WO2024167552A1 - Automatic gain control (agc) based grouping of sidelink positioning reference signal (sl-p.rs) resources for sidelink positioning - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed are techniques for wireless communication. In an aspect, a processing device may obtain J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure. The processing device may transmit K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K.

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 1 AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL (AGC) BASED GROUPING OF SIDELINK POSITIONING REFERENCE SIGNAL (SL-PRS) RESOURCES FOR SIDELINK POSITIONING BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE 1. Field of the Disclosure [0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless communications. 2. Description of the Related Art [0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc. [0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)) and other technical enhancements. [0004] Leveraging the increased data rates and decreased latency of 5G, among other things, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies are being implemented to support autonomous driving applications, such as wireless communications between vehicles, between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure, between vehicles and pedestrians, etc. 1 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 2 SUMMARY [0005] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below. [0006] In an aspect, a method of operating a processing device includes obtaining J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmitting K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0007] In an aspect, a method of operating a sidelink user equipment (UE) includes receiving a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmitting one or more SL- PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0008] In an aspect, a processing device includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 3 measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0009] In an aspect, a sidelink user equipment (UE) includes a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0010] In an aspect, a processing device includes means for obtaining J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and means for transmitting K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0011] In an aspect, a sidelink user equipment (UE) includes means for receiving a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL- PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and means for transmitting one or more SL- QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 4 PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0012] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: obtain J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmit K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0013] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium stores computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sidelink user equipment, cause the sidelink user equipment to: receive a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmit one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0014] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0015] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof. 4 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 5 [0016] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0017] FIGS. 2A and 2B illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0018] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein. [0019] FIGS.4A and 4B illustrate various scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or joint Uu and sidelink positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0020] FIG. 5A illustrates an example call flow for Mode A discovery, and FIG. 5B illustrates an example call flow for Mode B discovery, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0021] FIGS. 6A and 6B are diagrams of example sidelink slot structures with and without feedback resources, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0022] FIG.7 is a diagram illustrating an example sidelink positioning scenario, where an anchor UE is configured to assist multiple sidelink UEs, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0023] FIG.8 is a diagram illustrating an example sidelink resource arrangement for the scenario depicted in FIG.7, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0024] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are diagrams illustrating additional example sidelink resource arrangements for the scenario depicted in FIG.7, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0025] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method of operating a processing device, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0026] FIG.11 illustrates an example method of operating a sidelink UE, according to aspects of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0027] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure. [0028] The words “exemplary” and/or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and/or QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 6 “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation. [0029] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc. [0030] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action. [0031] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE), “vehicle UE” (V-UE), “pedestrian UE” (P-UE), and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., vehicle on-board computer, vehicle navigation device, mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may 6 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 7 communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as a “mobile device,” an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or UT, a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. [0032] A V-UE is a type of UE and may be any in-vehicle wireless communication device, such as a navigation system, a warning system, a heads-up display (HUD), an on-board computer, an in-vehicle infotainment system, an automated driving system (ADS), an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), etc. Alternatively, a V-UE may be a portable wireless communication device (e.g., a cell phone, tablet computer, etc.) that is carried by the driver of the vehicle or a passenger in the vehicle. The term “V-UE” may refer to the in-vehicle wireless communication device or the vehicle itself, depending on the context. A P-UE is a type of UE and may be a portable wireless communication device that is carried by a pedestrian (i.e., a user that is not driving or riding in a vehicle). Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and/or the Internet are also possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11, etc.) and so on. [0033] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs including supporting data, voice and/or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and/or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 8 channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an UL / reverse or DL / forward traffic channel. [0034] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station. [0035] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and/or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference RF signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs and/or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such base stations may be referred to as positioning beacons (e.g., when transmitting RF signals to UEs) and/or as location measurement units (e.g., when receiving and measuring RF signals from UEs). [0036] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, 8 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 9 an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal. [0037] FIG.1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labelled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and/or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations 102 may include eNBs and/or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc. [0038] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity. [0039] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, 9 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 10 synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless. [0040] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110. [0041] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labelled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG). QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 11 [0042] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and/or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and/or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink). [0043] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and/or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. [0044] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and/or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and/or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MulteFire. [0045] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a mmW base station 180 that may operate in millimeter wave (mmW) frequencies and/or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW/near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 12 The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and/or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein. [0046] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions. [0047] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 13 same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. [0048] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and/or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction. [0049] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam. [0050] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 14 [0051] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency/wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. [0052] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and/or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and/or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band. [0053] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and/or FR5, or may be within the EHF band. [0054] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104/182 and the cell in QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 15 which the UE 104/182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE-specific. This means that different UEs 104/182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104/182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably. [0055] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and/or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and/or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104/182 to significantly increase its data transmission and/or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier. [0056] In the example of FIG.1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG.1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 16 Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and/or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112. [0057] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and/or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi- functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and/or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and/or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems. [0058] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non- terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102. [0059] Leveraging the increased data rates and decreased latency of NR, among other things, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication technologies are being implemented to support intelligent transportation systems (ITS) applications, such as wireless communications between vehicles (vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V)), between vehicles and the roadside infrastructure (vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I)), and between vehicles and pedestrians (vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P)). The goal is for vehicles to be able to sense the environment around them and communicate that information to other vehicles, QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 17 infrastructure, and personal mobile devices. Such vehicle communication will enable safety, mobility, and environmental advancements that current technologies are unable to provide. Once fully implemented, the technology is expected to reduce unimpaired vehicle crashes by 80%. [0060] Still referring to FIG. 1, the wireless communications system 100 may include multiple V-UEs 160 that may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). V-UEs 160 may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 162, with a roadside unit (RSU) 164 (a roadside access point) over a wireless sidelink 166, or with sidelink-capable UEs 104 over a wireless sidelink 168 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device- to-device (D2D) media-sharing, V2V communication, V2X communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of V-UEs 160 utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other V-UEs 160 in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of V-UEs 160 communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each V-UE 160 transmits to every other V- UE 160 in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between V-UEs 160 without the involvement of a base station 102. [0061] In an aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and/or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and/or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 18 [0062] In an aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be cV2X links. A first generation of cV2X has been standardized in LTE, and the next generation is expected to be defined in NR. cV2X is a cellular technology that also enables device-to-device communications. In the U.S. and Europe, cV2X is expected to operate in the licensed ITS band in sub-6GHz. Other bands may be allocated in other countries. Thus, as a particular example, the medium of interest utilized by sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the licensed ITS frequency band of sub-6GHz. However, the present disclosure is not limited to this frequency band or cellular technology. [0063] In an aspect, the sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may be dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) links. DSRC is a one-way or two-way short-range to medium-range wireless communication protocol that uses the wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE) protocol, also known as IEEE 802.11p, for V2V, V2I, and V2P communications. IEEE 802.11p is an approved amendment to the IEEE 802.11 standard and operates in the licensed ITS band of 5.9 GHz (5.85-5.925 GHz) in the U.S. In Europe, IEEE 802.11p operates in the ITS G5A band (5.875 – 5.905 MHz). Other bands may be allocated in other countries. The V2V communications briefly described above occur on the Safety Channel, which in the U.S. is typically a 10 MHz channel that is dedicated to the purpose of safety. The remainder of the DSRC band (the total bandwidth is 75 MHz) is intended for other services of interest to drivers, such as road rules, tolling, parking automation, etc. Thus, as a particular example, the mediums of interest utilized by sidelinks 162, 166, 168 may correspond to at least a portion of the licensed ITS frequency band of 5.9 GHz. [0064] Alternatively, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 19 TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on. [0065] Communications between the V-UEs 160 are referred to as V2V communications, communications between the V-UEs 160 and the one or more RSUs 164 are referred to as V2I communications, and communications between the V-UEs 160 and one or more UEs 104 (where the UEs 104 are P-UEs) are referred to as V2P communications. The V2V communications between V-UEs 160 may include, for example, information about the position, speed, acceleration, heading, and other vehicle data of the V-UEs 160. The V2I information received at a V-UE 160 from the one or more RSUs 164 may include, for example, road rules, parking automation information, etc. The V2P communications between a V-UE 160 and a UE 104 may include information about, for example, the position, speed, acceleration, and heading of the V-UE 160 and the position, speed (e.g., where the UE 104 is carried by a user on a bicycle), and heading of the UE 104. [0066] Note that although FIG.1 only illustrates two of the UEs as V-UEs (V-UEs 160), any of the illustrated UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190) may be V-UEs. In addition, while only the V-UEs 160 and a single UE 104 have been illustrated as being connected over a sidelink, any of the UEs illustrated in FIG.1, whether V-UEs, P-UEs, etc., may be capable of sidelink communication. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beam forming, any of the illustrated UEs, including V-UEs 160, may be capable of beam forming. Where V-UEs 160 are capable of beam forming, they may beam form towards each other (i.e., towards other V-UEs 160), towards RSUs 164, towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104, 152, 182, 190), etc. Thus, in some cases, V-UEs 160 may utilize beamforming over sidelinks 162, 166, and 168. [0067] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links. In the example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WiFi Direct (WiFi-D), Bluetooth®, and so on. As another example, the D2D QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 20 P2P links 192 and 194 may be sidelinks, as described above with reference to sidelinks 162, 166, and 168. [0068] FIG.2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein). [0069] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server). [0070] FIG.2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 21 cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks. [0071] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra-/inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink/ downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 22 also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272. [0072] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface. [0073] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and/or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and/or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and/or IP). [0074] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and/or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and/or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. [0075] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and/or QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 23 ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and/or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and/or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface. [0076] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “F1” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission/reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer. [0077] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 24 support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and/or communicate via different technologies. [0078] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and/or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time/frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively. [0079] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 25 stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., WiFi, LTE-D, Bluetooth®, Zigbee®, Z-Wave®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra-wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be WiFi transceivers, Bluetooth® transceivers, Zigbee® and/or Z-Wave® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or vehicle-to-everything (V2X) transceivers. [0080] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal receivers 330 and 370. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and/or measuring satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi- Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), etc. Where the satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 are non-terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and/or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may comprise any suitable hardware and/or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning/communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receivers 330 and 370 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 26 the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm. [0081] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces. [0082] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 27 also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements. [0083] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver. [0084] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 332, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 332, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 332, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof. [0085] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include positioning component 342, 388, and 398, respectively. The positioning component 342, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 332, QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 28 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the positioning component 342, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 332, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the positioning component 342, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 332, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 342, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 332, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3B illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3C illustrates possible locations of the positioning component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. [0086] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 332 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and/or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and/or the satellite signal receiver 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and/or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and/or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 29 [0087] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and/or visual indications) to a user and/or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces. [0088] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. [0089] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding/decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation/demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 30 streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and/or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and/or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. [0090] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 332. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 332, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality. [0091] In the downlink, the one or more processors 332 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 332 are also responsible for error detection. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 31 [0092] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 332 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression/decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization. [0093] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission. [0094] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384. [0095] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection. [0096] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and/or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 32 particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG.3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or PC or laptop may have Wi-Fi and/or Bluetooth capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal receiver 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art. [0097] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 334, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 334, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them. [0098] The components of FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and/or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and/or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 33 functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and/or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and/or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and/or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., such as the processors 332, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the positioning component 342, 388, and 398, etc. [0099] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and/or 5GC 210/260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as WiFi). [0100] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE- assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 34 [0101] For DL-AoD positioning, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s). [0102] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA. [0103] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE. [0104] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx- Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 35 adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy. [0105] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s). [0106] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and/or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data. [0107] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 36 be +/- 500 microseconds (μs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 32 μs. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be +/- 8 μs. [0108] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence). [0109] Moreover, NR supports, or enables, various sidelink positioning techniques. FIG. 4A illustrates various scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or joint Uu and sidelink positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. In scenario 410, at least one peer UE with a known location can improve the Uu-based positioning (e.g., multi-cell round-trip- time (RTT), downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), etc.) of a target UE by providing an additional anchor (e.g., using sidelink RTT (SL-RTT)). In scenario 420, a low-end (e.g., reduced capacity, or “RedCap”) target UE may obtain the assistance of premium UEs to determine its location using, e.g., sidelink positioning and ranging procedures with the premium UEs. Compared to the low-end UE, the premium UEs may have more capabilities, such as more sensors, a faster processor, more memory, more antenna elements, higher transmit power capability, access to additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In scenario 430, a relay UE (e.g., with a known location) participates in the positioning estimation of a remote UE without performing uplink positioning reference signal (PRS) transmission over the Uu interface. Scenario 440 illustrates the joint positioning of multiple UEs. Specifically, in scenario 440, two UEs with unknown positions can be jointly located in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions by utilizing constraints from nearby UEs. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 37 [0110] FIG. 4B illustrates additional scenarios of interest for sidelink-only or joint Uu and sidelink positioning, according to aspects of the disclosure. In scenario 450, UEs used for public safety (e.g., by police, firefighters, and/or the like) may perform peer-to-peer (P2P) positioning and ranging for public safety and other uses. For example, in scenario 450, the public safety UEs may be out of coverage of a network and determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the public safety UEs using sidelink positioning techniques. Similarly, scenario 460 shows multiple UEs that are out of coverage and determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position using sidelink positioning techniques, such as SL-RTT. [0111] A UE that assists a target UE in a positioning procedure may be referred to as a “positioning peer” or “Pos-Peer” UE. Two types of Pos-Peer UE discovery procedures have been introduced for sidelink cooperative positioning, referred to as Mode A and Mode B. FIG. 5A illustrates an example call flow 500 for Mode A discovery, and FIG. 5B illustrates an example call flow 550 for Mode B discovery, according to aspects of the disclosure. The purpose of these discovery procedures is to discover which Pos-Peer UEs are in the vicinity of a target UE. In Mode A, a Pos-Peer UE may announce its presence by broadcasting a sidelink Pos-Peer discovery message with a positioning flag, as shown in FIG.5A. In Mode B, a target UE that wants to discover Pos-Peer UEs may initiate by broadcasting a sidelink Pos-Peer solicitation message with field(s) related to positioning, as shown in FIG.5B. [0112] As shown in FIGS.5A and 5B, both Pos-Peer discovery and solicitation messages can be split into two parts, labeled “A” and “B,” to enable a more power efficient approach and a handshake between the target UE and the potential Pos-Peer UEs. A target UE can rank the potential Pos-Peer UEs (also referred to as anchor UEs) according to the following criteria: (1) location quality criterion, (2) channel quality criterion, (3) response time criterion, (4) mobility state criterion, or any combination thereof. [0113] In some aspects, the sequence of the sidelink PRS (SL-PRS) for sidelink positioning and/or ranging may use a pseudorandom-based sequence. In some aspects, the sequence of SL-PRS may use an existing sequence of DL-PRS or modified based on an existing sequence of DL-PRS. [0114] In some aspects, with regards to the frequency and time domain pattern of a SL-PRS resource within a slot, and with regards to a value N (comb size) and a number M of SL- QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 38 PRS symbols within a slot excluding the symbol(s) used for automatic gain control (AGC) training and/or Reception/Transmission turnaround, at least N = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12} may be considered as potential candidate values. In some aspects, one possible arrangement for implementation may be based on determining potential candidate values for M and/or whether to consider N > 12 as potential candidate value(s). In some aspects, with regards to the frequency and time domain pattern of a SL-PRS resource within a slot, one possible arrangement for implementation may be based on whether the symbols of a SL-PRS resource within a slot are consecutive symbols and/or non-consecutive symbols for shared resource pool (if supported). In some aspects, with regards to the frequency and time domain pattern of a SL-PRS resource within a slot, one possible arrangement of the resource element (RE) offset (RE-offset) sequence within a SL-PRS resource may be based on whether to have in the end of the SL-PRS pattern a symbol with the same RE- offset as the first symbol, for, e.g., phase-tracking purpose. [0115] Sidelink communication takes place in transmission or reception resource pools. In the frequency domain, the minimum resource allocation unit is a sub-channel (e.g., a collection of consecutive PRBs in the frequency domain). In the time domain, resource allocation is in one slot intervals. However, some slots are not available for sidelink, and some slots contain feedback resources. In addition, sidelink resources can be (pre)configured to occupy fewer than the 14 symbols of a slot. [0116] Sidelink resources are configured at the radio resource control (RRC) layer. The RRC configuration can be by pre-configuration (e.g., preloaded on the UE) or configuration (e.g., from a serving base station). [0117] NR sidelinks support hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) retransmission. FIG. 6A is a diagram 600 of an example slot structure without feedback resources, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG.6A, time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol, and the 14 symbols make up a slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is one sub-channel. Currently, the (pre)configured sub-channel size can be selected from the set of {10, 15, 20, 25, 50, 75, 100} physical resource blocks (PRBs). [0118] For a sidelink slot, the first symbol is a repetition of the preceding symbol and is used for AGC setting (“AGC” in FIG. 6A, or also referred to as a “AGC symbol” in this QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 39 disclosure). This is illustrated in FIG. 6A by the vertical and horizontal hashing. As shown in FIG. 6A, for sidelink, the physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) and the physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) are transmitted in the same slot. Similar to the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH), the PSCCH carries control information about sidelink resource allocation and descriptions about sidelink data transmitted to the UE. Likewise, similar to the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH), the PSSCH carries user data for the UE. In the example of FIG. 6A, the PSCCH occupies half the bandwidth of the sub-channel and only three symbols. Finally, after the PSSCH, the time duration for the last symbol in the slot may be used as a gap duration (“Gap” in FIG.6A, or also referred to as a “gap symbol” in this disclosure). [0119] FIG.6B is a diagram 650 of an example slot structure with feedback resources, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG.6B, time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. In the time domain, the length of each block is one OFDM symbol, and the 14 symbols make up a slot. In the frequency domain, the height of each block is one sub-channel. [0120] The slot structure illustrated in FIG. 6B is similar to the slot structure illustrated in FIG. 6A, except that the slot structure illustrated in FIG. 6B includes feedback resources. Specifically, two symbols at the end of the slot have been dedicated to the physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH). The first PSFCH symbol is a repetition of the second PSFCH symbol for AGC setting. In addition to the gap symbol after the PSSCH, there is a gap symbol after the two PSFCH symbols. Currently, resources for the PSFCH can be configured with a periodicity selected from the set of {0, 1, 2, 4} slots. [0121] In some aspects, additional requirements may be introduced to implement the signaling for sidelink positioning, such as the requirements regarding the AGC calibration (e.g., using the AGC symbol in FIGS. 6A and 6B) and Rx-Tx turnaround time (denoting Reception/Transmission turnaround time or Transmission/Reception turnaround time using, e.g., the gap symbol in FIGS. 6A and 6B). In some aspects, for sidelink positioning, the number of symbol(s) for AGC and/or Rx-Tx turnaround time, as well as conditions under which the AGC training and/or Rx-Tx turnaround time are needed, may be determined based on different use cases or implementations. [0122] In some aspects, it is observed that AGC calibration may be required for sidelink signaling. For example, sidelink transmissions may arrive at a UE from different devices QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 40 at different distances, via paths with different pathlosses, and being transmitted using different transmission power levels, compared with only receiving the downlink signals from a same gNB. In some aspects, the characteristics of sidelink transmissions may necessitate that the UE reassure that its AGC setting is properly calibrated or recalibrated for every received sidelink transmission. In some aspects, the sidelink communications may include a duplicate of the first PSCCH/PSSCH symbol in the preceding symbol (e.g., the AGC symbol) that may be used for calibrating the AGC setting at the receiving UE. In some aspects, SL-PRS transmissions for sidelink positioning may incorporate a similar AGC arrangement for AGC calibration. [0123] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example sidelink positioning scenario 700 as a non- limiting example, where an anchor UE may be configured to assist multiple sidelink UEs, according to aspects of the disclosure. In this scenario 700, an anchor UE 710 may be arranged to assist the positioning of 12 sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748, based on one or more sidelink positioning procedures. [0124] In some aspects, the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748 may be at different distances from the anchor UE 710, and the sidelink transmissions from these sidelink UEs may be transmitted at different transmission power levels and experience different pathlosses. Therefore, the sidelink transmissions from these sidelink UEs may arrive at the anchor UE 710 having different receiving signal strengths. Compared with only receiving the downlink transmissions from a gNB (not shown), the sidelink transmissions from the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748 may necessitate that the anchor UE 710 recalibrate its AGC setting for every sidelink transmission. [0125] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example sidelink resource arrangement 800 for the scenario 700 depicted in FIG. 7, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the example of FIG.8, time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. [0126] In some aspects, as the anchor UE 710 may not be aware of the proper AGC setting for any one of the sidelink transmissions from the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748, the sidelink resource arrangement 800 may include 12 scheduling units (e.g., 12 slots, from Slot 1 to Slot 12 in FIG.8) for the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748, respectively. Each one of the scheduling units may include an AGC resource (denoted AGC in FIG. 8) followed by a QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 41 PRS resource (denoted PRS 1 to PRS 12) for each one of the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748. Accordingly, the anchor UE 710 may need to perform 12 separate AGC calibrations to find out for each sidelink UE a corresponding AGC setting based on an AGC symbol transmitted over the AGC resource and then processing the subsequent sidelink transmission, such as a SL-PRS transmission, over the corresponding PRS resource, based on the determined AGC setting. [0127] However, if the anchor UE 710 is configured to perform separate AGC calibrations for each sidelink UE, as shown in FIG. 8, such arrangement may take at least 12 scheduling units (e.g., 12 slots) to complete the reception of SL-PRS transmissions and corresponding positioning measurements for the 12 sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748. In some aspects, such arrangement may introduce an unnecessary delay in the positioning procedure. [0128] In some aspects, the sidelink transmissions from some of the sidelink UEs may arrive at the anchor UE 710 having the signal strengths within a confined power level interval that may justify sharing a same AGC setting. Accordingly, only one AGC calibration may need to be performed for these sidelink UEs. In some aspects, these sidelink UEs that may share a same AGC setting may be grouped together and assigned with a same AGC resource. [0129] For example, as shown in FIG. 7, the effective distances of the transmission paths (for visualization of received signal strengths by considering various factors including, e.g., the physical distances, obstacles, and pathlosses) from the anchor UE 710 to the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728 may be less than an effective distance R1; the effective distances of the transmission paths from the anchor UE 710 to the sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 728 may be greater than the effective distance R1 but less than an effective distance R2; and the effective distances of the transmission paths from the anchor UE 710 to the sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 may be greater than the effective distance R2. In some aspects, the sidelink transmissions from the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728 may arrive at the anchor UE 710 at the receiving signal strength levels within a first power level interval and thus may be processed using a first AGC setting; the sidelink transmissions from the sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 738 may arrive at the anchor UE 710 at the receiving signal strength levels within a second power level interval and thus may be processed using a second AGC setting; and the sidelink transmissions from the 41 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 42 sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 may arrive at the anchor UE 710 at the receiving signal strength levels within a third power level interval and thus may be processed using a third AGC setting. [0130] In some aspects, the sidelink UEs may be grouped based on obtaining receiving signal strength measurements of the signals from the sidelink UEs. In some aspects, as part of a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure, the anchor UE 710 may measure the signal strengths of the signals from the sidelink UEs to obtain the corresponding signal strength measurements. Therefore, in some aspects, no additional signal transmission opportunities may be needed for performing the measurements for grouping. In some aspects, the grouping may be performed in a manner that all the sidelink UEs belong to the same group may share a same or similar (reception) AGC setting at the anchor UE. In some aspects, the actual implementation may be anchor UE dependent, such as based on the signal processing capability of the anchor UE with respect to the dynamic range of the received signal strengths that the anchor UE may properly handle. [0131] For example, the grouping may be based on three power level intervals, where a sidelink transmission of a sidelink UE arrives at the anchor UE 710 with a signal strength measurement X within a first power level interval of X1 <= X < X2 may be identified as belonging to a group 1; within a second power level interval of X2 <= X < X3 may be identified as belonging to a group 2; and within a third power level interval of X3 <= X < X4 may be identified as belonging to a group 3. In some aspects, the reference values X1, X2, X3, and X4 may be anchor UE specific. In some aspects, each power level interval may have a span of no greater than 10 decibels (dB). [0132] In some aspects, the AGC resource and the associated SL-PRS resources for the sidelink UEs belonging to a same group may be scheduled in a same scheduling unit. In some aspects, the scheduling unit may correspond to a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. In some aspects, the anchor UE 710 may be arranged to perform only one AGC calibration for the SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of a same group scheduled in a same scheduling unit. In some aspects, having the AGC resource and SL- PRS resources for the sidelink UEs of a same group in one scheduling unit may reduce the number of AGC resources needed to be scheduled. Therefore, the anchor UE 710 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 43 may perform a reduced number of AGC calibrations compared with the example of FIG. 8. [0133] In some aspects, the initial grouping may be performed based on the signal strength measurements obtained during the peer discovery procedure. In some aspects, the grouping may be updated based on the signal strength measurements obtained during one or more previous sidelink positioning procedures (“previous” as to being performed prior to the grouping update operation). [0134] In some aspects, the grouping may be performed by the anchor UE 710. In some aspects, the grouping may be performed by a base station (or the cells/TRPs of the base stations) that serves the anchor UE 710. In some aspects, the grouping may be performed by a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272). [0135] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C are diagrams illustrating additional example sidelink resource arrangements 900A, 900B, and 900C for the scenario 700 depicted in FIG. 7, according to aspects of the disclosure. In the examples of FIGS.9A, 9B, and 9C, time is represented horizontally and frequency is represented vertically. [0136] In some aspects according to the scenario 700 depicted in FIG. 7, the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748 may be arranged into three groups: sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728 belonging to a first group, sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 738 belonging to a second group, and sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 belonging to a third group. Of course, the number of sidelink UEs and the number of groups in FIG.7 are merely introduced as a non-limiting example. [0137] In some aspects, each group of sidelink UEs may share a same AGC setting. Accordingly, in some aspects, each group of sidelink UEs may share a same AGC resource for AGC calibration. In some aspects, the shared AGC resource and the SL-PRS resources for the sidelink UEs belonging to a same group may be scheduled in a same scheduling unit (e.g., a same slot, a same sub-slot, or a same set of consecutive slots). In some aspects, the sidelink UEs in the same group may all respectively transmit a same AGC symbol over the shared AGC resource. [0138] In some aspects, for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL-PRS resources may be scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 44 [0139] In some aspects, according to the example 900A shown in FIG.9A, each scheduling unit (denoted as SU 1, SU 2, and SU 3) may be a slot (denoted as Slot 1, Slot 2, and Slot 3). As shown in FIG. 9A, the shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC1) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS1, PRS2, PRS3, and PRS4) for the first group of sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728 may be scheduled in a same scheduling unit SU 1 (Slot 1). The shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC2) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS5, PRS6, PRS7, and PRS8) for the second group of sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 738 may be scheduled in a same scheduling unit SU 2 (Slot 2). Also, the shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC3) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS9, PRS10, PRS11, and PRS12) for the third group of sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 may be scheduled in a same scheduling unit SU 3 (Slot 3). [0140] In some aspects, according to the example 900B shown in FIG.9B, each scheduling unit (denoted as SU 1, SU 2, and SU 3) may be a sub-slot (e.g., the scheduling units SU 1 and SU 2 may be in Slot 1, and the scheduling unit SU 3 may be in Slot 2). As shown in FIG. 9B, the shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC1) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS1, PRS2, PRS3, and PRS4) for the first group of sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728 may be scheduled in the scheduling unit SU 1 (e.g., at the front portion of Slot 1). The shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC2) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS5, PRS6, PRS7, and PRS8) for the second group of sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 738 may be scheduled in the scheduling unit SU 2 (e.g., at the rear portion of Slot 1). Also, the shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC3) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS9, PRS10, PRS11, and PRS12) for the third group of sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 may be scheduled in the scheduling unit SU 3 (e.g., at the front portion of Slot 2). [0141] In some aspects, according to the example 900C shown in FIG.9C, each scheduling unit (denoted as SU 1, SU 2, and SU 3) may include two consecutive slots (e.g., the scheduling unit SU 1 may include the slots Slot 1 and Slot 2, the scheduling unit SU 2 may include the slots Slot 3 and Slot 4, and the scheduling unit SU 3 may include the slots Slot 5 and Slot 6). As shown in FIG.9C, the shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC1) and the SL- PRS resources (denoted as PRS1, PRS2, PRS3, and PRS4) for the first group of sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728 may be scheduled in the scheduling unit SU 1, with the AGC resource AGC1 at the beginning of Slot 1 followed by the SL-PRS resources PRS1 and PRS2 in Slot 1, and the SL-PRS resources PRS3 and PRS4 in Slot 2 without any AGC 44 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 45 resources scheduled before the SL-PRS resources PRS3 and PRS4 in Slot 2. The shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC2) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS5, PRS6, PRS7, and PRS8) for the second group of sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 738 may be scheduled in the scheduling unit SU 2, with the AGC resource AGC2 at the beginning of Slot 3 followed by the SL-PRS resources PRS5 and PRS6 in Slot 3, and the SL-PRS resources PRS7 and PRS8 in Slot 4 without any AGC resources scheduled before the SL- PRS resources PRS7 and PRS8 in Slot 4. Also, the shared AGC resource (denoted as AGC1) and the SL-PRS resources (denoted as PRS9, PRS10, PRS11, and PRS12) for the third group of sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 may be scheduled in the scheduling unit SU 3, with the AGC resource AGC3 at the beginning of Slot 5 followed by the SL- PRS resources PRS9 and PRS10 in Slot 5, and the SL-PRS resources PRS11 and PRS12 in Slot 6 without any AGC resources scheduled before the SL-PRS resources PRS11 and PRS12 in Slot 6. [0142] In some aspects, if there is a single SL-PRS resource with an AGC resource scheduled within a scheduling unit, the pilot sequence transmitted over the AGC resource for AGC calibration may be based on a symbol (e.g., the first symbol or the last symbol) of the SL- PRS transmission over the SL-PRS resource. [0143] In some aspects, if there are multiple SL-PRS resources grouped together with an AGC resource, the pilot sequence transmitted over the AGC resource for AGC calibration may be based on a symbol (e.g., the first symbol or the last symbol) of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the multiple SL-PRS resources, a symbol (e.g., the first symbol or the last symbol) of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the multiple SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol (e.g., the first symbol or the last symbol) of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the multiple SL-PRS resources that is frequency- divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0. In some aspects, the pilot sequence transmitted over the AGC resource for AGC calibration may be based on a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0144] In some aspects, if there are multiple SL-PRS resources for multiple sidelink UEs grouped together with an AGC resource in a scheduling unit, the multiple sidelink UEs may transmit the same pilot sequence over the same AGC resource. The anchor UE (e.g., the anchor UE 710) may receive a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 46 collectively over the AGC resource and perform an AGC calibration accordingly to determine an AGC setting for the sidelink UEs. The anchor UE may then receive respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the multiple SL-PRS resources and process the SL-PRS transmissions based on the determined AGC setting. [0145] FIG. 10 illustrates an example method 1000 of operating a processing device, according to aspects of the disclosure. [0146] In some aspects, the processing device in the method 1000 may be an anchor UE (e.g., any of the UE with sidelink capability described herein). In an aspect, method 1000 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1000. [0147] In some aspects, the processing device in the method 1000 may be a base station (e.g., any of the base station or TRP described herein). In an aspect, method 1000 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, network transceiver(s) 380, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1000. [0148] In some aspects, the processing device in the method 1000 may be a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272, or any of the location server described herein). In an aspect, method 1000 may be performed by the network transceiver(s) 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and/or positioning component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1000. [0149] At operation 1010, the processing device can obtain J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink UEs, the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure. In some aspects, J may be a positive integer. In some aspects according to a non-limiting example shown in FIG.7, the J sidelink UEs may correspond to 12 sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, 728, 732, 734, 736, 738, 742, 744, 746, and 748, and the anchor UE may correspond to the anchor UE 710 (i.e., J = 12 in this example). 46 QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 47 [0150] In some aspects, operation 1010 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1010. In some aspects, operation 1010 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, network transceiver(s) 380, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1010. In some aspects, operation 1010 may be performed by the network transceiver(s) 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and/or positioning component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1010. [0151] At operation 1020, the processing device can transmit K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K AGC resources and a set of SL-PRS resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources. In some aspects, K may be a positive integer. In some aspects, J may be equal to or greater than K. In some aspects according to the non-limiting example shown in FIG.7, the K groups of sidelink UEs may correspond to the first group including the sidelink UEs 722, 724, 726, and 728, the second group including the sidelink UEs 732, 734, 736, and 738, and the third group including the sidelink UEs 742, 744, 746, and 748 (i.e., K = 3 in this example). [0152] In some aspects, operation 1020 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1020. In some aspects, operation 1020 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, network transceiver(s) 380, the one or more processors 384, memory 386, and/or positioning component 388, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1020. In some aspects, operation 1020 may be performed by the network transceiver(s) 390, the one or more processors 394, memory 396, and/or positioning component 398, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1020. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 48 [0153] In some aspects, the K AGC resources may respectively correspond to K power level intervals. In some aspects, each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals may be in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. In some aspects, each of the K power level intervals may have a span of no greater than 10 dB. [0154] In some aspects, for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL-PRS resources may be scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit (e.g., as shown in example sidelink resource arrangements 900A, 900B, and 900C). In some aspects, the scheduling unit may be a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0155] In some aspects, the processing device may be the anchor UE. In some aspects, the anchor UE may receive an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, and a pilot sequence of the AGC transmission may be based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources; a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier; a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0; or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0156] In some aspects, the processing device may be the anchor UE. In such scenario, the J signal strength measurements may be obtained based on measuring the power levels of the signals from the J sidelink target UEs by the anchor UE. In some aspects, when the processing device is the anchor UE, the method 1000 may further includes operations of receiving a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink target UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink target UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink target UEs; and receiving respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink target UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink target UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink target UEs. [0157] In some aspects, the processing device may be a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. In such scenario, the J signal strength measurements may be obtained based on receiving the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. In some aspects, the QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 49 processing device may be a location server. In such scenario, the J signal strength measurements may be obtained based on receiving the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. [0158] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1000 is grouping of sidelink UEs and SL-PRS resources such that each group of the sidelink UEs and corresponding SL-PRS resources may share a same AGC resource within a same scheduling unit. Accordingly, an anchor UE may perform a single AGC calibration for multiple SL-PRS transmissions within a same group, and thus may perform a reduced number of AGC calibrations for the sidelink UEs compared with performing an AGC calibration for each SL-PRS transmission. In some aspects, the anchor UE based on the method 1000 may avoid an unnecessary delay in the positioning procedure as a result of reducing the number of AGC calibrations needed for the positioning procedure. [0159] FIG. 11 illustrates an example method 1100 of operating a sidelink UE, according to aspects of the disclosure. In some aspects, the sidelink UE in the method 1100 may correspond to any of the sidelink UE in FIG.7 and may be a sidelink UE (e.g., any of the UE with sidelink capability described herein). In an aspect, method 1100 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or sidelink positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing one or more of the following operations of method 1100. [0160] At operation 1110, the sidelink UE can receive a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of SL-PRS resources and an AGC resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs. In some aspects, the configuration setting may be received from an anchor UE, a base station that serves the anchor UE, or a location server. [0161] In some aspects, the AGC resource may be scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources may be scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. In some aspects, the scheduling unit may be a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots (e.g., as shown in example sidelink resource arrangements 900A, 900B, and 900C). In some aspects, at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink target UE of the group of sidelink target UEs may be scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink target UE in the same scheduling unit. For example, as shown in FIGS.9A, 9B, QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 50 and 9C, from the perspective of the sidelink UE 726, at least the SL-PRS resources PRS1 and PRS2 assigned to the sidelink UEs 722 and 724 may be scheduled between the AGC resource AGC1 for the group and the SL-PRS resource PRS3 assigned to the sidelink UE 726. [0162] In some aspects, operation 1110 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or sidelink positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1110. [0163] At operation 1120, the sidelink UE can transmit one or more SL-PRS symbols to the anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE. In some aspects, operation 1120 may be performed by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more processors 332, memory 340, and/or sidelink positioning component 342, any or all of which may be considered means for performing operation 1120. [0164] In some aspects, the method may further include the sidelink UE transmitting a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. In some aspects, the pilot sequence may be based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources; a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier; a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0; or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0165] As will be appreciated, a technical advantage of the method 1100 is grouping of sidelink UEs and SL-PRS resources in a manner that each group of the sidelink UEs and corresponding SL-PRS resources may share a same AGC resource within a same scheduling unit. Accordingly, an anchor UE may perform a single AGC calibration for multiple SL-PRS transmissions within a same group, and may avoid an unnecessary delay in the positioning procedure. Meanwhile, such improvement may be achieved without any unnecessary overhead imposed to the assisted sidelink UE, as the sidelink UE may only need to perform an AGC transmission and an SL-PRS transmission based on the provided configuration setting. [0166] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 51 example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause. [0167] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses: [0168] Clause 1. A method of operating a processing device, the method comprising: obtaining J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmitting K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0169] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein: the K AGC resources respectively correspond to K power level intervals, and each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals is in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. [0170] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein each of the K power level intervals has a span of no greater than 10 dB. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 52 [0171] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 2 to 3, wherein: for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL-PRS resources are scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit. [0172] Clause 5. The method of clause 4, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0173] Clause 6. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the method further comprises receiving an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, a pilot sequence of the AGC transmission being based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0174] Clause 7. The method of any of clauses 1 to 6, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises measuring power levels of signals from the J sidelink UEs by the anchor UE. [0175] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the method further comprises: receiving a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs; and receiving respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs. [0176] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein: the processing device is a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, and the obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises receiving the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 53 [0177] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 5, wherein: the processing device is a location server, and the obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises receiving the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. [0178] Clause 11. A method of operating a sidelink user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmitting one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL- PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0179] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0180] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 11 to 12, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink UE of the group of sidelink UEs is scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE in scheduling unit. [0181] Clause 14. The method of any of clauses 11 to 13, further comprising transmitting a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. [0182] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, wherein the pilot sequence is based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0183] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 11 to 15, wherein the configuration setting is received from: the anchor UE, a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, or a location server. [0184] Clause 17. A processing device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain J signal strength QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 54 measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0185] Clause 18. The processing device of clause 17, wherein: the K AGC resources respectively correspond to K power level intervals, and each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals is in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. [0186] Clause 19. The processing device of clause 18, wherein each of the K power level intervals has a span of no greater than 10 dB. [0187] Clause 20. The processing device of any of clauses 18 to 19, wherein: for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL-PRS resources are scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit. [0188] Clause 21. The processing device of clause 20, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0189] Clause 22. The processing device of any of clauses 17 to 21, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the at least one processor is further configured to receive an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, a pilot sequence of the AGC transmission being based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency- QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 55 divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0190] Clause 23. The processing device of any of clauses 17 to 22, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the J signal strength measurements is further configured to measure power levels of signals from the J sidelink UEs by the anchor UE. [0191] Clause 24. The processing device of any of clauses 17 to 23, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs; and receive, via the at least one transceiver, respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs. [0192] Clause 25. The processing device of any of clauses 17 to 21, wherein: the processing device is a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the J signal strength measurements is further configured to receive the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. [0193] Clause 26. The processing device of any of clauses 17 to 21, wherein: the processing device is a location server, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the J signal strength measurements is further configured to receive the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. [0194] Clause 27. A sidelink user equipment (UE), comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 56 [0195] Clause 28. The sidelink UE of clause 27, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0196] Clause 29. The sidelink UE of any of clauses 27 to 28, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink UE of the group of sidelink UEs is scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE in scheduling unit. [0197] Clause 30. The sidelink UE of any of clauses 27 to 29, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. [0198] Clause 31. The sidelink UE of clause 30, wherein the pilot sequence is based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0199] Clause 32. The sidelink UE of any of clauses 27 to 31, wherein the configuration setting is received from: the anchor UE, a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, or a location server. [0200] Clause 33. A processing device, comprising: means for obtaining J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and means for transmitting K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0201] Clause 34. The processing device of clause 33, wherein: the K AGC resources respectively correspond to K power level intervals, and each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals is QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 57 in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. [0202] Clause 35. The processing device of clause 34, wherein each of the K power level intervals has a span of no greater than 10 dB. [0203] Clause 36. The processing device of any of clauses 34 to 35, wherein: for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL-PRS resources are scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit. [0204] Clause 37. The processing device of clause 36, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0205] Clause 38. The processing device of any of clauses 33 to 37, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the processing device further comprises means for receiving an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, a pilot sequence of the AGC transmission being based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency- divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0206] Clause 39. The processing device of any of clauses 33 to 38, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the means for obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises means for measuring power levels of signals from the J sidelink UEs by the anchor UE. [0207] Clause 40. The processing device of any of clauses 33 to 39, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the processing device further comprises: means for receiving a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs; and means for receiving respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 58 [0208] Clause 41. The processing device of any of clauses 33 to 37, wherein: the processing device is a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, and the means for obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises means for receiving the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. [0209] Clause 42. The processing device of any of clauses 33 to 37, wherein: the processing device is a location server, and the means for obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises means for receiving the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. [0210] Clause 43. A sidelink user equipment (UE), comprising: means for receiving a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and means for transmitting one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0211] Clause 44. The sidelink UE of clause 43, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0212] Clause 45. The sidelink UE of any of clauses 43 to 44, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink UE of the group of sidelink UEs is scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE in scheduling unit. [0213] Clause 46. The sidelink UE of any of clauses 43 to 45, further comprising means for transmitting a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. [0214] Clause 47. The sidelink UE of clause 46, wherein the pilot sequence is based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 59 [0215] Clause 48. The sidelink UE of any of clauses 43 to 47, wherein the configuration setting is received from: the anchor UE, a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, or a location server. [0216] Clause 49. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a processing device, cause the processing device to: obtain J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmit K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. [0217] Clause 50. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 49, wherein: the K AGC resources respectively correspond to K power level intervals, and each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals is in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. [0218] Clause 51. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 50, wherein each of the K power level intervals has a span of no greater than 10 dB. [0219] Clause 52. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 50 to 51, wherein: for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL- PRS resources are scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit. [0220] Clause 53. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 52, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0221] Clause 54. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 53, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the computer-executable instructions further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to receive an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, a pilot QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 60 sequence of the AGC transmission being based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0222] Clause 55. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 54, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the computer-executable instructions that cause the processing device to obtain the J signal strength measurements further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to measure power levels of signals from the J sidelink UEs by the anchor UE. [0223] Clause 56. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 55, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the computer-executable instructions further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to: receive a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs; and receive respective SL- PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs. [0224] Clause 57. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 53, wherein: the processing device is a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, and the computer-executable instructions that cause the processing device to obtain the J signal strength measurements further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the processing device to receive the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. [0225] Clause 58. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 49 to 53, wherein: the processing device is a location server, and the computer-executable instructions that cause the processing device to obtain the J signal strength measurements further comprise instructions that, when executed by the processing device, cause the QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 61 processing device to receive the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. [0226] Clause 59. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a sidelink user equipment, cause the sidelink user equipment to: receive a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmit one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. [0227] Clause 60. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 59, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. [0228] Clause 61. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 59 to 60, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink UE of the group of sidelink UEs is scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE in scheduling unit. [0229] Clause 62. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 59 to 61, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the sidelink user equipment, cause the sidelink user equipment to transmit a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. [0230] Clause 63. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 62, wherein the pilot sequence is based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. [0231] Clause 64. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 59 to 63, wherein the configuration setting is received from: the anchor UE, a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, or a location server. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 62 [0232] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof. [0233] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure. [0234] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration. [0235] The methods, sequences and/or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 63 programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal. [0236] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media. [0237] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. The functions, steps QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 64 and/or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Furthermore, although elements of the disclosure may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. QC2301478WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 65 CLAIMS What is claimed is: 1. A method of operating a processing device, the method comprising: obtaining J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmitting K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL-PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and J is equal to or greater than K. The method of claim 1, wherein: the K AGC resources respectively correspond to K power level intervals, and each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals is in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. 3. The method of claim 2, wherein each of the K power level intervals has a span of no greater than 10 dB. 4. The method of claim 2, wherein: for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL- PRS resources are scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 66 6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the method further comprises receiving an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, a pilot sequence of the AGC transmission being based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb- offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises measuring power levels of signals from the J sidelink UEs by the anchor UE. 8. The method of claim 1, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the method further comprises: receiving a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs; and receiving respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs. 9. The method of claim 1, wherein: QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 67 the processing device is a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, and the obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises receiving the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. 10. The method of claim 1, wherein: the processing device is a location server, and the obtaining the J signal strength measurements comprises receiving the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. 11. A method of operating a sidelink user equipment (UE), the method comprising: receiving a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmitting one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink UE of the group of sidelink UEs is scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE in scheduling unit. 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising transmitting a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the pilot sequence is based on: QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 68 a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the configuration setting is received from: the anchor UE, a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, or a location server. 17. A processing device, comprising: a memory; at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: obtain J signal strength measurements respectively associated with J sidelink user equipments (UEs), the J signal strength measurements being obtained by an anchor UE during a peer discovery procedure or a previous sidelink positioning procedure; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, K configuration settings to K respective groups of sidelink UEs of the J sidelink UEs, each group being assigned with one of K automatic gain control (AGC) resources and a set of sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) resources based on the J signal strength measurements, and each one of the K configuration settings indicating a schedule of the corresponding AGC resource and the corresponding set of SL- PRS resources, wherein: J and K are positive integers, and QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 69 J is equal to or greater than K. 18. The processing device of claim 17, wherein: the K AGC resources respectively correspond to K power level intervals, and each sidelink UE having the corresponding signal strength measurement within one of the K power level intervals is in a same group of the K groups of sidelink UEs assigned with the one of the K AGC resources. 19. The processing device of claim 18, wherein each of the K power level intervals has a span of no greater than 10 dB. 20. The processing device of claim 18, wherein: for each group, the corresponding AGC resource and the associated set of SL- PRS resources are scheduled in a respective scheduling unit, with the AGC resource scheduled at a beginning position of the scheduling unit, and the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. 21. The processing device of claim 17, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the at least one processor is further configured to receive an AGC transmission over an AGC resource that is associated with a set of SL-PRS resources scheduled in a same scheduling unit, a pilot sequence of the AGC transmission being based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the associated set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb- offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 70 22. The processing device of claim 17, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the J signal strength measurements is further configured to measure power levels of signals from the J sidelink UEs by the anchor UE. The processing device of claim 17, wherein: the processing device is the anchor UE, and the at least one processor is further configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a combined AGC transmission from the sidelink UEs of one of the K groups of sidelink UEs collectively over the corresponding AGC resource assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs; and receive, via the at least one transceiver, respective SL-PRS transmissions from the sidelink UEs of the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs individually over respective ones of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the one of the K groups of sidelink UEs. 24. The processing device of claim 17, wherein: the processing device is a base station that serves at least the anchor UE, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the J signal strength measurements is further configured to receive the J signal strength measurements from the anchor UE. 25. The processing device of claim 17, wherein: the processing device is a location server, and the at least one processor configured to obtain the J signal strength measurements is further configured to receive the J signal strength measurements from a base station that serves at least the anchor UE. 26. A sidelink user equipment (UE), comprising: a memory; QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 71 at least one transceiver; and at least one processor communicatively coupled to the memory and the at least one transceiver, the at least one processor configured to: receive, via the at least one transceiver, a configuration setting that indicates a schedule of a set of sidelink positioning reference signals (SL-PRS) resources and an automatic gain control (AGC) resource assigned to a group of sidelink UEs that includes the sidelink UE; and transmit, via the at least one transceiver, one or more SL-PRS symbols to an anchor UE over one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE, wherein: the AGC resource is scheduled in a beginning position of a scheduling unit, and the set of SL-PRS resources is scheduled in the scheduling unit after the AGC resource. 27. The sidelink UE of claim 26, wherein the scheduling unit is a slot, a sub-slot, or at least two consecutive slots. 28. The sidelink UE of claim 26, wherein at least one SL-PRS resource assigned to at least another sidelink UE of the group of sidelink UEs is scheduled between the AGC resource and the one of the set of SL-PRS resources assigned to the sidelink UE in scheduling unit. 29. The sidelink UE of claim 26, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to transmit, via the at least one transceiver, a pilot sequence to the anchor UE over the AGC resource. 30. The sidelink UE of claim 29, wherein the pilot sequence is based on: a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over an earliest one of the set of SL-PRS resources, QC2301478WO Qualcomm Ref. No.2301478WO 72 a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that has a smallest resource identifier, a symbol of an SL-PRS transmission over one of the set of SL-PRS resources that is frequency-divisional multiplexed and with a comb-offset 0, or a symbol designated for the AGC resource based on a PRS identifier, a scrambling identifier, or both. QC2301478WO