WO2024170559A1 - Verfahren zur spaltung von (poly-)urethanen - Google Patents
Verfahren zur spaltung von (poly-)urethanen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024170559A1 WO2024170559A1 PCT/EP2024/053610 EP2024053610W WO2024170559A1 WO 2024170559 A1 WO2024170559 A1 WO 2024170559A1 EP 2024053610 W EP2024053610 W EP 2024053610W WO 2024170559 A1 WO2024170559 A1 WO 2024170559A1
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- Prior art keywords
- chemolysis
- alcohol
- carbamate
- isocyanate
- urethane
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/10—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation
- C08J11/18—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material
- C08J11/22—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds
- C08J11/24—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers by chemically breaking down the molecular chains of polymers or breaking of crosslinks, e.g. devulcanisation by treatment with organic material by treatment with organic oxygen-containing compounds containing hydroxyl groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C269/00—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C269/00—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C269/02—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups from isocyanates with formation of carbamate groups
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C269/00—Preparation of derivatives of carbamic acid, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C269/08—Separation; Purification; Stabilisation; Use of additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C271/00—Derivatives of carbamic acids, i.e. compounds containing any of the groups, the nitrogen atom not being part of nitro or nitroso groups
- C07C271/06—Esters of carbamic acids
- C07C271/08—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C271/26—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C271/28—Esters of carbamic acids having oxygen atoms of carbamate groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms with the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carbamate groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring to a carbon atom of a non-condensed six-membered aromatic ring
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2375/00—Characterised by the use of polyureas or polyurethanes; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2375/04—Polyurethanes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for the chemolysis of a urethane (in particular polyurethane) based on an isocyanate component and an alcohol component by reaction with a chemolysis alcohol to form a carbamate of an isocyanate of the isocyanate component and the chemolysis alcohol, in particular for the purpose of obtaining starting materials for the production of chemical products, wherein the chemolysis of the urethane with the chemolysis alcohol is carried out in the absence of a chemolysis catalyst at a temperature in the range of 185 °C to 245 °C and the chemolysis alcohol is selected from unbranched monoalcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein a mass ratio of the chemolysis alcohol to the urethane is set at 1.0 to 4.5.
- a urethane in particular polyurethane
- Urethanes are versatile products. Polyurethanes in particular have a wide range of applications in industry and in everyday life. Polyurethanes are usually divided into polyurethane foams and so-called “CASE” products, with “CASE” being a collective term for polyurethane coatings (e.g. paints), adhesives, sealants and elastomers. Polyurethane foams are usually divided into rigid foams and flexible foams.
- polyurethanes contain additional structural units in addition to the basic polyurethane structure. These include urea, isocyanurate, allophanate and biuret structural units.
- the raw materials to be recovered primarily include polyols (in the above example, HO-R'-OH) or their degradation products (e.g. the monomers underlying a polyester polyol).
- Glycolysis of urethanes by reaction with alcohols whereby the polyols incorporated in the urethane groups are replaced by the alcohol used and released in this way.
- This process is usually referred to in the literature as transesterification (more precisely: transurethanization).
- this type of chemical recycling is usually referred to in the literature as glycolysis, although this term is actually only applicable to glycol or glycol derivatives. (In connection with the present invention, we therefore generally speak of alcoholysis.)
- Glycolysis can be followed by hydrolysis. If the hydrolysis is carried out with the immediate process product of glycolysis (i.e. without prior separation of polyols and carbamates), this is referred to as
- WO 2023/285545 A1 describes a process for recycling a polyurethane in which the polyurethane is reacted with a first alcohol and the low molecular weight carbamate formed in the process or in a further transurethanization with a second alcohol is thermally split into the underlying alcohol and the underlying isocyanate.
- first and/or second alcohols are propanol, pentanol, isopropyl alcohol, butanol, hexanol, nonanol, octanol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol.
- a flexible polyurethane foam is reacted once with octanol (mass ratio of foam to alcohol 1:2, under reflux in a pressureless apparatus) and once with isopropanol (mass ratio of foam to alcohol 1:5, in a pressure reactor at an argon pressure of 30 bar).
- EP 3 590 999 Bl describes a process for the degradation of plastics using methanol or ethanol in the presence of methoxide as a catalyst.
- the examples describe the degradation of flexible polyurethane foam.
- US 4,316,992 describes a process for recovering polyether polyols from polyurethane foams.
- the polyurethane foam is dissolved in an alcohol at 225 °C to 280 °C, then superheated steam is passed through the resulting solution at 185 °C to 220 °C.
- Suitable alcohols are saturated mono- or polyalcohols with boiling points between 225 °C and 280 °C. These can be straight-chain, branched, cyclic or aromatic.
- Diols or triols with ether bridges are preferred, in particular diethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, dibutylene glycol, glycerin and propylene-ethylene glycol, with diethylene glycol being highlighted as being particularly advantageous. In practice, only the use of diethylene glycol (Examples 1 and 2), glycerin (Example 3) and 1,6-hexanediol (Example 4) is shown.
- the patent US 4,336,406 describes the hydroalcoholysis of polyurethane foams by dissolving in an alcohol at 225 °C to 280 °C followed by reaction with water (here liquid water) at 185 °C to 220 °C. Suitable alcohols are described as saturated alcohols with a boiling point between 225 °C and 280 °C, with diethylene glycol being preferred.
- US 2016/0145409 A1 describes a process for recovering organic fibers from composite materials containing a polymer matrix and organic fibers. The process comprises reacting the composite material in an alcohol-water mixture.
- the polymer is in particular an epoxy or phenolic resin.
- Water and alcohol are preferably used in equal volumes, and the alcohol is preferably selected from methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, /iso-propanol, glycerin or a mixture thereof.
- DE 42 17 024 A1 describes a process for the recovery of polyols from polyurethane, polyurethane urea and/or polyurea plastics, in which the Plastics are reacted with a di- and/or polyfunctional alcohol and water. Only glycols are described as alcohols.
- the carbamate reacts with the splitting off of 2-methyl-l-butene and 2-methyl-2-butene to form the unstable carbamic acid, from which the amine is formed with the release of carbon dioxide.
- the polyurethane products to be recycled usually contain various auxiliary materials and additives (stabilizers, catalysts, flame retardants, etc.) that must be separated and disposed of from the actual target products of the recycling in an economical and environmentally friendly manner.
- auxiliary materials and additives stabilizers, catalysts, flame retardants, etc.
- an economically viable recycling process must ensure that the reagents used (e.g. alcohols used) can be recovered as completely as possible and reused (i.e. recycled). Due to the large volumes of polyurethane waste generated from used polyurethane foams (e.g. mattresses, seating furniture, vehicle seats, insulation materials, etc.), the recycling of polyurethane foams is of particular importance.
- Another important aspect is to carry out the chemolysis as economically as possible. It is therefore desirable to keep the amount of chemolysis reagent used (which also serves as a solvent) as low as possible and to avoid using other substances such as catalysts if possible.
- chemolysis process The choice of chemolysis process to be used depends, among other things, on which raw materials are to be recovered first. If the focus is on the recovery of polyols, as is the case in numerous publications on this topic, a chemolysis process can be used in which low molecular weight carbamates either do not occur as intermediates at all or are immediately split into the underlying amines and alcohols, e.g. hydrolysis or hydroalcoholysis. If, on the other hand, other raw materials are to be obtained in addition to the polyols, it can also be advantageous to aim for the formation of low molecular weight carbamates in a targeted and as selective manner as possible and to separate them from the polyols in as pure a form as possible.
- (B) Chemolysis of the urethane from (A) with the chemolysis alcohol (without addition of water) in the absence of a chemolysis catalyst at a temperature in the range from 185 °C to 245 °C, preferably 195 °C to 240 °C, particularly preferably 205 °C to 235 °C, very particularly preferably 215 °C to 230 °C, wherein the chemolysis alcohol is selected from unbranched monoalcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and wherein a mass ratio of the chemolysis alcohol to the urethane, m(chemolysis alcohol)/m(urethane) (with m mass), is set in the range from 1.0 to 4.5, preferably 1.0 to 4.0, to form a chemolysis product containing the carbamate.
- an unbranched monoalcohol having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms, as chemolysis alcohol in a chemolysis of a urethane based on an isocyanate component and an alcohol component, carried out without the use of a chemolysis catalyst at a temperature in the range from 185 °C to 245 °C, preferably 195 °C to 240 °C, particularly preferably 205 °C to 235 °C, very particularly preferably 215 °C to 230 °C, in a mass ratio of the chemolysis alcohol to the urethane, m(chemolysis alcohol)/m(urethane) (with m mass), in the range from 1.0 to 4.5, preferably 1.0 to 4.0, with formation of a carbamate of an isocyanate of the isocyanate component and the chemolysis alcohol to reduce the formation of an amine corresponding to an isocyanate of the isocyanate component is therefore a
- isocyanates includes all isocyanates known in the art in connection with urethane chemistry.
- the expression “an isocyanate” naturally also includes embodiments in which two or more different isocyanates (e.g. mixtures of MDI and TDI) were used in the production of the (poly)urethane, unless something else is expressly stated, for example by the formulation "exactly one isocyanate”.
- the totality of all isocyanates used in the production of the (poly)urethane is referred to as the isocyanate component (of the (poly)urethane).
- the isocyanate component comprises at least one isocyanate.
- the totality of all mono- or polyols used in the production of the (poly)urethane is referred to as the alcohol component (of the (poly)urethane).
- the alcohol component comprises at least one mono- or polyol.
- mono- or polyols includes all mono- or polyols known in the art in connection with urethane chemistry.
- the expression "a monool” or "a polyol” naturally also includes embodiments in which two or more different mono- or polyols were used in the production of the urethane.
- the urethanes formed during the chemolysis as a result of the reaction with the chemolysis alcohol are referred to as carbamates in order to distinguish them from the urethane used. This choice of terminology serves only to simplify the discussion.
- the absence of a chemolysis catalyst means that only the chemolysis alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and/or n-butanol) is added to the (poly)urethane to be split, but no chemolysis catalyst.
- chemolysis alcohol i.e. methanol, ethanol, n-propanol and/or n-butanol
- polyurethane foams can still contain residual components of foaming catalysts (in the case of the above-mentioned "Sofran®", these are, for example, tertiary amines and smaller amounts of tin and lead compounds).
- Sofran® these are, for example, tertiary amines and smaller amounts of tin and lead compounds.
- the carbamate separated in (C), optionally after purification, is further reacted in a step (D) to obtain a chemical product, wherein (D) comprises one of the following reactions:
- step (D.IV) Reaction of the carbamate with a polyol in the presence or absence of a catalyst to form a further OH-terminated carbamate, in particular - in the case that the urethane from step (A) is a polyurethane - to form an OH-terminated prepolymer.
- an (organic or inorganic) Br0nsted base selected from (i) a hydroxide (in particular sodium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or tetrabutylammonium hydroxide), (ii) a carbonate (in particular an alkali metal carbonate such as sodium or potassium carbonate), (iii) a hydrogen carbonate (in particular an alkali metal hydrogen carbonate such as sodium or potassium hydrogen carbonate), (iv) an orthophosphate or metaphosphate, preferably orthophosphate (in particular an alkali metal phosphate or alkali metal hydrogen phosphate) or (v) a mixture of two or more of the aforementioned Br0nsted bases, and/or
- step (D. II) is carried out, wherein the hydrogenolysis catalyst comprises copper, palladium (in particular Pd/C, PdCl? or Pd(OAc)z), nickel (in particular Raney nickel), manganese (in particular Mn complexes having a tridentate chelate ligand binding via P and N donor atoms and CO and/or halogen ligands) or platinum (in particular platinum(IV) oxide).
- the hydrogenolysis catalyst comprises copper, palladium (in particular Pd/C, PdCl? or Pd(OAc)z), nickel (in particular Raney nickel), manganese (in particular Mn complexes having a tridentate chelate ligand binding via P and N donor atoms and CO and/or halogen ligands) or platinum (in particular platinum(IV) oxide).
- step (D.III) is carried out, wherein the cleavage of the carbamate is carried out in the presence of a carbamate cleavage catalyst comprising
- step (D.IV) is carried out, wherein the reaction of the carbamate with a polyol in the presence of a catalyst comprising a carbonate, a hydrogen carbonate, a hydroxide, an orthophosphate, a mono-hydrogen orthophosphate, a metaphosphate, an orthovanadate (all of the aforementioned chemolysis catalysts are preferably used in the form of their sodium or potassium salts), a titanium alcoholate (in particular tetra-n-butyl titanate, Ti(O-nBu)4), a tertiary amine (in particular 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, "DABCO”), caesium fluoride, a stannate (in particular dibutyltin dilaurate, "DBTL", or monobutyltin oxide, n-Bu-Sn(O)OH, "MBTO”) or a mixture
- a catalyst comprising a carbonate, a hydrogen carbonate, a
- step (E) the liquid alcohol phase from (C) or (Cd) is distilled and/or stripped in a step (E) to obtain (at least) one chemical product selected from (i) an alcohol of the alcohol component and/or (ii) a reaction product formed from an alcohol of the alcohol component in the chemolysis (B).
- the chemolysis alcohol is selected from methanol, ethanol or a mixture of methanol and ethanol, and is in particular methanol.
- the isocyanate component comprises an isocyanate selected from
- Phenyl isocyanate (PHI; producible by phosgenation of aniline, ANL), toluene diisocyanate (TDI; producible by phosgenation of toluene diamine, TDA), the di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane series (MDI; producible by phosgenation of the di- and polyamines of the diphenylmethane series, MDA), 1,5-pentane diisocyanate (PDI; producible by phosgenation of 1,5-pentane diamine, PDA),
- HDI 1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate
- IPDI isophorone diisocyanate
- IPDA isophorone diisocyanate
- H12MDI saturated methylenediphenyl diisocyanate
- H12MDA saturated methylenediphenyl diisocyanate
- XDI xylylene diisocyanate
- PPDI poro-phenylene diisocyanate
- the isocyanate component preferably contains toluene diisocyanate, di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane series or a mixture of toluene diisocyanate and the di- and Polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane series and in particular does not include any other isocyanates besides those mentioned above.
- the alcohol component comprises a mono- and/or polyol selected from a polyether monool, a polyether polyol, a polyester polyol, a polyether ester polyol, a polyacrylate polyol, a polycarbonate polyol, a polyether carbonate polyol or a mixture of two or more of the aforementioned polyols
- the alcohol component preferably contains a polyester polyol, polyether polyol and/or a polyether ester polyol, particularly preferably a polyether polyol.
- the alcohol component is most preferably a polyether polyol (i.e. does not contain any other mono- or polyols other than polyether polyols; however, a mixture of two or more different polyether polyols is included and does not go beyond the scope of this embodiment).
- the urethane is a polyurethane.
- the chemolysis in step (B) is carried out at a pressure in the range from 5.0 bar to 100 bar (wherein pressure and temperature are in particular coordinated such that the chemolysis can be operated under reflux of the chemolysis alcohol).
- the chemolysis in step (B) is carried out in a reactor which is inertized with an inert gas, in particular nitrogen, before the start of the chemolysis, preferably an inert gas partial pressure of 1.0 bar (in particular ambient pressure) to 20 bar, preferably up to 10 bar, being set.
- an inert gas partial pressure of 1.0 bar (in particular ambient pressure) to 20 bar preferably up to 10 bar, being set.
- step (A) the (poly)urethane to be chemically recycled is prepared in preparation for chemolysis.
- the urethane provided in step (A) is also referred to below as the "starting urethane”. In principle, this can be any type of urethane.
- Polyurethanes i.e. urethanes derived from polyisocyanates (2 or more isocyanate groups per molecule) and polyols (two or more alcohol groups per molecule) are preferred. In principle, this can be any type of polyurethane, i.e. both polyurethane foams and polyurethane products from the so-called CASE applications described at the beginning.
- Polyurethane foams can be both flexible and rigid foams, with flexible foams (e.g. from old mattresses, upholstered furniture or car seats) being preferred.
- Polyurethane foams are usually produced using propellants such as pentane or carbon dioxide.
- Polyurethane elastomers, polyurethane adhesives and polyurethane coatings are preferred for polyurethanes from CASE applications.
- Phenyl isocyanate (PHI; producible by phosgenation of aniline, ANL), toluene diisocyanate (TDI; producible by phosgenation of toluene diamine, TDA), the di- and polyisocyanates of the diphenylmethane series (MDI; producible by phosgenation of the di- and polyamines of the diphenylmethane series, MDA), 1,5-pentane diisocyanate (PDI; producible by phosgenation of 1,5-pentane diamine, PDA),
- HDI 1,6-Hexamethylene diisocyanate
- isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI; producible by phosgenation of isophoronediamine, IPDA), diisocyanatodicyclohexylmethane ("saturated methylenediphenyl diisocyanate", H12MDI, in particular the 4,4'-isomer; producible by phosgenation of diaminodicyclohexylmethane, H12MDA, itself obtainable by ring hydrogenation of 2-ring MDA), xylylene diisocyanate (XDI; produced from xylylenediamine, XDA), poro-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI; produced from para-phenylenediamine, PPDA) or a mixture of two or more of the aforementioned isocyanates
- the isocyanate component comprises toluene diisocyanate, di- and polyis
- this preferably comprises a mono- and/or polyol selected from a polyether monool, a polyether polyol, a polyester polyol, a polyether ester polyol, a polyacrylate polyol, a polycarbonate polyol, a polyether carbonate polyol or a mixture of two or more of the aforementioned polyols.
- the alcohol component preferably contains a polyester polyol, polyether polyol and/or a polyether ester polyol, particularly preferably a polyether polyol.
- the alcohol component is most preferably a polyether polyol (i.e. does not contain any other mono- or polyols other than polyether polyols; however, a mixture of two or more different polyether polyols is included and does not go beyond the scope of this embodiment).
- a polyether polyol can also be one that is filled with a styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN copolymer).
- SAN copolymer styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer
- step (A) already includes preparatory steps for the cleavage of the urethane bonds in step (B).
- this is in particular mechanical comminution.
- Such preparatory steps are known to the person skilled in the art; reference is made, for example, to the literature cited in [1].
- it may be advantageous to "freeze" it before mechanical comminution in order to facilitate the comminution process.
- the prepared foam is filled into suitable transport vehicles, such as silo vehicles, for further transport.
- suitable transport vehicles such as silo vehicles
- the prepared foam can also be compressed for further transport in order to achieve a higher mass-volume ratio.
- the foam is then filled into the reaction device intended for chemolysis. It is also conceivable to connect the transport vehicle used directly to the reaction device.
- the chemolysis of the (poly)urethane, step (B), is preferably carried out in the absence of oxygen. This means that the reaction is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere (in particular in a nitrogen, argon or helium atmosphere).
- the chemolysis alcohol used is also preferably freed of oxygen by inert gas saturation.
- the chemolysis is carried out at reaction temperatures in the range of 185 °C to 245 °C, preferably 195 °C to 240 °C, particularly preferably 205 °C to 235 °C, very particularly preferably 215 °C to 230 °C.
- the chemolysis is preferably carried out in a pressure-resistant reactor (autoclave) without pressure equalization, in particular such that the reaction is operated "under reflux” (chemolysis alcohol evaporates, condenses in cooler areas of the reactor and flows back into the reacting mixture). In this procedure, a pressure is established in the gas space above the liquid reaction mixture which corresponds to the vapor pressure of the chemolysis alcohol used at the prevailing temperature, i.e.
- the pressure is in the range of about 5.0 bar to 100 bar (absolute). It is preferred to inertize the reactor used for the chemolysis with an inert gas, in particular nitrogen, before the start of the chemolysis.
- the inert gas is preferably used to set an inert gas partial pressure of 1.0 bar (in particular ambient pressure) to 20 bar, preferably up to 10 bar (absolute).
- a suitable reactor is, for example, a stirred tank reactor, which can also be operated continuously.
- the use of a cascade of several continuously operated stirred tank reactors is also possible.
- part of the liquid phase from a stirred tank reactor in the case of a cascade of stirred tank reactors, from the last stirred tank reactor in the cascade) is passed into a downstream tubular reactor, in particular in such a way that the reaction mixture flows through the tubular reactor with a plug flow.
- the chemolysis alcohol is selected from unbranched monoalcohols with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Methanol, ethanol or mixtures of both are particularly preferred; methanol is very particularly preferred.
- the mass ratio of the chemolysis alcohol to the (poly)urethane is in the range from 1.0 to 4.5, preferably 2.0 to 4.0. It is therefore possible to limit the mass of chemolysis alcohol to be used without adding a chemolysis catalyst, which is a great advantage in terms of process technology (lower costs, less complex processing). As far as the molar ratios are concerned, these are regularly overstoichiometric at the mass ratios mentioned, so that a complete Implementation can be ensured.
- n molar amount
- the amine number indicates how many mg of potassium hydroxide are required to neutralize the free organic amines present in 1 g of substance.
- Primary, secondary and tertiary amino groups are recorded. The amino groups are weak bases.
- Concentrated acetic acid (glacial acetic acid, 99 to 100%) is used as the solvent.
- the amine is protonated by the solvent and thus converted into the corresponding acid, which is now present as an ion pair with the deprotonated acid of the glacial acetic acid.
- the titration is then carried out using 0.1 molar perchloric acid as the titrant, whereby the perchloric acid displaces the anion of the solvent (glacial acetic acid).
- the perchloric acid consumed is equated to the consumption of potassium hydroxide.
- the amine number is usually given in milligrams of KOH per gram of sample examined and is calculated as follows: wherein
- V is the volume of perchloric acid solution consumed
- the chemolysis yields a chemolysis product containing the carbamate.
- the chemolysis product is preferably worked up by separating the carbamate formed in (B) from the chemolysis product in a step (C) using an extraction with an organic solvent, optionally with the addition of water, and/or a solid-liquid phase separation, whereby a liquid alcohol phase (in particular a polyol phase) is obtained in addition to the carbamate.
- Excess chemolysis alcohol is separated off by distillation before or after the separation, preferably before.
- Separation by solid-liquid phase separation is limited to those carbamates that precipitate as solids from the chemolysis product (possibly after cooling). Whether this is the case depends on the exact nature of the carbamate, i.e. in particular on the nature of the (poly)urethane to be split. Separation by extraction, on the other hand, is applicable in any case.
- the separation of alcohols (in particular polyols) and carbamates, which are present in a mixture with one another in the product of an alcoholysis, by extractive processes is basically known in the prior art.
- both halogen-substituted (in particular chlorinated) organic solvents such as halogen-substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons, halogen-substituted alicyclic hydrocarbons, halogen-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned organic solvents, and non-halogenated solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned organic solvents
- non-halogenated solvents such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons or mixtures of two or more of the aforementioned organic solvents
- the choice of solvent depends on the circumstances in the individual case, in particular on the nature of the (poly)urethane to be split, and can be determined by the person skilled in the art by simple preliminary tests if necessary.
- the carbamate When separated using an extraction, the carbamate is obtained as a solution, in particular depending on the nature of the (poly)urethane used and the type of organic solvent used, dissolved in the extraction solvent or - as described in WO 2020/260387 Al - in excess chemolysis alcohol or - as described in WO 2022/063764 Al - in an aqueous phase which, after addition of a aqueous washing liquid in the extraction. Depending on the type of further processing of the carbamate desired, this solution can be used directly. However, the carbamate can also be easily isolated from this solution by evaporation of the solvent and/or crystallization.
- the hydrolysis according to (D.I) yields the amine corresponding to the isocyanate of the isocyanate component.
- a hydrolysis can be carried out analogously to the direct hydrolysis of polyurethanes (see the literature cited above, in particular the review article [1]).
- the amines formed in this way can then be used in all applications known in the specialist world for such amines, including being phosgenated again to give the corresponding isocyanates.
- the isocyanate obtained in this way can then be used again to produce a (poly)urethane.
- the hydrolysis can be supported by using a hydrolysis catalyst. The following is particularly suitable for this:
- Hydroxide especially sodium hydroxide, tetramethylammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide or tetrabutylammonium hydroxide
- a carbonate in particular an alkali metal carbonate such as sodium or potassium carbonate
- a hydrogen carbonate in particular an alkali metal hydrogen carbonate such as sodium or potassium hydrogen carbonate
- an orthophosphate or metaphosphate preferably orthophosphate (in particular an alkali metal phosphate or alkali metal hydrogen phosphate) or (v) a mixture of two or more of the aforementioned Brpnsted bases, and/or
- the amine corresponding to the isocyanate of the isocyanate component can also be obtained by hydrogenolysis of the carbamate according to (D.II) with hydrogen.
- a process that starts directly from polyurethanes and is also applicable for the present step (D.II) is described in Hydrogenative Depolymerization of Polyurethanes Catalyzed by Manganese Pincer Complex by Viktoriia Zubar et al., published in ChemSusChem 2022, 15, e202101606 [2]. Reference is also made to the literature cited in [2].
- the possible uses of the amine are the same as those described for (D.I).
- the hydrogenolysis is preferably supported by the use of a catalyst.
- a catalyst that is particularly suitable as a hydrogenolysis catalyst is one that
- Palladium in particular Pd/C, PdCl? or Pd(OAc)z
- copper in particular Raney nickel
- manganese in particular Mn complexes having a tridentate chelate ligand binding via P and N donor atoms as well as CO and/or halogen ligands
- platinum in particular platinum(IV) oxide
- the processing variants according to (D.I) and (D.II) therefore provide the amine corresponding to the isocyanate of the isocyanate component.
- This amine can be used for all purposes known in the professional world, in particular it can be phosgenated and used in the production of new (poly)urethane.
- the processing variant according to (D.III) directly delivers the isocyanate of the isocyanate component, so that further phosgenation is unnecessary.
- This isocyanate can be used for all purposes known in the specialist world, in particular it can be reacted again with H-functional compounds to form polyaddition products, preferably (poly)urethanes.
- the carbamate cleavage according to (D.III) can be the variant of choice in particular when the isocyanate component of the urethane or polyurethane comprises toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and in particular consists of it (i.e. does not comprise any other isocyanates in addition to TDI).
- TDI toluene diisocyanate
- step (C) The reaction of the carbamate from step (C) with a polyol to form another OH-terminated carbamate according to (D.IV) is another possibility for further processing the carbamate.
- this is a transurethanization and thus in principle the same type of reaction that underlies the glycolysis of polyurethanes (see the literature cited above, in particular the review article [1]).
- the urethane provided in step (A) is a polyurethane.
- the carbamate is reacted with a polyol, with the OH groups of the polyol being used stoichiometrically or superstoichiometrically, in particular slightly superstoichiometrically (e.g.
- the starting urethane is a polyurethane, which is preferred, this reaction leads to OH-terminated prepolymers.
- these can be used for all purposes known in the professional world, in particular they can be used as prepolymers for flexible foam and rigid foam applications, thermoplastic polyurethanes, coatings and adhesives.
- the polyol used for step (D.IV) preferably has a boiling point which is higher than that of the chemolysis alcohol used.
- the chemolysis alcohol is continuously removed from the reaction mixture by distillation during the reaction with the polyol.
- the reaction can optionally be carried out in the presence of a catalyst.
- This preferably comprises a carbonate, a hydrogen carbonate, a hydroxide, an orthophosphate, a mono-hydrogen orthophosphate, a metaphosphate, an orthovanadate (all of the aforementioned catalysts preferably used in the form of their sodium or potassium salts), a titanium alcoholate (in particular tetra-n-butyl titanate, Ti(O-nBu)4), a tertiary amine (in particular 1,4-diazabicyclo(2.2.2)octane, "DABCO”), caesium fluoride, a stannate (in particular dibutyltin dilaurate, "DBTL”, or monobutyltin oxide, n-Bu-Sn(O)OH, "MBTO”) or a mixture of two or more of the aforementioned catalysts.
- a titanium alcoholate in particular tetra-n-butyl titanate, Ti(O-nBu)4
- a tertiary amine in particular
- Typical suitable polyols are divalent polyols (in particular ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,4-butenediol, 1,4-butynediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, methylpentanediols (such as 3-methyl-1,5-pentanediol), 1,6-hexanediol, 1,8-octanediol, 1,10-decanediol, 1,12-dodecanediol, bis-(hydroxymethyl)-cyclohexanes (such as 1,4-bis-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexane), triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, polyethylene glycols, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, polypropylene glycols
- Polyether polyols can also be used as polyols for step (D.IV), in particular those that have a number-average molar mass M n determined in accordance with DIN55672-1 (2016-03) in the range of 18 g/mol to 8000 g/mol and a functionality of 2 to 3 (calculated from the H-functional starters used in the production of the polyether polyols).
- These can be statistical copolymers, gradient copolymers, alternating or block copolymers of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
- the chemolysis alcohol used is released again and can be recovered by distillation and used again in chemolysis.
- step (B) The variants described above for further processing the carbamate are all the more advantageous to implement, the more selectively the carbamate is formed in step (B).
- variant (D.III) in which the isocyanate is obtained without the intermediate amine.
- the direct (“uncontrolled") formation of the amine in step (B) is therefore particularly worthy of mention as a selectivity-reducing reaction.
- Reaction path (i) can be suppressed by suitable drying measures. It is therefore preferable to use chemolysis alcohols with the lowest possible water content.
- the chemolysis alcohol used contains, based on its total mass, a maximum of 0.500 mass %, preferably a maximum of 0.200 mass %, particularly preferably a maximum of 0.050 mass %, very particularly preferably a maximum of 0.005 mass % of water, which can be achieved if necessary by drying measures known per se.
- the mass of the chemolysis alcohol is in any case the total mass including any water present.
- the water content of the chemolysis alcohol can be determined if necessary by Karl Fischer titration; this is the method relevant for the purposes of the present invention.
- Karl Fischer titration has been described many times and is well known to those skilled in the art. Various possible embodiments of the basic principle of Karl Fischer titration generally produce results that are sufficiently consistent within the framework for the purposes of the present invention. In case of doubt, the Karl Fischer titration as described in DIN 51 777, Part 1, March 1983 is decisive for the purposes of the present invention.
- reaction pathway (ii) depends on the type of polyurethane starting material used; if it contains urea groups, these will always also form amines upon complete chemolysis (albeit in minor amounts, since there are usually considerably more urethane groups than urea groups).
- reaction path (iii) This explains the experimental observation that the chemolysis of urethane groups, when carried out according to the invention, leads to the formation of a carbamate (and not a carbonate) with higher selectivity. If the recovery of the carbamate is not important for the desired (poly)urethane recycling, it is also possible to hydrolyze the chemolysis product formed in step (B) directly, i.e. without separating the carbamate formed.
- step (B) comprises a step (B1), the hydrolysis of the carbamate formed in (B) in the presence or absence of a hydrolysis catalyst to form an amine by reacting the (unchanged) chemolysis product obtained in (B) with water to obtain a hydrolyzed product mixture.
- the processing comprises a step (Cl), the extraction of the hydrolyzed product mixture with an organic (in particular halogenated) solvent, whereby an amine phase and a liquid alcohol phase (in particular a polyol phase) are obtained.
- Suitable organic (in particular halogenated) solvents are the same as those described above in connection with the extraction of the carbamate.
- the process according to the invention therefore comprises either
- step (C) the separation of the carbamate formed in (B) from the chemolysis product using an extraction with an organic solvent, optionally with the addition of water, and/or a solid-liquid phase separation, whereby in addition to the carbamate a liquid alcohol phase (in particular a polyol phase) is obtained, whereby preferably the carbamate separated in (C), optionally after purification, is further reacted in a step (D) to obtain a chemical product, whereby (D) comprises one of the following reactions:
- step (ß) a step (B.l), the hydrolysis of the carbamate formed in (B) in the presence or absence of a hydrolysis catalyst to form an amine by reacting the chemolysis product obtained in (B) with water to obtain a hydrolyzed product mixture, and a step (C.l), the extraction of the hydrolyzed product mixture with an organic (in particular halogenated) solvent to obtain an amine phase and a liquid alcohol phase (in particular a polyol phase).
- liquid alcohol phase from (C) or (C.1) it is preferred to distill and/or strip it in a step (E) to obtain (at least) one chemical product selected from (i) an alcohol of the alcohol component and/or (ii) a reaction product formed from an alcohol of the alcohol component in the chemolysis (B).
- the alcohols and/or reaction products obtained in this way can be used for all purposes known in the art for such compounds.
- recovered polyether polyols can be used in the production of new polyurethanes and reaction products of polyester polyols in the production of new polyester polyols.
- the water content of the chemolysis alcohols used was 100 to 300 ppm in all cases unless otherwise stated.
- GC-FID flame ionization detector
- the model reaction was the conversion of 2-ethoxyethyl-N-phenylurethane
- a glass insert equipped with a magnetic stirrer is filled with catalyst (optional (see Tables 1 to 3), 1.0 mass% based on the total mass of substrate and chemolysis alcohol), substrate (700 mg), chemolysis alcohol (mass ratio to substrate as given in the table) and the internal standard tetradecane (20 mg) and placed in the stainless steel autoclave (volume 20 mL). This is flushed three times with N2 (setting a nitrogen pressure of 50 bar and then relaxing to ambient pressure) and sealed before the pressure is increased to 10 bar by adding nitrogen.
- the autoclave is heated in a preheated aluminum cone for a defined period of time at a defined temperature (see tables) while stirring (900 rpm).
- the autoclave is then cooled in an ice bath for 10 min and then relaxed.
- the reaction mixture is diluted with THF (2 mL), filtered through a syringe filter (Chromafil 0-20/15 MS) and analyzed by GC-FID.
- Substrate Ph-NH-CO-O-fCHzh-OMe; mass ratio of chemolysis alcohol to substrate of 3.0:1; reaction temperature 200 °C; reaction time 240 min.
- Substrate Ph-NH-CO-O-(CHz)z-OMe; mass ratio of chemolysis alcohol to substrate of 3.0:1; reaction temperature 200 °C; reaction time 240 min.
- a catalyst is used in a mass fraction of 1.0%, based on the sum of the masses of substrate and chemolysis alcohol.
- Table 4 shows that when a large excess of chemolysis alcohol is used under the present reaction conditions, an improvement in conversion is achieved, but at the cost of a significantly reduced selectivity (in Example 28, 6.8 times the amount of aniline was formed compared to Example 27).
- the process according to the invention therefore makes it possible to achieve good to very good selectivities even when using comparatively water-rich chemolysis alcohols. This means that drying can be avoided or at least made less complex.
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| CN202480011231.4A CN120641394A (zh) | 2023-02-14 | 2024-02-13 | (聚)氨酯的裂解方法 |
| KR1020257026582A KR20250149674A (ko) | 2023-02-14 | 2024-02-13 | (폴리)우레탄의 절단 방법 |
| EP24704480.3A EP4665711A1 (de) | 2023-02-14 | 2024-02-13 | Verfahren zur spaltung von (poly-)urethanen |
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Citations (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4316992A (en) | 1981-02-23 | 1982-02-23 | Ford Motor Company | Process for polyol recovery from polyurethane foam comprising alcohol and steam hydrolysis |
| US4336406A (en) | 1981-02-24 | 1982-06-22 | Ford Motor Company | Polyol extraction by high boiling alkanes |
| DE4217024A1 (de) | 1992-05-22 | 1993-11-25 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von NCO-reaktiven Komponenten aus ausreagierten Produkten des Isocyanat-Polyadditionsverfahrens |
| US20160145409A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2016-05-26 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) | Method for recovering organic fibers from a composite material |
| EP3587570A1 (de) | 2018-06-21 | 2020-01-01 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Neue urethanasen für den enzymatischen abbau von polyurethanen |
| WO2020260387A1 (de) | 2019-06-27 | 2020-12-30 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von rohstoffen aus polyurethanprodukten |
| EP3590999B1 (de) | 2018-06-14 | 2021-03-17 | RAMPF Holding GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren zum abbau von kunststoffen |
| WO2022063764A1 (de) | 2020-09-23 | 2022-03-31 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von rohstoffen aus polyurethanprodukten |
| WO2023285545A1 (en) | 2021-07-14 | 2023-01-19 | Universiteit Antwerpen | Two-stage chemical recycling of polyurethanes |
-
2024
- 2024-02-13 CN CN202480011231.4A patent/CN120641394A/zh active Pending
- 2024-02-13 WO PCT/EP2024/053610 patent/WO2024170559A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2024-02-13 KR KR1020257026582A patent/KR20250149674A/ko active Pending
- 2024-02-13 EP EP24704480.3A patent/EP4665711A1/de active Pending
Patent Citations (9)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4316992A (en) | 1981-02-23 | 1982-02-23 | Ford Motor Company | Process for polyol recovery from polyurethane foam comprising alcohol and steam hydrolysis |
| US4336406A (en) | 1981-02-24 | 1982-06-22 | Ford Motor Company | Polyol extraction by high boiling alkanes |
| DE4217024A1 (de) | 1992-05-22 | 1993-11-25 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von NCO-reaktiven Komponenten aus ausreagierten Produkten des Isocyanat-Polyadditionsverfahrens |
| US20160145409A1 (en) | 2013-06-20 | 2016-05-26 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique (Cnrs) | Method for recovering organic fibers from a composite material |
| EP3590999B1 (de) | 2018-06-14 | 2021-03-17 | RAMPF Holding GmbH & Co. KG | Verfahren zum abbau von kunststoffen |
| EP3587570A1 (de) | 2018-06-21 | 2020-01-01 | Covestro Deutschland AG | Neue urethanasen für den enzymatischen abbau von polyurethanen |
| WO2020260387A1 (de) | 2019-06-27 | 2020-12-30 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von rohstoffen aus polyurethanprodukten |
| WO2022063764A1 (de) | 2020-09-23 | 2022-03-31 | Covestro Deutschland Ag | Verfahren zur wiedergewinnung von rohstoffen aus polyurethanprodukten |
| WO2023285545A1 (en) | 2021-07-14 | 2023-01-19 | Universiteit Antwerpen | Two-stage chemical recycling of polyurethanes |
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| ASAHI N ET AL: "Methanolysis investigation of commercially available polyurethane foam", POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY, BARKING, GB, vol. 86, no. 1, 1 October 2004 (2004-10-01), pages 147 - 151, XP004571975, ISSN: 0141-3910, DOI: 10.1016/J.POLYMDEGRADSTAB.2004.04.002 * |
| POLYMER DEGRADATION AND STABILITY, vol. 86, 2004, pages 147 - 151 |
| SIMONBORREGUEROLUCASRODRIGUEZ, WASTE MANAGEMENT, vol. 76, 2018, pages 147 - 171 |
| VON MARTIN B. JOHANSEN ET AL.: "tert-Amyl Alcohol-Mediated Deconstruction of Polyurethane for Polyol and Aniline Recovery", IN ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEM. ENG., vol. 10, no. 34, 2022, pages 11191 - 11202 |
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| W. LEITNER ET AL.: "Carbon2Polymer- Chemical Utilization of COz in the Production of Isocyanates", CHEM. ING. TECH., vol. 90, 2018, pages 1504 - 1512, XP071142803, DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800040 |
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| KR20250149674A (ko) | 2025-10-16 |
| EP4665711A1 (de) | 2025-12-24 |
| CN120641394A (zh) | 2025-09-12 |
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