is difficult to achieve when using a metal mask.
- a device fabricated using a metal mask or FMM may be referred to as a device with an MM (metal mask) structure.
- a device fabricated without using a metal mask or FMM may be referred to as a device with an MML (metal maskless) structure.
- Display devices with an MML structure are fabricated without using a metal mask, so they have a higher degree of design freedom in terms of pixel arrangement, pixel shape, etc. than display devices with an MM structure.
- a protective layer 271 is provided on the conductor 173, which functions as a common electrode, to cover the light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B.
- the protective layer 271 has the function of preventing impurities such as water from diffusing from above to each light-emitting element.
- the protective layer 271 may have, for example, a single layer structure or a laminated structure including at least an inorganic insulating film.
- the inorganic insulating film include oxide films or nitride films such as a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum oxynitride film, and a hafnium oxide film.
- a semiconductor material such as indium gallium oxide or indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) may be used as the protective layer 271.
- the protective layer 271 may be formed by an ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method, a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) method, or a sputtering method.
- ALD Atomic Layer Deposition
- CVD Chemical Vapor Deposition
- sputtering method a method for forming an inorganic insulating film.
- the present invention is not limited to this.
- the protective layer 271 may have a laminated structure of an inorganic insulating film and an organic insulating film.
- a nitroxide refers to a compound that contains more nitrogen than oxygen.
- an oxynitride refers to a compound that contains more oxygen than nitrogen.
- the content of each element can be measured, for example, using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS).
- indium gallium zinc oxide When indium gallium zinc oxide is used as the protective layer 271, it can be processed using a wet etching method or a dry etching method.
- a chemical solution such as oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, or a mixed chemical solution (for example, a mixed chemical solution of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, and water (also called an aluminum mixed acid etching solution)) can be used.
- the structure shown in FIG. 24B may also be referred to as the SBS structure described below.
- FIG. 24C shows an example different from the above. Specifically, FIG. 24C has a light-emitting element 61W that emits white light.
- the light-emitting element 61W has an EL layer 172W that emits white light between a conductor 171 that functions as a pixel electrode and a conductor 173 that functions as a common electrode.
- the EL layer 172W can be configured, for example, by stacking two or more light-emitting layers selected so that the emitted colors are complementary to each other.
- a stacked EL layer may also be used in which a charge generating layer is sandwiched between the light-emitting layers.
- Figure 24C shows three light-emitting elements 61W lined up.
- a colored layer 264R is provided on the top of the left light-emitting element 61W.
- the colored layer 264R functions as a bandpass filter that transmits red light.
- a colored layer 264G that transmits green light is provided on the top of the center light-emitting element 61W
- a colored layer 264B that transmits blue light is provided on the top of the right light-emitting element 61W. This allows the display device to display color images.
- the EL layer 172W and the conductor 173 functioning as a common electrode are separated. This makes it possible to prevent unintended light emission in two adjacent light-emitting elements 61W due to current flowing through the EL layer 172W.
- a stacked EL layer in which a charge generating layer is provided between two light-emitting layers is used as the EL layer 172W.
- the higher the resolution i.e., the smaller the distance between adjacent pixels, the more pronounced the effect of crosstalk becomes, resulting in a decrease in contrast. Therefore, by using such a configuration, a display device that combines high resolution and high contrast can be realized.
- the separation of the EL layer 172W and the conductor 173 that functions as a common electrode is preferably performed by photolithography. This allows the spacing between the light-emitting elements to be narrowed, making it possible to realize a display device with a higher aperture ratio than when a shadow mask such as a metal mask is used.
- a colored layer may be provided between the conductor 171, which functions as a pixel electrode, and the insulator 363.
- FIG. 24D shows an example different from the above. Specifically, FIG. 24D shows a configuration in which no insulator 272 is provided between light-emitting element 61R, light-emitting element 61G, and light-emitting element 61B. With this configuration, a display device with a high aperture ratio can be obtained. Furthermore, by not providing insulator 272, unevenness of light-emitting element 61 is reduced, improving the viewing angle of the display device. Specifically, the viewing angle can be set to 150 degrees or more and less than 180 degrees, preferably 160 degrees or more and less than 180 degrees.
- protective layer 271 covers the side surfaces of EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B. This configuration makes it possible to suppress impurities (typically water, etc.) that may enter from the side surfaces of EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, and EL layer 172B. In addition, leakage current between adjacent light-emitting elements 61 is reduced, improving saturation and contrast ratio and reducing power consumption.
- impurities typically water, etc.
- the shapes of conductor 171, EL layer 172R, and conductor 173 are roughly the same in plan view.
- This structure can be formed all at once using a resist mask or the like after conductor 171, EL layer 172R, and conductor 173 are formed.
- This process can also be called self-aligned patterning, since EL layer 172R and conductor 173 are processed using conductor 173 as a mask.
- EL layer 172R has been described here, EL layer 172G and EL layer 172B can also be configured in a similar manner.
- protective layer 273 is further provided on protective layer 271.
- protective layer 271 is formed using an apparatus capable of depositing a film with high coverage (typically, an ALD apparatus, etc.)
- protective layer 273 is formed using an apparatus capable of depositing a film with lower coverage than protective layer 271 (typically, a sputtering apparatus, etc.), whereby region 275 can be provided between protective layer 271 and protective layer 273.
- region 275 is located between EL layer 172R and EL layer 172G, and between EL layer 172G and EL layer 172B.
- region 275 contains one or more selected from air, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and Group 18 elements (typically helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton, etc.). Region 275 may also contain, for example, a gas used when forming protective layer 273. For example, when protective layer 273 is formed by sputtering, region 275 may contain one or more of the above Group 18 elements. Note that when region 275 contains a gas, the gas can be identified by gas chromatography or the like. Alternatively, when protective layer 273 is formed by sputtering, the gas used during sputtering may also be contained in protective layer 273. In this case, when protective layer 273 is analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX analysis) or the like, elements such as argon may be detected.
- EDX analysis energy dispersive X-ray analysis
- the refractive index of region 275 is lower than that of protective layer 271
- the light emitted from EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, or EL layer 172B is reflected at the interface between protective layer 271 and region 275. This may prevent the light emitted from EL layer 172R, EL layer 172G, or EL layer 172B from entering adjacent pixels. This prevents the different emitted colors from being mixed in with each other from neighboring pixels, thereby improving the display quality of the display device.
- the distance between the light emitting elements can be narrowed.
- the distance between the light emitting elements can be 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably 500 nm or less, more preferably 200 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 20 nm or less, 15 nm or less, or 10 nm or less.
- the distance between the side of EL layer 172R and the side of EL layer 172G, or the distance between the side of EL layer 172G and the side of EL layer 172B has an area of 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably an area of 0.5 ⁇ m (500 nm) or less, and more preferably an area of 100 nm or less.
- region 275 contains gas, it is possible to isolate the light emitting elements while suppressing color mixing or crosstalk of the light from each light emitting element.
- the region 275 may be empty or may be filled with a filler.
- the filler include epoxy resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, phenolic resin, polyimide resin, imide resin, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resin, and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) resin.
- a photoresist may be used as the filler.
- the photoresist used as the filler may be a positive photoresist or a negative photoresist.
- FIG. 25A shows an example different from the above. Specifically, the configuration shown in FIG. 25A differs from the configuration shown in FIG. 24D in the configuration of the insulator 363.
- the insulator 363 has a recess formed by removing a part of the upper surface when processing the light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B.
- a protective layer 271 is formed in the recess.
- the lower surface of the protective layer 271 has a region located lower than the lower surface of the conductor 171. By having this region, impurities (typically water, etc.) that may enter the light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B from below can be suitably suppressed.
- the recess can be formed when removing impurities (also called residues) that may adhere to the side surfaces of each light-emitting element during processing of the light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B by wet etching or the like. After removing the residues, the side surfaces of each light-emitting element are covered with the protective layer 271 to provide a highly reliable display device.
- impurities also called residues
- FIG. 25B shows an example different from the above.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 25B has an insulator 276 and a microlens array 277 in addition to the configuration shown in FIG. 25A.
- the insulator 276 functions as an adhesive layer.
- the microlens array 277 can collect the light emitted from the light-emitting element 61R, the light-emitting element 61G, and the light-emitting element 61B. This can improve the light extraction efficiency of the display device.
- a user views the display surface of the display device from the front of the display surface, a bright image can be viewed, which is preferable.
- curing adhesives such as a photocuring adhesive such as an ultraviolet curing adhesive, a reaction curing adhesive, a heat curing adhesive, and an anaerobic adhesive can be used as the insulator 276.
- these adhesives include epoxy resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, phenol resin, polyimide resin, imide resin, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resin, and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) resin.
- materials with low moisture permeability such as epoxy resin are preferable.
- Two-part mixed resins may also be used.
- Adhesive sheets, etc. may also be used.
- FIG. 25C shows an example different from the above.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 25C has three light-emitting elements 61W instead of the light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B in the configuration shown in FIG. 25A.
- an insulator 276 is provided above the three light-emitting elements 61W, and colored layers 264R, 264G, and 264B are provided above the insulator 276.
- a colored layer 264R that transmits red light is provided at a position overlapping the left light-emitting element 61W
- a colored layer 264G that transmits green light is provided at a position overlapping the center light-emitting element 61W
- a colored layer 264B that transmits blue light is provided at a position overlapping the right light-emitting element 61W.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 25C is also a modified example of the configuration shown in FIG. 24C.
- FIG. 25D shows an example different from the above. Specifically, in the configuration shown in FIG. 25D, protective layer 271 is provided adjacent to the side surfaces of conductor 171 and EL layer 172. Conductor 173 is provided as a continuous layer common to each light-emitting element. In the configuration shown in FIG. 25D, region 275 is preferably filled with a filling material.
- the color purity of the emitted color can be increased.
- the product (optical distance) of the distance d between the conductors 171 and 173 and the refractive index n of the EL layer 172 should be configured to be m times half the wavelength ⁇ (m is an integer equal to or greater than 1).
- the distance d can be calculated using Equation 1.
- the distance d of the light-emitting element 61 with the microcavity structure is determined according to the wavelength (emission color) of the emitted light.
- the distance d corresponds to the thickness of the EL layer 172. Therefore, the EL layer 172G may be provided thicker than the EL layer 172B, and the EL layer 172R may be provided thicker than the EL layer 172G.
- the distance d is the distance from the reflective area of the conductor 171, which functions as a reflective electrode, to the reflective area of the conductor 173, which functions as an electrode (semi-transmissive/semi-reflective electrode) that is transparent and reflective to the emitted light.
- the conductor 171 is a laminate of silver and ITO (Indium Tin Oxide), a transparent conductive film, and the ITO is on the EL layer 172 side
- the distance d can be set according to the emitted color by adjusting the film thickness of the ITO. In other words, even if the thicknesses of the EL layers 172R, 172G, and 172B are the same, the distance d suitable for the emitted color can be obtained by changing the thickness of the ITO.
- the light-emitting element 61 is composed of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light-emitting layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, etc. Detailed configuration examples of the light-emitting element 61 will be described in other embodiments.
- the reflectance of the conductor 173 is greater than the transmittance.
- the light transmittance of the conductor 173 is preferably 2% to 50%, more preferably 2% to 30%, and even more preferably 2% to 10%.
- FIG. 26A shows an example different from the above.
- the EL layer 172 extends beyond the end of the conductor 171 in each of the light-emitting element 61R, the light-emitting element 61G, and the light-emitting element 61B.
- the EL layer 172R extends beyond the end of the conductor 171.
- the EL layer 172G extends beyond the end of the conductor 171.
- the EL layer 172B extends beyond the end of the conductor 171.
- the EL layer 172 and the protective layer 271 have an overlapping region with the insulator 270 interposed therebetween. Furthermore, in the region between adjacent light-emitting elements 61, an insulator 278 is provided on the protective layer 271.
- Examples of the insulator 278 include epoxy resin, acrylic resin, silicone resin, phenol resin, polyimide resin, imide resin, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resin, and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) resin.
- Photoresist may also be used as the insulator 278.
- the photoresist used as the insulator 278 may be a positive photoresist or a negative photoresist.
- a common layer 174 is provided on the light-emitting element 61R, the light-emitting element 61G, the light-emitting element 61B, and the insulator 278, and a conductor 173 is provided on the common layer 174.
- the common layer 174 has a region in contact with the EL layer 172R, a region in contact with the EL layer 172G, and a region in contact with the EL layer 172B.
- the common layer 174 is shared by the light-emitting element 61R, the light-emitting element 61G, and the light-emitting element 61B.
- the common layer 174 may be one or more of a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron blocking layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer.
- the common layer 174 may be a carrier injection layer (a hole injection layer or an electron injection layer).
- the common layer 174 may also be said to be a part of the EL layer 172.
- the common layer 174 may be provided as necessary. When the common layer 174 is provided, it is not necessary to provide a layer having the same function as the common layer 174 among the layers included in the EL layer 172.
- a protective layer 273 is provided on the conductor 173, and an insulator 276 is provided on the protective layer 273.
- FIG. 26B shows an example different from the above. Specifically, the configuration shown in FIG. 26B has three light-emitting elements 61W instead of the light-emitting elements 61R, 61G, and 61B in the configuration shown in FIG. 26A. Also, an insulator 276 is provided above the three light-emitting elements 61W, and colored layers 264R, 264G, and 264B are provided above the insulator 276.
- a colored layer 264R that transmits red light is provided at a position overlapping the left light-emitting element 61W
- a colored layer 264G that transmits green light is provided at a position overlapping the center light-emitting element 61W
- a colored layer 264B that transmits blue light is provided at a position overlapping the right light-emitting element 61W. This allows the semiconductor device to display a color image.
- the configuration shown in FIG. 26B is also a modified example of the configuration shown in FIG. 25C.
- Display Device Configuration Example 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a display device 600A.
- the display device 600A is an example of a display device to which an MML (metal maskless) structure is applied.
- the display device 600A has a light-emitting device fabricated without using a fine metal mask.
- the island-shaped light-emitting layers in the light-emitting devices of a display device to which the MML structure is applied are formed by depositing a light-emitting layer over one surface and then processing it using photolithography. This makes it possible to realize high-definition display devices or display devices with a high aperture ratio, which have been difficult to achieve until now. Furthermore, since the light-emitting layers can be made differently for each color, it is possible to realize a display device that is extremely vivid, has high contrast, and has high display quality.
- a display device is composed of three types of light-emitting devices, one that emits blue light, one that emits green light, and one that emits red light
- the deposition of the light-emitting layer and processing by photolithography can be repeated three times to form three types of island-shaped light-emitting layers.
- Devices with an MML structure can be manufactured without using a metal mask, and therefore can exceed the upper limit of fineness resulting from the alignment accuracy of the metal mask. Furthermore, when devices are manufactured without using a metal mask, the equipment required for manufacturing the metal mask and the process of cleaning the metal mask are unnecessary. Furthermore, since the same or similar equipment as that used to manufacture transistors can be used for photolithography processing, there is no need to introduce special equipment to manufacture devices with an MML structure. In this way, the MML structure makes it possible to keep manufacturing costs low, making it suitable for mass production of devices.
- a display device to which the MML structure is applied for example, there is no need to artificially increase the resolution by applying a special pixel arrangement such as a pentile arrangement, so it is possible to realize a display device with high resolution (for example, 500 ppi or more, 1000 ppi or more, 2000 ppi or more, 3000 ppi or more, or 5000 ppi or more) with a so-called stripe arrangement in which R, G, and B sub-pixels are each arranged in one direction.
- a special pixel arrangement such as a pentile arrangement
- the sacrificial layer may remain in the completed display device, or may be removed during the manufacturing process.
- the sacrificial layer 618a shown in Figures 27 and 28 is part of the sacrificial layer that was provided on the light-emitting layer.
- the display device 600A shown in FIG. 27 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a display device (semiconductor device) according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the display device 600A has a configuration in which a pixel circuit, a driver circuit, and the like are provided on a substrate 410.
- a wiring layer 670 is also illustrated in the display device 600A shown in FIG. 27, in addition to the element layer 620, the element layer 630, and the element layer 660.
- the wiring layer 670 is a layer in which wiring is provided.
- the element layer 630 is preferably provided with a pixel circuit of the display device.
- the element layer 620 is preferably provided with a driver circuit of the display device (one or both of a gate driver and a source driver).
- the element layer 620 may also be provided with one or more types of circuits such as an arithmetic circuit and a memory circuit.
- the element layer 620 has, as an example, a substrate 410, on which a transistor 400d is formed.
- a wiring layer 670 is provided above the transistor 400d, and the wiring layer 670 has wiring that electrically connects the transistor 400d to a conductive layer or a transistor (conductor 514 in FIG. 27) provided in the element layer 630.
- An element layer 630 and an element layer 660 are provided above the wiring layer 670, and the element layer 630 has, as an example, a transistor MTCK.
- the element layer 660 has a light-emitting device 650 (light-emitting device 650R, light-emitting device 650G, and light-emitting device 650B in FIG. 27) and the like.
- Transistor 400d is an example of a transistor included in element layer 620.
- Transistor MTCK is an example of a transistor included in element layer 630.
- the light-emitting devices (light-emitting device 650R, light-emitting device 650G, and light-emitting device 650B) are an example of a light-emitting device included in element layer 660.
- the substrate 410 may be a semiconductor substrate (for example, a single crystal substrate made of silicon or germanium).
- the substrate 410 may be, for example, an SOI (Silicon On Insulator) substrate, a glass substrate, a quartz substrate, a plastic substrate, a sapphire glass substrate, a metal substrate, a stainless steel substrate, a substrate having stainless steel foil, a tungsten substrate, a substrate having tungsten foil, a flexible substrate, a laminated film, paper containing a fibrous material, or a base film.
- the substrate 410 is described as a semiconductor substrate having silicon as a material. Therefore, the transistors included in the element layer 620 may be Si transistors.
- the transistor 400d has an element isolation layer 412, a conductor 416, an insulator 415, an insulator 417, a semiconductor region 413 made of a part of the substrate 410, and a low-resistance region 414a and a low-resistance region 414b that function as a source region or a drain region.
- the transistor 400d is a Si transistor. Note that although FIG. 27 shows a configuration in which one of the source and drain of the transistor 400d is electrically connected to the conductor 514 provided in the element layer 630 via the conductor 428, the conductor 430, and the conductor 456, the electrical connection configuration of the display device of one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto.
- the transistor 400d can be made into a Fin type by, for example, configuring the top surface and the side surface in the channel width direction of the semiconductor region 413 to be covered by the conductor 416 via the insulator 415 that functions as a gate insulator.
- the effective channel width can be increased, and the on characteristics of the transistor 400d can be improved.
- the contribution of the electric field of the gate electrode can be increased, and therefore the off characteristics of the transistor 400d can be improved.
- the transistor 400d may be a planar type instead of a Fin type.
- the transistor 400d may be either a p-channel type or an n-channel type. Alternatively, multiple transistors 400d may be provided, and both p-channel and n-channel types may be used.
- the region in which the channel of the semiconductor region 413 is formed, the region nearby, and the low resistance region 414a and low resistance region 414b that become the source region or drain region preferably contain silicon, specifically, single crystal silicon.
- each of the above-mentioned regions may be formed using, for example, germanium, silicon germanium, gallium arsenide, aluminum gallium arsenide, or gallium nitride.
- a configuration using silicon in which the effective mass is controlled by applying stress to the crystal lattice and changing the lattice spacing may also be used.
- the transistor 400d may be, for example, a HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) using gallium arsenide and aluminum gallium arsenide.
- HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor
- the conductor 416 that functions as the gate electrode can be a semiconductor material such as silicon containing an element that imparts n-type conductivity, such as arsenic or phosphorus, or an element that imparts p-type conductivity, such as boron or aluminum.
- the conductor 416 can be a conductive material such as a metal material, an alloy material, or a metal oxide material.
- the work function is determined by the material of the conductor, so the threshold voltage of the transistor can be adjusted by selecting the material of the conductor. Specifically, it is preferable to use one or both of titanium nitride and tantalum nitride as the conductor. Furthermore, in order to achieve both conductivity and embeddability, it is preferable to use one or both of tungsten and aluminum as a laminated material for the conductor, and in particular, it is preferable to use tungsten in terms of heat resistance.
- the element isolation layer 412 is provided to isolate multiple transistors formed on the substrate 410 from each other.
- the element isolation layer can be formed, for example, by using a LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) method, a STI (Shallow Trench Isolation) method, or a mesa isolation method.
- LOCOS Local Oxidation of Silicon
- STI Shallow Trench Isolation
- an insulator 420 and an insulator 422 are stacked in this order from the substrate 410 side.
- the insulator 420 and the insulator 422 for example, one or more selected from silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, silicon nitride, aluminum oxide, aluminum oxynitride, aluminum nitride oxide, and aluminum nitride may be used.
- the insulator 422 may function as a planarizing film that planarizes steps caused by the insulator 420 and the transistor 400d covered by the insulator 422.
- the top surface of the insulator 422 may be planarized by a planarization process using a chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) method to improve the planarity.
- CMP chemical mechanical polishing
- a conductor 428 is embedded in the insulator 420 and the insulator 422, and connects to the transistor MTCK and the like that are provided above the insulator 422.
- the conductor 428 functions as a plug or wiring.
- a wiring layer 670 is provided on the transistor 400d.
- the wiring layer 670 includes, for example, an insulator 424, an insulator 426, a conductor 430, an insulator 450, an insulator 452, an insulator 454, and a conductor 456.
- Insulators 424 and 426 are stacked in this order on insulator 422 and conductor 428. In addition, openings are formed in insulators 424 and 426 in the areas where they overlap conductor 428. Conductor 430 is embedded in the openings.
- Insulators 450, 452, and 454 are stacked in this order on insulator 426 and conductor 430. In the area overlapping with conductor 430, openings are formed in insulators 450, 452, and 454. Conductor 456 is embedded in the openings.
- Conductor 430 and conductor 456 function as plugs or wiring that connect to transistor 400d.
- the insulators 424 and 450 are preferably made of an insulator having a barrier property against one or more selected from hydrogen, oxygen, and water, similar to the insulator 592 described later.
- the insulators 426, 452, and 454 it is preferable to use an insulator having a relatively low dielectric constant in order to reduce the parasitic capacitance generated between wirings, similar to the insulator 594 described later.
- the insulators 426, 452, and 454 function as an interlayer insulating film and a planarizing film.
- the insulators 426, 452, and 454 include an insulator having a barrier property against one or more selected from hydrogen, oxygen, and water.
- tantalum nitride As a conductor having a barrier property against hydrogen, for example, tantalum nitride may be used.
- tantalum nitride by stacking tantalum nitride and highly conductive tungsten, it is possible to suppress diffusion of hydrogen from the transistor 400d while maintaining the conductivity of the wiring.
- the tantalum nitride layer having a barrier property against hydrogen be in contact with the insulator 450 having a barrier property against hydrogen.
- an insulator 513 is provided above the insulator 454 and the conductor 456. Furthermore, an insulator IS1 is provided on the insulator 513. Furthermore, a conductor functioning as a plug or wiring is embedded in the insulator IS1 and the insulator 513. This allows the transistor 400d to be electrically connected to the conductor 514 provided in the element layer 630. Alternatively, one of the source or drain of the transistor MTCK and one of the source or drain of the transistor 400d may be electrically connected.
- the transistor MTCK is provided on the insulator IS1. Also, on the transistor MTCK, an insulator IS3, an insulator 574, and an insulator 581 are stacked in this order. Also, a conductor MPG that functions as a plug or wiring is embedded in the insulator IS3, the insulator 574, and the insulator 581.
- the transistor MTCK and the insulators, conductors, and semiconductors around it will be described later in this embodiment.
- the insulator 574 preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen (e.g., hydrogen atoms and/or hydrogen molecules).
- the insulator 574 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses the impurities from entering the transistor MTCK.
- the insulator 574 also preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (e.g., oxygen atoms and/or oxygen molecules).
- the insulator 574 preferably has lower oxygen permeability than the insulators IS2 and IS3.
- the insulator 574 preferably functions as a barrier insulating film that suppresses the diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen. Therefore, the insulator 574 is preferably made of an insulating material that has a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, water molecules, nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitrogen oxide molecules (e.g., N 2 O, NO, and NO 2 ), and copper atoms (through which the above impurities are unlikely to permeate). Alternatively, it is preferable to use an insulating material that has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (e.g., oxygen atoms and/or oxygen molecules) (through which the above oxygen is unlikely to permeate).
- oxygen e.g., oxygen atoms and/or oxygen molecules
- Insulators having the function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen may be, for example, insulators containing one or more selected from boron, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, chlorine, argon, gallium, germanium, yttrium, zirconium, lanthanum, neodymium, hafnium, and tantalum, used in a single layer or in a multilayer.
- insulators having the function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen may be, for example, metal oxides such as aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, gallium oxide, germanium oxide, yttrium oxide, zirconium oxide, lanthanum oxide, neodymium oxide, hafnium oxide, and tantalum oxide.
- insulators having the function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen and oxygen may be, for example, oxides containing aluminum and hafnium (hafnium aluminate).
- Examples of insulators that have the function of suppressing the permeation of impurities such as water and hydrogen, and oxygen include metal nitrides such as aluminum nitride, aluminum titanium nitride, titanium nitride, silicon oxynitride, and silicon nitride.
- the insulator 574 it is preferable to use aluminum oxide or silicon nitride for the insulator 574. This can prevent impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing from above the insulator 574 to the transistor MTCK. Alternatively, it can prevent oxygen contained in the insulator IS3, etc. from diffusing above the insulator 574.
- the insulator 581 is a film that functions as an interlayer film, and preferably has a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 574.
- the relative dielectric constant of the insulator 581 is preferably less than 4, and more preferably less than 3.
- the relative dielectric constant of the insulator 581 is preferably 0.7 times or less, and more preferably 0.6 times or less, the relative dielectric constant of the insulator 574.
- the insulator 581 has a reduced concentration of impurities such as water and hydrogen in the film.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen in the film.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used for the insulator 581.
- silicon oxide to which fluorine has been added, silicon oxide to which carbon has been added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen have been added, or silicon oxide having vacancies can be used for the insulator 581.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- materials such as silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, and silicon oxide having vacancies are preferable because they can easily form a region containing oxygen that is desorbed by heating.
- a resin can be used for the insulator 581.
- the material that can be used for the insulator 581 may be an appropriate combination of the above-mentioned materials.
- Insulators 592 and 594 are layered in this order on insulators 574 and 581.
- the insulator 592 is preferably an insulating film (referred to as a barrier insulating film) having a barrier property that prevents impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing from the substrate 410 and the transistor MTCK to a region above the insulator 592 (e.g., a region where the light-emitting device 650R, the light-emitting device 650G, and the light-emitting device 650B are provided). Therefore, the insulator 592 is preferably an insulating material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as hydrogen atoms, hydrogen molecules, and water molecules (the impurities are unlikely to permeate through the insulating material).
- a barrier insulating film referred to as a barrier insulating film having a barrier property that prevents impurities such as water and hydrogen from diffusing from the substrate 410 and the transistor MTCK to a region above the insulator 592 (e.g., a region where the light-emitting device 650R
- the insulator 592 is preferably an insulating material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as nitrogen atoms, nitrogen molecules, nitrogen oxide molecules (e.g., N 2 O, NO, and NO 2 ), and copper atoms (the oxygen is unlikely to permeate through the insulating material).
- the insulator 592 is preferably an insulating material having a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen (e.g., one or both of oxygen atoms and oxygen molecules).
- An example of a film that has barrier properties against hydrogen is silicon nitride formed by the CVD method.
- the amount of desorption of hydrogen can be analyzed by, for example, thermal desorption spectrometry (TDS).
- TDS thermal desorption spectrometry
- the amount of desorption of hydrogen from the insulator 424 may be 10 ⁇ 10 15 atoms/cm 2 or less, preferably 5 ⁇ 10 15 atoms/cm 2 or less, calculated as hydrogen atoms per area of the insulator 424, when the film surface temperature is in the range of 50° C. to 500 ° C., as measured by TDS .
- insulator 594 is preferably an interlayer film with a low dielectric constant. For this reason, materials that can be used for insulator 581 can be used for insulator 594.
- the insulator 594 has a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 592.
- the relative dielectric constant of the insulator 594 is preferably less than 4, and more preferably less than 3.
- the relative dielectric constant of the insulator 594 is preferably 0.7 times or less, and more preferably 0.6 times or less, the relative dielectric constant of the insulator 592.
- a conductor MPG that functions as a plug or wiring is embedded in the insulator GI1 and the insulator IS3, and a conductor 596 that functions as a plug or wiring is embedded in the insulator 592 and the insulator 594.
- the conductor MPG and the conductor 596 are electrically connected to a light-emitting device or the like that is provided above the insulator 594.
- the same reference numeral may be given to multiple structures.
- the wiring and the plug that connects to the wiring may be one body. That is, there are cases where a part of the conductor functions as the wiring, and cases where a part of the conductor functions as the plug.
- the materials for each plug and wiring can be one or more conductive materials selected from metal materials, alloy materials, metal nitride materials, and metal oxide materials, either in a single layer or in a laminated layer. It is preferable to use a high melting point material such as tungsten or molybdenum that has both heat resistance and conductivity, and tungsten is preferably used. Alternatively, it is preferable to form the wiring from a low resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper. By using a low resistance conductive material, the wiring resistance can be reduced.
- Insulator 598 and insulator 599 are formed in order on insulator 594 and conductor 596.
- the insulator 598 is an insulator having barrier properties against one or more selected from hydrogen, oxygen, and water, similar to the insulator 592.
- the insulator 599 is an insulator having a relatively low dielectric constant, similar to the insulator 594, in order to reduce the parasitic capacitance that occurs between wirings.
- the insulator 599 functions as an interlayer insulating film and a planarizing film.
- a light-emitting device 650 and a connection portion 640 are formed on the insulator 599.
- the detailed configuration of the light-emitting device will be described in detail in embodiment 5.
- connection portion 640 may be called a cathode contact portion, and is electrically connected to the cathode electrodes of the light-emitting devices 650R, 650G, and 650B.
- connection portion 640 shown in FIG. 27 a conductor formed in the same process and from the same material as the conductors 611a to 611c is electrically connected to the common electrode 615 described later. Note that FIG. 27 shows an example in which the conductor is electrically connected to the common electrode 615 via the common layer 614 described later, but the conductor and the common electrode 615 may be in direct contact.
- connection portion 640 may be provided so as to surround the four sides of the display portion in a plan view, or may be provided within the display portion (e.g., between adjacent light-emitting devices 650) (not shown).
- Light-emitting device 650R has conductor 611a as a pixel electrode.
- light-emitting device 650G has conductor 611b as a pixel electrode
- light-emitting device 650B has conductor 611c as a pixel electrode.
- Conductor 611a, conductor 611b, and conductor 611c are each connected to conductor 596 embedded in insulator 594 via a conductor (plug) embedded in insulator 599.
- Light-emitting device 650R has layer 613a, a common layer 614 on layer 613a, and a common electrode 615 on common layer 614.
- Light-emitting device 650G has layer 613b, a common layer 614 on layer 613b, and a common electrode 615 on common layer 614.
- Light-emitting device 650B has layer 613c, a common layer 614 on layer 613c, and a common electrode 615 on common layer 614.
- the display device 600A employs an SBS structure.
- the SBS structure allows the materials and configuration to be optimized for each light-emitting device, allowing greater freedom in the selection of materials and configurations, making it easier to improve brightness and reliability.
- the display device 600A is also a top emission type.
- a top emission type allows transistors and the like to be arranged so as to overlap the light emitting region of the light emitting device, so the aperture ratio of the pixel can be increased compared to a bottom emission type.
- layer 613a is formed so as to cover the upper and side surfaces of conductor 611a.
- layer 613b is formed so as to cover the upper and side surfaces of conductor 611b.
- layer 613c is formed so as to cover the upper and side surfaces of conductor 611c. Therefore, the entire area in which conductors 611a, 611b, and 611c are provided can be used as the light-emitting areas of light-emitting device 650R, light-emitting device 650G, and light-emitting device 650B, thereby increasing the aperture ratio of the pixel.
- layer 613a and common layer 614 can be collectively referred to as the EL layer.
- layer 613b and common layer 614 can be collectively referred to as the EL layer.
- layer 613c and common layer 614 can be collectively referred to as the EL layer.
- the configuration of the light-emitting device of this embodiment may be a single structure or a tandem structure.
- Layers 613a, 613b, and 613c are processed into island shapes by photolithography. Therefore, at the ends of layers 613a, 613b, and 613c, the angle between the top surface and the side surface is close to 90 degrees.
- an organic film formed using FMM Fine Metal Mask
- the top surface is formed in a slope over a range of 1 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m to the end, resulting in a shape in which it is difficult to distinguish between the top surface and the side surface.
- top and side surfaces of layers 613a, 613b, and 613c are clearly distinguished. As a result, in adjacent layers 613a and 613b, one side surface of layer 613a and one side surface of layer 613b are arranged opposite each other. This is the same for any combination of layers 613a, 613b, and 613c.
- Layer 613a, layer 613b, and layer 613c each have at least a light-emitting layer.
- layer 613a has a light-emitting layer that emits red light
- layer 613b has a light-emitting layer that emits green light
- layer 613c has a light-emitting layer that emits blue light.
- each light-emitting layer can be of a color other than cyan, magenta, yellow, or white.
- Layer 613a, layer 613b, and layer 613c preferably have a light-emitting layer and a carrier transport layer (electron transport layer or hole transport layer) on the light-emitting layer. Since the surfaces of layers 613a, 613b, and 613c may be exposed during the manufacturing process of the display device, providing a carrier transport layer on the light-emitting layer can prevent the light-emitting layer from being exposed to the outermost surface and reduce damage to the light-emitting layer. This can improve the reliability of the light-emitting device.
- a carrier transport layer electron transport layer or hole transport layer
- the common layer 614 has, for example, an electron injection layer or a hole injection layer.
- the common layer 614 may have a stack of an electron transport layer and an electron injection layer, or a stack of a hole transport layer and a hole injection layer.
- the common layer 614 is shared by the light-emitting device 650R, the light-emitting device 650G, and the light-emitting device 650B.
- the common layer 614 does not have to be provided, and the entire EL layer of the light-emitting device may be provided in an island shape, like the layer 613a, the layer 613b, and the layer 613c.
- the common electrode 615 is shared by the light-emitting devices 650R, 650G, and 650B. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 27, the common electrode 615 shared by the multiple light-emitting devices is electrically connected to a conductor included in the connection portion 640.
- the insulator 625 preferably has a function as a barrier insulating layer against water and/or oxygen.
- the insulator 625 preferably has a function of suppressing the diffusion of water and/or oxygen.
- the insulator 625 preferably has a function of capturing or fixing (also referred to as gettering) water and/or oxygen.
- the insulator 625 has a function as a barrier insulating layer or a gettering function, it is possible to suppress the intrusion of impurities (typically, water and/or oxygen) that may diffuse from the outside into each light-emitting device. With this structure, a highly reliable light-emitting device and further a highly reliable display device can be provided.
- the insulator 625 has a low impurity concentration. This can prevent impurities from entering the EL layer from the insulator 625 and causing deterioration of the EL layer. Furthermore, by lowering the impurity concentration in the insulator 625, it is possible to improve the barrier properties against water and/or oxygen. For example, it is desirable that the insulator 625 has a sufficiently low hydrogen concentration or a sufficiently low carbon concentration, or preferably both.
- an insulating layer containing an organic material can be suitably used.
- the organic material it is preferable to use a photosensitive organic resin, for example, a photosensitive resin composition containing an acrylic resin.
- acrylic resin does not only refer to polymethacrylic acid ester or methacrylic resin, but may refer to acrylic polymers in a broad sense.
- the organic materials that can be used for the insulator 627 are not limited to those mentioned above.
- the insulator 627 may be made of acrylic resin, polyimide resin, epoxy resin, imide resin, polyamide resin, polyimideamide resin, silicone resin, siloxane resin, benzocyclobutene resin, phenol resin, or precursors of these resins.
- the insulator 627 may be made of organic materials such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol, polyglycerin, pullulan, water-soluble cellulose, or alcohol-soluble polyamide resin.
- the insulator 627 may be made of a photoresist, for example, as a photosensitive resin. Examples of photosensitive resins include positive-type materials and negative-type materials.
- the insulator 627 may be made of a material that absorbs visible light. By absorbing light emitted from the light-emitting device with the insulator 627, it is possible to suppress leakage of light from the light-emitting device to an adjacent light-emitting device through the insulator 627 (stray light). This makes it possible to improve the display quality of the display device. In addition, since the display quality can be improved without using a polarizing plate in the display device, it is possible to reduce the weight and thickness of the display device.
- Materials that absorb visible light include materials containing pigments such as black, materials containing dyes, resin materials with light absorbing properties (e.g., polyimide), and resin materials that can be used in color filters (color filter materials).
- resin materials with light absorbing properties e.g., polyimide
- color filter materials resin materials that can be used in color filters
- by mixing three or more colors of color filter materials it is possible to create a resin layer that is black or close to black.
- the insulator 627 can be formed using a wet film formation method such as spin coating, dipping, spray coating, inkjet, dispensing, screen printing, offset printing, doctor knife method, slit coating, roll coating, curtain coating, or knife coating.
- a wet film formation method such as spin coating, dipping, spray coating, inkjet, dispensing, screen printing, offset printing, doctor knife method, slit coating, roll coating, curtain coating, or knife coating.
- the insulator 627 is formed at a temperature lower than the heat resistance temperature of the EL layer.
- the substrate temperature when forming the insulator 627 is typically 200°C or less, preferably 180°C or less, more preferably 160°C or less, more preferably 150°C or less, and more preferably 140°C or less.
- the insulator 627 preferably has a tapered shape on the side.
- the side end of the insulator 627 into a forward tapered shape (less than 90°, preferably 60° or less, and more preferably 45° or less)
- the common layer 614 and common electrode 615 provided on the side end of the insulator 627 can be formed with good coverage without causing discontinuities or localized thinning. This can improve the in-plane uniformity of the common layer 614 and common electrode 615, thereby improving the display quality of the display device.
- the upper surface of the insulator 627 preferably has a convex curved shape.
- the convex curved shape of the upper surface of the insulator 627 is preferably a shape that bulges gently toward the center.
- it is preferable that the convex curved portion at the center of the upper surface of the insulator 627 is smoothly connected to the tapered portion at the end of the side surface.
- Insulator 627 is also formed in the region between the two EL layers (e.g., the region between layers 613a and 613b). At this time, a portion of insulator 627 is disposed in a position sandwiched between a side edge of one EL layer (e.g., layer 613a) and a side edge of the other EL layer (e.g., layer 613b).
- one end of the insulator 627 overlaps with the conductor 611a that functions as a pixel electrode, and the other end of the insulator 627 overlaps with the conductor 611b that functions as a pixel electrode.
- the end of the insulator 627 can be formed on a flat or approximately flat region of the layer 613a (layer 613b). Therefore, it becomes relatively easy to process the tapered shape of the insulator 627 as described above.
- the insulator 627 or the like it is possible to prevent the formation of discontinuities and locally thin areas in the common layer 614 and common electrode 615 from the flat or roughly flat area of the layer 613a to the flat or roughly flat area of the layer 613b. This makes it possible to prevent connection failures caused by discontinuities and increases in electrical resistance caused by locally thin areas in the common layer 614 and common electrode 615 between the light-emitting devices.
- the display device of this embodiment can narrow the distance between light-emitting devices.
- the distance between light-emitting devices, between EL layers, or between pixel electrodes can be less than 10 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m or less, 5 ⁇ m or less, 3 ⁇ m or less, 2 ⁇ m or less, 1 ⁇ m or less, 500 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 20 nm or less, 15 nm or less, or 10 nm or less.
- the display device of this embodiment has an area where the distance between two adjacent island-shaped EL layers is 1 ⁇ m or less, preferably an area where the distance is 0.5 ⁇ m (500 nm) or less, and more preferably an area where the distance is 100 nm or less. In this way, by narrowing the distance between each light-emitting device, a display device with high definition and large aperture ratio can be provided.
- a protective layer 631 is provided on the light-emitting device 650.
- the protective layer 631 is a film that functions as a passivation film that protects the light-emitting device 650.
- impurities such as water and oxygen are prevented from entering the light-emitting device, and the reliability of the light-emitting device 650 can be improved.
- aluminum oxide, silicon nitride, or silicon oxynitride can be used for the protective layer 631.
- the protective layer 631 and the substrate 610 are bonded via an adhesive layer 607.
- a solid sealing structure or a hollow sealing structure can be applied to seal the light-emitting device.
- the space between the substrate 410 and the substrate 610 is filled with an adhesive layer 607, and a solid sealing structure is applied.
- the space may be filled with an inert gas (such as nitrogen or argon) and a hollow sealing structure may be applied.
- the adhesive layer 607 may be provided so as not to overlap with the light-emitting device.
- the space may also be filled with a resin different from the adhesive layer 607 provided in a frame shape.
- various types of curing adhesives can be used, such as ultraviolet-curing photocuring adhesives, reaction-curing adhesives, heat-curing adhesives, and anaerobic adhesives.
- these adhesives include epoxy resins, acrylic resins, silicone resins, phenolic resins, polyimide resins, imide resins, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) resins, PVB (polyvinyl butyral) resins, and EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) resins.
- epoxy resins with low moisture permeability are preferred.
- Two-part mixed resins may also be used.
- An adhesive sheet may also be used.
- Display device 600A is a top emission type. Light emitted by the light emitting device is emitted towards substrate 610. For this reason, it is preferable to use a material that is highly transparent to visible light for substrate 610. For example, a substrate that is highly transparent to visible light may be selected for substrate 610 from among the substrates that can be used for substrate 410.
- the pixel electrode contains a material that reflects visible light
- the opposing electrode (common electrode 615) contains a material that transmits visible light.
- the display device of one embodiment of the present invention may be a bottom emission type in which light emitted from a light-emitting device is emitted toward the substrate 410, rather than a top emission type.
- a substrate that has high transparency to visible light may be selected as the substrate 410.
- the element layer 630 of the display device 600A in FIG. 27 includes a transistor MTCK, but this is not limited thereto.
- the structure of the transistor included in the display device of one embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited.
- One or more types of transistors can be used in the display device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- one or more of the transistor MTCK shown in FIG. 29 and the transistor 800 shown in FIG. 30 can be used.
- One or both of an OS transistor and a Si transistor can be used in the display device of one embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 28 shows a cross-sectional view of the display device 600B.
- the display device 600B can be a flexible display device (also called a flexible display) by using flexible substrates for the substrate 541 and the substrate 610.
- the substrate 541 is attached to the insulating layer 545 by an adhesive layer 543.
- the substrate 610 is attached to the protective layer 631 by an adhesive layer 607. An example of a method for manufacturing a flexible device will be described later in this embodiment.
- the element layer 660 of the display device 600B differs from the element layer 660 of the display device 600A mainly in that the same configuration is applied to the layers 613a, 613b, and 613c, and further in that the colored layers 628R, 628G, and 628B are provided.
- Layers 613a, 613b, and 613c are formed in the same process and with the same material. Furthermore, layers 613a, 613b, and 613c are separated from one another.
- leakage current sometimes called lateral leakage current, horizontal leakage current, or lateral leakage current
- the light-emitting devices 650R, 650G, and 650B shown in FIG. 28 emit white light.
- the white light emitted by the light-emitting devices 650R, 650G, and 650B passes through the colored layers 628R, 628G, and 628B, thereby obtaining light of a desired color.
- a light-emitting device that is configured to emit white light may emit light of a specific wavelength, such as red, green, or blue, with the light being enhanced.
- the light emitted by light-emitting device 650R is extracted as red light to the outside of display device 600B via colored layer 628R.
- the light emitted by light-emitting device 650G is extracted as green light to the outside of display device 600B via colored layer 628G.
- the light emitted by light-emitting device 650B is extracted as blue light to the outside of display device 600B via colored layer 628B.
- tandem structure for a light-emitting device that emits white light.
- An example of the configuration of a light-emitting device with a tandem structure will be described in detail in embodiment 5.
- the light-emitting devices 650R, 650G, and 650B shown in FIG. 28 emit blue light.
- the layers 613a, 613b, and 613c each have one or more light-emitting layers that emit blue light.
- the blue light emitted by the light-emitting device 650B can be extracted.
- a color conversion layer is provided between the light-emitting device 650R and the colored layer 628R, and between the light-emitting device 650G and the colored layer 628G, so that the blue light emitted by the light-emitting device 650R or the light-emitting device 650G can be converted into light with a longer wavelength, and red or green light can be extracted.
- the colored layer absorbs light other than the desired color, and the color purity of the light that the subpixel emits can be increased.
- the colored layers are colored layers that selectively transmit light in a specific wavelength range and absorb light in other wavelength ranges.
- a red (R) color filter that transmits light in the red wavelength range
- a green (G) color filter that transmits light in the green wavelength range
- a blue (B) color filter that transmits light in the blue wavelength range
- R red
- G green
- B blue
- metal materials, resin materials, pigments, and dyes can be used.
- the colored layers are formed at the desired positions by a printing method, an inkjet method, an etching method using photolithography, or the like.
- the element layer 630 of the display device 600B has a similar configuration to the element layer 630 of the display device 600A, so a detailed description will be omitted.
- Display device 600B differs from display device 600A in that it does not have element layer 620 but has element layer 635.
- Element layer 635 has the same configuration as element layer 630.
- At least a part of the transistors in the element layer 635 is electrically connected to the conductive layer or the transistors in the element layer 630 via plugs, wiring, etc. Note that a wiring layer 670 may be provided between the element layer 630 and the element layer 635.
- the element layer 635 is provided with one or both of a pixel circuit and a driver circuit of a display device.
- element layer 630 and element layer 635 an example in which two element layers having OS transistors are stacked (element layer 630 and element layer 635) is shown, but the number of stacked element layers is not limited to this, and may be three or more layers.
- the bottom layer is used for the driver circuit (either or both of the gate driver and source driver) of the display device
- the top layer is used for the pixel circuit of the display device
- the layers located between are used for the pixel circuit or driver circuit, respectively.
- Si transistors are typically formed on single crystal Si wafers, making it difficult to make them flexible.
- a display device is constructed using only OS transistors without using Si transistors, a flexible configuration can be made using a relatively simple manufacturing process.
- FIG. 29A to 29C show an example of a semiconductor device (e.g., a pixel circuit or a driving circuit) including a transistor MTCK.
- FIG. 29A shows a schematic plan view of the transistor MTCK.
- FIG. 29B is a schematic cross-sectional view corresponding to the portion of the dashed line A1-A2 shown in FIG. 29A, and is also a schematic cross-sectional view of the transistor MTCK.
- FIG. 29C is a schematic cross-sectional view corresponding to the portion of the dashed line A3-A4 shown in FIG. 29A, and is also a schematic cross-sectional view of the transistor MTCK.
- the direction of the dashed line A1-A2 is the X direction
- the direction of the dashed line A3-A4 is the Y direction.
- the direction perpendicular to the X and Y directions is the Z direction.
- the X and Y directions can be perpendicular to each other.
- the definitions of the X, Y, and Z directions may be the same or different in the following drawings.
- the right side may be called the X direction, the left side the -X direction, the upper side the Y direction, and the lower side the -Y direction.
- the right side may be called the X direction, the left side the -X direction, the upper side the Z direction, and the lower side the -Z direction.
- the right side may be called the -Y direction, the left side the +Y direction, the upper side the Z direction, and the lower side the -Z direction.
- the transistor MTCK shown in Figures 29A to 29C has insulators IS1 to IS3, an insulator GI1, conductors ME1 to ME3, and a semiconductor SC1.
- the insulator IS1 functions as a base film for providing the source, drain, and channel formation regions of the transistor MTCK thereon, for example.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride can be used.
- silicon oxide to which fluorine has been added, silicon oxide to which carbon has been added, silicon oxide to which carbon and nitrogen have been added, or silicon oxide having vacancies can be used.
- silicon oxide and silicon oxynitride are preferable because they are thermally stable.
- the insulator IS1 can be a resin.
- the material used for the insulator IS1 may be an appropriate combination of the insulating materials described above.
- the conductor ME1 is a conductor (which may be referred to as a terminal, wiring, etc.) that functions as one of the source and drain in the transistor MTCK.
- the conductor ME2 is a conductor (which may be referred to as a terminal, wiring, etc.) that functions as the other of the source and drain in the transistor MTCK.
- the conductor ME1 is provided as a wiring extending in the Y direction, as an example.
- the conductor ME2 is provided as a wiring extending in the X direction, as an example.
- the conductors ME1, ME2, and ME3 are preferably made of, for example, a metal element selected from aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum, or an alloy containing two or more of the above-mentioned metal elements, or an alloy combining two or more of the above-mentioned metal elements.
- a metal element selected from aluminum, chromium, copper, silver, gold, platinum, tantalum, nickel, titanium, molybdenum, tungsten, hafnium, vanadium, niobium, manganese, magnesium, zirconium, beryllium, indium, ruthenium, iridium, strontium, and lanthanum, or an alloy containing two or more
- the conductive film ME1, conductor ME2, and conductor ME3 are preferably made of, for example, tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, tungsten, a nitride containing titanium and aluminum, a nitride containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, an oxide containing strontium and ruthenium, or an oxide containing lanthanum and nickel.
- Tantalum nitride, titanium nitride, nitrides containing titanium and aluminum, nitrides containing tantalum and aluminum, ruthenium oxide, ruthenium nitride, oxides containing strontium and ruthenium, and oxides containing lanthanum and nickel are preferred because they are conductive materials that are difficult to oxidize, or materials that maintain their conductivity even when they absorb oxygen.
- the conductor may be, for example, a semiconductor with high electrical conductivity, such as polycrystalline silicon containing an impurity element (e.g., phosphorus or arsenic), or a silicide (e.g., nickel silicide).
- oxide conductors may be used for conductors ME1, ME2, and ME3.
- oxide conductors include indium oxide, zinc oxide, In-Sn oxide (ITO), In-Zn oxide (also referred to as IZO (registered trademark)), In-W oxide, In-W-Zn oxide, In-Ti oxide, In-Ti-Sn oxide, In-Sn-Si oxide (also referred to as ITO containing silicon, ITSO), zinc oxide doped with gallium, and In-Ga-Zn oxide.
- Conductive oxides containing indium are particularly preferred due to their high conductivity.
- a layered structure may be used that combines the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing oxygen.
- a specific layered structure of a conductive film may be, for example, a layered structure of indium oxide and a metal film containing ruthenium.
- a layered structure may be used that combines the above-mentioned material containing a metal element and a conductive material containing nitrogen.
- a layered structure may be used that combines the above-mentioned material containing a metal element, a conductive material containing oxygen, and a conductive material containing nitrogen.
- the insulator IS2 functions as an interlayer film that separates the source and drain in the transistor MTCK.
- a material applicable to the insulator IS1 can be used for the insulating film IS2.
- the semiconductor SC1 is a metal oxide that functions as an oxide semiconductor
- the carrier concentration of the metal oxide decreases at the interface and near the interface of the semiconductor SC1 that is in contact with the insulator IS2, and the interface and near the interface of the semiconductor SC1 become i-type or substantially i-type. Therefore, the interface and near the interface of the semiconductor SC1 can function as a channel formation region in the transistor MTCK.
- the semiconductor SC1 can be, for example, a metal oxide that functions as an oxide semiconductor.
- the transistor MTCK is an OS transistor.
- the metal oxide preferably contains at least indium or zinc.
- the metal oxide contains indium and zinc.
- the element M is contained.
- the element M one or more selected from aluminum, gallium, silicon, yttrium, tin, copper, vanadium, beryllium, boron, titanium, iron, nickel, germanium, zirconium, molybdenum, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, magnesium, cobalt, and antimony can be used.
- the element M is one or more of aluminum, gallium, yttrium, and tin. It is further preferable that the element M contains one or both of gallium and tin.
- metal oxides include indium oxide, gallium oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide (also referred to as IZO (registered trademark)), indium tin oxide, indium titanium oxide, indium gallium oxide, indium gallium aluminum oxide, indium gallium tin oxide, gallium zinc oxide (also referred to as GZO), aluminum zinc oxide (also referred to as AZO), indium aluminum zinc oxide (also referred to as IAZO), indium tin zinc oxide (also referred to as ITZO (registered trademark)), indium titanium zinc oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide (also referred to as IGZO), indium gallium tin zinc oxide (also referred to as IGZTO), and indium gallium aluminum zinc oxide.
- indium tin oxide, gallium tin oxide, and aluminum tin oxide containing silicon are also included.
- a material that does not contain Zn such as indium oxide
- compatibility with the LSI manufacturing process is increased, which is preferable.
- a material that contains Zn it is easier to increase the crystallinity, which is preferable.
- the semiconductor SC1 is a metal oxide that functions as an oxide semiconductor, it is preferable to form it using the ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition) method. As shown in Figures 29B and 29C, when forming the semiconductor SC1 in a region having a step, the ALD method can be used to form the semiconductor SC1 with good coverage.
- ALD Atomic Layer Deposition
- the microwave treatment refers to a treatment using a device having a power source that generates high-density plasma using microwaves, for example.
- a crystalline metal oxide layer for the semiconductor SC1 It is preferable to use a crystalline metal oxide layer for the semiconductor SC1.
- a metal oxide layer having a CAAC (c-axis aligned crystal) structure, a polycrystalline structure, a nano-crystalline (nc: nano-crystal) structure, or the like can be used.
- CAAC c-axis aligned crystal
- nc nano-crystalline
- the density of defect levels in the semiconductor SC1 can be reduced, and a highly reliable semiconductor device can be realized.
- In-Ga-Zn oxide for the semiconductor SC1.
- it is more preferable to use a metal oxide having a composition of In:Ga:Zn 1:1:1 [atomic ratio] or a composition close thereto, a composition of 4:2:3 [atomic ratio] or a composition close thereto, or a composition of 3:1:2 [atomic ratio] or a composition close thereto.
- the semiconductor SC1 preferably has a laminated structure of multiple oxide layers with different atomic ratios of each metal atom.
- a first metal oxide and a second metal oxide formed on the first metal oxide as metal oxides.
- each metal oxide contains at least indium (In) and element M
- the ratio of the number of atoms of element M contained in the first metal oxide to the number of atoms of all elements constituting the first metal oxide is higher than the ratio of the number of atoms of element M contained in the second metal oxide to the number of atoms of all elements constituting the second metal oxide.
- the atomic ratio of element M contained in the first metal oxide to In is higher than the atomic ratio of element M contained in the second metal oxide to In.
- the main carrier path is the second metal oxide.
- an opening KK1 is formed in the region of the insulator IS2 where the transistor MTCK is provided, and the side surface is approximately perpendicular to the X-Y plane (taper angle is 70° or more and 110° or less). Furthermore, the semiconductor SC1 including the channel formation region of the transistor MTCK is provided so as to be in contact with the conductors ME1 and ME2 through the opening KK1.
- an insulator GI1 is provided on the semiconductor SC1. Specifically, in a plan view, the insulator GI1 is positioned so as to overlap above the channel formation region included in the semiconductor SC1. The insulator GI1 functions as a gate insulating film in the transistor MTCK.
- the insulator GI1 it is preferable to use a single layer or a laminate of an insulator containing a so-called high-k material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 (BST).
- a so-called high-k material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 (BST).
- a so-called high-k material such as aluminum oxide, hafnium oxide, tantalum oxide, zirconium oxide, lead zirconate titanate (PZT), strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ), or (Ba, Sr)TiO 3 (BST).
- insulator GI1 a material that can be used for the insulator IS1 may be applied.
- silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride, silicon nitride oxide, or silicon nitride may be used.
- the conductor ME3 is provided on the insulator GI1 so as to fill the opening KK1.
- the conductor ME3 is a conductor (which may also be referred to as a terminal, wiring, etc.) that functions as a gate in the transistor MTCK.
- the conductor ME3 is provided as wiring extending in the Y direction, as an example.
- the insulator IS3 is, for example, a film that functions as an interlayer film. Therefore, it is preferable that the insulator IS3 has an insulating material with a low relative dielectric constant. By using an insulating material with a low relative dielectric constant as the interlayer film, the parasitic capacitance that occurs between wirings can be reduced.
- insulator IS1 a material that can be used for the insulator IS1 can be used as the insulator IS3.
- the transistor MTCK shown in Figures 29A to 29C the conductor ME1 functioning as either the source or the drain is located below the insulator IS2, which serves as the interlayer film, and the conductor ME2 functioning as the other of the source or the drain is located above the insulator IS2. Therefore, the transistor MTCK is configured such that the channel formation region is provided along the opening of the insulator IS2.
- the source and drain are located at different heights, and the current flowing through the semiconductor layer flows in the height direction.
- the channel length direction can be said to have a height (vertical) component, so the transistor MTCK can also be called a VFET (Vertical Field Effect Transistor), vertical transistor, vertical channel transistor, vertical channel transistor, etc.
- VFET Vertical Field Effect Transistor
- the area occupied by the transistor can be made smaller than when the channel formation region of the transistor is provided along the X-Y plane. Therefore, by forming a circuit using one or both of the transistors MTCK, the area of the circuit can be made smaller. As a result, this can lead to the miniaturization of a semiconductor device or display device including the circuit.
- FIG. 30A shows a top view of the transistor 800.
- FIG. 30B shows a cross-sectional view between dashed and dotted lines A1-A2 in FIG. 30A.
- FIG. 30B is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 800 in the channel length direction.
- FIG. 30C shows a cross-sectional view between dashed and dotted lines A3-A4 in FIG. 30A.
- FIG. 30C is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 800 in the channel width direction.
- FIG. 30D shows a cross-sectional view between dashed and dotted lines A5-A6 in FIG. 30A.
- FIG. 30D is also a cross-sectional view of the transistor 800 in the channel width direction. Note that some elements are omitted in the top view of FIG. 30A for clarity.
- the transistor 800 has a conductor 805 (conductor 805a and conductor 805b) embedded in the insulator 816, an insulator 821 on the insulator 816 and the conductor 805, an insulator 822 on the insulator 821, an insulator 824 on the insulator 822, an oxide 820 (oxide 820a and oxide 820b) on the insulator 824, a conductor 842a (conductor 842a1 and conductor 842a2) and a conductor 842b (conductor 842b1 and conductor 842b2) on the oxide 820, an insulator 871a on the conductor 842a, an insulator 871b on the conductor 842b, an insulator 850 on the oxide 820, and a conductor 860 (conductor 860a and conductor 860b) on the insulator 850.
- a conductor 805 conductor 805a and conductor 805b
- An insulator 875 is provided on the insulators 871a and 871b, and an insulator 885 is provided on the insulator 875.
- the insulators 855, 850, and conductor 860 are disposed inside openings provided in the insulators 885 and 875.
- An insulator 882 is provided on the insulator 885 and the conductor 860.
- An insulator 883 is provided on the insulator 882.
- An insulator 815 is provided below the insulator 816 and the conductor 805.
- An insulator 855 is provided between the insulator 842a2, the conductor 842b2, the insulator 871a, the insulator 871b, the insulator 875, and the insulator 885 and the insulator 850.
- insulator 815, insulator 816, conductor 805, insulator 821, insulator 822, insulator 824, oxide 820, conductor 842a, conductor 842b, insulator 871a, insulator 871b, insulator 875, insulator 885, insulator 855, insulator 850, conductor 860, insulator 882, and insulator 883 may each have a single layer structure or a laminated structure.
- the oxide 820 has a region that functions as a channel formation region.
- the conductor 860 has a region that functions as a first gate electrode (upper gate electrode).
- the insulator 850 has a region that functions as a first gate insulator.
- the conductor 805 has a region that functions as a second gate electrode (lower gate electrode).
- the insulators 824, 822, and 821 each have a region that functions as a second gate insulator.
- the conductor 842a has a region that functions as either a source electrode or a drain electrode.
- the conductor 842b has a region that functions as the other of the source electrode or the drain electrode.
- the oxide 820 preferably has an oxide 820a on the insulator 824 and an oxide 820b on the oxide 820a.
- the oxide 820a below the oxide 820b, the diffusion of impurities from a structure formed below the oxide 820a to the oxide 820b can be suppressed.
- the oxide 820 may have a single layer structure of the oxide 820b, or may have a stacked structure of three or more layers.
- a channel formation region and a source region and a drain region are formed, sandwiching the channel formation region. At least a portion of the channel formation region overlaps with the conductor 860.
- the source region overlaps with the conductor 842a, and the drain region overlaps with the conductor 842b. Note that the source region and the drain region can be interchanged.
- the channel formation region is a high-resistance region with a low carrier concentration because it has fewer oxygen vacancies or a lower impurity concentration than the source and drain regions. Therefore, the channel formation region can be said to be i-type (intrinsic) or substantially i-type.
- the source and drain regions are low-resistance regions with high carrier concentrations due to a large amount of oxygen vacancies or a high concentration of impurities such as hydrogen, nitrogen, and metal elements.
- the source and drain regions are n-type regions (low-resistance regions) with a high carrier concentration compared to the channel formation region.
- channel formation region, source region, and drain region may each be formed with not only oxide 820b but also oxide 820a.
- concentrations of metal elements and impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen detected in each region may change continuously within each region, not necessarily in a gradual manner from region to region. In other words, the concentrations of metal elements and impurity elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen may decrease in the region closer to the channel formation region.
- oxide 820 oxide 820a and oxide 820b.
- the oxide 820 preferably has a layered structure of multiple oxide layers with different chemical compositions.
- the atomic ratio of element M to the main component metal element in the oxide 820a is preferably greater than that in the oxide 820b.
- the atomic ratio of element M to In in the oxide 820a is preferably greater than that in the oxide 820b. This configuration can suppress the diffusion of impurities and oxygen from structures formed below the oxide 820a to the oxide 820b.
- the atomic ratio of In to element M in oxide 820b is larger than that in oxide 820a.
- oxide 820a and oxide 820b have a common element other than oxygen as a main component, the defect state density at the interface between oxide 820a and oxide 820b can be reduced. As a result, the effect of interface scattering on carrier conduction is reduced, and the transistor 800 can obtain a large on-current and high frequency characteristics.
- the composition close to these includes a range of ⁇ 30% of the desired atomic ratio.
- Gallium is preferably used as the element M.
- the oxide 820b may be a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 820a.
- the composition of the metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 820a and the oxide 820b is not limited to the above.
- a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 820a may be applied to the oxide 820b
- a metal oxide that can be used for the oxide 820b may be applied to the oxide 820a.
- the above atomic ratio is not limited to the atomic ratio of the formed metal oxide film, but may be the atomic ratio of the sputtering target used to form the metal oxide film.
- the oxide 820b is preferably crystalline.
- Materials that can be used for the conductors, insulators, and oxide semiconductors of the transistor 800 include the various materials that can be used for the conductors ME1 to ME3 described above. Representative examples are described below.
- the conductor 842a has a layered structure of conductors 842a1 and 842a2, and the conductor 842b has a layered structure of conductors 842b1 and 842b2.
- the conductors 842a1 and 842b1 in contact with the oxide 820b are preferably conductors that are difficult to oxidize, such as metal nitrides. This can prevent the conductors 842a and 842b from being excessively oxidized by the oxygen contained in the oxide 820b.
- the conductors 842a2 and 842b2 are preferably conductors such as metal layers that have higher conductivity than the conductors 842a1 and 842b1. This allows the conductors 842a and 842b to function as wiring or electrodes with high conductivity.
- tantalum nitride or titanium nitride can be used as the conductor 842a1 and the conductor 842b1, and tungsten can be used as the conductor 842a2 and the conductor 842b2.
- the openings in insulator 885 and insulator 875 overlap the region between conductor 842a2 and conductor 842b2.
- the side of the opening in insulator 885 coincides or roughly coincides with the side of conductor 842a2 and the side of conductor 842b2.
- parts of conductors 842a1 and 842b1 are formed to protrude into the opening.
- a part of the upper surface of conductor 842a1 contacts conductor 842a2, and a part of the upper surface of conductor 842b1 contacts conductor 842b2.
- insulator 855 contacts another part of the upper surface of conductor 842a1, another part of the upper surface of conductor 842b1, the side of conductor 842a2, and the side of conductor 842b2 within the opening. Additionally, the insulator 850 contacts the top surface of the oxide 820, the side surface of the conductor 842a1, the side surface of the conductor 842b1, and the side surface of the insulator 855.
- the insulator 855 is preferably an insulator that is difficult to oxidize, such as a nitride.
- the insulator 855 is formed by anisotropic etching in contact with the sidewall of an opening (here, the sidewall of the opening corresponds to, for example, the side surface of the insulator 885, etc.) provided in the insulator 885, etc.
- the insulator 855 is formed in contact with the side surface of the conductor 842a2 and the side surface of the conductor 842b2, and has the function of protecting the conductor 842a2 and the conductor 842b2.
- the conductor 842a1 and the conductor 842b1 are separated and before the insulator 850 is formed.
- the insulator 855 is formed in contact with the side surface of the conductor 842a2 and the side surface of the conductor 842b2, the conductor 842a2 and the conductor 842b2 can be prevented from being excessively oxidized.
- silicon nitride can be used as the insulator 855.
- the insulator 850 preferably has a function of capturing or fixing hydrogen. This can reduce the hydrogen concentration in the channel formation region of the oxide 820b. Thus, VOH in the channel formation region can be reduced and the channel formation region can be made i-type or substantially i-type.
- the insulator 850 functions as a gate insulator.
- the insulator 850 is provided in an opening formed in the insulator 885 together with the insulator 855 and the conductor 860.
- the thickness of the insulator 850 is thin.
- the thicknesses of the layers constituting the insulator 850 are preferably 0.1 nm or more and 10 nm or less, more preferably 0.1 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, more preferably 0.5 nm or more and 5.0 nm or less, more preferably 1.0 nm or more and less than 5.0 nm, and even more preferably 1.0 nm or more and 3.0 nm or less.
- each layer constituting the insulator 850 may have a region with the above thickness in at least a portion.
- the insulator 850 is preferably formed by the ALD method.
- ALD methods include Thermal ALD (thermal ALD), in which the reaction between the precursor and reactant is carried out using only thermal energy, and PEALD (plasma enhanced ALD), in which a plasma-excited reactant is used.
- the PEALD method may be preferable because it uses plasma, which allows film formation at a lower temperature.
- the thickness of the insulator 855 is preferably 0.5 nm or more and 20 nm or less, more preferably 0.5 nm or more and 10 nm or less, and even more preferably 0.5 nm or more and 3 nm or less.
- the insulator 855 only needs to have a region with the above thickness in at least a portion. If the thickness of the insulator 855 is made excessively thick, the deposition time of the insulator 855 by the ALD method will increase and productivity will decrease, so the thickness of the insulator 855 is preferably within the above range.
- the insulators 815, 821, 822, 882, and 883 each preferably have an insulator that has a function of suppressing the diffusion of impurities such as water and hydrogen, and oxygen.
- impurities such as water and hydrogen, and oxygen.
- the insulators 883 and 821 are preferably made of silicon nitride or the like, which has a higher hydrogen barrier property.
- the insulator 882 is preferably made of aluminum oxide or the like, which has a high ability to capture or fix hydrogen.
- the insulator 822 is preferably made of hafnium oxide or the like, which is a high dielectric constant (high-k) material and has a high ability to capture or fix hydrogen.
- the conductor 805 is disposed so as to overlap the oxide 820 and the conductor 860.
- the conductor 805 is preferably provided by being embedded in an opening formed in the insulator 816.
- the conductor 805 is also preferably provided extending in the channel width direction, as shown in Figures 30A and 30C. With this configuration, the conductor 805 functions as wiring when multiple transistors are provided.
- the conductor 805 has conductor 805a and conductor 805b.
- Conductor 805a is provided in contact with the bottom surface and side wall of the opening.
- Conductor 805b is provided so as to fill the recess of conductor 805a formed along the opening.
- the height of the upper surface of conductor 805 coincides or approximately coincides with the height of the upper surface of insulator 816.
- a conductive material having a function of reducing hydrogen diffusion for the conductor 805a By using a conductive material having a function of reducing hydrogen diffusion for the conductor 805a, it is possible to prevent impurities such as hydrogen contained in the conductor 805b from diffusing to the oxide 820 via the insulator 816, etc.
- a conductive material having a function of suppressing oxygen diffusion for the conductor 805a it is possible to suppress the conductor 805b from being oxidized and its conductivity from decreasing.
- Examples of conductive materials having a function of suppressing oxygen diffusion include titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, and ruthenium oxide.
- the conductor 805a can have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure of the above conductive materials.
- the conductor 805a preferably has titanium nitride.
- the conductor 805b is made of a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- the conductor 805b contains tungsten.
- the conductor 805 can function as a second gate electrode.
- the threshold voltage (Vth) of the transistor 800 can be controlled by changing the potential applied to the conductor 805 independently of the potential applied to the conductor 860.
- applying a negative potential to the conductor 805 can increase the Vth of the transistor 800 and reduce the off-current. Therefore, applying a negative potential to the conductor 805 can reduce the drain current when the potential applied to the conductor 860 is 0 V, compared to when no negative potential is applied.
- the insulator 824 in contact with the oxide 820 preferably comprises, for example, silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride. This allows oxygen to be supplied from the insulator 824 to the oxide 820, reducing oxygen deficiency.
- the insulator 824 is preferably processed into an island shape, similar to the oxide 820. As a result, when multiple transistors 800 are provided, each transistor 800 will have an insulator 824 of approximately the same size. As a result, the amount of oxygen supplied from the insulator 824 to the oxide 820 in each transistor 800 will be approximately the same. This makes it possible to suppress variation in the electrical characteristics of the transistors 800 within the substrate surface. However, this is not limited to the above, and the insulator 824 may also be configured not to be patterned, similar to the insulator 822.
- a conductive material that is resistant to oxidation or a conductive material that has the function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen As conductor 842a, conductor 842b, and conductor 860.
- conductive materials include conductive materials that contain nitrogen and conductive materials that contain oxygen. This can suppress a decrease in the conductivity of conductor 842a, conductor 842b, and conductor 860.
- the insulators 871a and 871b are inorganic insulators that function as etching stoppers when the conductors 842a2 and 842b2 are processed, and protect the conductors 842a2 and 842b2. Furthermore, since the insulators 871a and 871b are in contact with the conductors 842a2 and 842b2, it is preferable that the insulators 871a and 871b are inorganic insulators that are unlikely to oxidize the conductors 842a and 842b. It is preferable that the insulators 871a and 871b have a layered structure of, for example, a nitride insulator and an oxide insulator.
- the conductor 860 preferably has a conductor 860a and a conductor 860b arranged on the conductor 860a.
- the conductor 860a is preferably arranged so as to surround the bottom and side surfaces of the conductor 860b.
- the conductor 860a has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen, so that the conductor 860b can be prevented from being oxidized by oxygen contained in the insulator 885, etc., and the conductivity can be prevented from decreasing.
- titanium, titanium nitride, tantalum, tantalum nitride, ruthenium, ruthenium oxide, etc. are preferably used as the conductive material that has a function of suppressing the diffusion of oxygen.
- the conductor 860b is preferably a conductor with high conductivity.
- the conductor 860b may be a conductive material containing tungsten, copper, or aluminum as a main component.
- the conductor 860b may also have a layered structure, for example, a layered structure of titanium or titanium nitride and the above-mentioned conductive material.
- the insulators 816 and 885 each have a lower dielectric constant than the insulator 822.
- the parasitic capacitance that occurs between wirings can be reduced.
- FIG. 31A A schematic diagram of a prototype electronic device 90 is shown in Figure 31A.
- the electronic device 90 has a housing 91, an articulated arm 93, a handle 98R, a handle 98L, and a cushioning member 96.
- the housing 91 is connected to a support rod 97 via the articulated arm 93.
- the cushioning member 96 is a part that comes into contact with the user's face (forehead, cheeks, etc.) and blocks ambient light (external light).
- the cushioning member 96 blocks external light, allowing the user to concentrate on the image and ensuring the contrast of the image, thereby enhancing the sense of immersion.
- the housing 91 is provided with a pair of lenses 94 and a pair of cameras 95 for eye tracking. Although not shown here, the inside of the housing 91 is also provided with a pair of display modules and an acceleration sensor for motion sensing.
- the housing 91 is also connected via a cable to a computer and a circuit module equipped with an FPGA.
- the computer executes a program as the coordinate detection unit and image generation unit exemplified in the first embodiment.
- the circuit module also executes a program having the function of a data generation unit.
- Electronic device 90 is designed to be pulled up to the head using handles 98R and 98L and used by peering through it.
- Electronic device 90 is held by articulated arm 93. It is therefore hygienic as it can be used hands-free, and since it can be used without feeling its weight, it can be enjoyed by people of all sizes, from children to the elderly. For example, it is suitable for use by an unspecified number of people, such as in demonstrations at exhibitions and for entertainment purposes at tourist spots. In medical applications, not only does it reduce the physical burden on doctors as there is no need to support the weight of the goggles on the head, but it is also safe from a hygienic standpoint as doctors can use it hands-free during surgery.
- Figure 31B shows a photograph of the prototype electronic device as seen from the front.
- a camera 95 is attached below the lens 94.
- a pair of infrared LEDs 99 are arranged on either side of the lens 94.
- the housing 91 is also provided with an eye-width adjustment mechanism 81, which allows the distance between the pair of lenses 94 to be adjusted.
- the specifications of the display module placed inside the housing 91 are as follows. Two display modules were installed inside the housing 91.
- 81 Interpupillary distance adjustment mechanism, 90: Electronic device, 91: Housing, 93: Articulated arm, 94: Lens, 95: Camera, 96: Cushioning member, 97: Support rod, 98L: Handle, 98R: Handle, 99: Infrared LED, 500: Display system, 501: Gaze detection unit, 502: Posture detection unit, 503: Coordinate detection unit, 504: Image generation unit, 505: Data generation unit, 506: Display module, 507A: Optical system, 507B: Optical system, 507C: Optical system, 507: Optical system, 511: Imaging section, 512: Light source, 513: Insulator, 514: Conductor, 515: Display section, 516: Circuit section, 520B: Pixel, 520G: Pixel, 520R: Pixel, 521: Block, 531: Lens group, 532: Lens group, 533: Lens, 534: Reflector, 535: Reflector, 536: Lens, 537: Light guide
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Abstract
Description
図2A乃至図2Cは、表示システムの構成例を説明する図である。
図3は、表示システムの動作方法例を説明する図である。
図4A及び図4Bは、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図5は、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図6A及び図6Bは、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図7A乃至図7Dは、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図8A乃至図8Cは、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図9A乃至図9Cは、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図10A及び図10Bは、表示装置の動作例を説明する図である。
図11A乃至図11Cは、表示モジュールの斜視図である。
図12A及び図12Bは、表示装置の構成例を説明する図である。
図13A乃至図13Dは、画素回路の構成例を説明する図である。
図14A乃至図14Dは、画素回路の構成例を説明する図である。
図15は、表示装置の駆動方法を説明するタイミングチャートである。
図16A及び図16Bは、電子機器の構成例を説明する図である。
図17A及び図17Bは、電子機器の構成例を説明する図である。
図18は、電子機器の動作例を説明する図である。
図19A及び図19Bは、電子機器の構成例を説明する模式図である。
図20A及び図20Bは、電子機器の構成例を説明する模式図である。
図21A及び図21Bは、電子機器の構成例を説明する模式図である。
図22Aは、副表示部を説明する図である。図22B1乃至図22B7は、画素の構成例を説明する図である。
図23A乃至図23Dは、発光素子の構成例を説明する図である。
図24A乃至図24Dは、発光素子の構成例を説明する図である。
図25A乃至図25Dは、発光素子の構成例を示す図である。
図26A及び図26Bは、発光素子の構成例を説明する図である。
図27は、表示装置の構成例を示す図である。
図28は、表示装置の構成例を示す図である。
図29A乃至図29Cは、半導体装置の構成例を示す図である。
図30A乃至図30Dは、半導体装置の構成例を示す図である。
図31Aは、実施例に係る電子機器の模式図であり、図31Bは、電子機器の写真である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の表示システムについて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の表示システムに用いることのできる表示装置について説明する。以下で例示する表示装置は、例えば実施の形態1で例示した表示モジュールに適用することができる。
図4Aは、本発明の一態様に係る表示装置10Aの斜視図である。表示装置10Aは、基板11、基板12を有する。表示装置10Aは、基板11と基板12との間に表示部13を有する。表示部13は、複数の画素230を有する。画素230は、画素回路51および発光素子61を有する。表示部13は、表示装置10Aにおける画像を表示する領域である。
図6Aおよび図6Bに表示装置10Aの変形例である表示装置10Bの斜視図を示す。図6Bは表示装置10Bが有する各層の構成を説明するための斜視図である。説明の繰り返しを減らすため、主に表示装置10Aと異なる点について説明する。
続いて、表示装置10(表示装置10Aまたは表示装置10B)を含む表示モジュールの構成例について説明する。
図12Aおよび図12Bでは、画素回路51の構成例、および画素回路51に接続される発光素子61について示す。図12Aは各素子の接続を示す図、図12Bは、駆動回路を備える層20、画素回路が有する複数のトランジスタを備える層50、発光素子を備える層60の上下関係を模式的に示す図である。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様に係る表示装置を適用可能な電子機器の一例について説明する。本発明の一態様に係る表示装置は、例えば、VRまたはAR用途の装着型の電子機器に好適に用いることができる。
図16Aに、装着型の電子機器の一例としてメガネ型(ゴーグル型)の電子機器100の斜視図を示す。図16Aに示す電子機器100では、一対の表示装置10(表示装置10_Lおよび表示装置10_R)、動き検出部101、視線検出部102、演算部103、および通信部104を筐体105内に備える様子を図示している。電子機器100が備える表示装置10として、上記実施の形態に示す表示装置10Aまたは表示装置10Bを用いることができる。
電子機器100の動作例について、図面を用いて説明する。図18は、電子機器100の動作例を説明するためのフローチャートである。
本実施の形態では、p行q列(pおよびqは、それぞれ2以上の整数)のマトリクス状に配置された複数の画素230を有する副表示部19の構成例について説明する。図22Aは、副表示部19を説明するブロック図である。
本発明の一態様に係る表示装置に用いることができる発光素子61について説明する。
以下では、発光素子61の形成方法の一例について説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様の表示装置について説明する。以下で例示する表示装置は、上記実施の形態で例示した電子機器が有する表示装置に適用することができる。
図27に、表示装置600Aの断面図を示す。表示装置600Aは、MML(メタルマスクレス)構造が適用された表示装置の一例である。つまり、表示装置600Aは、ファインメタルマスクを用いずに作製された発光デバイスを有する。
図28に、表示装置600Bの断面図を示す。
図29A乃至図29Cは、トランジスタMTCKを含む半導体装置(例えば、画素回路または駆動回路を指す)の一例を示している。特に、図29Aは、トランジスタMTCKの平面模式図を示している。また、図29Bは、図29Aに示す一点鎖線A1−A2の部位に対応する断面模式図であり、トランジスタMTCKの断面模式図でもある。また、図29Cは、図29Aに示す一点鎖線A3−A4の部位に対応する断面模式図であり、トランジスタMTCKの断面模式図でもある。
図30Aに、トランジスタ800の上面図を示す。図30Bに、図30Aにおける一点鎖線A1−A2間の断面図を示す。図30Bは、トランジスタ800のチャネル長方向の断面図でもある。図30Cに、図30Aにおける一点鎖線A3−A4間の断面図を示す。図30Cは、トランジスタ800のチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。図30Dに、図30Aにおける一点鎖線A5−A6間の断面図を示す。図30Dは、トランジスタ800のチャネル幅方向の断面図でもある。なお、図30Aの上面図では、図の明瞭化のために一部の要素を省いている。
Claims (8)
- 表示モジュールと、視線検出部と、姿勢検出部と、座標検出部と、画像生成部と、データ生成部と、を有し、
前記表示モジュールは、複数のブロックに分割された表示部と、回路部と、を有し、
前記視線検出部は、ユーザの目及びその近傍を撮像し、画像情報を前記座標検出部に出力する機能を有し、
前記座標検出部は、前記画像情報から注視点の座標情報を生成し、前記画像生成部に出力する機能を有し、
前記姿勢検出部は、前記ユーザの頭部の向きを検出し、姿勢情報として前記画像生成部に出力する機能を有し、
前記画像生成部は、前記姿勢情報に基づいて第1の画像データを生成する機能と、前記座標情報に基づいて前記ブロックごとの解像度情報を生成する機能と、前記第1の画像データ及び前記解像度情報を前記データ生成部に出力する機能と、を有し、
前記データ生成部は、前記解像度情報に基づいて前記第1の画像データに対して前記ブロックごとに間引き処理を行った第2の画像データを生成し、前記表示モジュールに出力する機能を有し、
前記回路部は、前記第2の画像データの間引き処理が行われた前記ブロックの欠落データを補間する補間処理を行った第3の画像データを生成し、前記表示部に出力する機能を有し、
前記表示部は、前記第3の画像データに基づいて画像を表示する機能を有する、
表示システム。 - 請求項1において、さらに光学系を有し、
前記光学系は、前記表示モジュールと、前記ユーザとの間に位置し、
前記光学系は、パンケーキレンズを有する、
表示システム。 - 請求項1において、さらに光学系を有し、
前記光学系は、前記表示モジュールと、前記ユーザとの間に位置し、
前記光学系は、1以上のレンズと、2以上の反射板と、を有する、
表示システム。 - 請求項1において、
前記視線検出部は、赤外光を発する光源と、赤外光に感度を有するカメラと、を有する、
表示システム。 - 請求項4において、
前記カメラは、前記ユーザの目を斜め下方から撮像可能な位置に設けられる、
表示システム。 - 請求項1において、
前記表示部は、画素回路を有し、
前記画素回路は、チャネルが形成される半導体層に酸化物半導体を含むトランジスタを有する、
表示システム。 - 請求項6において、
前記表示モジュールは、さらに複数の駆動回路を有し、
前記駆動回路は、ゲートドライバ回路及びソースドライバ回路を有し、
前記表示部と、前記駆動回路とは、同一基板上に設けられ、且つ、互いに重畳して設けられる、
表示システム。 - 請求項7において、
前記ソースドライバ回路は、チャネルが形成される半導体層にシリコンを含むトランジスタを有する、
表示システム。
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| WO2018211673A1 (ja) * | 2017-05-18 | 2018-11-22 | 株式会社ソニー・インタラクティブエンタテインメント | 画像生成装置、画像表示システム、および画像生成方法 |
| US20190180672A1 (en) * | 2016-08-16 | 2019-06-13 | Apple Inc. | Foveated Display |
| JP2023016007A (ja) * | 2021-07-20 | 2023-02-01 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 表示装置および電子装置 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20190180672A1 (en) * | 2016-08-16 | 2019-06-13 | Apple Inc. | Foveated Display |
| WO2018211673A1 (ja) * | 2017-05-18 | 2018-11-22 | 株式会社ソニー・インタラクティブエンタテインメント | 画像生成装置、画像表示システム、および画像生成方法 |
| JP2023016007A (ja) * | 2021-07-20 | 2023-02-01 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | 表示装置および電子装置 |
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