WO2024154805A1 - テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、固体二次電池用バインダー、電解質層用合剤、電極合剤、電極、及び、固体二次電池 - Google Patents
テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、固体二次電池用バインダー、電解質層用合剤、電極合剤、電極、及び、固体二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D127/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D127/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C09D127/12—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C09D127/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0561—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of inorganic materials only
- H01M10/0562—Solid materials
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L27/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L27/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C08L27/12—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C08L27/18—Homopolymers or copolymers or tetrafluoroethene
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0065—Solid electrolytes
- H01M2300/0068—Solid electrolytes inorganic
- H01M2300/0071—Oxides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, a binder for a solid secondary battery, a mixture for an electrolyte layer, an electrode mixture, an electrode, and a solid secondary battery.
- Secondary batteries such as lithium-ion secondary batteries are used in small, portable electrical and electronic devices such as notebook computers, mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, and ultrabooks because of their high voltage, high energy density, low self-discharge, low memory effect, and the ability to be made extremely lightweight. They are also being put into practical use as a wide range of power sources, including on-board power sources for driving automobiles and large stationary power sources. There is a demand for even higher energy density in secondary batteries, and further improvements in their battery characteristics are required.
- Patent document 1 describes an energy storage device in which at least one of the cathode and anode contains a polytetrafluoroethylene composite binder material.
- Patent documents 2 to 6 describe the use of polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder for batteries.
- the present disclosure aims to provide a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition for a binder for a solid secondary battery that can improve the strength of a composite sheet, as well as a binder for a solid secondary battery, a composite for an electrolyte layer, an electrode composite, an electrode, and a solid secondary battery that use the same.
- the present disclosure (1) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used in a binder for a solid secondary battery, the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition comprising a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2):
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- p is 1 or 2.
- M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 is the same as above), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- q is 1 or 2.
- the present disclosure (2) is a binder for solid secondary batteries consisting essentially of a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition being a binder for solid secondary batteries containing a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2):
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- p is 1 or 2.
- M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 is the same as above), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- q is 1 or 2.
- the present disclosure (3) is the binder for a solid secondary battery according to the present disclosure (2), wherein in the general formula (1), M 1 is H or NH 4 , and in the general formula (2), M 2 is H or NH 4 .
- the present disclosure (4) is a binder for a solid secondary battery according to the present disclosure (2) or (3), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (5) is a binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (4), in which the content of the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer is 99.95 mass% or more relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition.
- the present disclosure (6) is a binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (5), in which the content of compound (1) relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 1 ppb by mass or more and 1000 ppb by mass or less, and the content of compound (2) relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 5000 ppb by mass or less.
- the present disclosure (7) is the binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (6), wherein the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is substantially free of a compound represented by the following general formula (3): General formula (3): (H-(CF 2 ) 8 -SO 3 ) q M 2 (In the formula, M2 is H , a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent; and q is 1 or 2.)
- the present disclosure (8) is a binder for a solid secondary battery according to the present disclosure (7), in which the content of the compound represented by general formula (3) is 25 ppb by mass or less relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition.
- the present disclosure (9) is the binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (8), wherein the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (4) and a compound represented by the following general formula (4'), and the content of each of the compounds is 1000 ppb by mass or less relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition:
- the present disclosure (10) is the binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (9), wherein the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (5) and a compound represented by the following general formula (5'), and the content of each of the compounds is 1000 ppb by mass or less relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition:
- the present disclosure (11) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for solid secondary batteries, which is stretchable and has a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400°C or less.
- the present disclosure (12) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for solid secondary batteries, which is stretchable and has a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492°C or less.
- the present disclosure (13) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for a solid secondary battery, which is stretchable and has a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more.
- TII thermal instability index
- the present disclosure (14) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for solid secondary batteries, the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition having a standard specific gravity of 2.200 or less and a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400°C or less.
- the present disclosure is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for solid secondary batteries, the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition having a standard specific gravity of 2.200 or less and a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492°C or less.
- the present disclosure (16) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to the present disclosure (15) having a standard specific gravity of 2.130 or more and a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 470°C or more.
- the present disclosure (17) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to the present disclosure (15) or (16), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (18) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to any one of the present disclosures (15) to (17), in which the content of the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer is 99.95 mass% or more relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition.
- the present disclosure (19) is a mixture for an electrolyte layer comprising the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to any one of the present disclosures (1), (11) to (18) or the binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (10), and a solid electrolyte.
- the present disclosure (20) is a mixture for an electrolyte layer according to the present disclosure (19), in which the solid electrolyte is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte or an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- the present disclosure (21) is a solid-state secondary battery comprising the electrolyte layer mixture described in the present disclosure (20).
- the present disclosure (22) is an electrode mixture comprising the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to any one of the present disclosures (1), (11) to (18) or the binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (10), and an electrode active material.
- the present disclosure (23) is an electrode comprising a polytetrafluoroethylene composition according to any one of the present disclosures (1), (11) to (18) or a binder for a solid secondary battery according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (10), an electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the present disclosure (24) is a solid-state secondary battery having the electrode described in the present disclosure (23).
- the present disclosure provides a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition for a binder for a solid secondary battery that can improve the strength of a composite sheet, as well as a binder for a solid secondary battery, a composite for an electrolyte layer, an electrode composite, an electrode, and a solid secondary battery that use the same.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pressure cell used for measuring the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte sheet in the examples.
- organic group means a group containing one or more carbon atoms or a group formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an organic compound.
- the organic group is preferably an alkyl group which may have one or more substituents.
- the organic group possessed by the hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably an organic group that does not contain fluorine.
- the present disclosure provides a tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)-based polymer composition used in a binder for a solid secondary battery, the TFE-based polymer composition comprising a TFE-based polymer and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2) (hereinafter, also referred to as the TFE-based polymer composition (1) of the present disclosure).
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- p is 1 or 2.
- M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 is the same as above), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- q is 1 or 2.
- the present disclosure also provides a TFE-based polymer composition for use in a binder for a solid secondary battery, which is stretchable and has a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400°C or less (hereinafter also referred to as the TFE-based polymer composition (2) of the present disclosure).
- the present disclosure also provides a TFE-based polymer composition for use in a binder for a solid secondary battery, which is stretchable and has a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492°C or less (hereinafter also referred to as the TFE-based polymer composition (3) of the present disclosure).
- the present disclosure also provides a TFE-based polymer composition for use in a binder for a solid secondary battery, which is stretchable and has a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more (hereinafter also referred to as the TFE-based polymer composition (4) of the present disclosure).
- TII thermal instability index
- the present disclosure also provides a TFE-based polymer composition for use in a binder for a solid secondary battery, the TFE-based polymer composition having a standard specific gravity of 2.200 or less and a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400°C or less (hereinafter also referred to as the TFE-based polymer composition (5) of the present disclosure).
- the present disclosure also provides a TFE-based polymer composition for use in a binder for a solid secondary battery, the TFE-based polymer composition having a standard specific gravity of 2,200 or less and a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492°C or less (hereinafter also referred to as the TFE-based polymer composition (6) of the present disclosure).
- TFE-based polymer compositions (1) to (6) of the present disclosure are collectively referred to as the "TFE-based polymer compositions of the present disclosure.”
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has the above-mentioned configuration, and therefore can improve the strength of the composite sheet.
- the process and cost due to the use of the dispersion medium can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength with active materials and electrolytes, the amount used can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition (1) of the present disclosure contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (1)) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (2)).
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (2) to (6) of the present disclosure may contain the above compound.
- General formula (1) (H-(CF 2 ) m-1 -COO) p M 1 (In the formula, m is 4 to 20.
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- p is 1 or 2.
- M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 is the same as above), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- q is 1 or 2.
- the metal atoms represented by M1 and M2 include monovalent and divalent metal atoms, such as alkali metals (Group 1) or alkaline earth metals (Group 2). Specific examples include Na, K, and Li.
- the four R5 may be the same or different.
- R5 is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the above M1 and M2 are preferably H, an alkali metal or NH4 , and more preferably H or NH4 .
- m is preferably 6 or more, more preferably 8 or more, even more preferably 11 or more, even more preferably 13 or more, particularly preferably 15 or more, and is preferably 18 or less, more preferably 16 or less.
- n is preferably 6 or more, more preferably 8 or more, even more preferably 11 or more, even more preferably 13 or more, particularly preferably 15 or more, and is preferably 18 or less, more preferably 16 or less.
- the TFE-based polymer composition containing the compound (1) and/or (2) can be obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant. That is, the TFE-based polymer composition (1) of the present disclosure may contain a hydrocarbon-based surfactant in addition to the TFE-based polymer and the compound (1) and/or (2).
- the content of the hydrocarbon-based surfactant in the TFE-based polymer composition (1) of the present disclosure is not particularly limited, but is usually 100 ppm by mass to 10% by mass.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- the content of compound (1) may be 10 ppm by mass or less, preferably 5000 ppb by mass or less, more preferably 1000 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 500 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 100 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 25 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 15 ppb by mass or less, and particularly preferably 10 ppb by mass or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be less than the lower limit of quantification, may be 0.1 ppb by mass, or may be 1 ppb by mass.
- the content of compound (2) may be 10 ppm by mass or less, preferably 5000 ppb by mass or less, more preferably 1000 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 500 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 100 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 25 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 15 ppb by mass or less, and particularly preferably 10 ppb by mass or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be less than the lower limit of quantification, may be 0.1 ppb by mass, or may be 1 ppb by mass.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is substantially free of a compound represented by the following general formula (3) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (3)).
- General formula (3) (H-(CF 2 ) 8 -SO 3 ) q M 2 (In the formula, M2 is H , a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent; and q is 1 or 2.)
- Substantially free of compound (3) means that the content of compound (3) is 25 ppb by mass or less relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the content of compound (3) is preferably 20 ppb by mass or less, more preferably 15 ppb by mass or less, and even more preferably 10 ppb by mass or less relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0 ppb by mass, 0.1 ppb by mass, or 1 ppb by mass.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (4) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (4)) and a compound represented by the following general formula (4') (hereinafter also referred to as compound (4')), and the content of each of these compounds is preferably 1000 ppb by mass or less relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- the content of compound (4) is more preferably 500 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 250 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 50 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 25 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably 10 mass ppb or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be less than the lower limit of quantification, may be 0.1 mass ppb, or may be 1 mass ppb.
- the content of compound (4') is more preferably 500 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 250 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 50 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 25 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably 10 mass ppb or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be less than the lower limit of quantification, may be 0.1 mass ppb, or may be 1 mass ppb.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure contains at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (5) (hereinafter also referred to as compound (5)) and a compound represented by the following general formula (5') (hereinafter also referred to as compound (5')), and the content of each of these compounds is preferably 1000 ppb by mass or less relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- the content of compound (5) is more preferably 500 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 250 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 50 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 25 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably 10 mass ppb or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be less than the lower limit of quantification, may be 0.1 mass ppb, or may be 1 mass ppb.
- the content of compound (5') is more preferably 500 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 250 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 100 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 50 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 25 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably 10 mass ppb or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but may be less than the lower limit of quantification, may be 0.1 mass ppb, or may be 1 mass ppb.
- the TFE-based polymer in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may be a homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), or may be a TFE copolymer that contains a polymerization unit based on TFE (TFE unit) and a polymerization unit based on modified monomer (hereinafter also described as "modified monomer unit").
- the copolymer that contains the TFE unit and the modified monomer unit may be modified polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), with modified monomer unit being 10% by mass or less.
- the modified PTFE may contain 99.0% by mass or more of TFE unit and 1.0% by mass or less of modified monomer unit.
- the modified PTFE may be composed of only TFE unit and modified monomer unit.
- TFE-based polymer a copolymer containing a TFE unit and a modified monomer unit is preferred, and is more preferred than the modified PTFE, in that it can further suppress the deterioration of battery characteristics and improves the binding force, strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- the homopolymer of TFE refers to a polymer in which the content of polymerized units based on modified monomers copolymerizable with TFE in the total polymerized units is less than 0.0001% by mass.
- the TFE copolymer preferably has a modified monomer unit content of 0.00001-10 mass% relative to the total polymerization units, in terms of being able to further suppress the deterioration of battery characteristics, and improving extensibility, binding force, strength and flexibility of composite sheet.
- the lower limit of the modified monomer unit content is more preferably 0.0001 mass%, more preferably 0.001 mass%, even more preferably 0.005 mass%, and even more preferably 0.010 mass%.
- the upper limit of the content of the modified monomer unit is preferably 5.0% by mass, more preferably 3.0% by mass, even more preferably 1.0% by mass, even more preferably 0.90% by mass, even more preferably 0.80% by mass, even more preferably 0.50% by mass, even more preferably 0.40% by mass, even more preferably 0.30% by mass, even more preferably 0.20% by mass, even more preferably 0.15% by mass, even more preferably 0.10% by mass, even more preferably 0.08% by mass, particularly preferably 0.05% by mass, and most preferably 0.03% by mass.
- the modified monomer unit means a portion of the molecular structure of a TFE-based polymer that is derived from a modified monomer.
- the content of each of the above-mentioned polymerized units can be calculated by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis depending on the type of monomer.
- the modified monomer is not particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with TFE, and examples thereof include perfluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP]; hydrogen-containing fluoroolefins such as trifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride [VDF]; perhaloolefins such as chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE]; perfluorovinyl ethers; perfluoroallyl ethers; (perfluoroalkyl)ethylenes, ethylenes, etc.
- the modified monomers used may be one type or multiple types.
- Rf represents a perfluoro organic group.
- the "perfluoro organic group” refers to an organic group in which all hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoro organic group may have an ether oxygen.
- the above-mentioned perfluorovinyl ether is, for example, perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE], in which Rf in the above-mentioned general formula (A) is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the above-mentioned perfluoroalkyl group is preferably 1 to 5.
- Examples of the perfluoroalkyl group in the PAVE include a perfluoromethyl group, a perfluoroethyl group, a perfluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, and a perfluorohexyl group.
- the above perfluorovinyl ether further includes those in which Rf in the above general formula (A) is a perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl) group having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and those in which Rf is the following formula:
- Rf is a group represented by the following formula:
- n is an integer from 1 to 4.
- the (perfluoroalkyl)ethylene [PFAE] is not particularly limited, and examples include (perfluorobutyl)ethylene [PFBE] and (perfluorohexyl)ethylene.
- the above Rf 1 is preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a perfluoroalkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned perfluoroallyl ether is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-CF 3 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 2 F 5 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 3 F 7 , and CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 4 F 9 , more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 2 F 5 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 3 F 7 , and CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 4 F 9 , and even more preferably CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 .
- the modified monomer from the viewpoint of improving the extensibility, binding strength, and flexibility of the composite sheet, at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE, HFP, VDF, and CTFE is preferable, at least one selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE], HFP, VDF, and CTFE is more preferable, and at least one selected from the group consisting of PMVE and HFP is more preferable.
- the TFE-based polymer may have a core-shell structure.
- the TFE-based polymer having a core-shell structure includes the TFE-based polymer having a core of high molecular weight TFE-based polymer and a shell of lower molecular weight TFE-based polymer or TFE copolymer in the particle.
- the TFE-based polymer having a core-shell structure may be, for example, modified PTFE, which contains a core of high molecular weight PTFE and a shell of lower molecular weight PTFE or modified PTFE in a particle.
- modified PTFE may be, for example, the PTFE described in JP-A-2005-527652.
- the TFE-based polymer preferably has an endothermic peak temperature of 320° C. or higher, more preferably 325° C. or higher, even more preferably 330° C. or higher, even more preferably 335° C. or higher, even more preferably 340° C. or higher, even more preferably 342° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 344° C. or higher, in that it can form a composite sheet with even greater strength.
- the endothermic peak temperature is also preferably 350° C. or lower.
- the endothermic peak temperature is a temperature corresponding to a minimum point in a heat of fusion curve obtained by carrying out differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10° C./min on a fluororesin that has not been heated to a temperature of 300° C. or higher.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the above TFE-based polymer preferably has one or more endothermic peaks in the range of 333 to 347°C in the heat of fusion curve when heated at a rate of 10°C/min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC], and the heat of fusion at 290 to 350°C calculated from the heat of fusion curve is 62 mJ/mg or more.
- the TFE-based polymer preferably has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 or more, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 or more, even more preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 or more, even more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 or more, and particularly preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 or more, in terms of being able to form a composite sheet with even greater strength.
- Mn number average molecular weight
- the number average molecular weight is also preferably 20.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, more preferably 15.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, even more preferably 12.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, even more preferably 10.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, and particularly preferably 8.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less.
- the number average molecular weight is a molecular weight calculated from the heat of crystallization estimated by measuring the temperature drop of a fluororesin using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) after melting the fluororesin, according to the method described in the following document. The measurement is carried out five times, and the average value of the three values excluding the maximum and minimum values is used.
- DSC differential scanning calorimeter
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of moisture. This can further suppress the deterioration of battery characteristics and improve the strength of the composite sheet. In addition, it is advantageous in terms of production process because it can be combined with a wide range of electrode active materials and solid electrolytes.
- Substantially free of moisture means that the moisture content of the TFE-based polymer composition is 0.050% by mass or less.
- the moisture content is preferably 0.040% by mass or less, more preferably 0.020% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.010% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.005% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.002% by mass or less.
- the water content is measured by the following method.
- the mass of the TFE-based polymer composition is measured before and after heating at 150° C. for 2 hours, and the mass is calculated according to the following formula: A sample is taken three times, and the mass is calculated for each time, and the average value is determined and used.
- Water content (mass%) [(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ (mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition after heating)]/(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ 100
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds having a molecular weight of 1000 or less (excluding the above-mentioned compounds (1) and (2)).
- substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is 25 mass ppb or less relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably less than 25 mass ppb, more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less is measured by the following method. Weigh out 1 g of the sample, add 10 g (12.6 ml) of methanol, and perform ultrasonic treatment for 60 minutes to obtain an extract. The obtained extract is appropriately concentrated with nitrogen purge, and the fluorine-containing compounds in the concentrated extract are measured by LC/MS/MS. Molecular weight information is extracted from the obtained LC/MS spectrum, and the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing compound is confirmed. Prepare aqueous solutions with 5 or more levels of content of the standard substance, perform LC/MS analysis of the aqueous solutions with each content, plot the relationship between the content and the area area for that content, and draw a calibration curve. Using the above calibration curve, the area area of the LC/MS chromatogram of the fluorine-containing compound in the extract is converted to the content of the fluorine-containing compound. The lower limit of quantification in this measurement method is 10 ppb by mass.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less can also be measured by the following method. Weigh out 1 g of the sample, add 10 g (12.6 ml) of methanol, perform ultrasonic treatment at 60 ° C for 2 hours, and leave at room temperature, then remove the solid content to obtain an extract. The obtained extract is appropriately concentrated with nitrogen purge, and the fluorine-containing compounds in the concentrated extract are measured by LC / MS / MS. From the obtained LC / MS spectrum, molecular weight information is extracted and confirmed to match the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing compound.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less include a fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol or less.
- the molecular weight of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably 800 or less, and more preferably 500 or less.
- Polymer particles obtained by polymerization in the presence of a fluorine-containing surfactant usually contain a fluorine-containing surfactant in addition to a TFE-based polymer. In this specification, the fluorine-containing surfactant is one used during polymerization.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less may be a compound that has not been added during polymerization, for example, a compound that is generated as a by-product during polymerization.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less contains an anionic moiety and a cationic moiety, it means a compound containing fluorine in which the molecular weight of the anionic moiety is 1000 or less.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less does not include TFE-based polymers.
- the hydrophilic group may be, for example, -COOM, -SO 2 M, or -SO 3 M, and examples of such anionic groups include -COOM and -SO 3 M (in each formula, M is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)).
- a surfactant containing fluorine in which the molecular weight of the anionic portion is 1000 or less can also be used.
- the "anionic portion” refers to the portion of the fluorine-containing surfactant excluding the cation. For example, in the case of F(CF 2 ) n1 COOM, it is the portion "F(CF 2 ) n1 COO".
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be a compound represented by the following general formula (N 0 ): X n0 - Rf n0 - Y 0 (N 0 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl or F.
- Rf n0 is a linear, branched or cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms in which some or all of the H's are substituted with F, and the alkylene group may contain one or more ether bonds, and some of the H's may be substituted with Cl.
- Y 0 is an anionic group. The anionic group of Y 0 may be -COOM, -SO 2 M or -SO 3 M, and may be -COOM or -SO 3 M.
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), such as Na, K, or Li.
- R 1 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, or may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 1 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 1 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- Rf n0 may be one in which 50% or more of H is substituted with fluorine.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant may be one type of fluorine-containing surfactant or a mixture containing two or more types of fluorine-containing surfactants.
- fluorine-containing surfactant examples include compounds represented by the following formula:
- the fluorine-containing surfactant may be a mixture of these compounds.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 1 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 1 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- R 1 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is substantially free of any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the above formulas, the deterioration of the battery characteristics can be further suppressed, and the strength of the composite sheet can be further improved.
- substantially free of any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the above formulas means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably less than 25 mass ppb, more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions of the present disclosure have the following general formula: [C n-1 F 2n-1 COO - ]M + (wherein n is an integer of 9 to 14, preferably an integer of 9 to 12, and M + represents a cation.) This makes it possible to further suppress the deterioration of the battery characteristics and further improve the strength of the mixture sheet.
- M constituting the cation M + is the same as M described above.
- “Substantially free of the fluorine-containing compound represented by the above formula” means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably less than 25 mass ppb, more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has non-melt secondary processability.
- the above-mentioned non-melt secondary processability means that the melt flow rate cannot be measured at a temperature higher than the melting point in accordance with ASTM D-1238 and D-2116, in other words, that the composition does not flow easily even in the melting temperature range.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (1), (3), (4) and (6) of the present disclosure may have a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400° C. or lower.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (2) and (5) of the present disclosure have a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400° C. or lower.
- a TFE-based polymer composition having a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400° C. or less can be obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- the 0.1% mass loss temperature may be 350° C. or higher.
- the 0.1% mass loss temperature is a value measured by the following method. Approximately 10 mg of a TFE-based polymer composition that has not been heated to a temperature of 300° C.
- the 0.1% mass loss temperature is defined as the temperature at which the weight of the aluminum pan is reduced by 0.1 mass% when the aluminum pan is heated in the air atmosphere in the temperature range from 25° C. to 600° C. at a rate of 10° C./min.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (1), (2), (4) and (5) of the present disclosure may have a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492° C. or less.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (3) and (6) of the present disclosure have a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492° C. or less.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions having a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492° C. or less can be obtained by using a hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the 1.0% mass loss temperature may be 400°C or higher, 420°C or higher, 450°C or higher, or 470°C or higher.
- the 1.0% mass loss temperature is a value measured by the following method. Approximately 10 mg of a TFE-based polymer composition that has not been heated to a temperature of 300° C.
- the 1.0% mass loss temperature is defined as the temperature at which the weight of the aluminum pan is reduced by 1.0 mass% when the aluminum pan is heated in the air in the temperature range from 25° C. to 600° C. at a rate of 10° C./min.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (1) to (3), (5) and (6) of the present disclosure preferably have a TII of at least 20.
- the TFE-based polymer composition (4) of the present disclosure has a thermal instability index (TII) of at least 20.
- the TFE-based polymer composition having a TII of 20 or more can be obtained by using a hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- the TII is preferably 25 or more, more preferably 30 or more, even more preferably 35 or more, and particularly preferably 40 or more.
- the TII is also preferably 50 or less.
- the TII is measured in accordance with ASTM D 4895-89.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (1), (5) and (6) of the present disclosure are preferably stretchable.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (2) to (4) of the present disclosure are stretchable. When they are stretchable, the strength of the composite sheet is further improved. Being stretchable means that a stretched body can be obtained in the following stretching test.
- the bead obtained by the paste extrusion at RR100 is heated at 230°C for 30 minutes to remove the lubricant from the bead.
- the bead (extrudate) is then cut to the appropriate length, clamped at each end with a clamp distance of 1.5 inches (38 mm) apart, and heated to 300°C in an air circulating oven.
- the clamps are then separated at a desired speed (stretch rate) until a separation distance corresponding to the desired stretch (total stretch) is achieved, and a stretch test (stretch test) is performed.
- This stretch method essentially follows the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,869, except for the extrusion speed (51 cm/min instead of 84 cm/min).
- "Stretch" is the increase in length due to stretching, usually expressed as a percentage of the original length. In the stretch method, the stretch rate is 1000%/sec, and the total stretch is 2400%.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (1) to (4) of the present disclosure preferably have an SSG of 2.200 or less.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions (5) and (6) of the present disclosure each have a standard specific gravity (SSG) of 2.200 or less.
- SSG standard specific gravity
- the SSG is more preferably 2.190 or less, even more preferably 2.180 or less, even more preferably 2.175 or less, especially preferably 2.170 or less, and particularly preferably 2.165 or less.
- the SSG is also preferably 2.130 or greater.
- the SSG is measured by a water displacement method according to ASTM D 792 using a sample molded according to ASTM D 4895.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an extrusion pressure at a reduction ratio (RR) of 100 of preferably 10 MPa or more, more preferably 12 MPa or more, even more preferably 15 MPa or more, even more preferably 16 MPa or more, and particularly preferably 17 MPa or more.
- the extrusion pressure at RR100 is preferably 50 MPa or less, more preferably 40 MPa or less, even more preferably 35 MPa or less, even more preferably 30 MPa or less, even more preferably 25 MPa or less, and particularly preferably 20 MPa or less.
- the extrusion pressure at RR100 is determined by the following method in accordance with the method described in JP-A-2002-201217. 21.7 g of lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.) is added to 100 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and mixed in a glass bottle at room temperature for 3 minutes. The glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25° C.) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain a lubricated resin.
- lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.
- the lubricated resin is paste-extruded through an orifice (diameter 2.5 mm, land length 11 mm, introduction angle 30°) at room temperature with a reduction ratio of 100:1 to obtain a uniform bead (beading; extrudate).
- the extrusion speed i.e., the ram speed, is 20 in/min (51 cm/min).
- the load when the extrusion load reaches equilibrium in the paste extrusion is measured, and the extrusion pressure is calculated by dividing the load by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for the paste extrusion.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an extrusion pressure of preferably 18 MPa or more at RR300, more preferably 23 MPa or more, even more preferably 25 MPa or more, even more preferably 28 MPa or more, particularly preferably 30 MPa or more, and particularly preferably 32 MPa or more.
- the extrusion pressure at RR300 is preferably 45 MPa or less, and more preferably 40 MPa or less.
- the extrusion pressure in RR300 is measured by the following method. 50 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and 11.00 g of a hydrocarbon oil (trade name: Isopar E, manufactured by ExxonMobil) as an extrusion aid are mixed in a polyethylene container for 3 minutes. At room temperature (25°C), the above mixture is filled into the cylinder of an extruder, and a load of 0.47 MPa is applied to the piston inserted in the cylinder and held for 1 minute. Then, the mixture is extruded from the orifice at a ram speed of 18 mm/min. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross-sectional area of the orifice (reduction ratio) is 300. In the latter half of the extrusion operation, the load (N) when the pressure reaches equilibrium is divided by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to obtain the extrusion pressure (MPa).
- a hydrocarbon oil trade name: Isopar E, manufactured by ExxonM
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has a breaking strength of preferably 10.0N or more, more preferably 13.0N or more, more preferably 16.0N or more, more preferably 19.0N or more, more preferably 22.0N or more, more preferably 25.0N or more, more preferably 28.0N or more, more preferably 30.0N or more, more preferably 32.0N or more, and particularly preferably 35.0N or more, in terms of being able to further suppress the deterioration of battery characteristics, and improving the strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- the breaking strength is a value determined by the following method.
- the stretched bead (produced by stretching the bead) obtained in the above stretching test is clamped and fixed in a movable jaw having a gauge length of 5.0 cm, and a tensile test is performed at 25°C and a speed of 300 mm/min, and the strength at the time of break is measured as the breaking strength.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably stretchable up to 24 times in terms of further suppressing the deterioration of battery characteristics and further improving the binding force, strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- Being stretchable 24 times means that the film does not break during stretching in the above stretching test.
- the form of the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is not limited, but is preferably a powder in that it can be mixed with an electrode active material and a solid electrolyte without using a large amount of a dispersion medium.
- the TFE polymer composition may be in a form other than a powder, for example, a dispersion.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has an average primary particle size of 100 to 500 nm.
- the average primary particle diameter is more preferably 400 nm or less, even more preferably 350 nm or less, even more preferably 330 nm or less, even more preferably 320 nm or less, even more preferably 300 nm or less, even more preferably 280 nm or less, particularly preferably 250 nm or less, and more preferably 150 nm or more, even more preferably 170 nm or more, and even more preferably 200 nm or more.
- the average primary particle size is measured by the following method.
- the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion is diluted with water until the solid content concentration becomes 0.15% by mass, and the transmittance of the 550 nm projection light to the unit length of the obtained diluted latex and the number-based length average primary particle diameter determined by measuring the unidirectional diameter by transmission electron microscopy are measured, and a calibration curve is made.
- the average primary particle diameter is determined from the measured transmittance of the 550 nm projection light of each sample by using this calibration curve.
- the average primary particle size can also be measured by dynamic light scattering.
- a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion with a solid content concentration adjusted to about 1.0 mass% is prepared, and the measurement is performed at 25°C and 70 times in total using an ELSZ-1000S (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.).
- the refractive index of the solvent (water) is 1.3328, and the viscosity of the solvent (water) is 0.8878 mPa ⁇ s.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may have an average secondary particle size of 350 ⁇ m or more, preferably 400 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 500 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 550 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 600 ⁇ m or more, and is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 900 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 800 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 700 ⁇ m or less.
- the average secondary particle size is measured in accordance with JIS K 6891.
- the TFE polymer composition of the present disclosure has excellent handling property, and its average aspect ratio can be 2.0 or less, preferably 1.8 or less, more preferably 1.7 or less, even more preferably 1.6 or less, even more preferably 1.5 or less, even more preferably 1.4 or less, especially preferably 1.3 or less, particularly preferably 1.2 or less, and most preferably 1.1 or less.
- the average aspect ratio can also be 1.0 or more.
- the above-mentioned average aspect ratio is determined by observing a TFE-based polymer composition or a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion diluted to a solid content of about 1 mass % with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), performing image processing on 200 or more particles randomly sampled, and averaging the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains fibrous particles having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or more in a ratio of 20 to 60% based on the total TFE-based polymer particles, in order to obtain a composite sheet having good moldability and high breaking strength.
- the ratio of the fibrous particles to the total particles can be calculated as follows. (1) The TFE-based polymer powder containing the fibrous particles is photographed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The magnification of the photograph can be, for example, 300 to 1000 times. (2) The captured image is imported into a computer, and all particles are divided into the above-mentioned fibrous particles and particles having an aspect ratio of less than 1.5 using image analysis software such as ImageJ.
- the number of the fibrous particles is divided by the total number of particles, i.e., the sum of the number of the fibrous particles and the number of particles having an aspect ratio of less than 1.5, to calculate the ratio of the fibrous particles to the total number of particles.
- the fibrous particles having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or more are formed, for example, when the TFE-based polymer composition is mixed with an electrode active material or a solid electrolyte.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an apparent density of preferably 0.40g/ml or more, more preferably 0.43g/ml or more, even more preferably 0.45g/ml or more, even more preferably 0.48g/ml or more, and particularly preferably 0.50g/ml or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.70g/ml.
- the apparent density is measured in accordance with JIS K6892.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be suitably produced by a production method including the steps of: obtaining the aqueous dispersion of TFE-based polymer by emulsion polymerization using a hydrocarbon surfactant; obtaining wet powder by coagulating the aqueous dispersion; and drying (heat treating) the wet powder.
- a hydrocarbon surfactant the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the above-mentioned carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is not limited as long as it has a carboxyl group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.).
- an inorganic cation e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.
- a hydrocarbon surfactant having a carboxyl group or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group is substituted with an inorganic cation can be used from among the specific hydrocarbon surfactants described below and other compounds having surface activity.
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant is also preferably a sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the above-mentioned sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is not limited as long as it has a -SO 3 H group, an -OSO 3 H group, or a group in which the hydrogen atom of these groups is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.), and for example, a hydrocarbon surfactant having a -SO 3 H group, an -OSO 3 H group, or a group in which the hydrogen atom of these groups is substituted with an inorganic cation can be used from among the specific hydrocarbon surfactants and other compounds having surface activity described below.
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably water-soluble in terms of good emulsification performance.
- the hydrocarbon surfactant being water-soluble means that the maximum concentration in water at which the hydrocarbon surfactant dissolves at 85°C is 100 ppm by mass or more.
- the above-mentioned maximum concentration in water is preferably 500 ppm by mass or more, more preferably 1000 ppm by mass or more, even more preferably 2000 ppm by mass or more, even more preferably 3000 ppm by mass or more, even more preferably 5000 ppm by mass or more, even more preferably 1% by mass or more, even more preferably 3% by mass or more, even more preferably 5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 10% by mass or more, and may be 50% by mass or less.
- the step (A) preferably includes a step of carrying out emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene alone, or emulsion polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene and a modified monomer copolymerizable with the tetrafluoroethylene, in an aqueous medium in the presence of a specific hydrocarbon surfactant, and a step of continuously adding the specific hydrocarbon surfactant in the above step.
- Continuous addition of a specific hydrocarbon surfactant means, for example, adding the specific hydrocarbon surfactant over time, without interruption, or in portions, rather than all at once.
- the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is, for example, a hydrocarbon surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in a carboxy group), or a hydrocarbon surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in a carboxy group) that has been subjected to radical treatment or oxidation treatment.
- the radical treatment may be any treatment that generates radicals in a hydrocarbon surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding the carbonyl group in a carboxy group), and may, for example, be a treatment in which deionized water and a hydrocarbon surfactant are added to a reactor, the reactor is sealed, the system is replaced with nitrogen, the reactor is heated and pressurized, a polymerization initiator is charged, the mixture is stirred for a certain period of time, and the reactor is depressurized to atmospheric pressure and cooled.
- the oxidation treatment is a treatment in which an oxidizing agent is added to a hydrocarbon surfactant having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding carbonyl groups in carboxy groups).
- oxidizing agent examples include oxygen, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, manganese (IV) oxide, potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, nitric acid, and sulfur dioxide.
- the step of continuously adding the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably one in which the addition of the hydrocarbon surfactant to the aqueous medium is started when the solid content of the TFE-based polymer formed in the aqueous medium is less than 0.60 mass%. It is preferable that the addition of the specific hydrocarbon surfactant to the aqueous medium is started when the solid content is 0.5 mass% or less.
- the addition of the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is started when the solid content is 0.3 mass% or less, even more preferable that the addition is started when the solid content is 0.2 mass% or less, even more preferable that the addition is started when the solid content is 0.1 mass% or less, and it is particularly preferable that the addition is started together with the start of polymerization.
- the solid content is the concentration relative to the total of the aqueous medium and the TFE-based polymer.
- the amount of the specific hydrocarbon surfactant added is preferably 0.01 to 10% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- a more preferred lower limit is 0.05% by mass, an even more preferred lower limit is 0.1% by mass, a more preferred upper limit is 5% by mass, and an even more preferred upper limit is 1% by mass.
- the amount of the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably large, and is preferably 0.0001 to 10% by mass relative to 100% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- a more preferred lower limit is 0.001% by mass, and a more preferred upper limit is 1% by mass.
- the amount is less than 0.0001% by mass, the dispersion force may be insufficient, and if the amount exceeds 10% by mass, the effect commensurate with the amount may not be obtained, and instead the polymerization rate may decrease or the reaction may stop.
- the amount of the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the desired TFE polymer, etc.
- the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of surfactants represented by the formula: R-X (wherein R is a fluorine-free organic group having 1 to 2000 carbon atoms and having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding carbonyl groups in carboxy groups), and X is -OSO 3 X 1 , -COOX 1 or -SO 3 X 1 (X 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), which may be the same or different)) and surfactant (e) described later.
- R-X wherein R is a fluorine-free organic group having 1 to 2000 carbon atoms and having one or more carbonyl groups (excluding carbonyl groups in carboxy groups), and X is -
- R preferably has a carbon number of 500 or less, more preferably 100 or less, even more preferably 50 or less, and even more preferably 30 or less.
- the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is a surfactant represented by the following formula (a): (In the formula, R 1a is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, in which a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a hydroxy group or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group containing no fluorine), and when the carbon atom is 2 or more, it may contain a carbonyl group, and when the carbon atom is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or form a ring.
- R 2a and R 3a are independently a single bond or a divalent linking group.
- R 1a , R 2a , and R 3a have a total of 6 or more carbon atoms.
- X a is H, a metal atom, NR 4a 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 4a is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group containing no fluorine) and may be the same or different.
- R 1a , R 2a , and R Any two of 3a may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- R 1b is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or form a ring.
- R 2b and R 4b are independently H or a substituent.
- R 3b is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- n is an integer of 1 or more.
- p and q are independently integers of 0 or more.
- X b is H, a metal atom, NR 5b 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 5b is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine) which may be the same or different. Any two of R 1b , R 2b , R 3b , and R 4b may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- L is a single bond, —CO 2 -B-*, -OCO-B-*, -CONR 6b -B-*, -NR 6b CO-B-*, or -CO- (excluding the carbonyl group contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO-B-, -CONR 6b -B-, and -NR 6 CO-B-),
- B is a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- R 6b is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- R 1c is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms, and a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a hydroxy group or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group containing no fluorine), and when the carbon atom is 2 or more, it may contain a carbonyl group, and when the carbon atom is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or form a ring.
- R 2c and R 3c are independently a single bond or a divalent linking group.
- R 1c , R 2c and R 3c have a total of 5 or more carbon atoms.
- a c is -COOX c or -SO 3 X c (X c is H, a metal atom, NR 4c 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 4c is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group containing no fluorine), and may be the same or different.) Any two of 3c may be bonded to each other to form a ring.)
- R 2d and R 4d are independently H or a substituent.
- R 3d is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- n is an integer of 1 or more.
- p and q are independently integers of 0 or more.
- a d is -SO 3 X d or -COOX d
- X d is H, a metal atom, NR 5d 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 5d is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), and may be the same or different.) Any two of 4d may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- L is a single bond, -CO 2 -B-*, -OCO-B-*, -CONR 6d -B-*, -NR 6d CO-B-*, or -CO- (excluding the carbonyl group contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO-B-, -CONR 6d -B-, and -NR 6d CO-B-),
- B is a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- R 6d is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- R 1e to R 5e represent H or a monovalent substituent, with the proviso that at least one of R 1e and R 3e represents a group represented by the general formula: -Y e -R 6e , and at least one of R 2e and R 5e represents a group represented by the general formula: -X e -A e , or a group represented by the general formula: -Y e -R 6e .
- X e in each occurrence is the same or different and is a divalent linking group or a bond;
- a e in each occurrence is the same or different and is -COOM e , -SO 3 M e or -OSO 3 M e (M e is H, a metal atom, NR 7e 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7e is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine));
- the surfactant (a) will be explained.
- R 1a is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may also contain the carbonyl group at the terminal of the alkyl group.
- the alkyl group when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- the heterocycle is preferably an unsaturated heterocycle, more preferably an oxygen-containing unsaturated heterocycle, such as a furan ring.
- the "number of carbon atoms" of the alkyl group includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- a group represented by CH 3 -C( ⁇ O)-CH 2 - has 3 carbon atoms
- a group represented by CH 3 -C( ⁇ O)-C 2 H 4 -C( ⁇ O)-C 2 H 4 - has 7 carbon atoms
- a group represented by CH 3 -C( ⁇ O)- has 2 carbon atoms.
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); however, it is preferable that the alkyl group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.101a (wherein R.sup.101a is an alkyl group).
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 2a and R 3a are independently a single bond or a divalent linking group. It is preferable that R 2a and R 3a are independently a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkylene groups constituting R 2a and R 3a preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); however, it is preferable that the alkylene group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.102a (wherein R.sup.102a is an alkyl group).
- the alkylene group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 1a , R 2a and R 3a have a total carbon number of 6 or more.
- the total carbon number is preferably 8 or more, more preferably 9 or more, and even more preferably 10 or more, and is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 18 or less, and even more preferably 15 or less. Any two of R 1a , R 2a and R 3a may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- X a is H, a metal atom, NR 4a 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 4a is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine).
- the four R 4a may be the same or different.
- the organic group in R 4a is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 4a is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the metal atom includes alkali metals (Group 1), alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and the like, and Na, K, or Li is preferable.
- Xa is preferably H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 4a 4 , more preferably H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 because it is easily dissolved in water, more preferably Na, K or NH 4 because it is more easily dissolved in water, particularly preferably Na or NH 4 , and most preferably NH 4 because it is easily removed.
- Xa is NH 4
- the solubility of the surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are less likely to remain in the TFE-based polymer or the final product.
- R 1a is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, a linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 45 carbon atoms and containing 1 to 10 carbonyl groups, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 45 carbon atoms and containing a carbonyl group, or an alkyl group containing a monovalent or divalent heterocycle having 3 to 45 carbon atoms.
- R 1a is represented by the following formula: (wherein n 11a is an integer of 0 to 10, R 11a is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 12a is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms. When n 11a is an integer of 2 to 10, R 12a may be the same or different.) is more preferable.
- n 11a an integer of 0 to 5 is preferable, an integer of 0 to 3 is more preferable, and an integer of 1 to 3 is further preferable.
- the alkyl group represented by R 11a preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), but it is preferable that the alkyl group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.103a (wherein R.sup.103a is an alkyl group).
- the alkyl group represented by R 11a may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 12a is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group represented by R 12a may be linear or branched.
- the alkylene group represented by R 12a preferably does not contain a carbonyl group, and is more preferably an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or a propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -).
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), but it is preferable that the alkylene group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.104a (wherein R.sup.104a is an alkyl group).
- the alkylene group represented by R 12a may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 2a and R 3a are each independently preferably an alkylene group containing no carbonyl group and having 1 or more carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylene group containing no carbonyl group and having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and further preferably an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or a propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -).
- surfactant (a) examples include the following surfactants: In each formula, Xa is as defined above.
- Surfactant (a) can be produced, for example, by the production method described in WO 2020/022355.
- R 1b is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the alkyl group may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- the heterocycle is preferably an unsaturated heterocycle, more preferably an oxygen-containing unsaturated heterocycle, such as a furan ring.
- the "number of carbon atoms" of the alkyl group includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- the substituent that the alkyl group represented by R 1b may have is preferably a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy group, and more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
- the alkyl group represented by R 1b preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- R 1b is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, particularly preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ), and most preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ).
- R 2b and R 4b are independently H or a substituent.
- a plurality of R 2b and R 4b may be the same or different.
- R 2b and R 4b are preferably a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy group, and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
- the alkyl groups represented by R 2b and R 4b preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the alkyl group represented by R 2b and R 4b is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and not containing a substituent, and particularly preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ).
- R 2b and R 4b are each independently preferably H or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, more preferably H or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and not containing a substituent, further more preferably H, a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ), and particularly preferably H.
- R 3b is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. When there are a plurality of R 3b , they may be the same or different.
- the alkylene group preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkylene group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkylene group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the alkylene group is preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, more preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, and further preferably a methylene group (-CH 2 -), an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -), an isopropylene group (-CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -) or a propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -).
- R 1b , R 2b , R 3b and R 4b may be bonded to each other to form a ring, but it is preferable that they do not form a ring.
- n is an integer of 1 or more. n is preferably an integer from 1 to 40, more preferably an integer from 1 to 30, even more preferably an integer from 5 to 25, and particularly preferably an integer from 5 to 9 or 11 to 25.
- p and q are independently integers of 0 or greater.
- p is preferably an integer from 0 to 10, and more preferably 0 or 1.
- q is preferably an integer from 0 to 10, and more preferably an integer from 0 to 5.
- n, p, and q is preferably an integer of 5 or greater. It is more preferable that the sum of n, p, and q is an integer of 8 or greater.
- the sum of n, p, and q is also preferably an integer of 60 or less, more preferably an integer of 50 or less, and even more preferably an integer of 40 or less.
- X b is H, a metal atom, NR 5b 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 5b is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine).
- the four R 5b may be the same or different.
- the organic group in R 5b is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 5b is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- X b may be a metal atom or NR 5b 4 (R 5b is as described above).
- Xb is preferably H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR5b4 , more preferably H, Na, K, Li or NH4 because they are easily soluble in water, even more preferably Na, K or NH4 because they are more easily soluble in water, particularly preferably Na or NH4 , and most preferably NH4 because they are easily removed.
- Xb is NH4
- the solubility of the surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are less likely to remain in the TFE-based polymer or the final product.
- L is a single bond, -CO 2 -B-*, -OCO-B-*, -CONR 6b -B-*, -NR 6b CO-B-*, or -CO- (excluding the carbonyl group contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO-B-, -CONR 6b -B-, and -NR 6 CO-B-),
- B is a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- R 6b is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the alkylene group more preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R 6 is more preferably H or a methyl group. * indicates the side bonding to -OSO 3 X b in the formula.
- L is a single bond.
- the surfactant (b) may be a compound represented by the following formula: (wherein R 1b , R 2b , L, n and Xb are as defined above) are preferred.
- the surfactant (b) preferably has an integrated value of all peak intensities observed in the chemical shift region of 2.0 to 5.0 ppm in a 1 H-NMR spectrum of 10% or more.
- the surfactant (b) preferably has an integral value of all peak intensities observed in a chemical shift region of 2.0 to 5.0 ppm in a 1 H-NMR spectrum within the above range.
- the surfactant preferably has a ketone structure in the molecule.
- the integral value is preferably 15 or more, more preferably 95 or less, more preferably 80 or less, and even more preferably 70 or less.
- the above integral value is measured at room temperature using a heavy water solvent. Heavy water is 4.79 ppm.
- surfactant (b) examples include CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , ( CH3 ) 3CC ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , ( CH3 ) 2CHC ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na , ( CH2 ) 5CHC
- Surfactant (b) can be produced, for example, by the production method described in WO 2020/022355.
- R 1c is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group may also contain the carbonyl group at the terminal of the alkyl group.
- the alkyl group when it has 3 or more carbon atoms, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- the heterocycle is preferably an unsaturated heterocycle, more preferably an oxygen-containing unsaturated heterocycle, such as a furan ring.
- the "number of carbon atoms" of the alkyl group includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the carbonyl group and the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- a group represented by CH 3 -C( ⁇ O)-CH 2 - has 3 carbon atoms
- a group represented by CH 3 -C( ⁇ O)-C 2 H 4 -C( ⁇ O)-C 2 H 4 - has 7 carbon atoms
- a group represented by CH 3 -C( ⁇ O)- has 2 carbon atoms.
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); however, it is preferable that the alkyl group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.101c (wherein R.sup.101c is an alkyl group).
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 2c and R 3c are independently a single bond or a divalent linking group. It is preferable that R 2c and R 3c are independently a single bond, a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms.
- the alkylene groups constituting R 2c and R 3c preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); however, it is preferable that the alkylene group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.102c (wherein R.sup.102c is an alkyl group).
- the alkylene group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 1c , R 2c and R 3c have a total carbon number of 5 or more.
- the total carbon number is preferably 7 or more, more preferably 9 or more, and is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 18 or less, and even more preferably 15 or less. Any two of R 1c , R 2c and R 3c may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- a c is -COOX c or -SO 3 X c
- X c is H, a metal atom, NR 4c 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 4c is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), which may be the same or different).
- the organic group in R 4c is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 4c is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- Examples of the metal atom include alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and Na, K or Li is preferable.
- Xc is preferably H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR4c4 , more preferably H, Na, K, Li or NH4 because they are easily dissolved in water, more preferably Na, K or NH4 because they are more easily dissolved in water, particularly preferably Na or NH4 , and most preferably NH4 because they are easily removed.
- Xc is NH4
- the solubility of the surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are less likely to remain in the TFE-based polymer or the final product.
- R 1c is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 8 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, a linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 45 carbon atoms and containing 1 to 10 carbonyl groups, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 45 carbon atoms and containing a carbonyl group, or an alkyl group containing a monovalent or divalent heterocycle having 3 to 45 carbon atoms.
- R 1c is represented by the following formula: (wherein n 11c is an integer of 0 to 10, R 11c is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms, and R 12c is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms. When n 11c is an integer of 2 to 10, each R 12c may be the same or different.) is more preferable.
- n 11c an integer of 0 to 5 is preferable, an integer of 0 to 3 is more preferable, and an integer of 1 to 3 is further more preferable.
- the alkyl group represented by R 11c preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); however, it is preferable that the alkyl group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond include a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.103c (wherein R.sup.103c is an alkyl group).
- the alkyl group represented by R 11c may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 12c is an alkylene group having 0 to 3 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 3 carbon atoms.
- the alkylene group represented by R 12c may be linear or branched.
- the alkylene group represented by R 12c preferably does not contain a carbonyl group, and is more preferably an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or a propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -).
- a hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom may be substituted with a functional group, for example, with a hydroxy group (—OH) or a monovalent organic group containing an ester bond (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), but it is preferable that the alkylene group is not substituted with any functional group.
- the monovalent organic group containing an ester bond includes a group represented by the formula: --O--C(.dbd.O)-- R.sup.104c (wherein R.sup.104c is an alkyl group).
- the alkylene group represented by R 12c may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 2c and R 3c are each independently preferably an alkylene group containing no carbonyl group and having 1 or more carbon atoms, more preferably an alkylene group containing no carbonyl group and having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and further preferably an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -) or a propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -).
- surfactant (c) examples include the following surfactants: In each formula, A c is as defined above.
- Surfactant (c) can be produced, for example, by the production method described in WO 2020/022355.
- R 1d is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the alkyl group may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- the heterocycle is preferably an unsaturated heterocycle, more preferably an oxygen-containing unsaturated heterocycle, such as a furan ring.
- the "number of carbon atoms" of the alkyl group includes the number of carbon atoms constituting the heterocycle.
- the substituent that the alkyl group represented by R 1d may have is preferably a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy group, and more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
- the alkyl group represented by R 1d preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- R 1d is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, particularly preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ), and most preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ).
- R 2d and R 4d are independently H or a substituent.
- a plurality of R 2d and R 4d may be the same or different.
- R 2d and R 4d are preferably a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy group, and particularly preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
- the alkyl groups represented by R 2d and R 4d preferably do not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the alkyl group represented by R 2d and R 4d is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and not containing a substituent, and particularly preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ).
- R 2d and R 4d are each independently preferably H or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms and not containing a carbonyl group, more preferably H or a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms and not containing a substituent, further more preferably H, a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ), and particularly preferably H.
- R 3d is an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent. When there are a plurality of R 3d , they may be the same or different.
- the alkylene group preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkylene group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkylene group preferably does not have any substituents.
- the alkylene group is preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, more preferably a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, and further preferably a methylene group (-CH 2 -), an ethylene group (-C 2 H 4 -), an isopropylene group (-CH(CH 3 )CH 2 -) or a propylene group (-C 3 H 6 -).
- R 1d , R 2d , R 3d and R 4d may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- n is an integer of 1 or more. n is preferably an integer from 1 to 40, more preferably an integer from 1 to 30, and even more preferably an integer from 5 to 25.
- p and q are independently integers of 0 or more.
- p is preferably an integer from 0 to 10, and more preferably 0 or 1.
- q is preferably an integer from 0 to 10, and more preferably an integer from 0 to 5.
- n, p and q is an integer of 6 or greater. It is more preferred that the sum of n, p and q is an integer of 8 or greater. It is also preferred that the sum of n, p and q is an integer of 60 or less, more preferably an integer of 50 or less, and even more preferably an integer of 40 or less.
- a d is -SO 3 X d or -COOX d
- X d is H, a metal atom, NR 5d 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 5d is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), which may be the same or different).
- the organic group in R 5d is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 5d is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- X d may be a metal atom or NR 5d 4 (R 5d is as described above).
- Xd is preferably H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR5d4 , more preferably H, Na, K, Li or NH4 because they are easily soluble in water, more preferably Na, K or NH4 because they are more easily soluble in water, particularly preferably Na or NH4 , and most preferably NH4 because they are easily removed.
- Xd is NH4
- the solubility of the surfactant in an aqueous medium is excellent, and metal components are less likely to remain in the TFE-based polymer or the final product.
- L is a single bond, -CO 2 -B-*, -OCO-B-*, -CONR 6d -B-*, -NR 6d CO-B-*, or -CO- (excluding the carbonyl group contained in -CO 2 -B-, -OCO-B-, -CONR 6d -B-, and -NR 6d CO-B-),
- B is a single bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent
- R 6d is H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may have a substituent.
- the alkylene group more preferably has 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- R 6d is more preferably H or a methyl group. * indicates the side which bonds to A d in the formula.
- L is a single bond.
- the surfactant preferably has an integral value of 10 or more of all peak intensities observed in the chemical shift region of 2.0 to 5.0 ppm in the 1 H-NMR spectrum.
- the surfactant preferably has an integral value of all peak intensities observed in a chemical shift region of 2.0 to 5.0 ppm in a 1 H-NMR spectrum within the above range.
- the surfactant preferably has a ketone structure in the molecule.
- the integral value is preferably 15 or more, more preferably 95 or less, more preferably 80 or less, and even more preferably 70 or less.
- the above integral value is measured at room temperature using a heavy water solvent. Heavy water is 4.79 ppm.
- Examples of the surfactant (d) include CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOK , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O) CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa , CH3C ( O ) CH2CH2CH2CH
- Surfactant (d) can be produced, for example, by the production method described in WO 2020/022355.
- R 1e to R 5e represent H or a monovalent substituent, provided that at least one of R 1e and R 3e represents a group represented by the general formula -Y e -R 6e , and at least one of R 2e and R 5e represents a group represented by the general formula -X e -A e or a group represented by the general formula -Y e -R 6e . Any two of R 1e to R 5e may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the substituent that the alkyl group represented by R 1e may have is preferably a halogen atom, a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, or a hydroxy group, and more preferably a methyl group or an ethyl group.
- the alkyl group represented by R 1e preferably does not contain a carbonyl group.
- the alkyl group may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably does not have any substituents.
- R 1e is preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which may have a substituent, more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms which does not contain a carbonyl group, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, even more preferably a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms which does not have a substituent, particularly preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ) or an ethyl group (-C 2 H 5 ), and most preferably a methyl group (-CH 3 ).
- Preferred monovalent substituents are a group represented by the general formula -Y e -R 6e , a group represented by the general formula -X e -A e , -H, a C 1-20 alkyl group which may have a substituent, -NH 2 , -NHR 9e (R 9e is an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), -OH, -COOR 9e (R 9e is an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)) or -OR 9e (R 9e is an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)).
- the alkyl group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- R 9e is preferably a C 1-10 alkyl group or a C 1-10 alkylcarbonyl group, more preferably a C 1-4 alkyl group or a C 1-4 alkylcarbonyl group.
- Xe which may be the same or different in each occurrence, represents a divalent linking group or a bond.
- R 6e does not contain any of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group, and a sulfonyl group
- X e is preferably a divalent linking group containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group, and a sulfonyl group.
- R8e represents H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine).
- the organic group for R 8e is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 8e is preferably H or a C 1-10 organic group, more preferably H or a C 1-4 organic group, even more preferably H or a C 1-4 alkyl group, and even more preferably H.
- a e is the same or different in each occurrence and represents -COOM e , -SO 3 M e or -OSO 3 M e
- M e is H, a metal atom, NR 7e 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 7e is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine).
- the four R 7e may be the same or different).
- a e in formula (e) is -COOM e .
- the organic group for R 7e is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 7e is preferably H or a C 1-10 organic group, more preferably H or a C 1-4 organic group, and even more preferably H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the metal atom includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and is preferably Na, K or Li.
- H a metal atom or NR7e4 is preferable, H, an alkali metal (Group 1 ), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR7e4 is more preferable, H, Na, K, Li or NH4 is even more preferable, Na, K or NH4 is even more preferable, Na or NH4 is particularly preferable, and NH4 is most preferable.
- Y e is preferably a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of a bond, -O-, -COO-, -OCO-, -CONR 8e - and -NR 8e CO-, and more preferably a divalent linking group selected from the group consisting of a bond, -COO- and -OCO-.
- the organic group for R 8e is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 8e is preferably H or a C 1-10 organic group, more preferably H or a C 1-4 organic group, even more preferably H or a C 1-4 alkyl group, and even more preferably H.
- R 6e each occurrence may be the same or different and represents an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms which may contain at least one group selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a sulfonyl group between carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine) of R 6e is preferably 2 to 20, more preferably 2 to 10.
- the alkyl group of R 6e may contain one or more of at least one selected from the group consisting of a carbonyl group, an ester group, an amide group and a sulfonyl group between carbon atoms, but does not contain these groups at the terminal of the alkyl group.
- the alkyl group of R 6e may be such that 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms are substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms are substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 6e examples include A group represented by the general formula: -R 10e -CO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -R 10e -COO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -R 10e -NR 8e CO-R 11e , or A group represented by the general formula: -R 10e -CONR 8e -R 11e , (In the formula, R 8e represents H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), R 10e represents an alkylene group, and R 11e represents an alkyl group which may have a substituent). As R 6e , a group represented by the general formula: --R 10e --CO--R 11e is more preferable.
- the organic group for R 8e is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 8e is preferably H or a C 1-10 organic group, more preferably H or a C 1-4 organic group, even more preferably H or a C 1-4 alkyl group, and even more preferably H.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkylene group of R 10e is preferably 1 or more, more preferably 3 or more, and is preferably 20 or less, more preferably 12 or less, even more preferably 10 or less, and particularly preferably 8 or less.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkylene group of R 10e is preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, and even more preferably 3 to 10.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group of R 11e may be 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 15, more preferably 1 to 12, even more preferably 1 to 10, even more preferably 1 to 8, particularly preferably 1 to 6, even more preferably 1 to 3, particularly preferably 1 or 2, and most preferably 1.
- the alkyl group of R 11e is preferably composed only of primary carbon, secondary carbon, and tertiary carbon, and particularly preferably composed only of primary carbon and secondary carbon. That is, R 11e is preferably a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, or an isopropyl group, and particularly preferably a methyl group.
- R 2e and R 5e are a group represented by the general formula: -X e -A e , and it is also a preferred embodiment that A e is -COOM e .
- a compound represented by general formula (e-1), a compound represented by general formula (e-2), or a compound represented by general formula (e-3) is preferred, and a compound represented by general formula (e-1) or a compound represented by general formula (e-2) is more preferred.
- Examples of the group represented by the general formula: -X e -A e include -COOM e , -R 12e COOM e , -SO3Me , -OSO3M e , -R 12e SO 3 M e , -R 12e OSO 3 M e , -OCO-R 12e -COOM e , -OCO-R 12e -SO 3 M e , -OCO-R 12e -OSO 3 M e , -COO-R 12e -COOM e , -COO-R 12e -SO 3 M e , -COO-R 12e -OSO 3 M e , -CONR 8e -R 12e -COOM e , -CONR 8e -R 12e -SO 3 M e , -CONR 8e -R 12e -COOM e , -CONR 8e -R 12e
- the alkylene group of R 12e may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkylene group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- Examples of the group represented by the general formula -Y e -R 6e include A group represented by the general formula: -R 10e -CO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -OCO-R 10e -CO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -COO-R 10e -CO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -OCO-R 10e -COO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -COO-R 11e , A group represented by the general formula: -NR 8e CO-R 10e -CO-R 11e , or A group represented by the general formula: --CONR 8e --R 10e --NR 8e CO--R 11e (wherein R 8e , R 10e and R 11e are as defined above) is preferred.
- R 4e and R 5e are preferably independently H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the alkyl group of R 4e and R 5e may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- R 3e in general formula (e-1) H or a C 1-20 alkyl group which may have a substituent is preferable, H or a C 1-20 alkyl group which has no substituent is more preferable, and H is further preferable.
- the alkyl group for R 3e may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- H, OH or a C 1-20 alkyl group which may have a substituent is preferable, H, OH or a C 1-20 alkyl group which has no substituent is more preferable, and H or OH is even more preferable.
- the alkyl group for R 2e may have 75% or less of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms substituted with halogen atoms, 50% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, or 25% or less of the hydrogen atoms substituted with halogen atoms, but is preferably a non-halogenated alkyl group that does not contain halogen atoms such as fluorine atoms or chlorine atoms.
- Surfactant (e) can be produced by known production methods.
- the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is also preferably a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is not limited as long as it has a carboxy group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.), and for example, from among the specific hydrocarbon surfactants described above, a hydrocarbon surfactant having a carboxy group or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation can be used.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of surfactant (c) represented by the above formula (c) and surfactant (d) represented by the above formula (d), which has a carboxy group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.).
- surfactant (c) represented by the above formula (c) and surfactant (d) represented by the above formula (d) which has a carboxy group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.).
- the specific hydrocarbon surfactant is a sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is not limited as long as it has a -SO 3 H group, an -OSO 3 H group, or a group in which the hydrogen atom of these groups is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.), and for example, from among the specific hydrocarbon surfactants described above, a hydrocarbon surfactant having a -SO 3 H group, an -OSO 3 H group, or a group in which the hydrogen atom of these groups is substituted with an inorganic cation can be used.
- an inorganic cation e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be efficiently produced by using at least one of the specific hydrocarbon surfactants.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may be produced by simultaneously using two or more of the specific hydrocarbon surfactants, or may be produced by simultaneously using a compound having surface activity other than the specific hydrocarbon surfactant, as long as it is volatile or may remain in a molded product made of a TFETFE-based polymer.
- Examples of compounds having other surfactant properties that can be used include those described in JP-T-2013-542308, JP-T-2013-542309, and JP-T-2013-542310.
- the other compounds having surface activity may be surfactants having a hydrophilic portion and a hydrophobic portion on the same molecule, such as hydrocarbon surfactants (excluding the above-mentioned specific hydrocarbon surfactants). These may be cationic, nonionic or anionic.
- the ratio of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- Cationic surfactants typically have a positively charged hydrophilic portion, such as an alkylated ammonium halide, such as an alkylated ammonium bromide, and a hydrophobic portion, such as a long chain fatty acid.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- Anionic surfactants typically have a hydrophilic portion, such as a carboxylate, sulfonate, or sulfate, and a hydrophobic portion, which is a long chain hydrocarbon moiety, such as an alkyl.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- Nonionic surfactants usually do not contain charged groups and have a hydrophobic portion that is a long chain hydrocarbon.
- the hydrophilic portion of the nonionic surfactant contains water-soluble functional groups such as ethylene ether chains derived from polymerization with ethylene oxide.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- nonionic surfactants include polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl esters, sorbitan alkyl esters, polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl esters, glycerol esters, and derivatives thereof.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers polyoxyethylene lauryl ether, polyoxyethylene cetyl ether, polyoxyethylene stearyl ether, polyoxyethylene oleyl ether, polyoxyethylene behenyl ether, etc.
- polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ethers polyoxyethylene nonylphenyl ether, polyoxyethylene octylphenyl ether, etc.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl esters polyethylene glycol monolaurate, polyethylene glycol monooleate, polyethylene glycol monostearate, etc.
- sorbitan alkyl esters polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate, etc.
- polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl esters polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate, etc.
- glycerol esters examples include glycerol monomyristate, glycerol monostearate, glycerol monooleate, etc.
- polyoxyethylene alkylamines polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl-formaldehyde condensates, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphates, etc.
- the above ethers and esters may have an HLB value of 10 to 18.
- Nonionic surfactants include the Triton (registered trademark) X series (X15, X45, X100, etc.), Tergitol (registered trademark) 15-S series, Tergitol (registered trademark) TMN series (TMN-6, TMN-10, TMN-100, etc.), and Tergitol (registered trademark) L series manufactured by Dow Chemical Company, and the Pluronic (registered trademark) R series (31R1, 17R2, 10R5, 25R4 (m-22, n-23)) and Iconol (registered trademark) TDA series (TDA-6, TDA-9, TDA-10) manufactured by BASF.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactants examples include Versatic (registered trademark) 10 manufactured by Resolution Performance Products, and Avanel S series (S-70, S-74, etc.) manufactured by BASF.
- R-L-M anionic surfactants represented by R-L-M (wherein R is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- L is -ArSO 3 - , -SO 3 - , -SO 4 - , -PO 3 - or -COO -
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different, and is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- -ArSO 3 - is an arylsulfonate).
- R 5 is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- n is an integer of 6 to 17, and L and M are the same as above
- lauric acid such as lauric acid.
- R is an alkyl group having 12 to 16 carbon atoms and LM is sulfate or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can also be used.
- R 6 is a linear or branched alkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring;
- L is -ArSO 3 - , -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, -PO 3 - or -COO - ;
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent;
- R 5 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); and
- -ArSO 3 - is an arylsulf
- R 7 is a linear or branched alkylidyne group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkylidyne group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, and when the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring;
- L is -ArSO 3 - , -SO 3 - , -SO 4 -, -PO 3 - or -COO - ;
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent;
- R 5 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); and -ArSO 3 - is
- Siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants include those described in Silicone Surfactants, R. M. Hill, Marcel Dekker, Inc., ISBN: 0-8247-00104.
- the structure of the siloxane surfactant contains distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions.
- the hydrophobic portion contains one or more dihydrocarbyl siloxane units where the substituents on the silicone atoms are entirely hydrocarbon.
- These siloxane surfactants can also be considered as hydrocarbon surfactants in the sense that the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl groups are fully substituted by hydrogen atoms, i.e., the monovalent substituents on the carbon atoms of the hydrocarbyl groups are hydrogen, although these may be substituted by halogens such as fluorine.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are substituted with fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or less, more preferably 25% or less, even more preferably 10% or less, and most preferably 0% (no substitution with fluorine atoms).
- the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant may include one or more polar moieties that contain ionic groups such as sulfates, sulfonates, phosphonates, phosphate esters, carboxylates, carbonates, sulfosuccinates, taurates (as free acids, salts or esters), phosphine oxides, betaines, betaine copolyols, quaternary ammonium salts, etc.
- the ionic hydrophobic portion may also include ionically functionalized siloxane grafts.
- siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants include, for example, polydimethylsiloxane-graft-(meth)acrylate salts, polydimethylsiloxane-graft-polyacrylate salts, and polydimethylsiloxane-grafted quaternary amines.
- the polar portion of the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane surfactant may include non-ionic groups formed by polyethers such as polyethylene oxide (PEO) and mixed polyethylene oxide/propylene oxide polyethers (PEO/PPO); mono- and disaccharides; and water-soluble heterocycles such as pyrrolidinones.
- the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide (EO/PO) may be varied in the mixed polyethylene oxide/propylene oxide polyethers.
- the hydrophilic portion of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant may also include a combination of ionic and nonionic moieties.
- Such moieties include, for example, ionically end-functionalized or randomly functionalized polyethers or polyols.
- Preferred for the practice of the present disclosure are siloxanes having nonionic moieties, i.e., nonionic siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants.
- the arrangement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties in the structure of the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant may take the form of a diblock polymer (AB), a triblock polymer (ABA) (where "B” represents the siloxane portion of the molecule), or a multiblock polymer.
- the siloxane hydrocarbon surfactant may comprise a graft polymer.
- Siloxane hydrocarbon surfactants are also disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,841,616.
- siloxane-based anionic hydrocarbon surfactants examples include SilSense TM PE-100 Silicone, SilSense TM CA-1 Silicone, available from Noveon® Consumer Specialties manufactured by Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactants include the sulfosuccinate surfactant Lankropol (registered trademark) K8300 manufactured by Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry LLC.
- sulfosuccinate surfactants include sodium diisodecyl sulfosuccinate (Emulsogen (registered trademark) SB10 manufactured by Clariant) and sodium diisotridecyl sulfosuccinate (Polirol (registered trademark) TR/LNA manufactured by Cesapinia Chemicals).
- Examples of compounds having surface activity include PolyFox (registered trademark) surfactants manufactured by Omnova Solutions, Inc. (PolyFox TM PF-156A, PolyFox TM PF-136A, etc.).
- Another compound having surface activity is preferably an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactants can be used, but for example, the following hydrocarbon surfactants can be suitably used.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactant examples include those represented by the following formula ( ⁇ ): R 100 -COOM ( ⁇ ) (wherein R 100 is a monovalent organic group containing one or more carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); M is H, a metal atom, NR 101 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent; and R 101 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), which may be the same or different.)
- Examples of the organic group for R 101 include compounds ( ⁇ ) represented by the following formula: From the viewpoint of surface activity, the carbon number of R 100 is preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 3 or more.
- the carbon number of R 100 is preferably 29 or less, and more preferably 23 or less.
- the metal atom of M includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and is preferably Na, K or Li.
- M is preferably H, a metal atom or NR 101 4 , more preferably H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 101 4 , still more preferably H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 , still more preferably Na, K or NH 4 , particularly preferably Na or NH 4 , and most preferably NH 4 .
- Examples of the compound ( ⁇ ) include an anionic surfactant represented by R 102 -COOM (wherein R 102 is a linear or branched alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkylene group or alkenylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkylene group or alkenylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, which may contain an ether bond. When the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring. M is the same as above). Specifically, examples include those represented by CH 3 --(CH 2 ) n -COOM (wherein n is an integer of 2 to 28, and M is the same as above).
- the compound ( ⁇ ) may be one that does not contain a carbonyl group (excluding a carbonyl group in a carboxy group).
- the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant not containing a carbonyl group include those represented by the following formula (A1): R 103 -COO-M (A1) (In the formula, R 103 is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkylene group or an alkenylene group containing 6 to 17 carbon atoms, which may contain an ether bond; M is H, a metal atom, NR 101 4 , an imidazolium group which may have a substituent, a pyridinium group which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium group which may have a substituent; R 101 are the same or different and are H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine).) is a preferred example of a compound of the formula: In the above formula (A1), R 103 is preferably an alkenyl group, an alky
- the carbon number of R 103 is preferably 3 to 29, and more preferably 5 to 23.
- the carbon number of R 103 is preferably 5 to 35, and more preferably 11 to 23.
- the alkenyl group is linear, the number of carbon atoms in R 103 is preferably 2 to 29, and more preferably 9 to 23.
- the alkenyl group is branched, the number of carbon atoms in R 103 is preferably 2 to 29, and more preferably 9 to 23.
- alkyl and alkenyl groups examples include methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and vinyl groups.
- Examples of the compound ( ⁇ ) include butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, vaccenic acid, linoleic acid, (9,12,15)-linolenic acid, (6,9,12)-linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, arachidic acid, 8,11-eicosadienoic acid, mead acid, arachidonic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, nervonic acid, cerotic acid, montanic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, and myristoleic acid.
- Acids such as palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, oleic acid, elaidic acid, vaccenic acid, gadoleic acid, eicosenoic acid, erucic acid, nervonic acid, linoleic acid, eicosadienoic acid, docosadienoic acid, linolenic acid, pinolenic acid, ⁇ -eleostearic acid, ⁇ -eleostearic acid, mead acid, dihomo- ⁇ -linolenic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, stearidonic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, adrenic acid, bosseopentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, osbondo acid, sardine acid, tetracosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, herring acid, and salts thereof
- At least one selected from the group consisting of lauric acid, capric acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, and salts thereof is preferred.
- the above salt include, but are not limited to, those in which the hydrogen of the carboxy group is a metal atom of the above-mentioned formula M, NR 11 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant may also be, for example, a surfactant represented by the following formula ( ⁇ ): R 100 -SO 3 M ( ⁇ ) (wherein R 100 is a monovalent organic group containing one or more carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine); M is H, a metal atom, NR 101 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent; and R 101 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine), which may be the same or different.) is also included.
- the organic group for R 101 is preferably an alkyl group.
- R 101 is preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably H or an organic group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and even more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the carbon number of R 100 is preferably 2 or more, and more preferably 3 or more.
- the carbon number of R 100 is preferably 29 or less, and more preferably 23 or less.
- the metal atom of M includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), and is preferably Na, K or Li.
- M is preferably H, a metal atom or NR 101 4 , more preferably H, an alkali metal (Group 1), an alkaline earth metal (Group 2) or NR 101 4 , still more preferably H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 , still more preferably Na, K or NH 4 , particularly preferably Na or NH 4 , and most preferably NH 4 .
- Examples of the compound ( ⁇ ) include an anionic surfactant represented by R 102 -SO 3 M (wherein R 102 is a linear or branched alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkylene group or alkenylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, or a cyclic alkyl group, alkenyl group, alkylene group or alkenylene group having 3 or more carbon atoms which may have a substituent, which may contain an ether bond. When the number of carbon atoms is 3 or more, it may contain a monovalent or divalent heterocycle or may form a ring.
- M is the same as above). Specifically, examples include those represented by CH 3 —(CH 2 ) n —SO 3 M (wherein n is an integer of 2 to 28, and M is the same as above).
- the compound ( ⁇ ) may be one that does not contain a carbonyl group (excluding a carbonyl group in a carboxy group).
- the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant not containing a carbonyl group include those represented by the following formula (B1): R 103 -SO 3 -M (B1) (In the formula, R 103 is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkylene group or an alkenylene group containing 6 to 17 carbon atoms, which may contain an ether bond; M is H, a metal atom, NR 101 4 , an imidazolium group which may have a substituent, a pyridinium group which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium group which may have a substituent; R 101 are the same or different and are H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine).) is a preferred example of a compound of the formula: In the above formula (B1), R 103 is preferably
- the carbon number of R 103 is preferably 3 to 29, and more preferably 5 to 23.
- the carbon number of R 103 is preferably 5 to 35, and more preferably 11 to 23.
- the alkenyl group is linear, the number of carbon atoms in R 103 is preferably 2 to 29, and more preferably 9 to 23.
- the alkenyl group is branched, the number of carbon atoms in R 103 is preferably 2 to 29, and more preferably 9 to 23.
- alkyl and alkenyl groups examples include methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, and vinyl groups.
- Examples of the compound ( ⁇ ) include aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, and aromatic sulfonic acids, aliphatic, unsaturated aliphatic, and aromatic sulfates, and salts thereof.
- Examples of the sulfonic acids include 1-hexanesulfonic acid, 1-octane sulfonic acid, 1-decanesulfonic acid, 1-dodecanesulfonic acid, perfluorobutanesulfonic acid, linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid, toluenesulfonic acid, cumenesulfonic acid, octylbenzenesulfonic acid, DBS, naphthalenesulfonic acid, naphthalenedisulfonic acid, naphthalenetrisulfonic acid, and butylnaphthalenesulfonic acid.
- sulfates examples include sodium alkyl sulfate, alpha sulfo fatty acid ester salts, alkyl sulfate ester salts, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate ester salts, alpha olefin sulfonates, lauryl sulfate, myristyl sulfate, laureth sulfate, and polyoxyethylene alkylphenol sulfonic acid.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of saturated aliphatic and aromatic sulfate esters and their salts is preferred, and at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium alkyl sulfate esters, alpha sulfofatty acid ester salts, alkyl sulfate ester salts, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfate ester salts, alpha olefin sulfonate salts, lauryl sulfate, myristyl sulfate, laureth sulfate, polyoxyethylene alkylphenol sulfonic acid, and their salts is more preferred.
- Examples of the above salt include, but are not limited to, those in which the hydrogen of the sulfonic acid group is a metal atom of the above-mentioned formula M, NR 11 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant may be represented by the following formula (1-0A): (In the formula, R 1A to R 5A each represent H, a monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an ester group between carbon atoms, or a group represented by the general formula: -X A -A. However, at least one of R 2A and R 5A represents a group represented by the general formula: -X A -A.
- XA in each occurrence, is the same or different and is a divalent hydrocarbon group or a bond; A in each occurrence is the same or different and is -COOM (M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)); Any two of R 1A to R 5A may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the number of carbon atoms in the monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an ester group between carbon-carbon atoms is preferably 1 to 50, and more preferably 5 to 20. Any two of R 1A to R 5A may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
- the monovalent hydrocarbon group which may contain an ester group between carbon-carbon atoms is preferably an alkyl group.
- the carbon number of the divalent hydrocarbon group in XA is preferably 1 to 50, and more preferably 5 to 20. Examples of the divalent hydrocarbon group include an alkylene group and an alkanediyl group, and an alkylene group is preferable.
- R 2A and R 5A are a group represented by the above general formula: -X A -A, and it is more preferable that R 2A is a group represented by the above general formula: -X A -A.
- a preferred embodiment is one in which R 2A is a group represented by the general formula -X A -A, and R 1A , R 3A , R 4A and R 5A are H.
- X A is preferably a bond or an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms.
- a preferred embodiment is one in which R 2A is a group represented by the general formula -X A -A, R 1A and R 3A are groups represented by -Y A -R 6 , Y A is the same or different in each occurrence and is -COO-, -OCO-, or a bond, and R 6 is the same or different in each occurrence and is an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms.
- R 4A and R 5A are H.
- hydrocarbon surfactant represented by general formula (1-0A) examples include glutaric acid or a salt thereof, adipic acid or a salt thereof, pimelic acid or a salt thereof, suberic acid or a salt thereof, azelaic acid or a salt thereof, and sebacic acid or a salt thereof.
- the aliphatic carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant represented by the general formula (1-0A) may be a two-chain two-hydrophilic group type synthetic surfactant, and examples of such Gemini type surfactants include Geminisurf (Chukyo Yushi Co., Ltd.), Gemsurf ⁇ 142 (12 carbon atoms, lauryl group), Gemsurf ⁇ 102 (10 carbon atoms), and Gemsurf ⁇ 182 (14 carbon atoms).
- the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant may be represented by the following formula I: R-(XZ) n (I) (wherein R is a hydrophobic hydrocarbon moiety containing one or more saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic aliphatic groups; the percentage of the sum of CH3 groups to the sum of CH3, CH2 and CH groups in the one or more aliphatic groups is at least about 70%, and the hydrophobic moiety does not contain a siloxane unit; each X, which may be the same or different, represents an ionic hydrophilic moiety; each Z, which may be the same or different, represents one or more counter ions of the ionic hydrophilic moiety; and n is 1 to 3.
- Compound I exhibits low reactivity with polymerization initiators and/or propagating fluoropolymer radicals in emulsion polymerization of fluoromonomers.
- the aryl group includes a substituted moiety of the formula: where Y + is hydrogen, ammonium, quaternary ammonium, nitrogen heterocycle, alkali metal, or alkaline earth.
- Compound I has the following formula II: wherein R 2′ and R 2′′′ are the same or different and are saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic aliphatic groups having 4 to 16 carbon atoms, the percentage of the sum of CH 3 groups to the sum of CH 3 , CH 2 and CH groups in R 2′ and R 2′′′ groups is at least about 70%, or R 2′ and R 2′′′ may be bonded to each other to form a saturated or unsaturated aliphatic ring which may contain an ether or ester bond, with the proviso that the percentage of the sum of CH 3 groups to the sum of CH 3 , CH 2 and CH groups in the ring is at least about 70%, R 1 is hydrogen, methoxy, ethoxy or phenoxy, and Y + is hydrogen, ammonium, quaternary ammonium, nitrogen heterocycle, alkali metal or alkaline earth.
- Y + in the above formula can be hydrogen, ammonium, or an alkali metal.
- Compound I has the following formula III:
- R 3 , R 4 ' , and R 4 '' are the same or different and are hydrogen or a saturated or unsaturated, acyclic or cyclic aliphatic group having 4 to 16 carbon atoms, and the percentage of the sum of CH 3 to the sum of CH 3 , CH 2 and CH groups in the R 3 , R 4 ' , and R 4 ' ' groups is at least about 70%, with the proviso that at least one of R 3 , R 4 ', and R 4 '' is not hydrogen, and when R 4 ' and R 4 '' are hydrogen, R 3 is not hydrogen, and when R 3 is hydrogen, R 4 ' and R 4 '' are not hydrogen, and Y + is hydrogen, ammonium, quaternary ammonium, nitrogen heterocycle, alkali metal, or alkaline earth.
- Y + in the above formula can be hydrogen, ammonium, or an alkali metal.
- two or more of the above hydrocarbon surfactants may be used simultaneously.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be obtained by a production method including a polymerization step of polymerizing only tetrafluoroethylene, or tetrafluoroethylene and the above-mentioned modified monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene, in an aqueous medium having a pH of 4.0 or more in the presence of a hydrocarbon surfactant and a polymerization initiator to obtain a TFE-based polymer.
- the polymerization step for producing TFE-based polymer uses an acidic polymerization initiator, so the pH of the aqueous medium used in polymerization is less than 4.0.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive research and have unexpectedly found that the stability of polymerization can be improved by making the pH of the aqueous medium used in polymerization 4.0 or more, and the TFE-based polymer with high molecular weight can be produced.
- tetrafluoroethylene alone or tetrafluoroethylene and the modified monomer copolymerizable with the above-mentioned tetrafluoroethylene are polymerized in an aqueous medium having a pH of 4.0 or more.
- the above-mentioned pH may be 4.0 or more, preferably more than 4.0, more preferably 4.5 or more, even more preferably 5.0 or more, even more preferably 5.5 or more, especially preferably 6.0 or more, particularly preferably 6.5 or more, particularly preferably 7.0 or more, particularly preferably 7.5 or more, and particularly preferably 8.0 or more.
- the upper limit of the above-mentioned pH is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 13.0 or less. From the viewpoint of corrosion of the polymerization tank, it is preferably 12.0 or less, more preferably 11.5 or less, and more preferably 11.0 or less.
- the pH can be measured by a pH meter.
- the method for adjusting the pH of the aqueous medium to 4.0 or more is not particularly limited.
- the pH can be adjusted to 4.0 or more by using an alkaline aqueous solution, an aqueous dispersion exhibiting alkalinity, or a pH adjuster, but is not particularly limited thereto.
- the pH can be adjusted to 4.0 or more by further adding an alkaline compound such as sodium hydroxide.
- the alkaline compound may be any compound that dissolves in water and ionizes to generate OH- , and examples of the alkaline compound include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkaline metals such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; hydroxides of alkaline earth metals; ammonia; amines; and the like.
- the polymerization step may include a step of adding an alkaline compound to the aqueous medium.
- the pH of the aqueous medium may be 4.0 or more throughout the entire polymerization process.
- the pH may be 4.0 or more in the middle of the polymerization process, or the pH may be 4.0 or more in the latter half of the polymerization process.
- the pH may be 4.0 or more in the middle and latter half of the polymerization process.
- the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably 4.0 or more.
- the production method includes the polymerization step of obtaining TFE-based polymer by polymerizing only tetrafluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene and the modified monomer copolymerizable with the tetrafluoroethylene in the aqueous medium in the presence of a hydrocarbon surfactant and a polymerization initiator, and the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably 4.0 or more when the polymer solid content concentration is 3% by mass or more.
- the aqueous medium preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 5% by mass or more, more preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 8% by mass or more, even more preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 10% by mass or more, especially preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 15% by mass or more, particularly preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 18% by mass or more, more preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably has a pH of 4.0 or more when the polymer solids concentration is 25% by mass or more.
- the polymerization step is preferably one in which the pH of the aqueous medium is maintained at 4.0 or more from the time when the polymer solids concentration becomes 25% by mass until the end of polymerization, more preferably one in which the pH of the aqueous medium is maintained at 4.0 or more from the time when the polymer solids concentration becomes 20% by mass until the end of polymerization, even more preferably one in which the pH of the aqueous medium is maintained at 4.0 or more from the time when the polymer solids concentration becomes 18% by mass until the end of polymerization, even more preferably one in which the pH of the aqueous medium is maintained at 4.0 or more from the time when the polymer solids concentration becomes 15% by mass until the end of polymerization, and even more preferably one in which the pH of the aqueous medium is maintained at 4.0 or more from the time when the polymer solids concentration becomes 10% by mass until the end of polymerization, and particularly preferably one in which the pH of the aqueous medium is maintained at 4.0 or
- the pH of the aqueous medium when the polymer solid content concentration is less than 15% by mass, the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably 4.0 or more.
- the pH of the aqueous medium when the polymer solid content concentration is 3% by mass or more and less than 15% by mass, the pH of the aqueous medium is more preferably 4.0 or more, when the polymer solid content concentration is 5% by mass or more and less than 15% by mass, the pH of the aqueous medium is more preferably 4.0 or more, when the polymer solid content concentration is 8% by mass or more and less than 15% by mass, the pH of the aqueous medium is even more preferably 4.0 or more, and when the polymer solid content concentration is 10% by mass or more and less than 15% by mass, the pH of the aqueous medium is even more preferably 4.0 or more.
- the polymerization step preferably maintains the pH of the aqueous medium at 4.0 or higher while the polymer solids concentration is 10% by mass or more and up to 15% by mass, more preferably maintains the pH of the aqueous medium at 4.0 or higher while the polymer solids concentration is 8% by mass or more and up to 15% by mass, and even more preferably maintains the pH of the aqueous medium at 4.0 or higher while the polymer solids concentration is 5% by mass or more and up to 15% by mass.
- the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably greater than 4.0, more preferably 4.5 or more, even more preferably 5.0 or more, even more preferably 5.5 or more, particularly preferably 6.0 or more, particularly preferably 6.5 or more, more preferably 7.0 or more, even more preferably 7.5 or more, and even more preferably 8.0 or more.
- the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably 4.0 or higher for a period of 60% or more (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, even more preferably 90% or more, even more preferably 95% or more, especially preferably 99% or more, especially preferably 100%) from the start of polymerization to the point where the polymer solids concentration reaches 3% by mass (preferably 5% by mass, more preferably 8% by mass, even more preferably 10% by mass, even more preferably 15% by mass, especially more preferably 18% by mass, especially more preferably 20% by mass, and particularly preferably 25% by mass).
- the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably 4.0 or higher for a period of 60% or more (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, even more preferably 90% or more, even more preferably 95% or more, especially preferably 99% or more, and particularly preferably 100%) from the point when the polymer solids concentration is 10% by mass (preferably 8% by mass, more preferably 5% by mass, even more preferably 3% by mass, even more preferably the start of polymerization) to the point when the polymer solids concentration is 15% by mass.
- the pH of the aqueous medium is 4.0 or higher for a period of 60% or more (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, even more preferably 90% or more, even more preferably 95% or more, especially preferably 99% or more, and particularly preferably 100%) from the point when the polymer solids concentration is 15% by mass to the point when the polymer solids concentration is 18% by mass (preferably 20% by mass, more preferably 25% by mass).
- the pH of the aqueous medium is 4.0 or higher for a period of 60% or more (preferably 70% or more, more preferably 80% or more, even more preferably 90% or more, even more preferably 95% or more, more preferably 99% or more, and especially preferably 100%) from the time when the polymer solids concentration is 25% by mass (preferably 20% by mass, more preferably 18% by mass, even more preferably 15% by mass, even more preferably 10% by mass, especially more preferably 8% by mass, particularly preferably 5% by mass, more preferably 3% by mass, and even more preferably the start of polymerization) to the time when the polymerization is completed.
- the pH of the aqueous medium is preferably greater than 4.0, more preferably 4.5 or more, even more preferably 5.0 or more, even more preferably 5.5 or more, particularly preferably 6.0 or more, particularly preferably 6.5 or more, more preferably 7.0 or more, even more preferably 7.5 or more, and even more preferably 8.0 or more.
- the hydrocarbon surfactant is a fluorine-free hydrocarbon surfactant, preferably an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant, and more preferably a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactant and the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant are no particular limitations, but for example, the compound ( ⁇ ) exemplified among the above-mentioned other compounds having surface activity can be suitably used.
- the hydrocarbon surfactant is a fluorine-free hydrocarbon surfactant, and is preferably an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant, and is also preferably a sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- anionic hydrocarbon surfactant and the sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant there are no particular limitations on the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant and the sulfonic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the compound ( ⁇ ) exemplified among the above-mentioned other compounds having surface activity can be suitably used.
- the TFE polymer composition of the present disclosure does not use the above-mentioned specific hydrocarbon surfactant, it can also be obtained by the process that comprises the polymerization step of obtaining TFE polymer by polymerizing only tetrafluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene and the modified monomer copolymerizable with the above-mentioned tetrafluoroethylene in aqueous medium in the presence of anionic hydrocarbon surfactant and polymerization initiator, and the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant contains the salt of the hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant in the above-mentioned polymerization step is in the form of salt.
- an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant contains a salt of the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant, the stability of polymerization is improved and a TFE polymer having a large molecular weight can be produced. This is believed to be because the inclusion of a salt improves the water solubility of the anionic surfactant, making it easier for the surfactant to exhibit emulsifying properties.
- the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant will be described later. Whether the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant contains a salt of the hydrocarbon surfactant can be confirmed by measuring the electrical conductivity.
- the concentration of the salt of the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 60% by mass or more, even more preferably 70% by mass or more, even more preferably 80% by mass or more, especially preferably 90% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 95% by mass or more, relative to the total mass of the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the proportion of the above salt can be measured by the solution concentration and conductivity.
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably a carboxylic acid-type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant does not contain fluorine.
- the cation (excluding hydrogen atoms) replacing the hydrogen atom of the acid is, for example, a metal atom, NR y 4 (wherein R y may be the same or different and is H or an organic group (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium group which may have a substituent, a pyridinium group which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium group which may have a substituent.
- R y is preferably H or an alkyl group, more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, and even more preferably H or an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the cation in the salt of the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably a metal atom or NR y 4 , more preferably NR y 4 , and even more preferably NH 4 . Since the conductivity is greatly affected by temperature, a thermostatic chamber is used to keep the sample liquid temperature at 25° C., and the temperature of the pH meter cell is also kept the same before measuring the conductivity.
- the above-mentioned polymerization step is preferably carried out in the absence of the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant in the form of organic acid.By carrying out the polymerization in the absence of the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant in the form of organic acid, the stability of the polymerization is further improved, and the TFE polymer having a high molecular weight can be obtained.
- organic acid refers to an organic compound that exhibits acidity.
- organic acids include carboxylic acids having a -COOH group and sulfonic acids having a -SO 3 H group. Carboxylic acids are preferred from the viewpoint of ease of adjusting the pH of an aqueous solution containing the organic acid.
- the "form of the organic acid” refers to a form in which H of an acidic group (for example, a --COOH group, a --SO.sub.3H group, etc.) contained in the organic acid is not free.
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon-based surfactant is an anionic hydrocarbon-based surfactant.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon surfactant at the start of polymerization is preferably more than 50 ppm relative to the aqueous medium.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon surfactant at the start of polymerization is preferably 60 ppm or more, more preferably 70 ppm or more, even more preferably 80 ppm or more, and even more preferably 100 ppm or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but for example, it is preferably 10,000 ppm, and more preferably 5,000 ppm.
- the polymerization step preferably includes an addition step of adding a composition containing a hydrocarbon surfactant after the initiation of polymerization, which further improves the stability of the polymerization and allows a TFE-based polymer with a higher molecular weight to be obtained.
- the above-mentioned hydrocarbon surfactant may be, for example, in the form of a solid (for example, a powder of a hydrocarbon surfactant) or in the form of a liquid.
- the composition may be any composition containing a hydrocarbon surfactant, and may consist of only a hydrocarbon surfactant, or may be a solution or dispersion of a hydrocarbon surfactant containing a hydrocarbon surfactant and a liquid medium.
- the addition step can be said to be a step of adding a hydrocarbon surfactant alone or a composition containing a hydrocarbon surfactant after the initiation of polymerization.
- the hydrocarbon surfactant is not limited to one type, and may be a mixture of two or more types.
- the liquid medium may be either an aqueous medium or an organic solvent, or an aqueous medium and an organic solvent may be used in combination.
- Specific examples of the composition include an aqueous solution in which a hydrocarbon surfactant is dissolved in an aqueous medium, and an aqueous dispersion in which a hydrocarbon surfactant is dispersed in an aqueous medium.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon surfactant added in the above-mentioned addition step is preferably 0.0001 to 10% by mass relative to the aqueous medium. More preferably, it is 0.001% by mass or more, even more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 0.05% by mass or more, relative to the aqueous medium. Moreover, it is more preferably 5% by mass or less, even more preferably 3% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 1% by mass or less, relative to the aqueous medium.
- the composition is preferably an aqueous solution containing a hydrocarbon surfactant and having a pH of 5.0 or higher, since this improves the stability of the polymerization and allows a TFE-based polymer with a higher molecular weight to be obtained.
- the pH of the aqueous solution is more preferably 6.0 or more, even more preferably 6.5 or more, even more preferably 7.0 or more, particularly preferably 7.5 or more, and particularly preferably 8.0 or more.
- the upper limit of the pH is not particularly limited, but may be 12.0 or less, or may be 11.0 or less.
- the hydrocarbon surfactant in the above-mentioned addition step is preferably an anionic hydrocarbon surfactant, and more preferably a carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant.
- the anionic hydrocarbon surfactant and the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant are not particularly limited, but for example, the compound ( ⁇ ) exemplified among the above-mentioned other compounds having surface activity can be suitably used.
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant used in the polymerization step and the addition step is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the surfactant (e), the anionic surfactant represented by the above formula R 6 (-L-M) 2 , and the anionic surfactant represented by the above formula R 7 (-L-M) 3 , which has a carboxy group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation (e.g., a metal atom, ammonium, etc.), the compound ( ⁇ ), the surfactant (1-0A), and surfactants obtained by radical treatment or oxidation treatment of these surfactants.
- the surfactant (e) the anionic surfactant represented by the above formula R 6 (-L-M) 2
- R 7 (-L-M) 3 which has a carboxy group (-COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant may be used alone or in a mixture of two or more kinds.
- the compound ( ⁇ ) includes not only anionic hydrocarbon surfactants represented by the above formula R 102 -COOM (wherein R 102 and M are the same as above) (preferably, a compound represented by formula (A1)) but also anionic surfactants represented by the above formula R-L-M (wherein R, L and M are the same as above), and among the above surfactants (c) and (d), those having a carboxy group (—COOH) or a group in which the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group is substituted with an inorganic cation (for example, a metal atom, ammonium, etc.).
- the carboxylic acid type hydrocarbon surfactant is preferably the compound ( ⁇ ), more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by the formula (A1), the compound in which A c is -COOX c in the formula (c), the compound in which A d is -COOX d in the formula (d), the compound in which A e is -COOM e in the formula (e), the compound in which A is -COOM in the formula (1-0A), and compounds obtained by subjecting these compounds to radical treatment or oxidation treatment, and even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by the formula (A1) and compounds obtained by subjecting the compound to radical treatment or oxidation treatment.
- the salt include, but are not limited to, salts in which the hydrogen of the carboxyl group is a metal atom of the above-mentioned formula M, NR 101 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- the above production method preferably involves polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant.
- substantially in the absence of a fluorinated surfactant means that the fluorinated surfactant is at 10 ppm by mass or less relative to the aqueous medium, preferably 1 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 100 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 10 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably less than 10 ppb by mass, even more preferably 1 ppb by mass or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 ppb by mass.
- "In the substantial absence of a fluorinated surfactant” also means that there is no intentional addition of a fluorinated surfactant.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant includes anionic fluorine-containing surfactants.
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be, for example, a surfactant containing fluorine atoms and having a total carbon number of 20 or less excluding the anionic group.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant may also be a surfactant containing fluorine in the anionic moiety having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, preferably 800 or less.
- anionic portion refers to the portion of the above fluorine-containing surfactant excluding the cation.
- F(CF 2 ) n1 COOM represented by formula (I) described below, it is the portion "F(CF 2 ) n1 COO".
- the above-mentioned fluorosurfactant also includes a fluorosurfactant having a LogPOW of 3.5 or less.
- the LogPOW is a partition coefficient between 1-octanol and water, and is expressed as LogP [wherein P represents the ratio of the fluorosurfactant concentration in octanol to the fluorosurfactant concentration in water when a 1:1 octanol/water mixture containing the fluorosurfactant undergoes phase separation].
- fluorine-containing surfactants include those described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0015864, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0015865, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0015866, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0276103, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0117914, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/142541, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0015319, and U.S. Patent No. 3,250,808. , U.S. Patent No.
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be a compound represented by the following general formula (N 0 ): X n0 - Rf n0 - Y 0 (N 0 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl or F. Rf n0 is a linear, branched or cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms in which some or all of the H's are substituted with F, and the alkylene group may contain one or more ether bonds, and some of the H's may be substituted with Cl. Y 0 is an anionic group.
- the anionic group of Y 0 may be -COOM, -SO 2 M or -SO 3 M, and may be -COOM or -SO 3 M.
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 7 is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), such as Na, K, or Li.
- R 7 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, or may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 7 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 7 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- Rf n0 may be one in which 50% or more of H is substituted with fluorine.
- the compound represented by the above general formula (N 0 ) is The following general formula (N 1 ): X n0 - (CF 2 ) m1 - Y 0 (N 1 ) (wherein X n0 is H, Cl or F, m1 is an integer of 3 to 15, and Y 0 is as defined above), a compound represented by the following general formula (N 2 ): Rf n1 -O-(CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O) m2 CFX n1 -Y 0 (N 2 ) (wherein Rf n1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, m2 is an integer of 0 to 3, X n1 is F or CF 3 , and Y 0 is as defined above), a compound represented by the following general formula (N 3 ): Rf n2 (CH 2 ) m3 - (Rf n3 ) q - Y 0 (N 3 ) (
- the compound represented by the above general formula (N 0 ) includes perfluorocarboxylic acid (I) represented by the following general formula (I), ⁇ -H perfluorocarboxylic acid (II) represented by the following general formula (II), perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid (III) represented by the following general formula (III), perfluoroalkyl alkylene carboxylic acid (IV) represented by the following general formula (IV), perfluoroalkoxy fluorocarboxylic acid (V) represented by the following general formula (V), perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid (VI) represented by the following general formula (VII), ⁇ -H perfluoro sulfonic acid (VII) represented by the following general formula (VII), perfluoroalkyl alkylene sulfonic acid (VIII) represented by the following general formula (VIII), alkyl alkylene carboxylic acid (IX) represented by the following general formula (IX), fluorocarboxylic
- the perfluorocarboxylic acid (I) is represented by the following general formula (I): F (CF 2 ) n1 COOM (I) (wherein n1 is an integer of 3 to 14, M is H, a metal atom, NR 7 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 7 is H or an organic group.)
- ⁇ -H perfluorocarboxylic acid (II) is represented by the following general formula (II): H(CF 2 ) n2 COOM (II) (wherein n2 is an integer from 4 to 15, and M is as defined above).
- the perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid (III) is represented by the following general formula (III): Rf 1 -O-(CF(CF 3 )CF 2 O) n3 CF(CF 3 )COOM (III) (wherein Rf1 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, n3 is an integer of 0 to 3, and M is as defined above).
- the perfluoroalkyl alkylene carboxylic acid (IV) is represented by the following general formula (IV): Rf 2 (CH 2 ) n4 Rf 3 COOM (IV) (In the formula, Rf 2 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, Rf 3 is a linear or branched perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, n4 is an integer of 1 to 3, and M is as defined above.)
- the alkoxyfluorocarboxylic acid (V) is represented by the following general formula (V): Rf 4 -O-CY 1 Y 2 CF 2 -COOM (V) (wherein Rf 4 is a linear or branched partially or completely fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond, Y 1 and Y 2 are the same or different and are H or F, and M is as defined above).
- the perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid (VI) is represented by the following general formula (VI): F(CF 2 ) n5 SO 3 M (VI) (wherein n5 is an integer from 3 to 14, and M is as defined above).
- the ⁇ -H perfluorosulfonic acid (VII) is represented by the following general formula (VII): H(CF 2 ) n6 SO 3 M (VII) (wherein n6 is an integer from 4 to 14, and M is as defined above).
- the perfluoroalkyl alkylene sulfonic acid (VIII) is represented by the following general formula (VIII): Rf5 ( CH2 ) n7SO3M (VIII ) (wherein Rf5 is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms, n7 is an integer of 1 to 3, and M is as defined above).
- the alkyl alkylene carboxylic acid (IX) is represented by the following general formula (IX): Rf 6 (CH 2 ) n8 COOM (IX) (wherein Rf6 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 13 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond, n8 is an integer from 1 to 3, and M is as defined above).
- the fluorocarboxylic acid (X) is represented by the following general formula (X): Rf 7 -O-Rf 8 -O-CF 2 -COOM (X) (wherein Rf 7 is a linear or branched, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may contain an ether linkage; Rf 8 is a linear or branched, partially or fully fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms; and M is as defined above).
- the alkoxyfluorosulfonic acid (XI) is represented by the following general formula (XI): Rf 9 -O-CY 1 Y 2 CF 2 -SO 3 M (XI) (In the formula, Rf 9 is a linear or branched alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond and which is partially or completely fluorinated and may contain chlorine; Y 1 and Y 2 are the same or different and are H or F; and M is as defined above.)
- the compound (XII) is represented by the following general formula (XII): (wherein X 1 , X 2 and X 3 may be the same or different and are H, F and a linear or branched partially or completely fluorinated alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond, Rf 10 is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, L is a linking group, and Y 0 is an anionic group). Y 0 may be -COOM, -SO 2 M, or -SO 3 M, and may be -SO 3 M, or COOM, where M is as defined above. Examples of L include a single bond and a partially or fully fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond.
- examples of the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant include carboxylic acid-based fluorine-containing surfactants and sulfonic acid-based fluorine-containing surfactants.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be suitably produced by a production method including an addition step of adding at least one selected from the group consisting of a radical scavenger and a decomposer of a polymerization initiator.
- the addition step is carried out during the step of carrying out the above-mentioned emulsion polymerization in an aqueous medium.
- a radical scavenger or a decomposer of a polymerization initiator By adding a radical scavenger or a decomposer of a polymerization initiator, the radical concentration during polymerization can be adjusted. From the viewpoint of reducing the radical concentration, a radical scavenger is preferred.
- the radical scavenger is a compound that does not have the ability to restart after addition or chain transfer to the free radical in the polymerization system. Specifically, a compound that easily undergoes a chain transfer reaction with a primary radical or a growing radical, and then generates a stable radical that does not react with a monomer, or a compound that easily undergoes an addition reaction with a primary radical or a growing radical, and generates a stable radical, is used.
- the activity of what is called a chain transfer agent is characterized by the chain transfer constant and the reinitiation efficiency, and among chain transfer agents, those with a reinitiation efficiency of almost 0% are called radical scavengers.
- the radical scavenger can be, for example, a compound whose chain transfer constant with TFE at the polymerization temperature is greater than the polymerization rate constant and whose reinitiation efficiency is substantially zero percent.
- the "reinitiation efficiency is substantially zero percent” means that the generated radicals turn the radical scavenger into stable radicals.
- the radical scavenger in the present disclosure is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, aromatic hydroxy compounds, aromatic amines, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, quinone compounds, terpenes, thiocyanates, and cupric chloride (CuCl 2 ).
- aromatic hydroxy compound include unsubstituted phenol, polyhydric phenol, salicylic acid, m- or p-salicylic acid, gallic acid, and naphthol.
- the unsubstituted phenols include o-, m-, or p-nitrophenol, o-, m-, or p-aminophenol, p-nitrosophenol, etc.
- the polyhydric phenols include catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, naphthresorcinol, etc.
- aromatic amines include o-, m- or p-phenylenediamine, benzidine, and the like.
- quinone compound examples include o-, m- or p-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, alizarin, and the like.
- Examples of thiocyanates include ammonium thiocyanate (NH 4 SCN), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), and sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN).
- aromatic hydroxy compounds are preferred, unsubstituted phenols or polyhydric phenols are more preferred, and hydroquinone is even more preferred.
- the amount of the radical scavenger added is preferably an amount equivalent to 3 to 500% (molar basis) of the polymerization initiator concentration from the viewpoint of reducing the standard specific gravity.
- a more preferred lower limit is 5% (molar basis), even more preferably 8% (molar basis), even more preferably 10% (molar basis), even more preferably 15% (molar basis), especially more preferably 20% (molar basis), particularly preferably 25% (molar basis), especially preferably 30% (molar basis), especially preferably 35% (molar basis).
- a more preferred upper limit is 400% (molar basis), even more preferably 300% (molar basis), even more preferably 200% (molar basis), especially more preferably 100% (molar basis).
- the decomposer for the polymerization initiator may be any compound capable of decomposing the polymerization initiator used, and is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfites, bisulfites, bromates, diimines, diimine salts, oxalic acid, oxalates, copper salts, and iron salts.
- sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- the copper salts include copper(II) sulfate
- examples of the iron salts include iron(II) sulfate.
- the amount of the decomposer of the polymerization initiator to be added is in the range of 25 to 300% by mass, preferably 25 to 150% by mass, and more preferably 50 to 100% by mass, based on the amount of the oxidizing agent combined with the polymerization initiator (redox initiator described later).
- the amount of the decomposer of the polymerization initiator to be added is preferably an amount equivalent to 3 to 500% (molar basis) of the polymerization initiator concentration from the viewpoint of reducing the standard specific gravity.
- a more preferred lower limit is 5% (molar basis), even more preferably 8% (molar basis), even more preferably 10% (molar basis), even more preferably 13% (molar basis), and even more preferably 15% (molar basis).
- a more preferred upper limit is 400% (molar basis), even more preferably 300% (molar basis), even more preferably 200% (molar basis), and especially more preferably 100% (molar basis).
- At least one selected from the group consisting of a radical scavenger and a decomposer of a polymerization initiator is preferably added when the concentration of the TFE-based polymer formed in the aqueous medium is 5% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or more. It is also preferable to add the TFE-based polymer when the concentration of the TFE-based polymer formed in the aqueous medium is 40% by mass or less, more preferably 35% by mass or less, and even more preferably 30% by mass or less.
- the adding step may be a step of continuously adding at least one selected from the group consisting of a radical scavenger and a decomposer for a polymerization initiator.
- the continuous addition of at least one selected from the group consisting of radical scavengers and decomposers for polymerization initiators means, for example, adding at least one selected from the group consisting of radical scavengers and decomposers for polymerization initiators over time and continuously or in portions rather than all at once.
- the above polymerization process may further involve polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene in the presence of a nucleating agent.
- the nucleating agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of, for example, fluoropolyethers, nonionic surfactants, and chain transfer agents.
- the polymerization step is preferably a step of obtaining a TFE-based polymer by polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene in an aqueous medium in the presence of a hydrocarbon surfactant and the nucleating agent.
- the above fluoropolyether is preferably a perfluoropolyether.
- the above fluoropolyether preferably has repeating units represented by formulas (1a) to (1d).
- (-CFCF 3 -CF 2 -O-) n (1a) (-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n (1b) (-CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n -(-CF 2 -O-) m
- (1c) (-CF 2 -CFCF 3 -O-) n -(-CF 2 -O-) m (1d)
- m and n are integers of 1 or more.
- the fluoropolyether is preferably a fluoropolyether acid or a salt thereof, and the fluoropolyether acid is preferably a carboxylic acid, a sulfonic acid, a sulfonamide, or a phosphonic acid, and more preferably a carboxylic acid.
- a salt of a fluoropolyether acid is preferred, an ammonium salt of a fluoropolyether acid is more preferred, and an ammonium salt of a fluoropolyether carboxylic acid is even more preferred.
- the fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof can have any chain structure in which the oxygen atoms in the backbone of the molecule are separated by saturated fluorocarbon groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Two or more types of fluorocarbon groups can be present in the molecule.
- the fluoropolyether acid or its salt is represented by the following formula: CF 3 -CF 2 -CF 2 -O (-CFCF 3 -CF 2 -O-) n CFCF 3 -COOH, CF 3 -CF 2 -CF 2 -O(-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n -CF 2 -CF 2 COOH, or HOOC-CF 2 -O(-CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n -(-CF 2 -O-) m CF 2 COOH (In the formula, m and n are the same as above.) or a salt thereof.
- fluoropolyethers can have a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof at one or both ends.
- fluoropolyethers can have a sulfonic acid or phosphonic acid group or salt thereof at one or both ends.
- fluoropolyethers having acid functionality at both ends can have different groups at each end.
- the other end of the molecule is usually perfluorinated, but may contain hydrogen or chlorine atoms.
- Fluoropolyethers having acid groups at one or both ends have at least two ether oxygens, preferably at least four ether oxygens, and even more preferably at least six ether oxygens.
- at least one of the fluorocarbon groups separating the ether oxygens more preferably at least two of such fluorocarbon groups, has two or three carbon atoms.
- at least 50% of the fluorocarbon groups separating the ether oxygens have two or three carbon atoms.
- the fluoropolyether has a total of at least 15 carbon atoms, for example, the preferred minimum value of n or n+m in the repeating unit structure above is at least 5.
- fluoropolyethers having acid groups at one or both ends can be used in the method according to the present disclosure.
- the fluoropolyether may contain multiple types of compounds in various proportions within the molecular weight range relative to the average molecular weight.
- the fluoropolyether preferably has a number average molecular weight of 800 g/mol or more. Since the fluoropolyether acid or its salt may be difficult to disperse in an aqueous medium, the number average molecular weight is preferably less than 6000 g/mol.
- the fluoropolyether acid or its salt more preferably has a number average molecular weight of 800 to 3500 g/mol, and even more preferably 1000 to 2500 g/mol.
- the amount of the fluoropolyether is preferably 5 to 3000 ppm, more preferably 5 to 2000 ppm, with a more preferred lower limit of 10 ppm and a more preferred upper limit of 100 ppm relative to the aqueous medium.
- the nonionic surfactant as the nucleating agent may be any of the nonionic surfactants described above, and is preferably a nonionic surfactant that does not contain fluorine.
- the nonionic surfactant may be a nonionic surfactant represented by the following general formula (i): R 3 -O-A 1 -H (i) (wherein R 3 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 8 to 18 carbon atoms, and A 1 is a polyoxyalkylene chain).
- the carbon number of R3 is preferably 10 to 16, and more preferably 12 to 16. When the carbon number of R3 is 18 or less, good dispersion stability of the aqueous dispersion is easily obtained. When the carbon number of R3 exceeds 18, the flow temperature is high and handling is difficult. When the carbon number of R3 is less than 8, the surface tension of the aqueous dispersion is high, and the permeability and wettability are easily reduced.
- the polyoxyalkylene chain may be composed of oxyethylene and oxypropylene.
- the polyoxyalkylene chain is composed of an average repeat number of oxyethylene groups of 5 to 20 and an average repeat number of oxypropylene groups of 0 to 2, and is a hydrophilic group.
- the number of oxyethylene units may include either a broad or narrow unimodal distribution as is usually provided, or a broader or bimodal distribution obtained by blending.
- the average repeat number of oxypropylene groups is greater than 0, the oxyethylene groups and oxypropylene groups in the polyoxyalkylene chain may be arranged in a block manner or a random manner.
- the polyoxyalkylene chain is preferable for the polyoxyalkylene chain to be composed of an average repeat number of oxyethylene groups of 7 to 12 and an average repeat number of oxypropylene groups of 0 to 2.
- A1 it is preferable for A1 to have an average of 0.5 to 1.5 oxypropylene groups, since this has good low foaming properties.
- R3 is (R')(R'')HC--, where R' and R'' are the same or different linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl groups with a total amount of at least 5, preferably 7 to 17 carbon atoms.
- R' or R'' is a branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group.
- polyoxyethylene alkyl ether examples include C13H27-O-(C2H4O)10-H, C12H25-O-(C2H4O)10-H, C10H21CH ( CH3 ) CH2 - O- ( C2H4O ) 9 - H , C13H27 - O- ( C2H4O) 9- (CH( CH3 ) CH2O ) -H, C16H33 - O- ( C2H4O ) 10 - H, HC( C5H11 )( C7H15 ) -O-( C2H4O ) 9 - H , and the like.
- Examples of commercially available polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers include Genapol X080 (product name, manufactured by Clariant), the Noigen TDS series, such as Noigen TDS-80 (trade name) (manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.), the Leocol TD series, such as Leocol TD-90 (trade name) (manufactured by Lion Corporation), the Lionol (registered trademark) TD series (manufactured by Lion Corporation), the T-Det A series, such as T-Det A138 (trade name) (manufactured by Harcros Chemicals), and the Tergitol (registered trademark) 15S series (manufactured by Dow Corporation).
- Genapol X080 product name, manufactured by Clariant
- the Noigen TDS series such as Noigen TDS-80 (trade name) (manufactured by Dai-ichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.
- the nonionic surfactant is also preferably an ethoxylate of 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol having an average of about 4 to about 18 ethylene oxide units, an ethoxylate of 2,6,8-trimethyl-4-nonanol having an average of about 6 to about 12 ethylene oxide units, or a mixture thereof.
- Nonionic surfactants of this type are also commercially available, for example, as TERGITOL TMN-6, TERGITOL TMN-10, and TERGITOL TMN-100X (all product names, manufactured by Dow Chemical).
- the hydrophobic group of the nonionic surfactant may be any one of an alkylphenol group, a linear alkyl group, and a branched alkyl group.
- the polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether nonionic compound may be a compound represented by the following general formula (ii): R 4 -C 6 H 4 -O-A 2 -H (ii) (wherein R 4 is a linear or branched primary or secondary alkyl group having 4 to 12 carbon atoms, and A 2 is a polyoxyalkylene chain.)
- Specific examples of the polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether-based nonionic compounds include Triton (registered trademark) X-100 (product name, manufactured by Dow Chemical Company).
- the nonionic surfactant also includes a polyol compound, specifically, those described in WO 2011/014715.
- polyol compounds include compounds having one or more sugar units as polyol units.
- the sugar units may be modified to contain at least one long chain.
- Suitable polyol compounds containing at least one long chain moiety include, for example, alkyl glycosides, modified alkyl glycosides, sugar esters, and combinations thereof.
- Sugars include, but are not limited to, monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and sorbitan. Monosaccharides include pentoses and hexoses.
- Typical examples of monosaccharides include ribose, glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, arabinose, and xylose.
- Oligosaccharides include oligomers of 2 to 10 identical or different monosaccharides. Examples of oligosaccharides include, but are not limited to, saccharose, maltose, lactose, raffinose, and isomaltose.
- sugars suitable for use as polyol compounds include cyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring of four carbon atoms and one heteroatom (typically oxygen or sulfur, but preferably an oxygen atom), or a six-membered ring of five carbon atoms and one heteroatom as described above, preferably an oxygen atom. These further contain at least two or at least three hydroxy groups (-OH groups) attached to the carbon ring atoms.
- the sugars are modified in that one or more of the hydrogen atoms of the hydroxy groups (and/or hydroxyalkyl groups) attached to the carbon ring atoms are replaced by a long chain residue such that an ether or ester bond is made between the long chain residue and the sugar moiety.
- the sugar-based polyol may contain one or more sugar units.
- the sugar unit or units may be modified with long chain moieties as described above.
- Specific examples of sugar-based polyol compounds include glycosides, sugar esters, sorbitan esters, and mixtures and combinations thereof.
- a preferred class of polyol compounds are the alkyl or modified alkyl glucosides. These classes of surfactants contain at least one glucose moiety. (wherein x represents 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and R1 and R2 independently represent H or a long chain unit containing at least 6 carbon atoms, with the proviso that at least one of R1 and R2 is not H). Exemplary values of R1 and R2 include fatty alcohol residues.
- fatty alcohols include hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tetradecanol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), heptadecanol, octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), eicosanoic acid, and combinations thereof.
- the above formula represents a specific example of an alkyl polyglucoside showing glucose in the pyranose form, however, it is understood that other sugars or the same sugar but in a different enantiomeric or diastereomeric form may be used.
- Alkyl glucosides are available, for example, by acid-catalyzed reaction of glucose, starch, or n-butyl glucoside with fatty alcohols, which typically give mixtures of different alkyl glucosides (Alkylpolygylcoside, Rompp, Lexikon Chemie, Version 2.0, Stuttgart/New York, Georg Thieme Verlag, 1999).
- fatty alcohols examples include hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol, decanol, undecanol, dodecanol (lauryl alcohol), tetradecanol, hexadecanol (cetyl alcohol), heptadecanol, octadecanol (stearyl alcohol), eicosanoic acid, and combinations thereof.
- Alkyl glucosides are also commercially available under the trade names GLUCOPON or DISPONIL from Cognis GmbH, Dusseldorf, Germany.
- nonionic surfactants include difunctional block copolymers supplied by BASF as the Pluronic® R series, tridecyl alcohol alkoxylates supplied by BASF Corporation as the Iconol® TDA series, and hydrocarbon-containing siloxane surfactants, preferably hydrocarbon surfactants, where the hydrocarbyl groups, which may be substituted by halogens such as fluorine, are fully substituted by hydrogen atoms, whereby these siloxane surfactants can also be considered as hydrocarbon surfactants, i.e., the monovalent substituents on the hydrocarbyl groups are hydrogen.
- additives can be used to stabilize each compound.
- examples of the additives include buffers, pH adjusters, stabilizing aids, and dispersion stabilizers.
- Preferable stabilizing agents include paraffin wax, fluorine-based oil, fluorine-based solvent, and silicone oil.
- the stabilizing agents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- Paraffin wax is more preferable as the stabilizing agent.
- Paraffin wax may be liquid, semi-solid, or solid at room temperature, but is preferably a saturated hydrocarbon having 12 or more carbon atoms.
- the melting point of paraffin wax is usually preferably 40 to 65°C, and more preferably 50 to 65°C.
- the amount of the stabilizing aid used is preferably 0.1 to 12% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 8% by mass, based on the mass of the aqueous medium used. It is desirable that the stabilizing aid is sufficiently hydrophobic so that it is completely separated from the aqueous TFE polymer emulsion after emulsion polymerization of TFE, and does not become a contaminating component.
- emulsion polymerization can be carried out by charging an aqueous medium, the above-mentioned hydrocarbon-based surfactant, monomers, and other additives as necessary into a polymerization reactor, stirring the contents of the reactor, and maintaining the reactor at a predetermined polymerization temperature, and then adding a predetermined amount of polymerization initiator to start the polymerization reaction. After the polymerization reaction starts, additional monomers, polymerization initiators, chain transfer agents, the above-mentioned surfactants, etc. may be added depending on the purpose. The above-mentioned hydrocarbon-based surfactant may be added after the polymerization reaction starts.
- polymerization temperature and polymerization pressure are appropriately determined according to the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the target TFE-based polymer, and reaction rate.
- polymerization temperature is 5 to 150°C, preferably 10°C or higher, more preferably 30°C or higher, and even more preferably 50°C or higher.
- more preferably 120°C or lower and even more preferably 100°C or lower.
- the polymerization pressure is 0.05 to 10 MPaG.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 0.3 MPaG or more, and even more preferably 0.5 MPaG or more.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 5.0 MPaG or less, and even more preferably 3.0 MPaG or less.
- the pressure is preferably 1.0 MPaG or more, more preferably 1.2 MPaG or more, even more preferably 1.5 MPaG or more, even more preferably 1.8 MPaG or more, and particularly preferably 2.0 MPaG or more.
- the hydrocarbon surfactant is added when the concentration of the TFE polymer formed in aqueous medium is less than 0.60% by mass.More preferably, said concentration is 0.50% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.36% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.30% by mass or less, particularly more preferably 0.20% by mass or less, particularly preferably 0.10% by mass or less, and most preferably added at the start of polymerization.
- concentration is the concentration relative to the total of aqueous medium and TFE polymer.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon surfactant at the start of polymerization is preferably 1 ppm or more relative to the aqueous medium.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon surfactant at the start of polymerization is preferably 10 ppm or more, more preferably 50 ppm or more, even more preferably 100 ppm or more, and even more preferably 200 ppm or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but for example, it is preferably 100,000 ppm, and more preferably 50,000 ppm.
- the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it can generate radicals within the above polymerization temperature range, and known oil-soluble and/or water-soluble polymerization initiators can be used. Furthermore, it can also be combined with a reducing agent or the like to initiate polymerization as a redox.
- concentration of the polymerization initiator is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer, the molecular weight of the desired TFE-based polymer, and the reaction rate.
- an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator can be used as the polymerization initiator.
- the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known oil-soluble peroxide, for example, dialkyl peroxycarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and disec-butyl peroxydicarbonate, peroxy esters such as t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate and t-butyl peroxypivalate, dialkyl peroxides such as di-t-butyl peroxide, and the like.
- dialkyl peroxycarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and disec-butyl peroxydicarbonate
- peroxy esters such as t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate and t-butyl peroxypivalate
- dialkyl peroxides such as di-t-butyl peroxide, and the like.
- di( ⁇ -hydro-dodecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide di( ⁇ -hydro-tetradecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di( ⁇ -hydro-hexadecafluorononanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluorobutyryl) peroxide, di(perfluorovaleryl) peroxide, di(perfluorohexanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluorooctanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluorononanoyl) peroxide, di( ⁇ -chloro) peroxide, and the like.
- perfluoro(or fluorochloro)acyl]peroxides include di( ⁇ -chloro-hexafluorobutyryl)peroxide, di( ⁇ -chloro-tetradecafluorooctanoyl)peroxide, ⁇ -hydro-dodecafluoroheptanoyl- ⁇ -hydrohexadecafluorononanoyl-peroxide, ⁇ -chloro-hexafluorobutyryl- ⁇ -chloro-decafluorohexanoyl-peroxide, ⁇ -hydrododecafluoroheptanoyl-perfluorobutyryl-peroxide, di(dichloropentafluorobutanoyl)peroxide, di(trichlorooctafluorohexanoyl)peroxide, di(tetrachloroundecafluorooctanoyl)peroxide
- the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known water-soluble peroxide, such as ammonium salts, potassium salts, or sodium salts of persulfuric acid, perboric acid, perchloric acid, perphosphoric acid, or percarbonic acid, t-butyl permaleate, or t-butyl hydroperoxide.
- a reducing agent such as sulfites or sulfites may also be included, and the amount used may be 0.1 to 20 times that of the peroxide.
- a redox initiator that combines an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent as the polymerization initiator.
- the oxidizing agent include persulfates, organic peroxides, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, cerium ammonium nitrate, and bromates.
- the reducing agent include sulfites, bisulfites, bromates, diimines, and oxalic acid.
- the persulfates include ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
- the sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- a copper salt or an iron salt to the combination of redox initiators.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- the oxidizing agent is permanganic acid or a salt thereof, a persulfate, manganese triacetate, a cerium (IV) salt, or bromic acid or a salt thereof, and the reducing agent is a dicarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, or a diimine. More preferably, the oxidizing agent is permanganic acid or a salt thereof, a persulfate, or bromic acid or a salt thereof, and the reducing agent is a dicarboxylic acid or a salt thereof.
- Examples of the redox initiator include combinations of potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate, manganese triacetate/oxalic acid, manganese triacetate/ammonium oxalate, cerium ammonium nitrate/oxalic acid, and cerium ammonium nitrate/ammonium oxalate.
- a redox initiator either the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent may be charged in advance in a polymerization tank, and then the other may be added continuously or intermittently to initiate polymerization.
- potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate when potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate is used, it is preferable to charge ammonium oxalate in a polymerization tank and continuously add potassium permanganate thereto.
- the redox initiator when the redox initiator is described as "potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate," it means a combination of potassium permanganate and ammonium oxalate. The same applies to other compounds.
- the redox initiator it is preferable to use an oxidizing agent or a reducing agent that can adjust the pH of the redox initiator aqueous solution to 4.0 or more.
- the redox initiator aqueous solution means an aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent having a concentration of 0.50% by mass, or an aqueous solution of a reducing agent having a concentration of 0.50% by mass. That is, it is sufficient that the pH of at least one of the 0.50 mass % aqueous solution of the oxidizing agent and the 0.50 mass % aqueous solution of the reducing agent is 4.0 or higher, and it is preferable that the pH of both the 0.50 mass % aqueous solution of the oxidizing agent and the 0.50 mass % aqueous solution of the reducing agent are 4.0 or higher.
- the pH of the aqueous redox initiator solution (a 0.50% by mass aqueous solution of an oxidizing agent or a 0.50% by mass aqueous solution of a reducing agent) is more preferably 5.0 or more, further preferably 5.5 or more, and particularly preferably 6.0 or more.
- the redox initiator is particularly preferably a combination of an oxidizing agent that is a salt and a reducing agent that is a salt.
- the oxidizing agent which is the salt is more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of persulfates, permanganates, cerium (IV) salts, and bromates, still more preferably permanganates, and particularly preferably potassium permanganate.
- the reducing agent which is the salt is more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of oxalates, malonates, succinates, glutarates and bromates, further preferably oxalates, and particularly preferably ammonium oxalate.
- the redox initiator include at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate, potassium bromate/ammonium sulfite, manganese triacetate/ammonium oxalate, and cerium ammonium nitrate/ammonium oxalate, and it is preferable that the redox initiator is at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate, potassium bromate/ammonium sulfite, and cerium ammonium nitrate/ammonium oxalate.
- the molecular weight of the resulting TFE-based polymer can be increased, and therefore the SSG can be reduced, making the polymer stretchable.
- the number of TFE-based polymer particles produced in the aqueous dispersion can be increased, and the yield of the TFE-based polymer can also be increased.
- the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent may be added all at once at the beginning of the polymerization, the reducing agent may be added all at once at the beginning of the polymerization and the oxidizing agent may be added continuously, the oxidizing agent may be added all at once at the beginning of the polymerization and the reducing agent may be added continuously, or both the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent may be added continuously.
- the amount of the oxidizing agent added is preferably 5 to 10,000 ppm, more preferably 10 to 1,000 ppm, and the amount of the reducing agent added is preferably 5 to 10,000 ppm, more preferably 10 to 1,000 ppm, relative to the aqueous medium.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably 100° C. or lower, more preferably 95° C. or lower, and even more preferably 90° C. or lower.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably 10° C. or higher, more preferably 20° C. or higher, and even more preferably 30° C. or higher.
- the amount of polymerization initiator to be added is not particularly limited, but may be added all at once, stepwise, or continuously at the beginning of polymerization in an amount that does not significantly decrease the polymerization rate (for example, a few ppm relative to the water concentration).
- the upper limit is the range in which the reaction temperature may be increased while removing heat from the equipment side using the polymerization reaction heat, and a more preferred upper limit is the range in which the polymerization reaction heat can be removed from the equipment side. More specifically, for example, 1 ppm or more is preferred relative to the aqueous medium, 10 ppm or more is more preferred, and 50 ppm or more is even more preferred. Also, 100,000 ppm or less is preferred, 10,000 ppm or less is more preferred, and 5,000 ppm or less is even more preferred.
- the aqueous medium is a reaction medium in which polymerization is carried out, and refers to a liquid containing water.
- the aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, and may contain water and, for example, a fluorine-free organic solvent such as an alcohol, ether, or ketone, and/or a fluorine-containing organic solvent having a boiling point of 40° C. or less.
- a known chain transfer agent can be added depending on the purpose to adjust the polymerization rate and molecular weight.
- the chain transfer agents include, for example, esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, various mercaptans, various halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, and cyclohexane.
- esters such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, and dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, isobutane, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone, various mercaptans, various halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, and
- Bromine compounds or iodine compounds may be used as chain transfer agents.
- the polymerization method using bromine compounds or iodine compounds includes, for example, a method of polymerizing fluoromonomers in an aqueous medium in the presence of bromine compounds or iodine compounds in a substantially oxygen-free state (iodine transfer polymerization method).
- bromine compounds or iodine compounds used include, for example, compounds represented by the general formula: R a I x B ry (wherein x and y are each an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy 1 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 2, and R a is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group or chlorofluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may contain an oxygen atom).
- R a I x B ry wherein x and y are each an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy 1 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 2, and R a is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group or chlorofluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may contain an oxygen atom.
- iodine compounds include 1,3-diiodoperfluoropropane, 2-iodoperfluoropropane, 1,3-diiodo-2-chloroperfluoropropane, 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,5-diiodo-2,4-dichloroperfluoropentane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, 1,8-diiodoperfluorooctane, 1,12-diiodoperfluorododecane, 1,16-diiodoperfluorohexadecane, diiodomethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodo-n-propane, CF 2 Br 2 , BrCF 2 CF 2 Br, CF 3 CFBrCF 2 Br, CFClBr 2 , BrCF 2 CFClBr,
- 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, and 2-iodoperfluoropropane in terms of polymerization reactivity, crosslinking reactivity, and ease of availability.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent used is usually 1 to 50,000 ppm, preferably 1 to 20,000 ppm, based on the total amount of fluoromonomer supplied.
- the chain transfer agent may be added to the reaction vessel all at once before the start of polymerization, all at once after the start of polymerization, or may be added in multiple portions during polymerization, or may be added continuously during polymerization.
- the above-mentioned production method can obtain a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion.
- the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion usually contains a TFE-based polymer, a compound (1) and/or (2), and an aqueous medium.
- the solid content concentration of the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion is not limited, but may be, for example, 1.0 to 70 mass%.
- the above-mentioned solid content concentration is preferably 8.0 mass% or more, more preferably 10.0 mass% or more, and is preferably 60.0 mass% or less, more preferably 50.0 mass% or less.
- the adhesion amount is preferably 3.0 mass% or less, more preferably 2.0 mass% or less, more preferably 1.0 mass% or less, even more preferably 0.8 mass% or less, still more preferably 0.7 mass% or less, and particularly preferably 0.6 mass% or less, based on the finally obtained TFE-based polymer.
- the coagulation in step (B) can be carried out by a known method.
- the aqueous dispersion obtained by polymerization of polymer latex or the like is usually diluted with water to a polymer concentration of 10-25% by mass (preferably a polymer concentration of 10-20% by mass), and in some cases, the pH is adjusted to neutral or alkaline, and then the mixture is stirred more vigorously than during reaction in a vessel equipped with a stirrer.
- the coagulation may be carried out while stirring while adding water-soluble organic compounds such as methanol and acetone, inorganic salts such as potassium nitrate and ammonium carbonate, and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid as coagulants.
- the coagulation may also be carried out continuously using an in-line mixer or the like.
- At least one coagulation method selected from the group consisting of a coagulation method by stirring, an ultrasonic coagulation method, a coagulation method using ultrafine bubbles, a coagulation method using an alkali, a coagulation method using an acid, a coagulation method using an oxidizing agent, a coagulation method using an organic solvent, and a coagulation method using a radical generator is preferred.
- coagulate the non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer while stirring the aqueous dispersion using at least one coagulation method selected from the group consisting of an ultrasonic coagulation method, a coagulation method using ultrafine bubbles, a coagulation method using an alkali, a coagulation method using an acid, a coagulation method using an oxidizing agent, a coagulation method using an organic solvent, and a coagulation method using a radical generator.
- the heat treatment is performed at a relatively low temperature, the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group in the wet powder cannot be sufficiently reduced, and as a result, a non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer that can be extruded at a stable extrusion pressure may not be obtained.
- the heat treatment temperature is too high, the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group in the wet powder can be reduced, but the extrusion pressure of the resulting non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer becomes too high.
- the temperature of the aqueous dispersion in which the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer is coagulated may be 3 to 95°C, may be 5°C or more, may be 10°C or more, may be 85°C or less, may be 75°C or less, or may be 60°C or less.
- the aqueous dispersion is vigorously stirred to the extent that the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer particles are coagulated.
- Stirring can be carried out, for example, using a vessel equipped with a stirrer.
- Coagulation by the coagulation method by stirring may also be carried out continuously using an in-line mixer or the like.
- ultrasonic waves strong enough to coagulate the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer particles are irradiated onto the aqueous dispersion.
- the ultrasonic output is preferably 100 W or more, more preferably 200 W or more, even more preferably 300 W or more, even more preferably 400 W or more, particularly preferably 500 W or more, and preferably 3000 W or less, more preferably 1000 W or less, and even more preferably 800 W or less.
- the frequency of the ultrasonic waves is preferably 15 kHz or more, more preferably 20 kHz or more, even more preferably 25 kHz or more, even more preferably 30 kHz or more, particularly preferably 40 kHz or more, preferably 100 kHz or less, more preferably 80 kHz or less, and even more preferably 50 kHz or less.
- the ultrasonic irradiation time is preferably 60 seconds or more, more preferably 300 seconds or more, and preferably 20 minutes or less.
- Ultrasonic irradiation can be performed using a commercially available ultrasonic generator.
- ultrasonic irradiation devices include commercially available ultrasonic transmitters (e.g., ultrasonic homogenizers), ultrasonic transmitters, circulating ultrasonic irradiation machines, ultrasonic transducers, ultrasonic cleaners, etc.
- Specific methods for irradiating with ultrasonic waves include, for example, immersing the nozzle of an ultrasonic homogenizer in the aqueous dispersion, immersing a throw-in ultrasonic transducer in a container containing the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion and irradiating the ultrasonic transducer, introducing a container containing the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion into an ultrasonic cleaner in which an aqueous medium or the like has been charged in advance and irradiating the ultrasonic transducer, introducing the TFE-based polymer dispersion into a tank-type ultrasonic cleaner or ultrasonic transmitter and irradiating the TFE-based polymer dispersion, and introducing the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion into a tank equipped with a rod-shaped ultrasonic irradiator and irradiating the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion with ultrasonic waves.
- ultrafine bubbles are generated in an aqueous dispersion in an amount sufficient to cause the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer particles to coagulate.
- Ultrafine bubbles are air bubbles with a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less. Ultrafine bubbles can be generated, for example, by irradiating an aqueous dispersion with ultrasonic waves to cause cavitation. It is also preferable to stir the aqueous dispersion in which the ultrafine bubbles have been generated.
- the treatment time with ultra-fine bubbles is preferably 60 seconds or more, more preferably 300 seconds or more, and preferably 20 minutes or less.
- an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or ammonia can be used.
- ammonia ammonium hydrogen carbonate or ammonium carbonate is preferable.
- the alkali at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and ammonia is preferable, and sodium hydroxide is more preferable. It is also preferable to stir the aqueous dispersion containing the alkali.
- an aqueous dispersion containing a fluorine-containing compound having an anionic group as a fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group is coagulated using an alkali, the anionic group of the fluorine-containing compound is converted to a salt form, increasing the water solubility of the fluorine-containing compound, which has the advantage that the fluorine-containing compound can be easily removed from the wet powder by washing the wet powder obtained by coagulation.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a salt-type anionic group that remains in the wet powder even after washing is difficult to volatilize, and therefore tends to be difficult to remove even by heat treatment of the wet powder.
- one preferred embodiment is to wash the obtained wet powder with an acid after coagulation using an alkali, and then heat treat the washed wet powder.
- an organic acid or an inorganic acid can be used.
- an inorganic acid is preferable from the viewpoint of being less likely to remain during heat treatment, and in particular, at least one selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, and hydrochloric acid is preferable, and at least one selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid is more preferable.
- the organic acid include succinic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, and trifluoroacetic acid.
- the amount of acid to be added is not limited and may be appropriately set depending on the pH of the aqueous dispersion, etc. It is also preferable to stir the aqueous dispersion containing the acid.
- inorganic acids include nitrous acid, nitric acid, sulfurous acid, sulfuric acid, persulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, chlorous acid, chloric acid, perchloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, bromic acid, iodic acid, phosphoric acid, boric acid, chromic acid, dichromate, and permanganic acid.
- salts of inorganic acids include sodium salts, potassium salts, ammonium salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts, aluminum salts, and silver salts.
- the oxidizing agent at least one selected from the group consisting of nitric acid and its salts, and perchloric acid and its salts is more preferable, at least one selected from the group consisting of nitrates and perchlorates is even more preferable, and at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium perchlorate is particularly preferable.
- Two or more oxidizing agents may be used in combination.
- an inorganic acid and an inorganic acid salt may be used in combination, or nitric acid and a nitrate (e.g., sodium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, etc.) may be used in combination. It is also preferable to stir the aqueous dispersion containing the oxidizing agent.
- the amount of the oxidizing agent added is preferably 0.01 to 20% by mass, more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, even more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, more preferably 10% by mass or less, and even more preferably 5% by mass or less, relative to the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer in the aqueous dispersion.
- the oxidizing agent is added to the aqueous dispersion and stirred to coagulate the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer.
- organic solvents can be used.
- alcohol Carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, ethoxyacetic acid, valeric acid, etc.
- Esters such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, and dimethyl carbonate
- Ketones such as methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, diacetone alcohol, and 3-methyl-2-cyclopentenone
- Aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, and xylene
- Ethers such as diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- alcohol is preferred.
- the alcohol may be any of monohydric alcohol, dihydric alcohol, and trihydric alcohol.
- the alcohol is preferably a monohydric alcohol.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol is preferably 2 to 7, more preferably 3 or more, more preferably 5 or less, and even more preferably 4 or less.
- the organic solvent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol, and even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-propanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol.
- the amount of organic solvent added is preferably 1.0% by weight or more relative to the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer in the aqueous dispersion.
- the amount of organic solvent used for coagulation is more preferably 5.0% by weight or more, even more preferably 10% by weight or more, and particularly preferably 20% by weight or more, and is preferably an amount equivalent to 50 times or less, more preferably an amount equivalent to 10 times or less, and even more preferably an amount equivalent to 5 times or less. It is also preferable to stir the aqueous dispersion containing the organic solvent.
- a water-soluble radical generator can be suitably used.
- the radical generator include organic peroxides, inorganic peroxides, organic azo compounds, and combinations of oxidizing agents and reducing agents, and at least one selected from the group consisting of inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides, and combinations of oxidizing agents and reducing agents is preferred.
- a radical generator is added to the aqueous dispersion, and the aqueous dispersion is heated to a temperature equal to or higher than the decomposition temperature of the radical generator to coagulate the non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer. It is also preferable to stir the aqueous dispersion containing the radical generator.
- the inorganic peroxide a water-soluble inorganic peroxide is preferable.
- the inorganic peroxide include hydrogen peroxide, perchlorates, perborates, perphosphates, percarbonates, and persulfates, and persulfates are preferable.
- the persulfate at least one selected from the group consisting of ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, and potassium persulfate is preferable, and ammonium persulfate is more preferable.
- the organic peroxide is preferably a water-soluble organic peroxide.
- examples of the organic peroxide include peroxydicarbonates such as disuccinic acid peroxide and diglutaric acid peroxide.
- a combination of an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent can be used as a radical generator.
- radicals can be generated from the radical generator by a redox reaction between the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent, so the temperature during heat treatment can be lowered.
- the oxidizing agent may be a persulfate, an organic peroxide, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, or cerium ammonium nitrate.
- the reducing agent may be a sulfite, a bisulfite, a bromate, a diimine, or an oxalic acid.
- the persulfate may be ammonium persulfate or potassium persulfate.
- the sulfite may be sodium sulfite or ammonium sulfite. It is also preferable to add a copper salt or an iron salt to increase the decomposition rate of the oxidizing agent.
- the copper salt may be copper(II) sulfate, and the iron salt may be iron(II) sulfate.
- the heating temperature of the aqueous dispersion containing the radical generator is not particularly limited as long as it is equal to or higher than the temperature at which the radical generator decomposes to generate radicals (decomposition temperature), but is preferably 35°C or higher, more preferably 40°C or higher, even more preferably 45°C or higher, particularly preferably 50°C or higher, preferably 120°C or lower, more preferably 110°C or lower, even more preferably 100°C or lower, and particularly preferably 90°C or lower.
- a wet powder by recovering the coagulation product produced by coagulation of the non-melt-processible TFE-based polymer, and then wash the wet powder.
- the number of washing steps may be one or more times.
- the cleaning method is preferably at least one method selected from the group consisting of agitation cleaning, ultrasonic cleaning, cleaning using ultrafine bubbles, cleaning using an alkali, cleaning using an acid, and cleaning using a radical generator.
- the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group in the wet powder cannot be sufficiently reduced, and as a result, a non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer that can be extruded at a stable extrusion pressure may not be obtained.
- the heat treatment temperature is too high, the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group in the wet powder can be reduced, but the extrusion pressure of the resulting non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer becomes too high.
- the temperature when washing the wet powder may be 3 to 95°C.
- the temperature when washing the wet powder may be 5°C or more or 10°C or more.
- the temperature when washing the wet powder may be 85°C or less, 75°C or less, or 60°C or less.
- the wet powder is put into water and the water is stirred.
- Stirring can be performed, for example, using a container equipped with a stirrer. It is preferable to perform the cleaning multiple times. When performing multiple cleanings, it is more preferable to perform the final cleaning at 30°C or less.
- the wet powder is placed in a liquid and ultrasonic waves are applied to the liquid.
- the liquid may be water or alcohol.
- the alcohol at least one selected from the group consisting of methanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol is preferred, and methanol is more preferred.
- the ultrasonic output is preferably 100 W or more, more preferably 200 W or more, even more preferably 300 W or more, even more preferably 400 W or more, particularly preferably 500 W or more, and preferably 3000 W or less, more preferably 1000 W or less, and even more preferably 800 W or less.
- the frequency of the ultrasonic waves is preferably 15 kHz or more, more preferably 20 kHz or more, even more preferably 25 kHz or more, even more preferably 30 kHz or more, particularly preferably 40 kHz or more, preferably 100 kHz or less, more preferably 80 kHz or less, and even more preferably 50 kHz or less.
- the ultrasonic irradiation time is preferably 60 seconds or more, more preferably 300 seconds or more, and preferably 180 minutes or less, more preferably 150 minutes or less, even more preferably 120 minutes or less, and particularly preferably 20 minutes or less.
- Ultrasonic irradiation can be performed using a commercially available ultrasonic generator.
- ultrasonic irradiation devices include commercially available ultrasonic transmitters (e.g., ultrasonic homogenizers), ultrasonic transmitters, circulating ultrasonic irradiation machines, ultrasonic transducers, ultrasonic cleaners, etc.
- Specific methods for irradiating powders and liquids with ultrasonic waves include, for example, immersing the nozzle of an ultrasonic homogenizer in the liquid, immersing a throw-in ultrasonic transducer in a container containing the liquid and irradiating it, introducing a container containing the liquid into an ultrasonic cleaner that has an aqueous medium or the like already charged therein and irradiating it, introducing the liquid into a tank-type ultrasonic cleaner or ultrasonic transmitter and irradiating it, and introducing the liquid into a tank equipped with a rod-shaped ultrasonic irradiator and irradiating it with ultrasonic waves.
- Ultra-fine bubbles are bubbles with a diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less. Ultra-fine bubbles can be generated, for example, by irradiating water with ultrasonic waves to cause cavitation.
- the cleaning time with ultra-fine bubbles is preferably 60 seconds or more, more preferably 300 seconds or more, and preferably 20 minutes or less.
- an alkali such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, or ammonia can be used.
- ammonia ammonium hydrogen carbonate or ammonium carbonate is preferable.
- the alkali at least one selected from the group consisting of sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, and ammonia is preferable, and sodium hydroxide is more preferable.
- washing the wet powder with an alkali, then washing the wet powder with an acid, and heat treating the washed wet powder is also one of the preferred embodiments.
- an organic acid or an inorganic acid can be used, but an inorganic acid is preferred from the viewpoint of being less likely to remain during heat treatment, and in particular, at least one acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, and hydrochloric acid is preferred, and at least one acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid is more preferred.
- the organic acid include succinic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and the like.
- the amount of acid to be added is not limited and may be appropriately set depending on the pH of the water containing the powder, etc.
- cleaning is performed by adding the wet powder and the acid to water and stirring the water.
- a water-soluble radical generator can be suitably used.
- the radical generator include organic peroxides, inorganic peroxides, organic azo compounds, and combinations of oxidizing agents and reducing agents, and at least one selected from the group consisting of inorganic peroxides, organic peroxides, and combinations of oxidizing agents and reducing agents is preferred.
- cleaning is performed by adding the wet powder and the radical generator to water, heating the water to a temperature equal to or higher than the decomposition temperature of the radical generator, and stirring.
- the radical generator used in cleaning can be any radical generator that can be used in a coagulation method using a radical generator.
- the heating temperature of the water is not particularly limited as long as it is equal to or higher than the temperature at which the radical generator decomposes to generate radicals (decomposition temperature), but is preferably 35°C or higher, more preferably 40°C or higher, even more preferably 45°C or higher, particularly preferably 50°C or higher, preferably 120°C or lower, more preferably 110°C or lower, even more preferably 100°C or lower, and particularly preferably 90°C or lower.
- step (C) it is preferable to wash the wet powder and then subject the washed wet powder to a heat treatment.
- the heat treatment can also be carried out as step (C).
- the moisture content of the moist powder to be heat treated is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 30% by mass or more, and is preferably 150% by mass or less, and more preferably 100% by mass or less.
- the heat treatment temperature is preferably 10 to 280°C.
- the heat treatment temperature may be 100°C or more, 120°C or more, 130°C or more, 140°C or more, 150°C or more, or 160°C or more.
- the heat treatment temperature may be 230°C or less, 210°C or less, 200°C or less, 190°C or less, 185°C or less, or 180°C or less. In the manufacturing method of the present disclosure, it is preferable to perform the heat treatment at a relatively low temperature in this manner.
- the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group is reduced, and a non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer that can be extruded at a low extrusion pressure and a stable extrusion pressure can be produced.
- the heat treatment time is preferably 5 to 3000 minutes.
- the heat treatment time may be 10 minutes or more, 15 minutes or more, 20 minutes or more, 30 minutes or more, 50 minutes or more, 100 minutes or more, 150 minutes or more, or 200 minutes or more.
- the heat treatment time may be 2500 minutes or less, or 2000 minutes or less. In the manufacturing method disclosed herein, it is preferable to perform heat treatment at a relatively low temperature for a relatively long time.
- the heat treatment can be carried out in air. Furthermore, carrying out the heat treatment in an oxygen-rich gas or an ozone-containing gas can further promote the reduction of the content of fluorine-containing compounds having hydrophilic groups.
- a method of heat treatment a method of contacting the wet powder with hot air or a method of heating the wet powder in the presence of water vapor is preferred. If the heat treatment is performed at a relatively low temperature, the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group in the wet powder cannot be sufficiently reduced, and as a result, a non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer that can be extruded at a stable extrusion pressure may not be obtained. On the other hand, if the heat treatment temperature is too high, the content of the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group in the wet powder can be reduced, but the extrusion pressure of the resulting non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer becomes too high. In addition to heat treating the wet powder within the above-mentioned temperature range, heat treatment using hot air or water vapor can be used to effectively remove the fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group and stabilize the extrusion pressure at a low level.
- the heat treatment using hot air can be carried out by blowing hot air onto the moist powder.
- the moist powder is placed in a container with breathable bottom and/or sides, and hot air is blown onto the placed moist powder.
- the moist powder is placed in a dryer, and hot air is blown onto the wet powder by circulating the hot air within the dryer.
- the speed of the hot air blown onto the moist powder may be 0.01 m/s or more, 0.03 m/s or more, 0.05 m/s or more, 0.10 m/s or more, 0.20 m/s or more, 0.30 m/s or more, or 0.40 m/s or more.
- the speed of the hot air blown onto the moist powder may be 10 m/s or less, 5.0 m/s or less, 3.0 m/s or less, 2.0 m/s or less, or 1.0 m/s or less.
- the treatment time may be 5 minutes or more, 10 minutes or more, 15 minutes or more, 20 minutes or more, 30 minutes or more, 40 minutes or more, 50 minutes or more, 60 minutes or more, or 80 minutes or more, and may be 300 minutes or less or 200 minutes or less.
- the temperature of the hot air blown onto the wet powder is as described above for the heat treatment temperature.
- the treatment temperature (hot air temperature) in the aeration drying treatment may be greater than 150°C, 155°C or more, 160°C or more, 165°C or more, 170°C or more, 175°C or more, or 180°C or more.
- the treatment temperature (hot air temperature) in the aeration drying treatment may be 260°C or less, 235°C or less, 230°C or less, 225°C or less, 220°C or less, 215°C or less, or 210°C or less.
- the processing temperature (temperature of the hot air) can be set to more than 250°C and not more than 280°C, and the processing time can be set to 50 minutes or less.
- the processing temperature (temperature of the hot air) can be set to more than 200°C and not more than 250°C, and the processing time can be set to 100 minutes or less.
- the processing temperature (temperature of the hot air) can be set to more than 150°C and not more than 200°C, and the processing time can be set to 200 minutes or less.
- the hot air speed in the ventilation drying process may be 0.01 m/s or more, 0.03 m/s or more, 0.05 m/s or more, or 0.10 m/s or more.
- the hot air speed in the ventilation drying process may be 10 m/s or less, 5.0 m/s or less, 3.0 m/s or less, 2.0 m/s or less, or 1.0 m/s or less.
- the amount of gas, air or steam discharged from the electric furnace may be 3% by volume or more, 5% by volume or more, or 10% by volume or more, and may be 95% by volume or less, 80% by volume or less, or 75% by volume or less, relative to the amount circulating within the electric furnace.
- the amount of gas, air or water vapor discharged from the electric furnace during the ventilation drying process may be 3% by volume or more, 5% by volume or more, or 10% by volume or more, and may be 50% by volume or less, 40% by volume or less, or 30% by volume or less, relative to the amount circulating within the electric furnace.
- the amount of gas, air or water vapor discharged from the electric furnace in a hot air circulation drying process may be 10% by volume or more, 20% by volume or more, or 30% by volume or more, and may be 95% by volume or less, 80% by volume or less, or 75% by volume or less, relative to the amount circulating within the electric furnace.
- the proportion of the amount of gas, air or steam discharged from the electric furnace relative to the amount circulating within the electric furnace may be 3% by volume or more, 5% by volume or more, or 10% by volume or more, and may be 50% by volume or less, 40% by volume or less, or 30% by volume or less.
- the proportion of the amount of gas, air or steam discharged from the electric furnace relative to that circulating within the electric furnace may be 10% by volume or more, 20% by volume or more, or 30% by volume or more, and may be 95% by volume or less, 80% by volume or less, or 75% by volume or less.
- the treatment time in the heat treatment method in which the wet powder is placed in a dryer and hot air is circulated in the dryer to blow hot air may be 120 minutes or more, 180 minutes or more, 240 minutes or more, or 300 minutes or more, and may be 1500 minutes or less, or 1200 minutes or less.
- the temperature of the hot air blown onto the wet powder is as described above as the temperature of the heat treatment.
- the treatment temperature (hot air temperature) in the hot air circulation drying treatment may be greater than 150°C, 155°C or more, 160°C or more, 165°C or more, 170°C or more, 175°C or more, or 180°C or more, and may be 235°C or less, 230°C or less, 225°C or less, 220°C or less, 215°C or less, or 210°C or less.
- the hot air speed in the hot air circulation drying process may be 0.10 m/s or more, 0.50 m/s or more, or 1.0 m/s or more, and may be 10 m/s or less, or 5.0 m/s or less.
- the heat treatment can be carried out with the moist powder placed in a container with breathable bottom and/or sides.
- the container with breathable bottom and/or sides can be any container that can withstand the heat treatment temperature, but is preferably made of a metal such as stainless steel.
- a tray (bat) with breathable bottom and/or sides is preferred, and a tray with mesh bottom and/or sides (mesh tray) is more preferred.
- the mesh is preferably either a woven mesh or a punched metal.
- the weaving method can be, for example, a plain weave, a twill weave, a plain tatami weave, or a twill tatami weave.
- a method of combining a mesh and a woven fabric can also be used.
- the fabric may be in the form of a perforated pan liner used in tray drying in an oven or a continuous belt operated in an oven, where the process steps are continuous, i.e., the agglomerates are continuously placed at one end of the belt path and purified TFE-based polymer fines are continuously removed from the opposite end of the belt path, where a shallow bed of agglomerates is continuously exposed to heated air as it moves along the path from one end to the opposite end.
- the fabric is the immediate support for the agglomerates and can be reused in additional polymer purification.
- the fabric may be of any construction, such as knit, spunbonded, or woven, that provides the required dimensional integrity depending on the form of fabric used.
- the fabric is made from yarns, and in the case of spunbonded construction, it is generally made from fibers.
- the yarns or fibers that make up the fabric provide openings between the yarns or fibers that allow the heated air to pass during the refining step but retain the TFE-based polymer agglomerates/fines particles above (i.e., do not allow the TFE-based polymer fines to pass through).
- the openings in the fabric must be small to retain the TFE-based polymer fines, but also large enough to allow the heated air and vaporized contaminants to pass through at a rate sufficient to allow refining to occur with reasonable hot air contact times.
- the mesh size is preferably 2000 ⁇ m or less (ASTM standard 10 mesh or more), more preferably 595 ⁇ m or less (30 mesh or more), even more preferably 297 ⁇ m or less (50 mesh or more), even more preferably 177 ⁇ m or less (80 mesh or more), especially preferably 149 ⁇ m or less (100 mesh or more), and especially preferably 74 ⁇ m or less (200 mesh or more). Also, 25 ⁇ m or more (500 mesh or less) is preferable.
- the opening rate is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and even more preferably 30% or more. Also, it is preferably 95% or less.
- the amount of the moist powder is preferably 10 g/ cm2 or less, more preferably 8 g/ cm2 or less, even more preferably 5 g/ cm2 or less, and particularly preferably 3 g/ cm2 or less, and is preferably 0.01 g/ cm2 or more, more preferably 0.05 g/ cm2 or more, and even more preferably 0.1 g/ cm2 or more.
- the heat treatment using water vapor can be carried out by blowing high-temperature steam onto the moist powder.
- the moist powder is placed in a container with air permeability at the bottom and/or sides, and high-temperature steam is blown onto the moist powder.
- Heat treatment using water vapor can be carried out under normal pressure or under pressure.
- the pressure when carrying out heat treatment using water vapor may be 0.10 to 4.0 MPa.
- the pressure when carrying out heat treatment under pressure may be more than 0.10 MPa and may be 0.2 MPa or less.
- the heat treatment using water vapor may be carried out under reduced pressure.
- the pressure of the heat treatment under reduced pressure may be less than 0.10 MPa or 0.09 MPa or less, and may be 0.01 MPa or more.
- the treatment time for heat treatment using water vapor may be 5 minutes or more, 10 minutes or more, 15 minutes or more, 30 minutes or more, or 40 minutes or more, and may be 10 hours or less, 8 hours or less, 6 hours or less, or 4 hours or less.
- the temperature of the water vapor sprayed onto the moist powder is as described above as the temperature of the heat treatment.
- the treatment temperature (temperature of the water vapor) in the heat treatment using water vapor may be 100°C or more, 120°C or more, 140°C or more, 160°C or more, or 170°C or more, and may be 350°C or less, 300°C or less, 250°C or less, 230°C or less, or 210°C or less.
- the amount of heating steam generated in heat treatment using water vapor may be 1 kg/h or more, 3 kg/h or more, 5 kg/h or more, or 10 kg/h or more, and may be 500 kg/h or less, 300 kg/h or less, 100 kg/h or less, 50 kg/h or less, or 30 kg/h or less.
- the heat treatment can be carried out using an electric furnace or a steam furnace.
- the heat treatment can be carried out using electric furnaces such as a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a vented box type electric furnace, a vented conveyor type electric furnace, a tunnel electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a turbo vertical electric furnace, a radiant conveyor type electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a vented rotary electric furnace, a grooved stirring electric furnace, a multi-stage disk electric furnace, a vacuum electric furnace, a cylindrical electric furnace, a vibration electric furnace, a freezing electric furnace, a drum electric furnace, a grooved electric furnace, an inverted cone type electric furnace, an extrusion furnace, a steam-heated tube bundle rotary electric furnace, an infrared electric furnace, a superheated steam electric furnace, a high-frequency electric furnace, a microwave electric furnace, a stirring electric furnace, an airflow electric furnace, or a hot air circulation electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (an apparatus in which the electric furnace
- wet powder it is also preferable to dry the wet powder by heat treatment.
- the wet powder is heated in the presence of water vapor under normal pressure or under pressure, the wet powder is usually not sufficiently dried, so it is preferable to dry the wet powder after heat treatment to obtain a non-melt-processable TFE-based polymer powder.
- step (C) the drying is usually carried out by using means such as vacuum, high frequency, hot air, etc., while keeping the wet powder in a state where it is not very fluid, preferably in a state where it is left still.
- the friction between powders, especially at high temperatures, generally has an unfavorable effect on fine powder type TFE polymer.This is because the particles made of this kind of TFE polymer have the property of easily fibrillating even under small shear force, and losing the original stable particle structure state.
- the drying temperature is preferably 300° C. or less, more preferably 250° C. or less, even more preferably 230° C. or less, even more preferably 210° C. or less, even more preferably 190° C. or less, and particularly preferably 170° C.
- the temperature is preferably 10° C. or more, more preferably 100° C. or more, even more preferably 150° C. or more, even more preferably 170° C. or more, even more preferably 190° C. or more, and particularly preferably 210° C. or more. In order to further increase the strength ratio, it is preferable to appropriately adjust within this temperature range.
- step (C) it is preferable to place the wet powder obtained in step (B) in a container with air permeability at the bottom and/or sides, and heat treat it at a temperature of 130 to 300°C for 2 hours or more.
- heat treatment it is possible to efficiently remove the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less together with water, and it is possible to keep the contents of the above-mentioned compounds (1) and (2) and the water content within the above-mentioned ranges.
- the temperature of the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably 140°C or higher, more preferably 150°C or higher, even more preferably 160°C or higher, even more preferably 180°C or higher, even more preferably 200°C or higher, particularly preferably 220°C or higher, and is preferably 280°C or lower, more preferably 250°C or lower, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds.
- the time for the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably 5 hours or more, more preferably 10 hours or more, and even more preferably 15 hours or more, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds.
- the wind speed in step (C) is preferably 0.01 m/s or more, more preferably 0.03 m/s or more, even more preferably 0.05 m/s or more, and even more preferably 0.1 m/s or more, from the viewpoint of more efficiently removing moisture and fluorine-containing compounds. Also, from the viewpoint of suppressing scattering of powder, it is preferably 50 m/s or less, more preferably 30 m/s or less, and even more preferably 10 m/s or less.
- the heat treatment in step (C) can be carried out using an electric furnace or a steam furnace.
- electric furnaces such as a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a radiant conveyor type electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a vacuum electric furnace, an agitator type electric furnace, an airflow type electric furnace, or a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device in which the electric furnace in the device name of each electric furnace is replaced with a steam furnace).
- electric furnaces such as a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a radiant conveyor type electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a vacuum electric furnace, an agitator type electric furnace, an airflow type electric furnace, or a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device in which the electric furnace in the
- a parallel flow box type electric furnace In terms of being able to remove moisture more efficiently, a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device in which the electric furnace in the device name of each electric furnace is replaced with a steam furnace) is preferred.
- the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably carried out by placing the wet powder in a container having air permeability at its bottom and/or sides, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and the fluorine-containing compound.
- the container having air permeability at its bottom and/or sides may be any container that can withstand the heat treatment temperature, and is preferably made of a metal such as stainless steel.
- a tray (bat) having breathability on the bottom and/or sides is preferable, and a tray whose bottom and/or sides are made of mesh (mesh tray) is more preferable.
- the mesh is preferably either a woven mesh or a punched metal.
- the mesh size is preferably 2000 ⁇ m or less (ASTM standard 10 mesh or more), more preferably 595 ⁇ m or less (30 mesh or more), even more preferably 297 ⁇ m or less (50 mesh or more), even more preferably 177 ⁇ m or less (80 mesh or more), particularly preferably 149 ⁇ m or less (100 mesh or more), and particularly preferably 74 ⁇ m or less (200 mesh or more). Also, 25 ⁇ m or more (500 mesh or less) is preferable.
- the weaving method may be, for example, plain weave, twill weave, plain tatami weave, or twill tatami weave.
- the opening ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and even more preferably 30% or more, and is preferably 95% or less.
- the amount of the moist powder disposed is, from the viewpoint of more efficiently removing moisture and fluorine-containing compounds, preferably 10 g/ cm2 or less, more preferably 8 g/ cm2 or less, even more preferably 5 g/ cm2 or less, particularly preferably 3 g/ cm2 or less, and is preferably 0.01 g/ cm2 or more, more preferably 0.05 g/ cm2 or more, and even more preferably 0.1 g/ cm2 or more.
- the moisture content of the moist powder to be heat-treated in step (C) is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 30% by mass or more, relative to the moist powder, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds, and is preferably 150% by mass or less, and more preferably 100% by mass or less.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is used in a binder for solid secondary batteries.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may be used alone or in a mixture with other materials (e.g., polymers other than TFE-based polymers).
- other materials e.g., polymers other than TFE-based polymers.
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for solid secondary batteries consisting essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition comprising a TFE-based polymer and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following general formula (1) and a compound represented by the following general formula (2) (hereinafter also referred to as binder (1) of the present disclosure).
- binder (1) (H-(CF 2 ) m-1 -COO) p M 1 (In the formula, m is 4 to 20.
- M 1 is H, a metal atom, NR 5 4 (R 5 may be the same or different and is H or an organic group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably an organic group not containing fluorine)), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- p is 1 or 2.
- M2 is H, a metal atom, NR54 ( R5 is the same as above), an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent.
- q is 1 or 2.
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for solid secondary batteries that consists essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition being stretchable and having a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400°C or lower (hereinafter also referred to as binder (2) of the present disclosure).
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for solid secondary batteries that consists essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition being stretchable, and that has a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492°C or lower (hereinafter also referred to as binder (3) of the present disclosure).
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for solid secondary batteries that consists essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition being stretchable, having a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more, and substantially free of moisture (hereinafter also referred to as binder (4) of the present disclosure).
- a binder for solid secondary batteries that consists essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition being stretchable, having a thermal instability index (TII) of 20 or more, and substantially free of moisture (hereinafter also referred to as binder (4) of the present disclosure).
- TII thermal instability index
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for solid secondary batteries consisting essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition having a standard specific gravity of 2.200 or less, a 0.1% mass loss temperature of 400°C or less, and substantially no moisture (hereinafter also referred to as binder (5) of the present disclosure).
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for solid secondary batteries that is substantially composed of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition having a standard specific gravity of 2.200 or less, a 1.0% mass loss temperature of 492°C or less, and is substantially free of moisture (hereinafter also referred to as binder (6) of the present disclosure).
- binders (1) to (6) of the present disclosure are collectively referred to as "binders of the present disclosure.”
- the binder of the present disclosure contains a specific TFE-based polymer composition, and therefore can improve the strength of the composite sheet.
- deterioration of battery characteristics e.g., a decrease in capacity
- the process and costs involved in using a dispersion medium can be reduced.
- the binder of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength with active materials and electrolytes, the amount used can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder of the present disclosure can be the same as the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure described above, and the preferred embodiments are also the same.
- the binder of the present disclosure is substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition. This allows the effect of the TFE-based polymer composition to be significantly exhibited.
- “Substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition” means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is 95.0 mass% or more relative to the binder.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition relative to the binder is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the binder of the present disclosure consists solely of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of organic solvent. This can reduce the steps and costs associated with the use of organic solvent. "Substantially free of organic solvent” means that the organic solvent content of the binder is 5% by mass or less.
- the organic solvent content is preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.01% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.001% by mass or less.
- the binder of the present disclosure is preferably in the form of a powder.
- the binder of the present disclosure is used in solid-state secondary batteries and can be suitably used as a binder for solid-state lithium-ion batteries and the like.
- the binder of the present disclosure can be suitably used as a binder in a solid electrolyte layer.
- the binder of the present disclosure can also be particularly suitably used as a binder for electrodes.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrolyte layer mixture containing the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder for solid secondary batteries of the present disclosure and a solid electrolyte.
- a solid electrolyte with suppressed deterioration can be obtained.
- the strength of the mixture sheet can be improved.
- the solid electrolyte can be retained, so that a larger amount of solid electrolyte can be added.
- the solid electrolyte may be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte or an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte when used, it has the advantage of being flexible.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains lithium.
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing lithium are used in solid-state batteries that use lithium ions as a carrier, and are particularly preferred in terms of electrochemical devices with high energy density.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is preferably a compound that contains oxygen atoms (O), has the ionic conductivity of a metal belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation properties.
- Ceramic materials in which elements have been substituted for LLZ are also known.
- Ceramic materials in which elements have been substituted for LLZ are also known.
- Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 , Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 , Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12, etc. , in which LLZ is partially substituted with Al
- Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12, etc.
- LLZ is partially substituted with Ta, etc.
- LLZ-based ceramic materials in which at least one element of Mg (magnesium) and A (A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), and Ba (barium)) is substituted for LLZ can be mentioned.
- phosphorus compounds containing Li, P, and O are also desirable.
- the lithium phosphate include lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), LiPON in which part of the oxygen in lithium phosphate is replaced with nitrogen, LiPOD 1 (D 1 is at least one selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Ta, W, Pt, Au, etc.), etc.
- LiA 1 ON is at least one selected from Si, B, Ge, Al, C, Ga, etc.
- Specific examples include Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -TiO 2 -GeO 2 , Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -TiO 2 , etc.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains lithium.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte containing lithium is used in solid-state batteries that use lithium ions as a carrier, and is particularly preferred in that it is an electrochemical device having a high energy density.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is preferably an oxide having a crystalline structure.
- Oxides having a crystalline structure are particularly preferred in terms of good Li ion conductivity.
- Examples of oxides having a crystalline structure include perovskite type ( La0.51Li0.34TiO2.94 , etc.), NASICON type ( Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7 ( PO4 ) 3 , etc. ) , and garnet type ( Li7La3Zr2O12 ( LLZ ) , etc.). Among them, NASICON type is preferred .
- the volume average particle diameter of the oxide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.03 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the oxide-based solid electrolyte particles is measured by the following procedure.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte particles are diluted and adjusted to a 1 mass % dispersion in a 20 ml sample bottle using water (heptane in the case of a substance unstable in water).
- the diluted dispersion sample is irradiated with 1 kHz ultrasound for 10 minutes and used for testing immediately thereafter.
- the content of the binder may be 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and may be 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 5% by mass or less, and most preferably 3% by mass or less. If the proportion of the binder is too low, the solid electrolyte cannot be sufficiently held, and the mechanical strength of the electrolyte layer mixture sheet may be insufficient, which may deteriorate the battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if the proportion is too high, it may lead to a decrease in conductivity. Since the binder of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength, the solid electrolyte can be sufficiently held even if the content is small.
- the binder component is preferably substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition, and more preferably of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder component substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder component constituting the electrolyte layer mixture is 95.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is preferably 98.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the electrolyte layer mixture of the present disclosure is preferably in sheet form.
- the electrolyte layer mixture of the present disclosure is suitable for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is usually used in the form of a sheet.
- the electrolyte layer mixture sheet, and the electrode mixture sheet preferably have a thickness of 300 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 180 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrode mixture comprising the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder for solid secondary batteries of the present disclosure and an electrode active material.
- an electrode mixture of the present disclosure an electrode capable of suppressing deterioration of battery characteristics (e.g., decrease in capacity) can be obtained.
- the strength of the mixture sheet can be improved.
- the electrode active material can be held, so that more materials that improve battery characteristics, such as active materials and conductive assistants, can be added.
- the electrode active material includes a positive electrode active material and a negative electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically absorb and release alkali metal ions, but for example, a material containing an alkali metal and at least one transition metal is preferred. Specific examples include alkali metal-containing transition metal complex oxides and alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compounds. In particular, alkali metal-containing transition metal complex oxides that generate high voltage are preferred as the positive electrode active material. Examples of the alkali metal ions include lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the alkali metal ions may be lithium ions. That is, in this embodiment, the alkali metal ion secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- alkali metal-containing transition metal composite oxide examples include: Formula: M a Mn 2-b M 1 b O 4 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; 0.9 ⁇ a; 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.5; M1 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), an alkali metal-manganese spinel composite oxide (such as a lithium-manganese spinel composite oxide), Formula: MNi 1-c M 2 c O 2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5; M2 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), or an alkal
- MCoO2 , MMnO2 , MNiO2 , MMn2O4 , MNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 , MNi1 / 3Co1/3Mn1 / 3O2 , etc. are preferred, and a compound represented by the following general formula (3) is preferable.
- M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K
- the alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compound is, for example, a compound represented by the following formula (4): M e M 4 f (PO 4 ) g (4) (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K, and M4 is at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu, and 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 3, 1 ⁇ f ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ g ⁇ 3.)
- M is preferably at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K, more preferably Li or Na, and even more preferably Li. That is, the alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably a lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound.
- the transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc., and specific examples thereof include iron phosphates such as LiFePO4 , Li3Fe2 ( PO4 ) 3 , and LiFeP2O7 , cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO4 , and lithium transition metal phosphate compounds in which a part of the transition metal atoms that constitute the main part of the lithium transition metal phosphate compound is replaced with other elements such as Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, and Si.
- the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably one having an olivine structure.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium-nickel-based composite oxides.
- the lithium-nickel-based composite oxides are represented by the following general formula (5): Li y Ni 1-x M x O 2 (5) (wherein x is 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.7, y is 0.9 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.0, and M is a metal atom (excluding Li and Ni)) is preferred.
- positive electrode active material examples include MFePO 4 , MNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , M 1.2 Fe 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 , MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 , MV 3 O 6 , and M 2 MnO 3 .
- positive electrode active materials such as M 2 MnO 3 and MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 are preferred in that the crystal structure does not collapse even when the secondary battery is operated at a voltage exceeding 4.4 V or a voltage of 4.6 V or more.
- electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries using positive electrode materials containing the above-mentioned positive electrode active materials are preferred because the remaining capacity is not easily reduced and the resistance increase rate is not easily changed even when stored at high temperatures, and the battery performance is not deteriorated even when operated at high voltages.
- the positive electrode active material include a solid solution material of M2MnO3 and MM6O2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and M6 is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, or Fe).
- an example of the solid solution material is an alkali metal manganese oxide represented by the general formula Mx[Mn (1-y) M7y ] Oz , where M in the formula is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and M7 is at least one metal element other than M and Mn, and contains, for example, one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Fe, Ti, Mo, W, Cr, Zr, and Sn.
- the values of x, y, and z in the formula are in the ranges of 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and 1.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 3.
- manganese -containing solid solution materials such as Li1.2Mn0.5Co0.14Ni0.14O2, which are based on Li2MnO3 and contain LiNiO2 or LiCoO2 as a solid solution , are preferred because they can provide an alkali metal ion secondary battery having a high energy density.
- lithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material, since this improves the continuous charging characteristics.
- the amount of lithium phosphate used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, with respect to the total of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate, and is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, and even more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- a material having a different composition may be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- surface-attached materials include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; sulfates such as lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and aluminum sulfate; carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; and carbon.
- These surface-attaching substances can be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material by, for example, dissolving or suspending them in a solvent, impregnating and adding them to the positive electrode active material, and drying them; dissolving or suspending a surface-attaching substance precursor in a solvent, impregnating and adding them to the positive electrode active material, and then reacting them by heating or the like; or adding them to a positive electrode active material precursor and simultaneously baking them.
- attaching carbon a method can also be used in which the carbonaceous material is mechanically attached later in the form of, for example, activated carbon.
- the amount of the surface-attached substance is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, and even more preferably 10 ppm or more, and preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, and even more preferably 5% or less, by mass relative to the positive electrode active material.
- the surface-attached substance can suppress the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material, thereby improving the battery life, but if the amount of attachment is too small, the effect is not fully manifested, and if it is too large, the movement of lithium ions is inhibited, which may increase resistance.
- the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material may be, as conventionally used, a block, polyhedron, sphere, oval sphere, plate, needle, column, etc. Primary particles may also aggregate to form secondary particles.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.5 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 0.8 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.0 g/cm 3 or more. If the tap density of the positive electrode active material is below the lower limit, the amount of conductive material and binder required during the formation of the positive electrode active material layer increases, the filling rate of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is restricted, and the battery capacity may be restricted. By using a complex oxide powder with a high tap density, a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the tap density is generally preferably as high as possible, and there is no particular upper limit, but if it is too high, the diffusion of lithium ions in the positive electrode active material layer using the electrolyte as a medium becomes rate-limiting, and the load characteristics may be easily deteriorated, so the upper limit is preferably 4.0 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.7 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 3.5 g/cm 3 or less.
- the tap density is determined as the powder packing density (tap density) g/cm 3 when 5 to 10 g of the positive electrode active material powder is placed in a 10 ml glass measuring cylinder and tapped 200 times with a stroke of about 20 mm.
- the median diameter d50 of the particles of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more, and most preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more, and is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 22 ⁇ m or less. If it is below the lower limit, a high tap density product may not be obtained, and if it exceeds the upper limit, it may take time for lithium to diffuse within the particles, resulting in a decrease in battery performance.
- the filling property during positive electrode production can be further improved.
- the median diameter d50 is measured by a known laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measuring device.
- a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of sodium hexametaphosphate is used as the dispersion medium during the measurement, and the measurement is performed after ultrasonic dispersion for 5 minutes with a measurement refractive index set to 1.24.
- the average primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 2 ⁇ m or less. If the upper limit is exceeded, it is difficult to form spherical secondary particles, which may adversely affect the powder packing property or greatly reduce the specific surface area, and therefore the battery performance such as output characteristics may be likely to decrease. Conversely, if the lower limit is exceeded, problems such as poor reversibility of charge and discharge may occur due to underdeveloped crystals.
- the average primary particle diameter is measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, in a photograph at a magnification of 10,000 times, the longest intercept value of a horizontal line at the left and right boundaries of a primary particle is determined for any 50 primary particles, and the average value is calculated.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 m2 /g or more, more preferably 0.2 m2 /g or more, and even more preferably 0.3 m2/g or more, and the upper limit is preferably 50 m2 /g or less, more preferably 40 m2/g or less, and even more preferably 30 m2 /g or less. If the BET specific surface area is smaller than this range, the battery performance is likely to decrease, and if it is larger, the tap density is difficult to increase, and problems may easily occur in formability when forming the positive electrode active material layer.
- the BET specific surface area is defined as a value measured by a nitrogen adsorption BET single-point method using a gas flow method, using a surface area meter (e.g., a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Ohkura Riken Co., Ltd.) after pre-drying a sample at 150° C. for 30 minutes under a nitrogen flow and then using a nitrogen/helium mixed gas accurately adjusted so that the relative pressure of nitrogen to atmospheric pressure is 0.3.
- a surface area meter e.g., a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Ohkura Riken Co., Ltd.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material are mainly secondary particles. It is preferable that the particles of the positive electrode active material have an average secondary particle diameter of 40 ⁇ m or less and contain 0.5 to 7.0 volume % of fine particles with an average primary particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less. By containing fine particles with an average primary particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less, the contact area with the electrolyte is increased, and lithium ions can be diffused more quickly between the electrode mixture and the electrolyte, resulting in improved output performance of the battery.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material is a general method for manufacturing inorganic compounds.
- various methods can be considered for manufacturing spherical or elliptical active materials, for example, the raw material of transition metal is dissolved or crushed and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH is adjusted while stirring to prepare spherical precursors, which are then dried as necessary, and then LiOH, Li2CO3 , LiNO3 , or other Li sources are added and calcined at high temperature to obtain active materials.
- the positive electrode active material may be used alone, or two or more different compositions may be used in any combination or ratio.
- preferred combinations include a combination of LiCoO2 and a ternary system such as LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 , a combination of LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is preferably 50 to 99.5% by mass of the positive electrode mixture, more preferably 80 to 99% by mass, in terms of high battery capacity.
- the content in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 84% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less. If the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is low, the electrical capacity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is too high, the strength of the positive electrode may be insufficient.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include lithium metal, artificial graphite, graphite carbon fiber, resin-sintered carbon, pyrolytic vapor-grown carbon, coke, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), furfuryl alcohol resin-sintered carbon, polyacene, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, natural graphite, and carbonaceous materials such as non-graphitizable carbon, silicon-containing compounds such as silicon and silicon alloys, and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , or a mixture of two or more types.
- those containing at least a carbonaceous material and silicon-containing compounds can be particularly preferably used.
- the negative electrode active material used in this disclosure preferably contains silicon as a constituent element.
- a material that contains silicon as a constituent element By using a material that contains silicon as a constituent element, a high-capacity battery can be produced.
- silicon particles particles having a structure in which fine silicon particles are dispersed in a silicon-based compound, silicon oxide particles represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), or a mixture of these are preferred.
- SiOx silicon oxide particles represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), or a mixture of these are preferred.
- silicon oxide is a general term for amorphous silicon oxide, and silicon oxide before disproportionation is represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6).
- x is preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6, and more preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3.
- This silicon oxide can be obtained, for example, by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metallic silicon to produce silicon monoxide gas, which is then cooled and precipitated.
- Particles having a structure in which silicon particles are dispersed in a silicon-based compound can be obtained, for example, by firing a mixture of silicon particles and a silicon-based compound, or by heat treating silicon oxide particles before disproportionation, represented by the general formula SiOx, in an inert, non-oxidizing atmosphere such as argon at a temperature of 400°C or higher, preferably 800 to 1,100°C, to carry out a disproportionation reaction.
- the material obtained by the latter method is particularly suitable because the silicon crystallites are uniformly dispersed.
- the size of the silicon nanoparticles can be made 1 to 100 nm by the above-mentioned disproportionation reaction.
- the silicon oxide in the particles having a structure in which silicon nanoparticles are dispersed in silicon oxide is preferably silicon dioxide. Note that it is possible to confirm that silicon nanoparticles (crystals) are dispersed in amorphous silicon oxide using a transmission electron microscope.
- the physical properties of the silicon-containing particles can be appropriately selected depending on the desired composite particles.
- the average particle size is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, with the lower limit being more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the above average particle size is represented by the weight average particle size in particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method.
- the BET specific surface area is preferably 0.5 to 100 m 2 /g, and more preferably 1 to 20 m 2 /g. If the BET specific surface area is 0.5 m 2 /g or more, there is no risk of the adhesiveness decreasing when processed into an electrode, resulting in a decrease in battery characteristics. If the BET specific surface area is 100 m 2 /g or less, the proportion of silicon dioxide on the particle surface becomes large, and there is no risk of the battery capacity decreasing when used as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Methods for imparting electrical conductivity include mixing the silicon-containing particles with electrically conductive particles such as graphite, coating the surfaces of the silicon-containing particles with a carbon coating, and combining both methods.
- the carbon coating method is preferred, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is even more preferred.
- the content of the negative electrode active material is preferably 40% by mass or more in the electrode mixture, more preferably 50% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 60% by mass or more, in order to increase the capacity of the resulting electrode mixture.
- the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure preferably further contains a conductive assistant.
- a conductive assistant Any known conductive material can be used as the conductive assistant. Specific examples include metal materials such as copper and nickel, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and carbon materials such as amorphous carbon such as needle coke, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and VGCF. These may be used alone or in any combination and ratio of two or more.
- the conductive assistant is used in an amount of usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more in the electrode mixture, and usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. If the content is lower than this range, the conductivity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is higher than this range, the battery capacity may decrease.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure may further contain a thermoplastic polymer.
- the thermoplastic polymer include polyvinylidene fluoride, vinylidene fluoride copolymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene oxide.
- the thermoplastic polymer may be a resin or an elastomer.
- one type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic polymer to the electrode active material is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 0.10% by mass or more, and usually 3.0% by mass or less, preferably 2.5% by mass or less, more preferably 2.0% by mass or less. Adding a thermoplastic polymer can improve the mechanical strength of the electrode. Furthermore, if the ratio exceeds this range, the ratio of the electrode active material in the electrode mixture decreases, which may cause problems such as a decrease in battery capacity and an increase in resistance between active materials.
- the content of the binder may be 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and may be 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 5% by mass or less, and most preferably 3% by mass or less. If the proportion of the binder is too low, the electrode mixture active material cannot be sufficiently held, and the mechanical strength of the electrode mixture sheet may be insufficient, which may deteriorate the battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if the proportion is too high, it may lead to a decrease in battery capacity and conductivity. Since the binder of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength, even if the content is small, the electrode active material can be sufficiently held.
- the binder component is preferably substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition, and more preferably of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder component substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder component constituting the electrode mixture is 95.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is preferably 98.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is preferably in sheet form.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure can be suitably used as an electrode mixture for secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is suitable for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is usually used in the form of a sheet.
- the electrode mixture sheet preferably has a thickness of 300 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 180 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more.
- the electrode mixture sheet can be obtained by a production method including a step (1) of mixing a raw material composition containing an electrode active material, a binder, and, if necessary, a conductive assistant, a step (2) of forming the raw material composition obtained by the step (1) into a bulk form, and a step (3) of rolling the bulk raw material composition obtained by the step (2) into a sheet form.
- the raw material composition is simply a mixture of the electrode active material, binder, etc., and exists in a state without a fixed shape.
- Specific mixing methods include mixing methods using a W-type mixer, V-type mixer, drum-type mixer, ribbon mixer, conical screw-type mixer, single-shaft kneader, twin-shaft kneader, mix muller, stirring mixer, planetary mixer, etc.
- the binder mixing conditions are preferably 3000 rpm or less.
- it is 10 rpm or more, more preferably 15 rpm or more, and even more preferably 20 rpm or more, and is preferably 2000 rpm or less, more preferably 1500 rpm or less, and even more preferably 1000 rpm or less. If it is below the above range, mixing will take a long time, which will affect productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation will proceed excessively, and the electrode mixture sheet may have poor strength and flexibility.
- forming into a bulk shape means forming the raw material composition into a single mass.
- Specific methods for forming into a bulk shape include extrusion molding, press molding, and the like.
- the term "bulk shape” does not specify a particular shape, and may refer to a state in which the raw material composition is in the form of a single mass, and includes shapes such as rods, sheets, spheres, and cubes.
- Specific rolling methods in the above step (3) include rolling using a roll press, a flat plate press, a calendar roll machine, etc.
- step (4) after step (3) in which a larger load is applied to the obtained rolled sheet to roll it into an even thinner sheet. It is also preferable to repeat step (4). In this way, the rolled sheet is not thinned all at once, but is rolled little by little in stages, thereby improving flexibility.
- the number of times step (4) is performed is preferably from 2 to 10 times, and more preferably from 3 to 9 times. Specific rolling methods include, for example, a method in which two or more rolls are rotated and the rolled sheet is passed between them to process it into a thinner sheet.
- step (5) after step (3) or step (4) in which the rolled sheet is roughly crushed, then remolded into a bulk shape and rolled into a sheet shape. It is also preferable to repeat step (5).
- the number of times of step (5) is preferably 1 to 12 times, and more preferably 2 to 11 times.
- step (5) Specific methods for roughly crushing the rolled sheet and forming it into a bulk shape in step (5) include folding the sheet, forming it into a rod or thin sheet shape, chipping, etc.
- "rough crushing” means changing the shape of the rolled sheet obtained in step (3) or step (4) into a different shape in order to roll it into a sheet shape in the next step, and also includes the case where the rolled sheet is simply folded.
- step (4) may be performed after step (5), or may be performed repeatedly. Furthermore, uniaxial or biaxial stretching may be performed in steps (2), (3), (4), and (5). Furthermore, the fibril diameter can be adjusted by the degree of crushing in step (5).
- the rolling ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 65% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less. If it is below the above range, the number of rolling times increases, which takes time and affects productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation may proceed excessively, resulting in an electrode mixture sheet with poor strength and flexibility.
- the rolling ratio here refers to the reduction rate of the thickness of the sample after processing relative to the thickness before rolling.
- the sample before rolling may be a bulk-shaped raw material composition or a sheet-shaped raw material composition.
- the thickness of the sample refers to the thickness in the direction in which a load is applied during rolling.
- the electrode mixture sheet is Step (a): mixing a powder component and a binder to form an electrode mixture; Step (b): calendaring or extruding the electrode mix to produce a sheet;
- the mixing in step (a) is (a1) homogenizing the powder components and the binder to form a powder;
- the electrode mixture can also be suitably produced by a production method comprising the step (a2) of mixing the powdered raw material mixture obtained in the step (a1) to prepare an electrode mixture.
- PTFE has two transition temperatures at about 19°C and about 30°C. Below 19°C, PTFE can be easily mixed while still maintaining its shape. However, above 19°C, the PTFE particles become loosely structured and more sensitive to mechanical shear. At temperatures above 30°C, a greater degree of fibrillation occurs.
- the homogenization of (a1) is carried out at a temperature below 19°C, preferably between 0°C and 19°C. That is, in such (a1), it is preferable to mix and homogenize while suppressing fibrillation.
- the subsequent mixing step (a2) is preferably carried out at a temperature of 30° C. or higher to promote fibrillation.
- step (a2) is preferably carried out at a temperature of from 30°C to 150°C, more preferably from 35°C to 120°C, even more preferably from 40°C to 80°C.
- the calendaring or extrusion of step (b) above is carried out at a temperature between 30°C and 150°C, preferably between 35°C and 120°C, more preferably between 40°C and 100°C.
- the mixing in the above step (a) is preferably carried out while applying a shear force.
- Specific examples of the mixing method include mixing methods using a W-type mixer, a V-type mixer, a drum mixer, a ribbon mixer, a conical screw mixer, a single-shaft kneader, a twin-shaft kneader, a mix muller, a stirring mixer, a planetary mixer, a Henschel mixer, a high-speed mixer, or the like.
- the mixing conditions may be appropriately set by the number of rotations and the mixing time.
- the number of rotations is preferably 15,000 rpm or less. It is preferably 10 rpm or more, more preferably 50 rpm or more, and even more preferably 100 rpm or more, and is preferably 12,000 rpm or less, more preferably 10,000 rpm or less, and even more preferably 8,000 rpm. If it is below the above range, it will take a long time to mix, which will affect productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation will proceed excessively, and the electrode mixture sheet may have poor strength.
- the step (a1) is preferably carried out with a weaker shear force than the step (a2). Moreover, it is desirable to carry out the step (a1) for a shorter time than the step (a2).
- the raw material composition does not contain a liquid solvent, but a small amount of lubricant may be used. That is, a lubricant may be added to the powdered raw material mixture obtained in the above step (a1) to prepare a paste.
- the above-mentioned lubricants are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water, ether compounds, alcohols, ionic liquids, carbonates, aliphatic hydrocarbons (low polarity solvents such as heptane and xylene), isoparaffinic hydrocarbon compounds, and petroleum fractions (gasoline (C4-C10), naphtha (C4-C11), kerosene/paraffin (C10-C16), and mixtures thereof).
- the lubricant preferably has a water content of 1000 ppm or less.
- a moisture content of 1000 ppm or less is preferable in terms of reducing deterioration of the electrochemical device, and the moisture content is more preferably 500 ppm or less.
- lubricants When using the above lubricants, it is particularly preferable that they are low polarity solvents such as butyl butyrate or ether compounds.
- the amount thereof may be 5.0 to 35.0 parts by weight, preferably 10.0 to 30.0 parts by weight, and more preferably 15.0 to 25.0 parts by weight, based on the total weight of the composition used in step (a1).
- the raw material composition preferably does not substantially contain a liquid medium.
- Conventional electrode mixture forming methods generally involve preparing a slurry in which powder, which is an electrode mixture component, is dispersed using a solvent in which a binder is dissolved, and then preparing an electrode mixture sheet by applying and drying the slurry.
- a solvent that disperses or dissolves the binder is used.
- the solvents that can dissolve the binder resins that have been commonly used in the past are limited to specific solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone. Since the solvents have high polarity and require a drying process, the use of the solvents results in steps and costs.
- an electrode mixture sheet containing a binder with a fine fiber structure can be manufactured, and by not producing a slurry, the burden on the manufacturing process can be reduced.
- Step (b) is calendering or extrusion. Calendering and extrusion can be performed by a known method. By this, it is possible to form the shape of an electrode mixture sheet.
- the step (b) preferably includes the steps of: (b1) forming the electrode mixture obtained in the step (a) into a bulk form; and (b2) calendaring or extrusion molding the bulk form of the electrode mixture.
- Forming into a bulk form means forming the electrode mixture into a single mass.
- Specific methods for forming the material into a bulk form include extrusion molding, press molding, and the like.
- the term "bulk” does not specify a particular shape, but may refer to a state in which the material is in the form of a single mass, and includes shapes such as rods, sheets, spheres, and cubes.
- the size of the mass is preferably such that the diameter or the smallest side of the cross section is 10,000 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20,000 ⁇ m or more.
- step (b2) Specific examples of the calendaring or extrusion molding method in step (b2) include rolling the electrode mixture using a roll press, a calendar roll machine, or the like.
- step (b) is preferably carried out at 30 to 150°C.
- TFE-based polymers have a glass transition temperature around 30°C, and therefore are easily fibrillated at temperatures of 30°C or higher. Therefore, it is preferable to carry out step (b) at such a temperature.
- Calendaring or extrusion applies shear forces, which fibrillate the TFE-based polymer and form it into a shape.
- step (c) after the step (b) in which a larger load is applied to the obtained rolled sheet to roll it into a thinner sheet. It is also preferable to repeat the step (c). In this way, the rolled sheet is not thinned at once, but is rolled little by little in stages, thereby improving flexibility.
- the number of times of the step (c) is preferably from 2 to 10, and more preferably from 3 to 9.
- a specific rolling method includes, for example, a method in which a rolled sheet is passed between two or more rotating rolls to process it into a thinner sheet.
- step (d) after step (b) or step (c) in which the rolled sheet is roughly crushed, then remolded into a bulk shape and rolled into a sheet shape. It is also preferable to repeat step (d).
- the number of times of step (d) is preferably 1 to 12 times, and more preferably 2 to 11 times.
- step (d) Specific methods for roughly crushing the rolled sheet and forming it into a bulk shape in step (d) include folding the rolled sheet, forming it into a rod or thin sheet shape, chipping, etc.
- "rough crushing” means changing the shape of the rolled sheet obtained in step (b) or step (c) into a different shape in order to roll it into a sheet shape in the next step, and also includes the case where the rolled sheet is simply folded.
- step (c) may be carried out after step (d), or may be carried out repeatedly.
- uniaxial or biaxial stretching may be carried out in the steps (a), (b), (c) and (d).
- the sheet strength can also be adjusted by the degree of coarse crushing in step (d).
- the rolling ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 65% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less. If it is below the above range, the number of rolling times increases and it takes time, which affects productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation may proceed excessively, resulting in an electrode mixture sheet with poor strength and flexibility.
- the rolling ratio here refers to the reduction rate of the thickness of the sample after rolling to the thickness before rolling.
- the sample before rolling may be a bulk raw material composition or a sheet-like raw material composition.
- the thickness of the sample refers to the thickness in the direction in which a load is applied during rolling.
- the above steps (c) and (d) are preferably carried out at 30° C. or higher, more preferably 60° C. or higher, and preferably 150° C. or lower.
- the electrode mixture sheet can be used as an electrode mixture sheet for a secondary battery. It can be used for either a negative electrode or a positive electrode. In particular, the electrode mixture sheet is suitable for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrode comprising the above-described TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder for solid secondary batteries of the present disclosure, an electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the electrode of the present disclosure can suppress deterioration of battery characteristics (e.g., decrease in capacity). It also has excellent strength.
- the electrode of the present disclosure may include the electrode mixture of the present disclosure described above (preferably an electrode mixture sheet) and a current collector.
- the electrodes of the present disclosure may be positive or negative electrodes.
- the positive electrode is preferably composed of a current collector and an electrode mixture sheet containing the positive electrode active material.
- materials for the positive electrode current collector include metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, and nickel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly aluminum or its alloys, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector may be metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, expanded metal, punched metal, foam metal, etc. for metal materials, or carbon plate, carbon thin film, carbon cylinder, etc. for carbon materials. Of these, metal foil is preferred.
- the metal foil may be appropriately formed into a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the metal foil is optional, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the metal foil is thinner than this range, the strength required as a current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the metal foil is thicker than this range, handling may be impaired.
- a conductive additive is applied to the surface of the current collector in order to reduce the electrical contact resistance between the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer.
- conductive additives include carbon and precious metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the electrode mixture sheet and the current collector may be laminated with an adhesive and then vacuum dried.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture sheet is preferably 2.80 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 3.00 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 3.20 g/cm 3 or more, and is preferably 3.80 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.75 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 3.70 g/cm 3 or less. If it exceeds this range, cracks may easily occur in the sheet. If it is below this range, the conductivity between the active materials may decrease, the battery resistance may increase, and high output may not be obtained.
- the thickness of the positive electrode is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the metal foil thickness of the current collector is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, as a lower limit on one side of the current collector, and is also preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode is preferably composed of a current collector and an electrode mixture sheet containing the negative electrode active material.
- materials for the negative electrode current collector include metals such as copper, nickel, titanium, tantalum, and stainless steel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly copper, nickel, or alloys thereof, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector may be metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, expanded metal, punched metal, foam metal, etc. for metal materials, or carbon plate, carbon thin film, carbon cylinder, etc. for carbon materials. Of these, metal foil is preferred.
- the metal foil may be appropriately formed into a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the metal foil is optional, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the metal foil is thinner than this range, the strength required as a current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the metal foil is thicker than this range, handling may be impaired.
- the negative electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the electrode mixture sheet and the current collector may be laminated with an adhesive and then vacuum dried.
- the density of the negative electrode mixture is preferably 1.3 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.4 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 g/cm 3 or more, and is preferably 2.0 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 1.9 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 1.8 g/cm 3 or less. If it exceeds this range, cracks may easily occur in the sheet. If it is below this range, the conductivity between the active materials may decrease, the battery resistance may increase, and high output may not be obtained.
- the thickness of the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the metal foil thickness of the current collector is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, as a lower limit on one side of the current collector, and is preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the present disclosure also provides a secondary battery having the electrode of the present disclosure described above.
- the secondary battery of the present disclosure is a solid secondary battery, and therefore does not require an electrolyte or a separator that is used in general secondary batteries.
- the solid-state secondary battery may be a secondary battery containing a solid electrolyte, may be a semi-solid secondary battery containing a solid electrolyte and a liquid component as the electrolyte, or may be an all-solid-state secondary battery containing only a solid electrolyte as the electrolyte.
- the material of the exterior case is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that is stable against the electrolyte used.
- metals such as nickel-plated steel sheet, stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, etc., or a laminate film of resin and aluminum foil (laminate film) can be used. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, metals such as aluminum or aluminum alloy, and laminate films are preferably used.
- the metals are welded together by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding to form a sealed structure, or the metals are used via a resin gasket to form a crimped structure.
- the resin layers are heat-sealed together to form a sealed structure.
- a resin different from the resin used in the laminate film may be interposed between the resin layers.
- the resin layers are heat-sealed via a current collecting terminal to form a sealed structure, a bond is formed between the metal and the resin, so a resin having a polar group or a modified resin into which a polar group has been introduced is preferably used as the interposed resin.
- the shape of the solid secondary battery is arbitrary, and examples of the shape include cylindrical, square, laminated, coin, large, etc.
- the shapes and configurations of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator can be changed according to the shape of each battery.
- the solid secondary battery is preferably a lithium ion battery, and is also preferably a sulfide-based solid secondary battery.
- the solid secondary battery preferably includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the binder of the present disclosure may be used in the electrode layer or in the solid electrolyte layer.
- ⁇ Average primary particle size The TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion is diluted with water until the solid content concentration becomes 0.15% by mass, and the transmittance of the 550 nm projection light to the unit length of the obtained diluted latex and the number-based length average primary particle diameter determined by measuring the unidirectional diameter by transmission electron microscopy are measured, and a calibration curve is made.Using this calibration curve, the average primary particle diameter is determined from the measured transmittance of the 550 nm projection light of each sample.
- Water content (mass%) [(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ (mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition after heating)]/(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ 100
- the HFP content was determined by producing a thin film disk by press-molding the TFE-based polymer composition, measuring the infrared absorbance of the thin film disk by FT-IR, and multiplying the ratio of the absorbance at 982 cm ⁇ 1 to the absorbance at 935 cm ⁇ 1 by 0.3.
- Endothermic peak temperature was measured by precisely weighing out about 10 mg of a TFE-based polymer composition that had no history of being heated to a temperature of 300° C. or higher, placing it in a dedicated aluminum pan, and using a TG/DTA (thermogravimetric/differential thermal analyzer).
- the endothermic peak temperature was determined as the temperature corresponding to the minimum value in a differential thermal (DTA) curve obtained by heating the aluminum pan in an air atmosphere in the temperature range from 25° C. to 600° C. at a rate of 10° C./min.
- DTA differential thermal
- ⁇ 0.1% mass reduction temperature About 10 mg of a TFE-based polymer composition that had not been heated to a temperature of 300° C. or higher was precisely weighed, placed in a special aluminum pan, and subjected to TG/DTA (differential thermal/thermogravimetric simultaneous measurement device).
- the 1% mass loss temperature is the temperature at which a weight loss of 0.1 mass% occurs when an aluminum pan is heated in an air atmosphere from 25°C to 600°C at a rate of 10°C/min. did.
- the 0.0% mass loss temperature is the temperature at which a weight loss of 1.0 mass% occurs when an aluminum pan is heated in an air atmosphere from 25°C to 600°C at a rate of 10°C/min. did.
- Extrusion pressure was determined by the following method in accordance with the method described in JP-A-2002-201217. 21.7 g of lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.) was added to 100 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and mixed in a glass bottle at room temperature for 3 minutes. The glass bottle was then left at room temperature (25°C) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain a lubricated resin.
- lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.
- the lubricated resin was paste-extruded through an orifice (diameter 2.5 mm, land length 11 mm, introduction angle 30°) at room temperature at a reduction ratio of 100:1 to obtain a uniform bead (beading; extrusion molded body).
- the extrusion speed i.e., the ram speed, was 20 in/min (51 cm/min).
- the load when the extrusion load reached equilibrium in the paste extrusion was measured, and the extrusion pressure was calculated by dividing the load by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for the paste extrusion.
- the content of the compound represented by general formula (1) having 4 or more and 20 or less carbon atoms contained in the extract was measured using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer.
- the peak areas of the compounds represented by general formula (1) having each carbon number were determined for the extracted liquid phase using the MRM method.
- the content of the compound having the carbon number (m+1) and represented by the general formula (1) in the extract was calculated using the following formula (3): a and b in formula (3) were calculated from formula (1).
- XCm ((ACm-b)/a) ⁇ ((50 ⁇ m+45)/413) (3)
- XCm content (ng/mL) of the compound represented by general formula (1) having carbon number (m+1) in the extract solution
- ACm peak area of the compound represented by general formula (1) having carbon number (m+1) in the extract solution.
- the quantification limit in this measurement is 1 ng/mL.
- the content of the compound represented by general formula (2) having 4 to 20 carbon atoms contained in the extract was measured using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer.
- the peak areas of the compounds represented by general formula (2) having each carbon number were determined for the extracted liquid phase using the MRM method.
- the content of the compound represented by general formula (2) having a carbon number n in the extract was calculated using the following formula (3), where a and b in formula (3) were calculated from formula (1).
- XSn ((ASn-b)/a) ⁇ ((50 ⁇ n+81)/499) (3)
- XSn Content (ng/mL) of the compound represented by general formula (2) having carbon number n in the extract solution
- ASn peak area of the compound represented by general formula (2) having carbon number n in the extract solution.
- the quantification limit in this measurement is 1 ng/mL.
- the content of the compound represented by general formula (2) having carbon number n contained in the composition was calculated by the following formula (4).
- YSn XSn ⁇ 12.6 (4)
- the lower limit of quantification is 10 ppb by mass.
- Preparation Example 1 0.273 g of lauric acid was added to 16 g of deionized water, and 2.77 g of a 2.8% aqueous solution of ammonia was gradually added thereto while stirring, to obtain an aqueous solution C. 10 g of lauric acid was added to 100 g of deionized water, and 25 g of a 10% aqueous solution of ammonia was gradually added while stirring to obtain an aqueous solution D. The pH at this time was 9.6.
- TFE was charged so that the reaction pressure was constant at 2.70 MPa.
- 80g of TFE was charged, the stirring was stopped, and the reaction pressure was depressurized until it reached atmospheric pressure.
- the reactor was filled with TFE, the reaction pressure was set to 2.70 MPa, and stirring was resumed to continue the reaction.
- the aqueous solution D obtained in Preparation Example 1 was continuously charged into the reactor.
- 680 g of TFE was charged, stirring was stopped, and the reactor was depressurized to atmospheric pressure.
- 56.0 g of an aqueous potassium permanganate solution and 26.2 g of an aqueous solution D were charged.
- the aqueous dispersion was taken out of the reactor, cooled, and then the paraffin wax was separated to obtain an aqueous TFE-based polymer dispersion.
- the pH of the obtained aqueous TFE-based polymer dispersion was 8.8, the solid content concentration was 27.1% by mass, and the primary particle size was 220 nm.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 1 was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of 13% by mass, and then vigorously stirred in a container equipped with a stirrer to coagulate, and then filtered from the water to obtain a wet powder.
- the water content of the wet powder was about 52% by mass.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 240° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer composition A was obtained.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition A had a water content of 0.001% by mass, a standard specific gravity of 2.170, a thermal instability index of 44, an HFP content of 0.002% by mass, a 0.1% by mass reduction temperature of 391° C., a 1.0% by mass reduction temperature of 491° C., and an endothermic peak temperature of 342° C.
- the extrusion pressure was 27.0 MPa, and stretching was possible.
- the content of the compound having a carbon number m (4 to 20) and represented by general formula (1) and the content of the compound having a carbon number n (4 to 20) and represented by general formula (2) contained in the obtained TFE-based polymer composition A were below the lower limit of quantification (less than 10 ppb by mass).
- TFE-based polymer composition B was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that the heat treatment temperature was changed to 210°C.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition B had a water content of 0.002 mass%, a standard specific gravity of 2.170, a thermal instability index of 44, an HFP content of 0.002 mass%, a 0.1 mass% loss temperature of 391°C, a 1.0 mass% loss temperature of 491°C, and an endothermic peak temperature of 342°C.
- the physical properties of the resulting TFE-based polymer composition B are shown in Tables 7 and 8 below.
- TFE-based polymer composition C was obtained in the same manner as in Example 2, except that the mesh tray was changed to a flat tray (a tray with no air permeability at the bottom and sides) and the heat treatment temperature was changed to 180°C.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition C had a water content of 0.025% by mass, a standard specific gravity of 2.170, a thermal instability index of 44, an HFP content of 0.002% by mass, a 0.1% by mass loss temperature of 386° C., a 1.0% by mass loss temperature of 490° C., and an endothermic peak temperature of 342° C.
- the extrusion pressure was 20.8 MPa, and stretching was possible.
- the physical properties of the resulting TFE-based polymer composition C are shown in Tables 7 and 8 below.
- TFE-based polymer composition X was obtained in the same manner as in Example 3, except that the heat treatment time was changed to 5 hours.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer composition X had a water content of 0.131% by mass, a standard specific gravity of 2.170, a thermal instability index of 44, and an HFP content of 0.002% by mass.
- the extrusion pressure was 11.6 MPa, and the composition was capable of being stretched.
- the physical properties of the resulting TFE-based polymer composition X are shown in Tables 7 and 8 below.
- surfactant A sodium 10-oxoundecyl sulfate (15.5 g) (hereinafter referred to as surfactant A). 588.6 g of deionized water and 70.0 g of surfactant A were added to a 1 L capacity glass reactor equipped with a stirrer, the reactor was sealed, and the system was replaced with nitrogen to remove oxygen. The reactor was heated to 90° C. and pressurized to 0.4 MPaG with nitrogen. 41.4 g of ammonium persulfate (APS) was charged and stirred for 3 hours. Stirring was stopped, and the reactor was depressurized to atmospheric pressure and cooled to obtain an aqueous surfactant solution B.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion When 540g of TFE was charged, 20g of deionized degassed water in which 0.76g of hydroquinone was dissolved was added, and when 1200g of TFE was charged, stirring was stopped, and the reactor was depressurized until the pressure reached atmospheric pressure. By the end of the reaction, 103g of the surfactant aqueous solution B was charged. The contents were taken out of the reactor, cooled, and then the paraffin wax was separated to obtain a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion. The solid content of the resulting TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 25.9% by mass, and the average primary particle size was 290 nm.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 2 was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of 13% by mass, and then vigorously stirred in a container equipped with a stirrer to coagulate, and then filtered from the water to obtain a wet powder.
- the water content of the wet powder was about 52% by mass.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 210° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer composition D was obtained.
- the water content of the obtained TFE-based polymer composition D was 0.001% by mass, the standard specific gravity was 2.151, the thermal instability index was 42, the 0.1% by mass reduction temperature was 397° C., the 1.0% by mass reduction temperature was 492° C., and the endothermic peak temperature was 344° C.
- the extrusion pressure was 18.9 MPa, and it was possible to stretch.
- the physical properties of the obtained TFE-based polymer composition D are shown in Tables 7 and 8 below.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 1 was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of 13 mass %, and the dilution was vigorously stirred in a container equipped with a stirrer to cause coagulation, and then the water was separated by filtration to obtain a wet powder.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 1.2 g/ cm2 ), and superheated steam at 180°C was introduced into a furnace equipped with a high-temperature superheated steam generator at a rate of 20 kg/hr. The mixture was heat-treated in the furnace at 180°C for 7 hours to obtain a TFE-based polymer composition E.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition E had a water content of 0.002% by mass, a standard specific gravity of 2.170, a thermal instability index of 44, a 0.1% by mass loss temperature of 391° C., a 1.0% by mass loss temperature of 491° C. and an endothermic peak temperature of 342° C., and was stretchable.
- the content of (H-(CF 2 ) m-1 -COO)H (wherein m is 12 or 14) was less than 10 ppb by mass relative to the TFE-based polymer composition E, and the content of (H-(CF 2 ) n -SO 3 )H (wherein n is 4 to 20) was less than 10 ppb by mass.
- TFE-based polymer compositions obtained in Preparation Examples 1 to 5 were evaluated using the following methods.
- the mixture of the active material, the conductive assistant, the binder, and the solid electrolyte was put into a Henschel mixer, and the mixture was homogenized by processing at 300 rpm for 2 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was sufficiently heated in a thermostatic bath at 40° C., and then treated in a Henschel mixer at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes to promote fibrillation, thereby obtaining an electrode mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet.
- the obtained rolled sheet was again roughly crushed by folding in half, and the electrode mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet with greater strength. Thereafter, the electrode mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted to a final thickness of 100 ⁇ m.
- Table 9 shows the material types and compositions.
- Example 1 was set to 100 and compared with Examples 2 to 5 and Example A1, Example 6 was set to 100 and Example 7, Example 8 was set to 100 and Example 9, Example 10 was set to 100 and Example 11, and Example A2 was set to 100 and compared with Examples A3 and A4.
- the samples were ranked from A to E in terms of high tensile strength and good electrode strength.
- Table 10 The results are shown in Table 10.
- ⁇ Preparation of solid electrolyte mixture sheet> The weighed binder (TFE-based polymer composition) was sufficiently cooled in a thermostatic bath at 5° C., and then charged into a Henschel mixer and pulverized at 300 rpm for 2 minutes. The crushed binder and solid electrolyte were each weighed and thoroughly cooled in a thermostatic bath at 5° C. The mixture was then placed in a Henschel mixer and homogenized by processing at 300 rpm for 1 minute. Thereafter, the mixture was sufficiently heated in a thermostatic bath at 40° C., and then treated in a Henschel mixer at 1000 rpm for 1 minute to promote fibrillation, thereby obtaining an electrolyte mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrolyte mixture sheet.
- the rolled sheet obtained was again folded in two to be roughly crushed, and the electrolyte mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain a stronger electrolyte mixture sheet.
- the electrolyte mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted so that the final thickness of the electrolyte mixture sheet was 150 ⁇ m.
- Table 11 shows the material types and compositions.
- Example 12 was set to 100 and compared with Examples 13 to 16 and Example B1, Example 17 was set to 100 and compared with Example 18, Example 19 was set to 100 and compared with Example 20, Example 21 was set to 100 and compared with Example 22, and Example B2 was set to 100 and compared with Examples B3 and B4.
- the samples were ranked from A to E in order of high tensile strength and good electrode strength.
- the results are shown in Table 12.
- Screw 2 Nut 3: Insulation sheet 4: Solid electrolyte mixture sheet 5: Gold vapor deposition 6: Upper electrode 7: Lower electrode
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Abstract
Description
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
一般式(3):(H-(CF2)8-SO3)qM2
(式中、M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
一般式(4):(H-(CF2)15-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(4’):(H-(CF2)16-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5):(H-(CF2)13-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5’):(H-(CF2)14-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
上記有機基としては、1個以上の置換基を有していてもよいアルキル基が好ましい。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基))、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は上記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基))、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は上記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
4つのR5は、同一でも異なっていてもよい。R5としては、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基が好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4の有機基がより好ましい。
上記M1及びM2は、H、アルカリ金属又はNH4であることが好ましく、H又はNH4であることがより好ましい。
一般式(2)において、nは6以上が好ましく、8以上がより好ましく、11以上が更に好ましく、13以上が更により好ましく、15以上が特に好ましく、また、18以下が好ましく、16以下がより好ましい。
上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
一般式(3):(H-(CF2)8-SO3)qM2
(式中、M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基))、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
一般式(4):(H-(CF2)15-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基))、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(4’):(H-(CF2)16-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は上記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5):(H-(CF2)13-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基))、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5’):(H-(CF2)14-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は上記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
上記TFE系ポリマーとしては、電池特性の劣化を一層抑制することができる点、結着力、合剤シートの強度及び柔軟性が向上する点で、TFE単位と変性モノマー単位とを含む共重合体が好ましく、上記変性PTFEよりが好ましい。
TFEの単独重合体とは、全重合単位中TFEと共重合可能な変性モノマーに基づく重合単位の含有量が0.0001質量%未満のものを指す。
本明細書において、上記変性モノマー単位とは、TFE系ポリマーの分子構造の一部分であって変性モノマーに由来する部分を意味する。
CF2=CF-ORf (A)
(式中、Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるパーフルオロ不飽和化合物等が挙げられる。本明細書において、上記「パーフルオロ有機基」とは、炭素原子に結合する水素原子が全てフッ素原子に置換されてなる有機基を意味する。上記パーフルオロ有機基は、エーテル酸素を有していてもよい。
CF2=CF-CF2-ORf1 (B)
(式中、Rf1は、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが挙げられる。
また、コアシェル構造を有するTFE系ポリマーとしては、例えば、粒子中に高分子量のPTFEのコアと、より低分子量のPTFE又は変性のPTFEのシェルとを含む変性PTFEが挙げられる。このような変性PTFEとしては、例えば、特表2005-527652号公報に記載されるPTFEが挙げられる。
上記吸熱ピーク温度は、300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴がないフッ素樹脂について10℃/分の昇温速度で示差走査熱量測定〔DSC〕を行って得られた融解熱曲線における極小点に対応する温度である。1つの融解ピーク中に極小点が2つ以上ある場合は、それぞれを吸熱ピーク温度とする。
上記数平均分子量は、フッ素樹脂を溶融後に示差走査型熱量計(DSC)の降温測定を行って見積もった結晶化熱から、下記の文献に記載の方法に従って求めた分子量である。測定は5回行い、最大値及び最小値を除いた3つの値の平均値を採用する。
文献:Suwa,T.;Takehisa,M.;Machi,S.,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.vol.17,pp.3253(1973).
上記水分含有量は、0.040質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.020質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.010質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.005質量%以下であることが更により好ましく、0.002質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
上記水分含有量は、以下の方法により測定する。
TFE系ポリマー組成物を150℃で2時間加熱した前後の質量を測定し、以下の式に従って算出する。試料を3回取り、それぞれ算出した後、平均を求め、当該平均値を採用する。
水分含有量(質量%)=[(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))-(加熱後のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))]/(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))×100
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることが好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更に好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
試料を1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60分間の超音波処理を行ない、抽出液を得る。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮後の抽出液中の含フッ素化合物をLC/MS/MS測定する。得られたLC/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素化合物の構造式との一致を確認する。標準物質の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描く。上記検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素化合物のLC/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素化合物の含有量に換算する。
なお、この測定方法における定量下限は10質量ppbである。
試料を1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60℃で2時間、超音波処理を行ない、室温で静置した後、固形分を除き、抽出液を得る。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮後の抽出液中の含フッ素化合物をLC/MS/MS測定する。得られたLC/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素化合物の構造式との一致を確認する。濃度既知の含フッ素化合物のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計を用いて測定を行い、それぞれの濃度範囲において、メタノール標準溶液濃度とピークの積分値から一次近似を用い、検量線を作成する。上記検量線から、抽出液に含まれる含フッ素化合物の含有量を測定し、試料に含まれる含フッ素化合物の含有量を換算する。
なお、この測定方法における定量下限は1質量ppbである。
含フッ素界面活性剤の存在下で行う重合により得られる重合粒子には、TFE系ポリマー以外に、含フッ素界面活性剤が含まれることが通常である。本明細書において、含フッ素界面活性剤は、重合時に使用されるものである。
上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物は、重合の際に添加されていない化合物、例えば、重合途中で副生する化合物であってよい。
なお、上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物は、アニオン性部とカチオン性部とを含む場合は、アニオン性部の分子量が1000以下であるフッ素を含む化合物を意味する。上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物には、TFE系ポリマーは含まれないものとする。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤としては、下記一般式(N0):
Xn0-Rfn0-Y0 (N0)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl又は及びFである。Rfn0は、炭素数3~20で、鎖状、分枝鎖状又は環状で、一部又は全てのHがFにより置換されたアルキレン基であり、該アルキレン基は1つ以上のエーテル結合を含んでもよく、一部のHがClにより置換されていてもよい。Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
Y0のアニオン性基は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-COOM、又は、-SO3Mであってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子、NR1 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R1は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、例えば、Na、K又はLiである。
R1としては、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子又はNR1 4であってよく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR1 4であってよく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4であってよい。
上記Rfn0は、Hの50%以上がフッ素に置換されているものであってよい。
F(CF2)7COOM、
F(CF2)5COOM、
CF3O(CF2)3OCHFCF2COOM、
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COOM、
C2F5OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、及び、
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、上記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まないことが好ましい。
R1は、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
上記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まないとは、当該含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることが好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更に好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
[Cn-1F2n-1COO-]M+
(式中、nは9~14の整数、好ましくは9~12の整数、M+はカチオンを表す。)で表される含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないことも好ましい。これにより、電池特性の劣化を一層抑制することができ、合剤シート強度を一層向上させることもできる。
上記式中のカチオンM+を構成するMは、上述したMと同様である。
上記式で表される含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないとは、当該含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることが好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更に好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
0.1%質量減少温度が400℃以下であるTFE系ポリマー組成物は、炭化水素系界面活性剤を用いることにより得られる。
上記0.1%質量減少温度は、350℃以上であってよい。
上記0.1%質量減少温度は、下記方法にて測定した値である。
300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴のないTFE系ポリマーの組成物約10mgを精秤し、専用のアルミパンに収納してTG・DTA(示差熱・熱重量同時測定装置)を測定する。0.1%質量減少温度は、アルミパンを大気雰囲気下、25℃から600℃までの温度範囲を10℃/分の条件で昇温させ、0.1mass%の重量減少した点に対応する温度とする。
上記1.0%質量減少温度は、400℃以上であってよく、420℃以上であってもよく、450℃以上であってもよく、470℃以上であってもよい。
上記1.0%質量減少温度は、下記方法にて測定した値である。
300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴のないTFE系ポリマーの組成物約10mgを精秤し、専用のアルミパンに収納してTG・DTA(示差熱・熱重量同時測定装置)を測定する。1.0%質量減少温度は、アルミパンを大気雰囲気下、25℃から600℃までの温度範囲を10℃/分の条件で昇温させ、1.0mass%の重量減少した点に対応する温度とする。
TIIが20以上であるTFE系ポリマー組成物は、炭化水素系界面活性剤を用いることにより得られる。TIIは、25以上であることが好ましく、30以上であることがより好ましく、35以上であることが更に好ましく、40以上であることが特に好ましい。TIIは、また、50以下であることが好ましい。
上記TIIは、ASTM D 4895-89に準拠して測定する。
延伸可能であるとは、以下の延伸試験において延伸体が得られることを意味する。
上記のRR100でのペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去する。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱する。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、延伸試験(ストレッチ試験)を実施する。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従う。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。ストレッチ方法においてストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%である。
上記SSGは、2.190以下であることがより好ましく、2.180以下であることが更に好ましく、2.175以下であることが更により好ましく、2.170以下であることが殊更に好ましく、2.165以下であることが特に好ましい。
上記SSGは、また、2.130以上であることが好ましい。
上記SSGは、ASTM D 4895に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定する。
RR100における押出圧力は、また、加工性が向上する点で、50MPa以下であることが好ましく、40MPa以下であることがより好ましく、35MPa以下であることが更に好ましく、30MPa以下であることが更により好ましく、25MPa以下であることが更により好ましく、20MPa以下であることが特に好ましい。
TFE系ポリマー組成物100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合する。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得る。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得る。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とする。ペースト押出において押出負荷が平衡状態になった時の負荷を測定し、ペースト押出に用いたシリンダーの断面積で除することにより、押出圧力を算出する。
RR300における押出圧力は、また、加工性が向上する点で、45MPa以下であることが好ましく、40MPa以下であることがより好ましい。
TFE系ポリマー組成物50gと押出助剤としての炭化水素油(商品名:アイソパーE、エクソンモービル社製)11.00gとをポリエチレン容器内で3分間混合する。室温(25℃)で、押出機のシリンダーに上記混合物を充填し、シリンダーに挿入したピストンに0.47MPaの負荷をかけて1分間保持する。次にラム速度18mm/minでオリフィスから押出する。オリフィスの断面積に対するシリンダーの断面積の比(リダクションレシオ)は300である。押出操作の後半において、圧力が平衡状態になったときの荷重(N)をシリンダー断面積で除した値を押出圧力(MPa)とする。
上記破断強度は、下記方法で求めた値である。
上記延伸試験で得られた延伸ビード(ビードをストレッチすることによって作製されたもの)について、5.0cmのゲージ長である可動ジョーにおいて挟んで固定し、25℃で300mm/分の速度で引っ張り試験を行い、破断した時の強度を破断強度として測定する。
24倍に延伸可能であるとは、上記の延伸試験の延伸中に破断しないことを意味する。
なお、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物は、粉末以外の形態であってもよく、例えば、分散液であってもよい。
上記平均一次粒子径は、400nm以下であることがより好ましく、350nm以下であることが更に好ましく、330nm以下であることが更により好ましく、320nm以下であることが更により好ましく、300nm以下であることが更により好ましく、280nm以下であることが更により好ましく、250nm以下であることが特に好ましく、また、150nm以上であることがより好ましく、170nm以上であることが更に好ましく、200nm以上であることが更により好ましい。
上記平均一次粒子径は、以下の方法により測定する。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を水で固形分濃度が0.15質量%になるまで希釈し、得られた希釈ラテックスの単位長さに対する550nmの投射光の透過率と、透過型電子顕微鏡写真により定方向径を測定して決定した数基準長さ平均一次粒子径とを測定して、検量線を作成した。この検量線を用いて、各試料の550nmの投射光の実測透過率から平均一次粒子径を決定とする。
また、平均一次粒子径は、動的光散乱法によっても測定できる。動的光散乱法においては、固形分濃度を約1.0質量%に調整したTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を作製し、ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子社製)を使用して25℃、積算70回にて測定した。溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・sとする。
上記平均二次粒子径は、JIS K 6891に準拠して測定する。
上記平均アスペクト比は、TFE系ポリマー組成物、又は、固形分濃度が約1質量%となるように希釈したTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察し、無作為に抽出した200個以上の粒子について画像処理を行い、その長径と短径の比の平均より求める。
上記繊維状粒子の全粒子に対する割合は、以下のようにして算出することができる。
(1)上記繊維状粒子を含むTFE系ポリマー粉末を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で撮像する。撮影倍率は、例えば、300~1000倍とすることができる。
(2)撮像した画像をコンピュータに取り込み、ImageJ等の画像解析ソフトで、全粒子を上記繊維状粒子と、アスペクト比が1.5未満の粒子とに分ける。
(3)上記繊維状粒子の個数を、全粒子の個数、即ち、上記繊維状粒子とアスペクト比が1.5未満の粒子の個数の合計で除して、全粒子に対する上記繊維状粒子の割合を算出する。
上記アスペクト比が1.5以上の繊維状粒子は、例えば、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物を電極活物質や固体電解質と混合する際に形成される。
上記見掛密度は、JIS K 6892に準拠して測定する。
上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
上記特定の炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、下記式(a):
また、Xeは、各出現において同一又は異なって、2価の連結基、又は、結合手;
Aeは、各出現において同一又は異なって、-COOMe、-SO3Me又は-OSO3Me(Meは、H、金属原子、NR7e 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7eは、H又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基));
Yeは、各出現において同一又は異なって、-S(=O)2-、-O-、-COO-、-OCO-、-CONR8e-及び-NR8eCO-からなる群より選択される2価の連結基、又は、結合手、R8eはH又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基);
R6eは、各出現において同一又は異なって、カルボニル基、エステル基、アミド基及びスルホニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を炭素-炭素原子間に含んでもよい炭素数2以上のアルキル基;
を表す。
R1e~R5eのうち、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)で示される界面活性剤(e)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合、2つの炭素原子間にカルボニル基(-C(=O)-)を含んでもよい。また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が2以上の場合、上記アルキル基の末端に上記カルボニル基を含むこともできる。すなわち、CH3-C(=O)-で示されるアセチル基等のアシル基も、上記アルキル基に含まれる。
また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1aにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R101a(式中、R101aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R2a及びR3aは、独立に、単結合又は炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキレン基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R2a及びR3aを構成する上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R102a(式中、R102aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R1a、R2a及びR3aは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。
Xaとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR4a 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XaがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、TFE系ポリマー中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
R11aとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R103a(式中、R103aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R11aとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。R12aとしては、エチレン基(-C2H4-)又はプロピレン基(-C3H6-)がより好ましい。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R104a(式中、R104aはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R12aとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1bにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
Xbとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR5b 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XbがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、TFE系ポリマー中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3H、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Li、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3K、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3NH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CH3)2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2CH2OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OSO3Na、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3H、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Li、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3K、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3NH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OSO3Na等が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合、2つの炭素原子間にカルボニル基(-C(=O)-)を含んでもよい。また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が2以上の場合、上記アルキル基の末端に上記カルボニル基を含むこともできる。すなわち、CH3-C(=O)-で示されるアセチル基等のアシル基も、上記アルキル基に含まれる。
また、上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1cにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R101c(式中、R101cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R2c及びR3cは、独立に、単結合又は炭素数1以上の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状のアルキレン基又は炭素数3以上の環状のアルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R2c及びR3cを構成する上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R102c(式中、R102cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
R1c、R2c及びR3cは、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。
Xcとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR4c 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XcがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、TFE系ポリマー中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
R11cとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R103c(式中、R103cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R11cとしての上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、直鎖状又は分岐鎖状であってよい。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、カルボニル基を含まないことが好ましい。R12cとしては、エチレン基(-C2H4-)又はプロピレン基(-C3H6-)がより好ましい。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子が官能基により置換されていてもよく、例えば、ヒドロキシ基(-OH)又はエステル結合を含む1価の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)により置換されていてもよいが、如何なる官能基によっても置換されていないことが好ましい。
上記エステル結合を含む1価の有機基としては、式:-O-C(=O)-R104c(式中、R104cはアルキル基)で示される基が挙げられる。
R12cとしての上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含むこともできるし、環を形成することもできる。上記複素環としては、不飽和複素環が好ましく、含酸素不飽和複素環がより好ましく、例えば、フラン環等が挙げられる。R1dにおいて、2価の複素環が2つの炭素原子間に挿入されていてもよいし、2価の複素環が末端に位置して-C(=O)-と結合してもよいし、1価の複素環が上記アルキル基の末端に位置してもよい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキレン基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
Xdとしては、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR5d 4が好ましく、水に溶解しやすいことから、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4がより好ましく、水に更に溶解しやすいことから、Na、K又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、除去が容易であることから、NH4が最も好ましい。XdがNH4であると、上記界面活性剤の水性媒体への溶解性が優れるとともに、TFE系ポリマー中又は最終製品中に金属成分が残留しにくい。
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2CH2COONa、
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COONa、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COOH、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COOLi、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COONH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)COONa、CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2COOK、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
(CH3)3CC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
(CH3)2CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
(CH2)5CHC(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)NHCH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2NHC(O)CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(O)OCH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OC(O)CH2SO3Na、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3H、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3K、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3Li、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2SO3NH4、
CH3C(O)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2C(CH3)2SO3Na
等が挙げられる。
上記アルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記アルキル基は、如何なる置換基も有していないことが好ましい。
R6eがカルボニル基、エステル基、アミド基及びスルホニル基のいずれをも含まない場合は、Xeはカルボニル基、エステル基、アミド基及びスルホニル基からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む2価の連結基であることが好ましい。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。
一般式:-R10e-CO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-R10e-COO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-R10e-NR8eCO-R11eで示される基、又は、
一般式:-R10e-CONR8e-R11eで示される基、
(式中、R8eはH又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)を表す。R10eはアルキレン基、R11eは置換基を有してもよいアルキル基)が好ましい。
R6eとしては、一般式:-R10e-CO-R11eで示される基がより好ましい。
-COOMe、
-R12eCOOMe、
-SO3Me、
-OSO3Me、
-R12eSO3Me、
-R12eOSO3Me、
-OCO-R12e-COOMe、
-OCO-R12e-SO3Me、
-OCO-R12e-OSO3Me、
-COO-R12e-COOMe、
-COO-R12e-SO3Me、
-COO-R12e-OSO3Me、
-CONR8e-R12e-COOMe、
-CONR8e-R12e-SO3Me、
-CONR8e-R12e-OSO3Me、
-NR8eCO-R12e-COOMe、
-NR8eCO-R12e-SO3Me、
-NR8eCO-R12e-OSO3Me、
-OS(=O)2-R12e-COOMe、
-OS(=O)2-R12e-SO3Me、又は
-OS(=O)2-R12e-OSO3Me
(式中、R8e及びMeは、上記のとおり。R12eはC1-10のアルキレン基。)が好ましい。
上記R12eのアルキレン基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキレン基であることが好ましい。
一般式:-R10e-CO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-OCO-R10e-CO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-COO-R10e-CO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-OCO-R10e-COO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-COO-R11eで示される基、
一般式:-NR8eCO-R10e-CO-R11eで示される基、又は、
一般式:-CONR8e-R10e-NR8eCO-R11eで示される基
(式中、R8e、R10e及びR11eは上記のとおり。)が好ましい。
上記R4e及びR5eのアルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記R3eのアルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記R2eのアルキル基は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子の75%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、50%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよく、25%以下がハロゲン原子により置換されていてもよいが、フッ素原子、塩素原子等のハロゲン原子を含まない非ハロゲン化アルキル基であることが好ましい。
上記カルボン酸型炭化水素系界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
上記スルホン酸型炭化水素系界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
上記化合物は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
上記カチオン性界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
上記アニオン性界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
上記非イオン性界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエステル、ソルビタンアルキルエステル、ポリオキシエチレンソルビタンアルキルエステル、グリセロールエステル、それらの誘導体。
具体的には、ラウリル酸に代表されるようなCH3-(CH2)n-L-M(式中、nが、6~17の整数である。LおよびMが、上記と同じ)によって表されるものが挙げられる。
Rが、12~16個の炭素原子を有するアルキル基であり、L-Mが、硫酸塩又はドデシル硫酸ナトリウム(SDS)であるものの混合物も使用できる。
その他の界面活性能を有する化合物としては、R6(-L-M)2(式中、R6が、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキレン基、又は、置換基を有してもよい炭素数3以上の環状のアルキレン基であり、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでもよいし、環を形成していてもよい。Lが、-ArSO3 -、-SO3 -、-SO4-、-PO3 -又は-COO-であり、Mが、H、金属原子、NR5 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R5は、H又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)、-ArSO3 -は、アリールスルホン酸塩である。)によって表されるアニオン性界面活性剤も挙げられる。
その他の界面活性能を有する化合物としては、R7(-L-M)3(式中、R7が、置換基を有してもよい炭素数1以上の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状のアルキリジン基、又は、置換基を有してもよい炭素数3以上の環状のアルキリジン基であり、炭素数が3以上の場合は1価又は2価の複素環を含んでもよいし、環を形成していてもよい。Lが、-ArSO3 -、-SO3 -、-SO4-、-PO3 -又は-COO-であり、Mが、H、金属原子、NR5 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R5はH又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)である。-ArSO3 -は、アリールスルホン酸塩である。)によって表されるアニオン性界面活性剤も挙げられる。
ヒドロカルビル基の炭素原子が、フッ素などのハロゲンによって置換され得る場合に、水素原子によって完全に置換されるという意味では、これらのシロキサン界面活性剤は、炭化水素界面活性剤とみなすこともでき、すなわち、ヒドロカルビル基の炭素原子上の一価置換基は水素である。
上記シロキサン界面活性剤は、炭素原子に結合した水素原子のうち、フッ素原子で置換された割合が50%以下であることが好ましく、25%以下であることがより好ましく、10%以下であることが更に好ましく、0%(フッ素原子で全く置換されていない)が最も好ましい。
このようなシロキサン炭化水素系界面活性剤としては、例えば、ポリジメチルシロキサン-グラフト-(メタ)アクリル酸塩、ポリジメチルシロキサン-グラフト-ポリアクリレート塩およびポリジメチルシロキサングラフト化第4級アミンが挙げられる。
シロキサン界面活性剤の親水性部分の極性部分は、ポリエチレンオキシド(PEO)、および混合されたポリエチレンオキシド/プロピレンオキシドポリエーテル(PEO/PPO)などのポリエーテル;単糖類および二糖類;およびピロリジノンなどの水溶性複素環によって形成される非イオン性基を含み得る。エチレンオキシド対プロピレンオキシド(EO/PO)の比率は、混合されたポリエチレンオキシド/プロピレンオキシドポリエーテルにおいて変化され得る。
スルホサクシネート界面活性剤としては、スルホコハク酸ジイソデシルNa塩、(Clariant社製のEmulsogen(登録商標)SB10)、スルホコハク酸ジイソトリデシルNa塩(Cesapinia Chemicals社製のPolirol(登録商標)TR/LNA)等が挙げられる。
R100-COOM (α)
(式中、R100は、1個以上の炭素原子を含有する1価の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)である。Mは、H、金属原子、NR101 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R101はH又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。)で示される化合物(α)が挙げられる。R101の有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。R101としてはH又は炭素数1~10の有機基が好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4の有機基がより好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
界面活性能の観点から、R100の炭素数は2個以上が好ましく、3個以上がより好ましい。また、水溶性の観点から、R100の炭素数は、29個以下であることが好ましく、23個以下がより好ましい。
上記Mの金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。Mとしては、H、金属原子又はNR101 4が好ましく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR101 4がより好ましく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na、K又はNH4が更により好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、NH4が最も好ましい。
具体的には、CH3-(CH2)n-COOM(式中、nが、2~28の整数である。Mは上記と同じ)によって表されるものが挙げられる。
上記カルボニル基を含まない炭化水素含有界面活性剤としては、例えば、下記式(A1):
R103-COO-M (A1)
(式中、R103は、6~17個の炭素原子を含有するアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキレン基又はアルケニレン基であり、これらはエーテル結合を含んでもよい。Mは、H、金属原子、NR101 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。R101は、同一又は異なって、H又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)である。)の化合物が好ましく例示される。
上記式(A1)において、R103は、アルキル基又はアルケニル基(これらはエーテル基を含んでいてもよい)であることが好ましい。上記R103におけるアルキル基又はアルケニル基は、直鎖状でも分岐状でもよい。上記R103の炭素数は限定されないが、例えば、2~29である。
上記アルケニル基が直鎖状である場合、R103の炭素数は2~29であることが好ましく、9~23であることがより好ましい。上記アルケニル基が分岐状である場合、R103の炭素数は2~29であることが好ましく、9~23であることがより好ましい。
特に、ラウリン酸、カプリン酸、ミリスチン酸、ペンタデシル酸、パルミチン酸、及び、これらの塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。
上記塩としては、カルボキシ基の水素が上述した式Mの金属原子、NR11 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであるものが挙げられるが特に限定されない。
R100-SO3M (β)
(式中、R100は、1個以上の炭素原子を含有する1価の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)である。Mは、H、金属原子、NR101 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R101はH又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)であり、同一でも異なっていてもよい。)で示される化合物(β)も挙げられる。R101の有機基としてはアルキル基が好ましい。R101としてはH又は炭素数1~10の有機基が好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4の有機基がより好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
界面活性能の観点から、R100の炭素数は2個以上が好ましく、3個以上がより好ましい。また、水溶性の観点から、R100の炭素数は、29個以下であることが好ましく、23個以下がより好ましい。
上記Mの金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、Na、K又はLiが好ましい。Mとしては、H、金属原子又はNR101 4が好ましく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR101 4がより好ましく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4が更に好ましく、Na、K又はNH4が更により好ましく、Na又はNH4が特に好ましく、NH4が最も好ましい。
具体的には、CH3-(CH2)n-SO3M(式中、nが、2~28の整数である。Mは上記と同じ)によって表されるものが挙げられる。
上記カルボニル基を含まない炭化水素含有界面活性剤としては、例えば、下記式(B1):
R103-SO3-M (B1)
(式中、R103は、6~17個の炭素原子を含有するアルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキレン基又はアルケニレン基であり、これらはエーテル結合を含んでもよい。Mは、H、金属原子、NR101 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。R101は、同一又は異なって、H又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)である。)の化合物が好ましく例示される。
上記式(B1)において、R103は、アルキル基又はアルケニル基(これらはエーテル基を含んでいてもよい)であることが好ましい。上記R103におけるアルキル基又はアルケニル基は、直鎖状でも分岐状でもよい。上記R103の炭素数は限定されないが、例えば、2~29である。
上記アルケニル基が直鎖状である場合、R103の炭素数は2~29であることが好ましく、9~23であることがより好ましい。上記アルケニル基が分岐状である場合、R103の炭素数は2~29であることが好ましく、9~23であることがより好ましい。
上記スルホン酸としては、例えば、1-ヘキサンスルホン酸、1-オクタンスルホン酸、1-デカンスルホン酸、1-ドデカンスルホン酸、ペルフルオロブタンスルホン酸、直鎖アルキルベンゼンスルホン酸、トルエンスルホン酸、クメンスルホン酸、オクチルベンゼンスルホン酸、DBS、ナフタレンスルホン酸、ナフタレンジスルホン酸、ナフタレントリスルホン酸、ブチルナフタレンスルホン酸が挙げられ、上記硫酸エステルとしては、例えば、アルキル硫酸エステルナトリウム、アルファスルホ脂肪酸エステル塩、アルキル硫酸エステル塩、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル硫酸エステル塩、アルファオレフィンスルホン酸塩、ラウリル硫酸、ミリスチル硫酸、ラウレス硫酸、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェノールスルホン酸が挙げられる。
上記化合物(β)としては、特に、飽和脂肪族、芳香族の硫酸エステル、及び、これらの塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、アルキル硫酸エステルナトリウム、アルファスルホ脂肪酸エステル塩、アルキル硫酸エステル塩、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルエーテル硫酸エステル塩、アルファオレフィンスルホン酸塩、ラウリル硫酸、ミリスチル硫酸、ラウレス硫酸、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェノールスルホン酸、及び、これらの塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましい。
上記塩としては、スルホン酸基の水素が上述した式Mの金属原子、NR11 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであるものが挙げられるが特に限定されない。
XAは、各出現において同一又は異なって、2価の炭化水素基、又は、結合手;
Aは、各出現において同一又は異なって、-COOM(Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウム、R7は、H又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基));
R1A~R5Aのうち、いずれか2つがお互いに結合して、環を形成してもよい。)で示される界面活性剤(1-0A)等も挙げられる。
式中、XAにおいて、2価の炭化水素基の炭素数は1~50であることが好ましく、5~20であることがより好ましい。上記2価の炭化水素基としては、アルキレン基、アルカンジイル基等が挙げられ、アルキレン基が好ましい。
また、一般式(1-0A)で表される脂肪族型のカルボン酸型炭化水素系界面活性剤は2鎖2親水基型合成界面活性剤であってもよく、例えば、ジェミニ型界面活性剤として、ジェミニサ-フ(中京油脂株式会社)、Gemsurf α142(炭素数12 ラウリル基)、Gemsurf α102(炭素数10)、Gemsurf α182(炭素数14)等が挙げられる。
R-(XZ)n (I)
(式中、Rは、1つ以上の飽和又は不飽和、非環式又は環式の脂肪族基を含む疎水性炭化水素部分である。1つ以上の脂肪族基中のCH3、CH2及びCH基の合計に対するCH3基の合計の百分率は少なくとも約70%であり、疎水性部分はシロキサン単位を含まない。各Xは、同じであっても異なっていてもよく、イオン性親水性部分を表す。各Zは、同じであっても異なっていてもよく、イオン性親水性部分の1つ以上の対イオンを表す。nは、1~3である。)で示される化合物Iも挙げられる。
従来、TFE系ポリマーを製造するための重合工程は酸性を示す重合開始剤が使用されていたため、重合で使用される水性媒体のpHは4.0未満であった。本開示者等が鋭意検討したところ、意外なことに、重合に用いる水性媒体のpHを4.0以上にすることによって重合の安定性が向上し、分子量が高いTFE系ポリマーを製造することができることが見出された。
上記製造方法は、pHが4.0以上の水性媒体中でテトラフルオロエチレンのみ、又は、テトラフルオロエチレンと上記テトラフルオロエチレンと共重合可能な変性モノマーとを重合する。上記pHは4.0以上であればよく、4.0超が好ましく、4.5以上がより好ましく、5.0以上が更に好ましく、5.5以上が更により好ましく、6.0以上が殊更に好ましく、6.5以上が特に好ましく、7.0以上が特に好ましく、7.5以上が特に好ましく、8.0以上が特に好ましい。上記pHの上限値は特に限定されないが、例えば、13.0以下であってよい。重合槽の腐食の観点からは、12.0以下であることが好ましく、11.5以下であることがより好ましく、11.0以下であることがより好ましい。
上記pHは、pHメーターにより測定することができる。
また、水性媒体に溶解させた時に酸性を示す重合開始剤を使用する場合でも、更に、水酸化ナトリウム等のアルカリ化合物を加えることでpHを4.0以上に調整することもできる。上記アルカリ化合物としては、水に溶けて電離し、OH-を生じる化合物であればよく、例えば、水酸化ナトリウム、水酸化カリウム等のアルカリ金属の水酸化物;アルカリ土類金属の水酸化物;アンモニア;アミン等が挙げられるが、特に限定されるものではない。上記重合工程は、アルカリ化合物を水性媒体に添加する工程を含んでもよい。
例えば、上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が3質量%以上である時に、水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることが好ましい。言い換えると、上記製造方法は、炭化水素系界面活性剤及び重合開始剤の存在下、水性媒体中でテトラフルオロエチレンのみ、又は、テトラフルオロエチレンと上記テトラフルオロエチレンと共重合可能な変性モノマーとを重合してTFE系ポリマーを得る重合工程を含み、上記水性媒体は、ポリマー固形分濃度が3質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることが好ましい。上記水性媒体は、ポリマー固形分濃度が5質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることがより好ましく、ポリマー固形分濃度が8質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることが更に好ましく、ポリマー固形分濃度が10質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることが更により好ましく、ポリマー固形分濃度が15質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることが殊更に好ましく、ポリマー固形分濃度が18質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることが特に好ましく、20質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることがより好ましく、25質量%以上である時にpHが4.0以上であることが更に好ましい。
また、上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が25質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが好ましく、20質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることがより好ましく、18質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが更に好ましく、15質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが更により好ましく、10質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが殊更に好ましく、8質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが特に好ましく、5質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることがより好ましく、3質量%となった時点から重合終了まで水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが更に好ましい。
また、上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が15質量%未満である時に、水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることも好ましい。上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が3質量%以上、15質量%未満である時に、水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることがより好ましく、5質量%以上、15質量%未満である時に、水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることがより好ましく、8質量%以上、15質量%未満である時に、水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることが更に好ましく、10質量%以上、15質量%未満である時に、水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることが更により好ましい。
また、上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が10質量%以上、15質量%までの間、水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが好ましく、8質量%以上、15質量%までの間、水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることがより好ましく、5質量%以上、15質量%までの間、水性媒体のpHを4.0以上で維持するものであることが更に好ましい。
上記水性媒体のpHは、いずれの場合においても、4.0超が好ましく、4.5以上がより好ましく、5.0以上が更に好ましく、5.5以上が更により好ましく、6.0以上が殊更に好ましく、6.5以上が特に好ましく、7.0以上がより好ましく、7.5以上が更に好ましく、8.0以上が更により好ましい。
上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が10質量%(好ましくは8質量、より好ましくは5質量%、更に好ましくは3質量%、更により好ましくは重合開始)の時点から、ポリマー固形分濃度が15質量%の時点迄の60%以上(好ましくは70%以上、より好ましくは80%以上、更に好ましくは90%以上、更により好ましくは95%以上、殊更に好ましくは99%以上、特に好ましくは100%)の期間で水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることが好ましい。
上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が15質量%の時点から、ポリマー固形分濃度が18質量%(好ましくは20質量%、より好ましくは25質量%)の時点迄の60%以上(好ましくは70%以上、より好ましくは80%以上、更に好ましくは90%以上、更により好ましくは95%以上、殊更に好ましくは99%以上、特に好ましくは100%)の期間で水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることが好ましい。
上記重合工程は、ポリマー固形分濃度が25質量%(好ましくは20質量、より好ましくは18質量%、更に好ましくは15質量%、更により好ましくは10質量%、殊更に好ましくは8質量%、特に好ましくは5質量%、より好ましくは3質量%、更に好ましくは重合開始)の時点から、重合終了時点迄の60%以上(好ましくは70%以上、より好ましくは80%以上、更に好ましくは90%以上、更により好ましくは95%以上、より好ましくは99%以上、特に好ましくは100%)の期間で水性媒体のpHが4.0以上であることが好ましい。
上記水性媒体のpHは、いずれの場合においても、4.0超が好ましく、4.5以上がより好ましく、5.0以上が更に好ましく、5.5以上が更により好ましく、6.0以上が殊更に好ましく、6.5以上が特に好ましく、7.0以上がより好ましく、7.5以上が更に好ましく、8.0以上が更により好ましい。
本開示者等が鋭意検討したところ、意外なことに、アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤が、アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤の塩を含むことによって重合の安定性が向上し、分子量が大きいTFE系ポリマーを製造することができることが見出された。
これは、塩を含むことによりアニオン性の界面活性剤の水溶性が向上し、乳化性能を示しやすくなることによるものであると考えられる。
上記アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤については後述する。
上記アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤が、該炭化水素系界面活性剤の塩を含むことは、導電率の測定により確認することができる。
上記製造方法において、上記アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤は、アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤の塩の濃度が、アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤の総質量に対して50質量%以上であることが好ましく、60質量%以上がより好ましく、70質量%以上が更に好ましく、80質量%以上が更により好ましく、90質量%以上が殊更に好ましく、95質量%以上が特に好ましい。
上記塩の割合は、溶液濃度と導電率により測定することができる。
上記製造方法において、上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、カルボン酸型の炭化水素系界面活性剤であることがより好ましい。上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、フッ素を含まない。
アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤の塩において、酸の水素原子を置き換える陽イオン(但し、水素原子を除く)は、例えば、金属原子、NRy 4(Ryは、各々、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基)である)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。上記RyはH又はアルキル基が好ましく、H又は炭素数1~10のアルキル基がより好ましく、H又は炭素数1~4のアルキル基が更に好ましい。
アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤の塩における上記陽イオンとしては、金属原子、又は、NRy 4が好ましく、NRy 4がより好ましく、NH4が更に好ましい。
導電率は、温度の影響が大きく変化することから、恒温槽を用いて、サンプル液温を25℃に保ち、pHメーターのセルの温度も同じにしてから導電率を測定する。
実質的に有機酸の形態の上記炭化水素系界面活性剤の非存在下とは、有機酸の濃度が得られた水性分散液の質量に対して、1.0質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.5質量%以下がより好ましく、0.1質量%以下が更に好ましく、0.05質量%以下が殊更好ましく、0.01質量%以下が特に好ましい。
本明細書中で「有機酸」とは、酸性を示す有機化合物を意味する。有機酸としては、-COOH基を有するカルボン酸や、-SO3H基を有するスルホン酸等が挙げられ、有機酸を含む水溶液のpHを調整するのが容易であるとの観点からカルボン酸が好ましい。
また、「有機酸の形態」とは、有機酸に含まれる酸性基(例えば、-COOH基、-SO3H基等)のHが遊離していない形態である。
上記製造方法において、上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、アニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤である。
なお、重合は、反応器中の気体TFEがTFE系ポリマーになり、反応器中の圧力降下が起こる時に開始したということができる。米国特許第3,391,099号明細書(Punderson)には、重合プロセスの2つの別個の段階、まず、核形成部位としてのポリマー核の形成、および次に、確立された粒子の重合を含む成長段階からなる、水性媒体中のテトラフルオロエチレンの分散重合が開示されている。なお、重合は通常、重合されるモノマーと重合開始剤との両方が反応器に充填された時に開始される。また、本開示では、核形成部位の形成に関する添加剤を核形成剤とする。
上記炭化水素系界面活性剤は、例えば、固体(例えば、炭化水素系界面活性剤の粉末)の形態であってもよいし、液体の形態であってもよい。
上記組成物は、炭化水素系界面活性剤を含むものであればよく、炭化水素系界面活性剤のみからなるものであってもよいし、炭化水素系界面活性剤と液状媒体とを含む炭化水素系界面活性剤の溶液又は分散体であってもよい。従って、上記添加工程は、炭化水素系界面活性剤単体又は炭化水素系界面活性剤を含む組成物を重合開始後に添加する工程ということもできる。
炭化水素系界面活性剤は1種類に限定されず、2種類以上の混合物であってもよい。
上記液状媒体としては、水性媒体及び有機溶媒のいずれでもよく、水性媒体及び有機溶媒を組み合わせて用いてもよい。
上記組成物として具体的には、炭化水素系界面活性剤が水性媒体に溶解した水溶液、炭化水素系界面活性剤が水性媒体に分散した水性分散液等が挙げられる。
上記水溶液のpHは、6.0以上がより好ましく、6.5以上が更に好ましく、7.0以上が更により好ましく、7.5以上が殊更に好ましく、8.0以上が特に好ましい。また、pHの上限は特に限定されないが、12.0以下であってよく、また、11.0以下であってもよい。
アニオン性炭化水素系界面活性剤及びカルボン酸型の炭化水素系界面活性剤としては特に限定されないが、例えば、上述したその他の界面活性能を有する化合物の中で例示した化合物(α)等を好適に使用できる。
上記化合物(α)には、上述した式:R102-COOM(式中、R102及びMは上記と同じ。)によって表されるアニオン性の炭化水素系界面活性剤(好ましくは、式(A1)で表される化合物)だけでなく、上述した式:R-L-M(式中、R、L及びMは上記と同じ)によって表されるアニオン性界面活性剤、上記界面活性剤(c)及び上記界面活性剤(d)のうち、カルボキシ基(-COOH)又はカルボキシ基の水素原子が無機陽イオン(例えば、金属原子、アンモニウム等)で置換された基を有するもの等も含まれる。
特に、ラウリン酸、カプリン酸、ミリスチン酸、ペンタデシル酸、パルミチン酸、及び、これらの塩、並びに、これらの化合物にラジカル処理または酸化処理を行ったものからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましい。上記塩としては、カルボキシ基の水素が上述した式Mの金属原子、NR101 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであるものが挙げられるが特に限定されない。
上記製造方法において「実質的に含フッ素界面活性剤の非存在下に」とは、水性媒体に対して含フッ素界面活性剤が10質量ppm以下であることを意味し、好ましくは1質量ppm以下であり、より好ましくは100質量ppb以下であり、更に好ましくは10質量ppb以下であり、更により好ましくは10質量ppb未満であり、更により好ましくは1質量ppb以下であり、特に好ましくは1質量ppb未満である。
「実質的に含フッ素界面活性剤の非存在下に」とは、また、含フッ素界面活性剤の意図的な添加がないことも意味する。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤は、例えば、アニオン性基を除く部分の総炭素数が20以下のフッ素原子を含む界面活性剤であってよい。
なお、上記「アニオン性部分」は、上記含フッ素界面活性剤のカチオンを除く部分を意味する。例えば、後述する式(I)で表されるF(CF2)n1COOMの場合には、「F(CF2)n1COO」の部分である。
上記LogPOWは、カラム;TOSOH ODS-120Tカラム(φ4.6mm×250mm、東ソー(株)製)、溶離液;アセトニトリル/0.6質量%HClO4水=1/1(vol/vol%)、流速;1.0ml/分、サンプル量;300μL、カラム温度;40℃、検出光;UV210nmの条件で、既知のオクタノール/水分配係数を有する標準物質(ヘプタン酸、オクタン酸、ノナン酸及びデカン酸)についてHPLCを行い、各溶出時間と既知のオクタノール/水分配係数との検量線を作成し、この検量線に基づき、試料液におけるHPLCの溶出時間から算出する。
Xn0-Rfn0-Y0 (N0)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl又は及びFである。Rfn0は、炭素数3~20で、鎖状、分枝鎖状または環状で、一部または全てのHがFにより置換されたアルキレン基であり、該アルキレン基は1つ以上のエーテル結合を含んでもよく、一部のHがClにより置換されていてもよい。Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
Y0のアニオン性基は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-COOM、又は、-SO3Mであってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、例えば、Na、K又はLiである。
R7としては、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子又はNR7 4であってよく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR7 4であってよく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4であってよい。
上記Rfn0は、Hの50%以上がフッ素に置換されているものであってよい。
下記一般式(N1):
Xn0-(CF2)m1-Y0 (N1)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl及びFであり、m1は3~15の整数であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N2):
Rfn1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)m2CFXn1-Y0 (N2)
(式中、Rfn1は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、m2は、0~3の整数であり、Xn1は、F又はCF3であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N3):
Rfn2(CH2)m3-(Rfn3)q-Y0 (N3)
(式中、Rfn2は、炭素数1~13のエーテル結合を含み得る、部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、m3は、1~3の整数であり、Rfn3は、直鎖状又は分岐状の炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基であり、qは0又は1であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、下記一般式(N4):
Rfn4-O-(CYn1Yn2)pCF2-Y0 (N4)
(式中、Rfn4は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Yn1及びYn2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、pは0又は1であり、Y0は、上記定義したものである。)で表される化合物、及び、
下記一般式(N5):
F(CF2)n1COOM (I)
(式中、n1は、3~14の整数であり、Mは、H、金属原子、NR7 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R7は、H又は有機基である。)で表されるものである。
H(CF2)n2COOM (II)
(式中、n2は、4~15の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf1-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n3CF(CF3)COOM (III)
(式中、Rf1は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、n3は、0~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf2(CH2)n4Rf3COOM (IV)
(式中、Rf2は、炭素数1~5のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、Rf3は、直鎖状又は分岐状の炭素数1~3のパーフルオロアルキレン基、n4は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf4-O-CY1Y2CF2-COOM (V)
(式中、Rf4は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Y1及びY2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
F(CF2)n5SO3M (VI)
(式中、n5は、3~14の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
H(CF2)n6SO3M (VII)
(式中、n6は、4~14の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf5(CH2)n7SO3M (VIII)
(式中、Rf5は、炭素数1~13のパーフルオロアルキル基であり、n7は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf6(CH2)n8COOM (IX)
(式中、Rf6は、炭素数1~13のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分岐鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、n8は、1~3の整数であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf7-O-Rf8-O-CF2-COOM (X)
(式中、Rf7は、炭素数1~6のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Rf8は、炭素数1~6の直鎖状または分枝鎖状の部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Rf9-O-CY1Y2CF2-SO3M (XI)
(式中、Rf9は、炭素数1~12のエーテル結合を含み得る直鎖状または分枝鎖状であって、塩素を含んでもよい、部分または完全フッ素化されたアルキル基であり、Y1及びY2は、同一若しくは異なって、H又はFであり、Mは、上記定義したものである。)で表されるものである。
Y0は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-SO3M、又は、COOMであってよい(式中、Mは上記定義したものである。)。
Lとしては、例えば、単結合、炭素数1~10のエーテル結合を含みうる部分又は完全フッ素化されたアルキレン基が挙げられる。
一般的に連鎖移動剤と呼ばれるものは、その活性は連鎖移動定数と再開始効率で特徴づけられるが連鎖移動剤の中でも再開始効率がほとんど0%のものがラジカル捕捉剤と称される。
上記ラジカル捕捉剤は、例えば、重合温度におけるTFEとの連鎖移動定数が重合速度定数より大きく、かつ、再開始効率が実質的にゼロ%の化合物ということもできる。「再開始効率が実質的にゼロ%」とは、発生したラジカルがラジカル捕捉剤を安定ラジカルにすることを意味する。
好ましくは、重合温度におけるTFEとの連鎖移動定数(Cs)(=連鎖移動速度定数(kc)/重合速度定数(kp))が0.1より大きい化合物であり、上記化合物は、連鎖移動定数(Cs)が0.5以上であることがより好ましく、1.0以上であることが更に好ましく、5.0以上であることが更により好ましく、10以上であることが特に好ましい。
芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物としては、非置換フェノール、多価フェノール、サリチル酸、m-又はp-のサリチル酸、没食子酸、ナフトール等が挙げられる。
上記非置換フェノールとしては、о-、m-又はp-のニトロフェノール、о-、m-又はp-のアミノフェノール、p-ニトロソフェノール等が挙げられる。多価フェノールとしては、カテコール、レゾルシン、ハイドロキノン、ピロガロール、フロログルシン、ナフトレゾルシノール等が挙げられる。
芳香族アミン類としては、о-、m-又はp-のフェニレンジアミン、ベンジジン等が挙げられる。
上記キノン化合物としては、о-、m-又はp-のベンゾキノン、1,4-ナフトキノン、アリザリン等が挙げられる。
チオシアン酸塩としては、チオシアン酸アンモン(NH4SCN)、チオシアン酸カリ(KSCN)、チオシアン酸ソーダ(NaSCN)等が挙げられる。
上記ラジカル捕捉剤としては、なかでも、芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物が好ましく、非置換フェノール又は多価フェノールがより好ましく、ハイドロキノンが更に好ましい。
上記重合開始剤の分解剤の添加量は、重合開始剤(後述するレドックス開始剤)として組み合わされる酸化剤の量に対して、25~300質量%の範囲で添加する。好ましくは25~150質量%、更に好ましくは50~100質量%である。
上記重合開始剤の分解剤の添加量は、標準比重を小さくする観点から、重合開始剤濃度の3~500%(モル基準)に相当する量が好ましい。より好ましい下限は5%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは8%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは10%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは13%(モル基準)であり、更により好ましくは15%(モル基準)である。より好ましい上限は400%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは300%(モル基準)であり、更により好ましくは200%(モル基準)であり、殊更に好ましくは100%(モル基準)である。
また、水性媒体中に形成されるTFE系ポリマーの濃度が40質量%以下である時に添加することが好ましい。より好ましくは、35質量%以下である時であり、更に好ましくは、30質量%以下である時である。
ラジカル捕捉剤及び重合開始剤の分解剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を連続的に添加するとは、例えば、ラジカル捕捉剤及び重合開始剤の分解剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を一括ではなく、経時的に、かつ、間断なく又は分割して、添加することである。
この場合、上記重合工程は、炭化水素系界面活性剤及び上記核形成剤の存在下に、水性媒体中でテトラフルオロエチレンを重合することによりTFE系ポリマーを得る工程であることが好ましい。
(-CFCF3-CF2-O-)n (1a)
(-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-)n (1b)
(-CF2-CF2-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m (1c)
(-CF2-CFCF3-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m (1d)
(式(1a)~(1d)中、m及びnは1以上の整数である。)
CF3-CF2-CF2-O(-CFCF3-CF2-O-)nCFCF3-COOH、
CF3-CF2-CF2-O(-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-)n-CF2-CF2COOH、又は、
HOOC-CF2-O(-CF2-CF2-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)mCF2COOH
(式中、m及びnは前記と同じ。)
で表わされる化合物又はそれらの塩であることが好ましい。
R3-O-A1-H (i)
(式中、R3は、炭素数8~18の直鎖状若しくは分岐鎖状の1級又は2級アルキル基であり、A1は、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖である。)により表される化合物が挙げられる。
R3の炭素数は10~16が好ましく、12~16がより好ましい。R3の炭素数が18以下であると水性分散液の良好な分散安定性が得られやすい。またR3の炭素数が18を超えると流動温度が高いため取扱い難い。R3の炭素数が8より小さいと水性分散液の表面張力が高くなり、浸透性やぬれ性が低下しやすい。
水性分散液の粘度および安定性の点からは、オキシエチレン基の平均繰り返し数7~12およびオキシプロピレン基の平均繰り返し数0~2より構成されるポリオキシアルキレン鎖が好ましい。特にA1がオキシプロピレン基を平均して0.5~1.5有すると低起泡性が良好であり好ましい。
例えば、ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル系非イオン性化合物としては、例えば、下記一般式(ii)
R4-C6H4-O-A2-H (ii)
(式中、R4は、炭素数4~12の直鎖状又は分岐鎖状の1級若しくは2級のアルキル基であり、A2は、ポリオキシアルキレン鎖である。)で示される化合物が挙げられる。記ポリオキシエチレンアルキルフェニルエーテル系非イオン性化合物として具体的には、トライトン(登録商標)X-100(製品名、Dow Chemical社製)等が挙げられる。
ポリオール化合物の典型例としては、ポリオール単位として1個以上の糖単位を有する化合物が挙げられる。糖単位は、少なくとも1個の長鎖を含有するように変性されてもよい。少なくとも1つの長鎖部分を含有する好適なポリオール化合物としては、例えば、アルキルグリコシド、変性アルキルグリコシド、糖エステル、及びこれらの組み合わせが挙げられる。糖としては、単糖、オリゴ糖、及びソルビタンが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。単糖としては、五炭糖及び六炭糖が挙げられる。単糖の典型例としては、リボース、グルコース、ガラクトース、マンノース、フルクトース、アラビノース、キシロースが挙げられる。オリゴ糖としては、2~10個の同一又は異なる単糖のオリゴマーが挙げられる。オリゴ糖の例としては、サッカロース、マルトース、ラクトース、ラフィノース、及びイソマルトースが挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。
糖系ポリオールは、1個の糖単位又は複数の糖単位を含有してもよい。1個の糖単位又は複数の糖単位は、上述のような長鎖部分で変性されてもよい。糖系ポリオール化合物の特定の例としては、グリコシド、糖エステル、ソルビタンエステル、並びにこれらの混合物及び組み合わせが挙げられる。
上記の式は、ピラノース形態のグルコースを示すアルキルポリグルコシドの特定の例を表すが、他の糖又は同じ糖であるが異なる鏡像異性体又はジアステレオマー形態である糖を用いてもよいことが理解される。
アルキルグルコシドは、例えば、グルコース、デンプン、又はn-ブチルグルコシドと脂肪族アルコールとの酸触媒反応によって入手可能であり、これからは、典型例に、様々なアルキルグルコシドの混合物が得られる(Alkylpolygylcoside,Rompp,Lexikon Chemie,Version 2.0,Stuttgart/New York,Georg Thieme Verlag,1999)。脂肪族アルコールの例としては、ヘキサノール、ヘプタノール、オクタノール、ノナノール、デカノール、ウンデカノール、ドデカノール(ラウリルアルコール)、テトラデカノール、ヘキサデカノール(セチルアルコール)、ヘプタデカノール、オクタデカノール(ステアリルアルコール)、エイコサン酸、及びこれらの組み合わせ挙げられる。また、アルキルグルコシドは、Cognis GmbH,Dusseldorf,Germanyから商品名GLUCOPON又はDISPONILとして市販されている。
重合圧力は、0.05~10MPaGである。重合圧力は、0.3MPaG以上がより好ましく、0.5MPaG以上が更に好ましい。また、5.0MPaG以下がより好ましく、3.0MPaG以下が更に好ましい。
特に、得量を向上させる観点からは、1.0MPaG以上が好ましく、1.2MPaG以上がより好ましく、1.5MPaG以上が更に好ましく、1.8MPaG以上が更により好ましく、2.0MPaG以上が特に好ましい。
また、上記乳化重合において、重合開始時の炭化水素系界面活性剤の量は、水性媒体に対して1ppm以上であることが好ましい。重合開始時の炭化水素系界面活性剤の量は、好ましくは10ppm以上であり、より好ましくは50ppm以上であり、更に好ましくは100ppm以上であり、更により好ましくは200ppm以上である。上限は特に限定されないが、例えば、100000ppmであることが好ましく、50000ppmであることがより好ましい。重合開始時の炭化水素系界面活性剤の量は、上記範囲であることによって、より平均一次粒子径が小さく、より安定性に優れる水性分散液を得ることができる。
油溶性ラジカル重合開始剤としては、フッ素原子を含まないものが好ましい。
より好ましくは、酸化剤が、過マンガン酸又はその塩、過硫酸塩、若しくは、臭素酸又はその塩であり、還元剤が、ジカルボン酸又はその塩である。
レドックス開始剤を用いる場合は、酸化剤又は還元剤のいずれかをあらかじめ重合槽に仕込み、ついでもう一方を連続的又は断続的に加えて重合を開始させてもよい。例えば、過マンガン酸カリウム/シュウ酸アンモニウムを用いる場合、重合槽にシュウ酸アンモニウムを仕込み、そこへ過マンガン酸カリウムを連続的に添加することが好ましい。
なお、本明細書のレドックス開始剤において、「過マンガン酸カリウム/シュウ酸アンモニウム」と記載した場合、過マンガン酸カリウムとシュウ酸アンモニウムとの組合せを意味する。他の化合物においても同じである。
上記レドックス開始剤としては、レドックス開始剤水溶液のpHを4.0以上とすることができる酸化剤又は還元剤を使用することが好ましい。上記レドックス開始剤水溶液とは、酸化剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液、または、還元剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液を意味する。
すなわち、酸化剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液、及び、還元剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液の少なくとも一方のpHが4.0以上であればよく、酸化剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液、及び、還元剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液の両方のpHが4.0以上であることが好ましい。
上記レドックス開始剤水溶液(酸化剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液、又は、還元剤の0.50質量%濃度水溶液)のpHは、それぞれ、5.0以上がより好ましく、5.5以上が更に好ましく、6.0以上が特に好ましい。
例えば、上記塩である酸化剤は、過硫酸塩、過マンガン酸塩、セリウム(IV)塩及び臭素酸塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、過マンガン酸塩が更に好ましく、過マンガン酸カリウムが特に好ましい。
また、上記塩である還元剤は、シュウ酸塩、マロン酸塩、コハク酸塩、グルタル酸塩及び臭素酸塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、シュウ酸塩が更に好ましく、シュウ酸アンモニウムが特に好ましい。
また、上記重合工程でレドックス開始剤を用いることによって、水性分散液中に生成されるTFE系ポリマーの粒子数を多くすることができる。また、TFE系ポリマーの得量を高くすることもできる。
レドックス開始剤を使用する場合、重合初期に酸化剤と還元剤を一括で添加してもよいし、重合初期に還元剤を一括で添加し、酸化剤を連続して添加してもよいし、重合初期に酸化剤を一括で添加し、還元剤を連続して添加してもよいし、酸化剤と還元剤の両方を連続して添加してもよい。
重合開始剤としてレドックス開始剤を使用する場合、水性媒体に対して、酸化剤の添加量が5~10000ppmであることが好ましく、10~1000ppmであることがより好ましく、還元剤の添加量が5~10000ppmであることが好ましく、10~1000ppmであることがより好ましい。
また、上記重合工程でレドックス開始剤を用いる場合、重合温度は、100℃以下が好ましく、95℃以下がより好ましく、90℃以下が更に好ましい。また、10℃以上が好ましく、20℃以上がより好ましく、30℃以上が更に好ましい。
RaIxBry
(式中、xおよびyはそれぞれ0~2の整数であり、かつ1≦x+y≦2を満たすものであり、Raは炭素数1~16の飽和もしくは不飽和のフルオロ炭化水素基またはクロロフルオロ炭化水素基、または炭素数1~3の炭化水素基であり、酸素原子を含んでいてもよい)で表される化合物があげられる。臭素化合物又はヨウ素化合物を使用することによって、ヨウ素または臭素が重合体に導入され、架橋点として機能する。
上記製造方法において、付着量は、最終的に得られたTFE系ポリマーに対して、3.0質量%以下が好ましく、2.0質量%以下がより好ましく、1.0質量%以下がより好ましく、0.8質量%以下が更に好ましく、0.7質量%以下が更により好ましく、0.6質量%以下が特に好ましい。
上記TFE系ポリマーの水性分散液に対して凝析を行う場合、通常、ポリマーラテックス等の重合により得た水性分散液を、水を用いて10~25質量%のポリマー濃度(好ましくは10~20質量%のポリマー濃度)になるように希釈し、場合によっては、pHを中性又はアルカリ性に調整した後、撹拌機付きの容器中で反応中の撹拌よりも激しく撹拌して行う。上記凝析は、メタノール、アセトン等の水溶性有機化合物、硝酸カリウム、炭酸アンモニウム等の無機塩や、塩酸、硫酸、硝酸等の無機酸等を凝析剤として添加しながら撹拌を行ってもよい。上記凝析は、また、インラインミキサー等を使用して連続的に行ってもよい。
アルコール;
酢酸、プロピオン酸、エトキシ酢酸、吉草酸などのカルボン酸;
酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸プロピル、酢酸ブチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、炭酸ジメチルなどのエステル;
メチルエチルケトン、メチルイソブチルケトン、シクロヘキサノン、ジアセトンアルコール、3-メチル-2-シクロペンテノンなどのケトン;
ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレンなどの芳香族炭化水素;
ジエチルエーテル、テトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、ジエチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、1,2-ジメトキシエタンなどのエーテル
上記乾燥の温度は、押出圧力が低下する観点では、300℃以下が好ましく、250℃以下がより好ましく、230℃以下が更に好ましく、210℃以下が更により好ましく、190℃以下が更により好ましく、170℃以下が特に好ましい。破断強度が向上する観点では、10℃以上が好ましく、100℃以上がより好ましく、150℃以上が更に好ましく、170℃以上が更により好ましく、190℃以上が更により好ましく、210℃以上が特に好ましい。上記強度比を一層高くするために、この温度範囲で適宜調整することが好ましい。
上記底面及び/又は側面に通気性のある容器としては、底面及び/又は側面に通気性を有するトレー(バット)が好ましく、底面及び/又は側面がメッシュで作製されたトレー(メッシュトレー)が更に好ましい。
上記メッシュは、織網とパンチングメタルのいずれかであることが好ましい。
上記メッシュの目開きは、2000μm以下(ASTM規格の10メッシュ以上)が好ましく、595μm以下(30メッシュ以上)がより好ましく、297μm以下(50メッシュ以上)が更に好ましく、177μm以下(80メッシュ以上)が更により好ましく、149μm以下(100メッシュ以上)が殊更に好ましく、74μm以下(200メッシュ以上)が特に好ましい。また、25μm以上(500メッシュ以下)が好ましい。
上記メッシュが織網である場合の織り方としては、例えば、平織、綾織、平畳織、綾畳織が挙げられる。
上記メッシュがパンチングメタルである場合の開孔率は、10%以上が好ましく、20%以上がより好ましく、30%以上が更に好ましい。また、95%以下が好ましい。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基(好ましくはフッ素を含まない有機基))、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は上記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。)
上記TFE系ポリマー組成物の含有量は、上記バインダーに対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のバインダーが上記TFE系ポリマー組成物のみからなることも好ましい。
上記有機溶剤含有量は、3質量%以下であることが好ましく、1質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.1質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.01質量%以下であることが更により好ましく、0.001質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
本開示のバインダーは、固体電解質層におけるバインダーとして好適に使用することができる。
本開示のバインダーは、また、電極用バインダーとしても特に好適に使用することができる。
上記電極活物質としては、正極活物質及び負極活物質が挙げられる。
式:MaMn2-bM1 bO4
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0.9≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物(リチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物等)、
式:MNi1-cM2 cO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・ニッケル複合酸化物(リチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物等)、又は、
式:MCo1-dM3 dO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・コバルト複合酸化物(リチウム・コバルト複合酸化物等)が挙げられる。
上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLi又はNaであり、更に好ましくはLiである。
MNihCoiMnjM5 kO2 (3)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M5はFe、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、(h+i+j+k)=1.0、0≦h≦1.0、0≦i≦1.0、0≦j≦1.5、0≦k≦0.2である。)
MeM4 f(PO4)g (4)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M4はV、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni及びCuからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、0.5≦e≦3、1≦f≦2、1≦g≦3である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLi又はNaであり、更に好ましくはLiである。すなわち、上記アルカリ金属含有遷移金属リン酸化合物としては、リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物が好ましい。
LiyNi1-xMxO2 (5)
(式中、xは、0.01≦x≦0.7、yは、0.9≦y≦2.0であり、Mは金属原子(但しLi及びNiを除く)を表す)で表される正極活物質が好ましい。
上記タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5~10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/cm3として求める。
上記平均一次粒子径は、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いた観察により測定される。具体的には、10000倍の倍率の写真で、水平方向の直線に対する一次粒子の左右の境界線による切片の最長の値を、任意の50個の一次粒子について求め、平均値をとることにより求められる。
上記BET比表面積は、表面積計(例えば、大倉理研社製全自動表面積測定装置)を用い、試料に対して窒素流通下150℃で30分間、予備乾燥を行なった後、大気圧に対する窒素の相対圧の値が0.3となるように正確に調整した窒素ヘリウム混合ガスを用い、ガス流動法による窒素吸着BET1点法によって測定した値で定義される。
上記導電助剤としては、公知の導電材を任意に用いることができる。具体例としては、銅、ニッケル等の金属材料、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛等の黒鉛(グラファイト)、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ランプブラック、サーマルブラック等のカーボンブラック、ニードルコークス、カーボンナノチューブ、フラーレン、VGCF等の無定形炭素等の炭素材料等が挙げられる。なお、これらは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
工程(a):粉体成分とバインダーとを混合して電極合剤を形成するステップと、
工程(b):電極合剤をカレンダリング又は押出成形してシートを製造するステップと
を含み、
工程(a)の混合は、
(a1)粉体成分とバインダーとを均質化して粉末にする工程と、
(a2)工程(a1)によって得られた粉末状の原料混合物を混合して電極合剤を調製する工程と
を含むことを特徴とする製造方法によっても、好適に製造することができる。
すなわち、このような(a1)においては、フィブリル化を抑制しながら、混合して均質化することが好ましい。
次いで行う工程である(a2)における混合は、30℃以上の温度で行うことで、フィブリル化を促進させることが好ましい。
一実施形態では、上記工程(b)のカレンダリング又は押し出しは、30℃から150℃の間、好ましくは35℃から120℃の間、より好ましくは40℃から100℃の間の温度で実行される。
具体的な混合方法としては、W型混合機、V型混合機、ドラム型混合機、リボン混合機、円錐スクリュー型混合機、1軸混練機、2軸混練機、ミックスマラー、撹拌ミキサー、プラネタリーミキサー、ヘンシェルミキサー、高速ミキサー等を用いて混合する方法が挙げられる。
工程(a1)では工程(a2)よりも弱い剪断力で行うことが好ましい。
また工程(a1)では工程(a2)よりも短い時間で行うことが望ましい。
水分含有量が1000ppm以下であることによって、電気化学デバイスの劣化を低減させるという点で好ましい。上記水分含有量は、500ppm以下であることが更に好ましい。
工程(b)は、(b1)前記工程(a)によって得られた電極合剤をバルク状に成形する工程と、(b2)バルク状の電極合剤をカレンダリング又は押出成形する工程を含むことが好ましい。
バルク状に成形する具体的な方法として、押出成形、プレス成形等が挙げられる。
また、「バルク状」とは、特に形状が特定されるものではなく、1つの塊状になっている状態であればよく、ロッド状、シート状、球状、キューブ状等の形態が含まれる。上記塊の大きさは、その断面の直径又は最小の一辺が10000μm以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは20000μm以上である。
工程(c)の回数としては、2回以上10回以下が好ましく、3回以上9回以下がより好ましい。
具体的な圧延方法としては、例えば、2つあるいは複数のロールを回転させ、その間に圧延シートを通すことによって、より薄いシート状に加工する方法等が挙げられる。
また、工程(a)ないし、(b)、(c)、(d)において1軸延伸もしくは2軸延伸を行っても良い。
また、工程(d)での粗砕程度によってもシート強度を調整することができる。
なお、ここでいう圧延率とは、試料の圧延加工前の厚みに対する加工後の厚みの減少率を指す。圧延前の試料は、バルク状の原料組成物であっても、シート状の原料組成物であってもよい。試料の厚みとは、圧延時に荷重をかける方向の厚みを指す。
上記工程(c)~(d)は30℃以上で行うのが好ましく、60℃以上がより好ましい。また、150℃以下で行うのが好ましい。
なお、本明細書において、固体二次電池は、固体電解質を含む二次電池であればよく、電解質として固体電解質及び液体成分を含む半固体二次電池であってもよいし、電解質として固体電解質のみを含む全固体二次電池であってもよい。
上記固体二次電池は、正極、負極、並びに、当該正極及び当該負極の間に介在する固体電解質層を備えることが好ましい。
上記固体二次電池において、本開示のバインダーを電極層に用いてもよく、固体電解質層に用いてもよい。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液1gを、送風乾燥機中で150℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、水性分散液の質量(1g)に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表した値を採用した。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を水で固形分濃度が0.15質量%になるまで希釈し、得られた希釈ラテックスの単位長さに対する550nmの投射光の透過率と、透過型電子顕微鏡写真により定方向径を測定して決定した数基準長さ平均一次粒子径とを測定して、検量線を作成した。この検量線を用いて、各試料の550nmの投射光の実測透過率から平均一次粒子径を決定した。
約20gのTFE系ポリマー組成物を150℃、2時間加熱した前後の質量を測定し、以下の式に従って算出した。試料を3回取り、それぞれ算出した後、平均を求め、当該平均値を採用した。
水分含有量(質量%)=[(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))-(加熱後のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))]/(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))×100
ASTM D4895 89に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定した。
ASTM D 4895-89に準拠して測定した。
HFP含有量は、TFE系ポリマー組成物をプレス成形することで薄膜ディスクを作製し、薄膜ディスクをFT-IR測定した赤外線吸光度から、982cm-1における吸光度/935cm-1における吸光度の比に0.3を乗じて求めた。
吸熱ピーク温度は、300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴のないTFE系ポリマーの組成物約10mgを精秤し、専用のアルミパンに収納して、TG/DTA(示差熱熱重量同時測定装置)を用いて測定した。吸熱ピーク温度は、アルミパンを大気雰囲気下、25℃から600℃までの温度範囲を10℃/分の条件で昇温させることにより示差熱(DTA)曲線を得て、得られた示差熱(DTA)曲線における極小値に対応する温度とした。
300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴のないTFE系ポリマーの組成物約10mgを精秤し、専用のアルミパンに収納してTG・DTA(示差熱・熱重量同時測定装置)を測定した。0.1%質量減少温度は、アルミパンを大気雰囲気下、25℃から600℃までの温度範囲を10℃/分の条件で昇温させ、0.1mass%の重量減少した点に対応する温度とした。
300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴のないTFE系ポリマーの組成物約10mgを精秤し、専用のアルミパンに収納してTG・DTA(示差熱・熱重量同時測定装置)を測定した。1.0%質量減少温度は、アルミパンを大気雰囲気下、25℃から600℃までの温度範囲を10℃/分の条件で昇温させ、1.0mass%の重量減少した点に対応する温度とした。
押出圧力は、特開2002-201217号公報記載の方法に準拠し、下記方法で求めた。
TFE系ポリマー組成物100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合した。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得た。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得た。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とした。ペースト押出において押出負荷が平衡状態になった時の負荷を測定し、ペースト押出に用いたシリンダーの断面積で除することにより、押出圧力を算出した。
延伸試験、及び破断強度の測定は、特開2002-201217号公報記載の方法に準拠し、下記方法で実施した。
上記のペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去した。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱した。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、延伸試験(ストレッチ試験)を実施した。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従った。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。ストレッチ方法においてストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%であった。上記延伸試験において破断しなかったものを延伸可能とした。
液体クロマトグラフィー質量分析法を用いて下記条件で測定した。
組成物からの抽出
組成物1gにメタノール10g(12.6mL)を加え、60分間の超音波処理を行い、一般式(1)で示される化合物を含む上澄み液を抽出した。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮した抽出液を得た。
抽出液に含まれる一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量はパーフルオロオクタン酸に換算することにより求めた。
1ng/mL~100ng/mLの濃度既知のパーフルオロオクタン酸のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。それぞれのサンプル濃度とピークの積分値から一次近似を用い、下記関係式(1)によりa、bを求めた。
A=a×X+b (1)
A:パーフルオロオクタン酸のピーク面積
X:パーフルオロオクタン酸の濃度(ng/mL)
液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計を用い、炭素数が4以上20以下の一般式(1)で示される化合物を測定した。抽出した液相について、MRM法を用いて各炭素数の一般式(1)で示される化合物のピーク面積を求めた。
XCm=((ACm-b)/a)×((50×m+45)/413) (3)
XCm:抽出溶液中の炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量(ng/mL)
ACm:抽出溶液中の炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物のピーク面積
この測定における定量限界は1ng/mLである。
組成物中に含まれる炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量は下記式(4)により求めた。
YCm=XCm×12.6 (4)
YCm:組成物中に含まれる炭素数(m+1)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量(ppb対TFE系ポリマー)
定量下限は10質量ppbである。
組成物からの抽出
組成物1gにメタノール10g(12.6mL)を加え、60分間の超音波処理を行い、一般式(2)で示される化合物を含む上澄み液を抽出した。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮した抽出液を得た。
抽出液に含まれる一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量はパーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸に換算することにより求めた。
1ng/mL~100ng/mLの濃度既知のパーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。それぞれのサンプル濃度とピークの積分値から一次近似を用い、下記関係式(1)によりa、bを求めた。
A=a×X+b (1)
A:パーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸のピーク面積
X:パーフルオロオクタンスルホン酸の濃度(ng/mL)
液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計を用い、炭素数が4以上20以下の一般式(2)で示される化合物を測定した。抽出した液相について、MRM法を用いて各炭素数の一般式(2)で示される化合物のピーク面積を求めた。
XSn=((ASn-b)/a)×((50×n+81)/499) (3)
XSn:抽出溶液中の炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量(ng/mL)
ASn:抽出溶液中の炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物のピーク面積
この測定における定量限界は1ng/mLである。
組成物中に含まれる炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量は下記式(4)により求めた。
YSn=XSn×12.6 (4)
YSn:組成物中に含まれる炭素数nの一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量(ppb対TFE系ポリマー組成物)
定量下限は10質量ppbである。
16gの脱イオン水に0.273gのラウリン酸を入れて攪拌しながら2.77gのアンモニア2.8%濃度水溶液を徐々に加えて水溶液Cを得た。
100gの脱イオン水に10gのラウリン酸を入れて攪拌しながら25gのアンモニア10%濃度水溶液を徐々に加えて水溶液Dを得た。このときのpHは、9.6を示した。
内容積3LのSUS製の撹拌機付き反応器に1748gの脱イオン水、90gのパラフィンワックス、調製例1で得られた水溶液C、0.5gのシュウ酸アンモニウムを加えた。この時の水性分散液のpHは9.0であった。反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換を行ない、酸素を取り除いた。反応器を70℃に昇温し、2.0gのHFPを加え、更に、TFEにて昇圧し、2.70MPaとした。重合開始剤として、0.5質量%濃度の過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液を反応器に連続的に仕込み始めたところ、圧力の低下が起こり、反応が開始した。反応圧を2.70MPa一定となるようにTFEを仕込んだ。80gのTFEを仕込んだ時に撹拌を停止し、反応圧が大気圧になるまで脱圧を行なった。
直ちに、反応器にTFEを充填し、反応圧を2.70MPaとし、撹拌を再開して、反応を継続した。同時に、調製例1で得られた水溶液Dを反応器に連続的に仕込み始めた。680gのTFEを仕込んだ時に、撹拌を停止し、反応器を大気圧になるまで脱圧を行なった。反応終了までに56.0gの過マンガン酸カリウム水溶液と26.2gの水溶液Dを仕込んだ。水性分散液を反応器から取り出し、冷却後、パラフィンワックスを分離し、TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液のpHは8.8、固形分濃度は27.1質量%、一次粒子径は220nmであった。
製造例1で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水にて固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別し、湿潤粉末を得た。湿潤粉末の水分含有量は約52質量%であった。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、240℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物Aを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Aの水分含有量は0.001質量%、標準比重は2.170、熱不安定指数は44、HFP含有量は0.002質量%、0.1質量%減少温度は391℃、1.0質量%減少温度は491℃、吸熱ピーク温度は342℃であった。押出圧力は27.0MPa、延伸可能であった。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物A中に含まれる炭素数m(4~20)の一般式(1)で示される化合物の含有量、炭素数n(4~20)の一般式(2)で示される化合物の含有量は、定量下限未満(10質量ppb未満)であった。
熱処理温度を210℃に変更する以外は作製例1と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物Bを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Bの水分含有量は0.002質量%、標準比重は2.170、熱不安定指数は44、HFP含有量は0.002質量%、0.1質量%減少温度は391℃、1.0質量%減少温度は491℃、吸熱ピーク温度は342℃であった。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Bの物性を下記表7及び8に示す。
メッシュトレーを平板トレー(底面及び側面に通気性のないトレー)に、熱処理温度を180℃に変更する以外は実施例2と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物Cを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Cの水分含有量は0.025質量%、標準比重は2.170、熱不安定指数は44、HFP含有量は0.002質量%、0.1質量%減少温度は386℃、1.0質量%減少温度は490℃、吸熱ピーク温度は342℃であった。押出圧力は20.8MPa、延伸可能であった。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Cの物性を下記表7及び8に示す。
熱処理時間を5時間に変更する以外は実施例3と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物Xを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Xの水分含有量は、0.131質量%、標準比重は2.170、熱不安定指数は44、HFP含有量は0.002質量%であった。押出圧力は、11.6MPaであり、延伸可能であった。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Xの物性を下記表7及び8に示す。
10-ウンデセン-1-オール(16g)、1,4-ベンゾキノン(10.2g)、DMF(160mL)、水(16mL)及びPdCl2(0.34g)の混合物を90℃で12時間加熱撹拌した。
その後減圧下に溶媒を留去した。得られた残渣を分液及びカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製し、11-ヒドロキシウンデカン-2-オン(15.4g)を得た。
11-ヒドロキシウンデカン-2-オン(13g)、三酸化硫黄トリエチルアミン錯体(13.9g)、テトラヒドロフラン(140mL)の混合物を50℃下12時間撹拌した。ナトリウムメトキシド(3.8g)/メタノール(12mL)溶液を反応液に滴下した。
析出固体を減圧濾過し、酢酸エチルで洗浄し、10-オキソウンデシル硫酸ナトリウム(15.5g)(以下、界面活性剤Aという)を得た。
内容積1Lの攪拌機付きガラス製の反応器に、588.6gの脱イオン水、70.0gの界面活性剤Aを加え、反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換を行い、酸素を取り除いた。反応器を90℃に昇温し、窒素で0.4MPaGに昇圧する。41.4gの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)を仕込み、3時間撹拌した。撹拌を停止し、反応器を大気圧になるまで脱圧を行い、冷却を行い、界面活性剤水溶液Bを得た。
内容積6Lの攪拌機付きSUS製の反応器に、3600gの脱イオン脱気水、180gのパラフィンワックス、及び0.540gの界面活性剤Aを加え、反応器を密閉し、系内を窒素で置換を行い、酸素を取り除いた。反応器を70℃に昇温し、TFEを反応器に充填して、反応器を2.70MPaにする。重合開始剤として0.620gの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)、1.488gのジコハク酸パーオキサイド(DSP)を仕込んだ。反応圧が2.70MPa一定となるようにTFEを仕込んだ。TFEを仕込み始めたと同時に界面活性剤水溶液Bを連続的に仕込み始めた。TFEを540g仕込んだ時に、0.76gのハイドロキノンを溶かした脱イオン脱気水を20g添加し、TFEを1200g仕込んだ時に撹拌を停止し、反応器が大気圧になるまで脱圧を行なった。反応終了までに界面活性剤水溶液Bは103g仕込んだ。内容物を反応器より取り出して、冷却後、パラフィンワックスを分離し、TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の固形分含有量は25.9質量%であり、平均一次粒子径は、290nmであった。
製造例2で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水にて固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別し、湿潤粉末を得た。湿潤粉末の水分含有量は約52質量%であった。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、210℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物Dを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Dの水分含有量は0.001質量%、標準比重は2.151、熱不安定指数は42、0.1質量%減少温度は397℃、1.0質量%減少温度は492℃、吸熱ピーク温度は344℃であった。押出圧力は18.9MPa、延伸可能であった。得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Dの物性を下記表7及び8に示す。
製造例1で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水にて固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別し、湿潤粉末を得た。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:1.2g/cm2)、高温過熱蒸気発生装置を備えた炉内に180℃の過熱水蒸気を20kg/hrの速度で導入し、180℃の炉内で、7時間熱処理し、TFE系ポリマー組成物Eを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Eの水分含有量は0.002質量%、標準比重は2.170、熱不安定指数は44、0.1質量%減少温度は391℃、1.0質量%減少温度は491℃、吸熱ピーク温度は342℃であり、延伸可能であった。
(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)H(式中、mは12、14である。)の含有量は、TFE系ポリマー組成物Eに対して10質量ppb未満、(H-(CF2)n-SO3)H(式中、nは4~20である。)の含有量は10質量ppb未満であった。
下記の手順で実施例1~11、A1~A4の合剤シート作製とシート評価を行った。作製及び評価はアルゴン雰囲気下にて行われた。
<正極合剤シートの作製>
活物質と導電助剤を秤量し、V型混合機に材料を投入し、37rpmで10分間混合し活物質と導電助剤からなる混合物を得た。その後、混合物に秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー組成物)と固体電解質を投入し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。活物質、導電助剤、バインダー、固体電解質とからなる混合物をヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで2分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を40℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、ヘンシェルミキサーにて1000rpmで3分間処理することでフィブリル化を促進し、電極合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電極合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電極合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電極合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な正極合剤層の厚みは100μmになるように調整した。
表9に材料種と組成を示す。
上記正極合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下、にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。実施例1を100として実施例2~5、実施例A1と、実施例6を100として実施例7と、実施例8を100として実施例9と、実施例10を100として実施例11と、実施例A2を100として実施例A3、A4と、それぞれ比較した。引張強度が高く、電極強度が良好なものからA~Eでランク付けした。
A:230以上
B:180~229
C:120~179
D:105~119
E:105未満
結果を表10に示す。
作製した正極合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表10に示す。
下記の手順で実施例12~22、B1~B4の合剤シート作製とシート評価を行った。作製及び評価はアルゴン雰囲気下にて行われた。
秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー組成物)を5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた後、ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで2分間処理することで粉砕処理を行った。
粉砕したバインダーと固体電解質をそれぞれ秤量し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで1分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を40℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、ヘンシェルミキサーにて1000rpmで1分間処理することでフィブリル化を促進し、電解質合剤を得た。
並行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電解質合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電解質合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電解質合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電解質合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な電解質合剤シートの厚みは150μmになるように調整した。
表11に材料種と組成を示す。
上記電解質合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下、にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。実施例12を100として実施例13~16および実施例B1と、実施例17を100として実施例18と、実施例19を100として実施例20と、実施例21を100として実施例22と、実施例B2を100として実施例B3、B4とそれぞれ比較した。引張強度が高く、電極強度が良好なものからA~Eでランク付けした。
A:230以上
B:180~229
C:120~179
D:105~119
E:105未満
結果を表12に示す。
作製した電解質合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表12に示す。
固体電解質合剤シートを適当な大きさに切り出し、両面に金を蒸着した。その後、パンチでΦ10mmの円形に打ち抜いた固体電解質合剤シートを圧力セルに納め、セルのネジを8Nで締め、セルの上下から電極をとった。用いた圧力セルの断面の概略図を図1に示す。
この試料について、東陽テクニカ製インピーダンス装置を用い、25℃、AC振幅変調10mV、周波数5×106~0.1Hzの条件でイオン伝導度を測定した。
結果を表12に示す。
2:ナット
3:絶縁シート
4:固体電解質合剤シート
5:金蒸着
6:上部電極
7:下部電極
Claims (24)
- 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーと、下記一般式(1)で示される化合物及び下記一般式(2)で示される化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物とを含むテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。) - 実質的にテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物のみからなる固体二次電池用バインダーであって、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーと、下記一般式(1)で示される化合物及び下記一般式(2)で示される化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物とを含む固体二次電池用バインダー。
一般式(1):(H-(CF2)m-1-COO)pM1
(式中、mは4~20である。M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(2):(H-(CF2)n-SO3)qM2
(式中、nは4~20である。M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。) - 前記一般式(1)において、M1は、H又はNH4であり、前記一般式(2)において、M2は、H又はNH4である請求項2記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーがポリテトラフルオロエチレンである請求項2又は3に記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーの含有量は、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対し、99.95質量%以上である請求項2~4のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対する化合物(1)の含有量が1質量ppb以上、1000質量ppb以下であり、化合物(2)の含有量が5000質量ppb以下である請求項2~5のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、下記一般式(3)で示される化合物を実質的に含まない請求項2~6のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
一般式(3):(H-(CF2)8-SO3)qM2
(式中、M2はH、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。qは1又は2である。) - 一般式(3)で示される化合物の含有量が、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対して25質量ppb以下である請求項7に記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、下記一般式(4)で示される化合物及び下記一般式(4’)で示される化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物を含み、それらの含有量がいずれも、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対して1000質量ppb以下である請求項2~8のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
一般式(4):(H-(CF2)15-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(4’):(H-(CF2)16-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。) - 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、下記一般式(5)で示される化合物及び下記一般式(5’)で示される化合物からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の化合物を含み、それらの含有量がいずれも、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対して1000質量ppb以下である請求項2~9のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダー。
一般式(5):(H-(CF2)13-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は、同一でも異なっていてもよく、H又は炭素数1~10の有機基)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。)
一般式(5’):(H-(CF2)14-COO)pM1
(式中、M1は、H、金属原子、NR5 4(R5は前記と同じ)、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム、又は、置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。pは1又は2である。) - 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、延伸可能であり、0.1%質量減少温度が400℃以下であるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、延伸可能であり、1.0%質量減少温度が492℃以下であるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、延伸可能であり、熱不安定指数(TII)が20以上であるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、標準比重が2.200以下であり、0.1%質量減少温度が400℃以下であるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、標準比重が2.200以下であり、1.0%質量減少温度が492℃以下であるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 標準比重が2.130以上であり、1.0%質量減少温度が470℃以上である請求項15に記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーがポリテトラフルオロエチレンである請求項15又は16に記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーの含有量は、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対し、99.95質量%以上である請求項15~17のいずれかに記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 請求項1、11~18のいずれかに記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物又は請求項2~10のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダーと、固体電解質とを含む電解質層用合剤。
- 前記固体電解質は、硫化物系固体電解質又は酸化物系固体電解質である請求項19に記載の電解質層用合剤。
- 請求項20に記載の電解質層用合剤を備える固体二次電池。
- 請求項1、11~18のいずれかに記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物又は請求項2~10のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダーと、電極活物質とを含む電極合剤。
- 請求項1、11~18のいずれかに記載のポリテトラフルオロエチレン組成物又は請求項2~10のいずれかに記載の固体二次電池用バインダーと、電極活物質と、集電体とを含む電極。
- 請求項23に記載の電極を備える固体二次電池。
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| CN202480008251.6A CN120548629A (zh) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | 四氟乙烯系聚合物组合物、固态二次电池用粘结剂、电解质层用合剂、电极合剂、电极和固态二次电池 |
| KR1020257026834A KR20250129106A (ko) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | 테트라플루오로에틸렌계 폴리머 조성물, 고체 이차 전지용 바인더, 전해질층용 합제, 전극 합제, 전극, 및 고체 이차 전지 |
| EP24744725.3A EP4525095A1 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | Tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition, binder for solid-state secondary battery, mixture for electrolyte layer, electrode mixture, electrode, and solid-state secondary battery |
| US19/272,221 US20250349886A1 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2025-07-17 | Tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, solid-state secondary battery binder, electrolyte layer mixture, electrode mixture, electrode, and solid-state secondary battery |
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| JP7560796B2 (ja) | 2024-10-03 |
| US20250349886A1 (en) | 2025-11-13 |
| KR20250129106A (ko) | 2025-08-28 |
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