WO2024154807A1 - テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 - Google Patents
テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2024154807A1 WO2024154807A1 PCT/JP2024/001351 JP2024001351W WO2024154807A1 WO 2024154807 A1 WO2024154807 A1 WO 2024154807A1 JP 2024001351 W JP2024001351 W JP 2024001351W WO 2024154807 A1 WO2024154807 A1 WO 2024154807A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- based polymer
- tfe
- tetrafluoroethylene
- binder
- polymer composition
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F214/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F214/18—Monomers containing fluorine
- C08F214/26—Tetrafluoroethene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
- H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F114/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen
- C08F114/18—Monomers containing fluorine
- C08F114/26—Tetrafluoroethene
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F6/00—Post-polymerisation treatments
- C08F6/14—Treatment of polymer emulsions
- C08F6/22—Coagulation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D127/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D127/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
- C09D127/12—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a halogen; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment containing fluorine atoms
- C09D127/18—Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethene
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/04—Hybrid capacitors
- H01G11/06—Hybrid capacitors with one of the electrodes allowing ions to be reversibly doped thereinto, e.g. lithium ion capacitors [LIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/26—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features
- H01G11/28—Electrodes characterised by their structure, e.g. multi-layered, porosity or surface features arranged or disposed on a current collector; Layers or phases between electrodes and current collectors, e.g. adhesives
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/38—Carbon pastes or blends; Binders or additives therein
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2203—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of lithium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2262—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2289—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of cobalt
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
- C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
- C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
- C08K2003/2293—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of nickel
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/02—Elements
- C08K3/04—Carbon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L2205/00—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features
- C08L2205/02—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group
- C08L2205/025—Polymer mixtures characterised by other features containing two or more polymers of the same C08L -group containing two or more polymers of the same hierarchy C08L, and differing only in parameters such as density, comonomer content, molecular weight, structure
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- This disclosure relates to tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer compositions, binders for electrochemical devices, electrode mixtures, electrodes, and secondary batteries.
- Secondary batteries such as lithium-ion secondary batteries are used in small, portable electrical and electronic devices such as notebook computers, mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, and ultrabooks because of their high voltage, high energy density, low self-discharge, low memory effect, and the ability to be made extremely lightweight. They are also being put into practical use as a wide range of power sources, including on-board power sources for driving automobiles and large stationary power sources. There is a demand for even higher energy density in secondary batteries, and further improvements in the characteristics of electrochemical devices.
- Patent Document 1 describes an energy storage device in which at least one of the cathode and anode contains a polytetrafluoroethylene mixed binder material.
- Patent documents 2 to 6 describe the use of polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder for batteries.
- Patent document 7 describes the use of a mixture of polytetrafluoroethylene and polyvinylidene fluoride as a binder for batteries.
- the present disclosure aims to provide a tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition for electrochemical device binders that can be uniformly mixed with powder components of electrochemical devices and can produce composite sheets with excellent strength and flexibility, as well as electrochemical device binders, electrode composites, electrodes, and secondary batteries that use the same.
- the present disclosure (1) relates to a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for an electrochemical device,
- the tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition has endothermic peaks in a region (A) of 330° C. or higher and lower than 340° C. and in a region (B) of 340° C. or higher and 350° C. or lower in differential scanning calorimetry.
- the present disclosure (2) relates to a binder for electrochemical devices consisting essentially of a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition
- the tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition is a binder for electrochemical devices that has endothermic peaks in a region (A) of 330° C. or higher and lower than 340° C. and in a region (B) of 340° C. or higher and 350° C. or lower in differential scanning calorimetry.
- the present disclosure (3) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (2), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition has an intensity ratio of the endothermic peak intensity in the region (A) to the endothermic peak intensity in the region (B) of 0.5 or more.
- the present disclosure (4) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (3), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition has an intensity ratio of the endothermic peak intensity in the region (A) to the endothermic peak intensity in the region (B) of 0.8 to 2.0.
- the present disclosure (5) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (4), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition contains a tetrafluoroethylene copolymer containing tetrafluoroethylene units and modified monomer units based on a modified monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (6) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (5), in which the content of the modified monomer unit in the tetrafluoroethylene copolymer is 10 mass% or less relative to the total polymerized units.
- the present disclosure (7) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (6), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition contains tetrafluoroethylene units and modified monomer units based on a modified monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (8) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (7), in which the content of the modified monomer unit in the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 0.20 mass% or less relative to the total polymerized units.
- the present disclosure (9) is the binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (5) to (8), wherein the modified monomer is a compound represented by the following general formula (I):
- CX 1 X 2 CX 3 X 4 (I)
- X 1 to X 3 are each independently H or F.
- X 4 is F, Cl, Rf or O—Rf.
- Rf is a perfluoro organic group.
- the present disclosure (10) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (9), in which the modified monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of chlorotrifluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
- the present disclosure (11) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (10), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is stretchable.
- the present disclosure (12) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (11), in which the tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition contains a tetrafluoroethylene copolymer having an extrusion pressure of 75 MPa or less at a reduction ratio of 1000.
- the present disclosure (13) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (12), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is a powder.
- the present disclosure (14) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (13), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is substantially free of moisture.
- the present disclosure is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (14), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is substantially free of a fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less.
- the present disclosure (16) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (15), in which the content of the fluorine-based polymer in the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 90 mass% or more.
- the present disclosure (17) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (16), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition contains two or more types of tetrafluoroethylene-based polymers.
- the present disclosure (18) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (17), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer in the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (19) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (2) to (18), in which the fluoropolymer composition has an average aspect ratio of 2.5 or less.
- the present disclosure (20) is an electrode mixture comprising the tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition described in the present disclosure (1) or the binder for electrochemical devices described in any one of the present disclosures (2) to (19) and an electrode active material.
- the present disclosure (21) is an electrode mixture according to the present disclosure (20) that is a sheet.
- the present disclosure (22) is an electrode comprising the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition described in the present disclosure (1) or the binder for electrochemical devices described in any one of the present disclosures (2) to (19), an electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the present disclosure (23) is a secondary battery having the electrode described in the present disclosure (22).
- the present disclosure provides a tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition for electrochemical device binders that can be uniformly mixed with powder components of electrochemical devices and can produce composite sheets with excellent strength and flexibility, as well as electrochemical device binders, electrode composites, electrodes, and secondary batteries that use the same.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pressure cell used for measuring the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte mixture sheet in the examples.
- the present disclosure provides a tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)-based polymer composition for use in a binder for electrochemical devices, which has endothermic peaks in a region (A) of 330°C or more and less than 340°C and in a region (B) of 340°C or more and 350°C or less in differential scanning calorimetry.
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has endothermic peaks in the above-mentioned regions (A) and (B), so that even if it is kneaded for a long time with the powder components of electrochemical devices such as electrode active material and solid electrolyte, it is difficult to generate agglomerates, and it can be mixed uniformly with the powder components.In addition, it can also obtain a mixture sheet with excellent strength and flexibility.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure does not need to use a large amount of dispersion medium such as water or organic solvent, and can be combined with a wide range of electrode active materials and solid electrolytes, which is advantageous in terms of production process.In addition, it can reduce the process and cost that are caused by using dispersion medium. Furthermore, since the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength with active materials and electrolytes, the amount of these materials used can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has endothermic peaks in the above-mentioned region (A) and region (B) in differential scanning calorimetry [DSC]. This indicates that the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure comprises a TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in region (A) and a TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in region (B).
- the TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in region (A) has low fibrillation properties, so the presence of this TFE-based polymer reduces the fibrillation of the TFE-based polymer composition, and even if it is kneaded with the powder component of the electrochemical device for a long time, it is difficult for agglomerates to occur. Therefore, it can be mixed uniformly with the powder component, and can also improve the strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- the temperature range of region (A) is 330° C. or higher and lower than 340° C., but is preferably 333° C. or higher, and more preferably 336° C. or higher.
- the temperature range of region (B) is 340° C. or higher and 350° C. or lower, preferably 348° C. or lower, and more preferably 346° C. or lower.
- the endothermic peak temperatures are the temperatures corresponding to the respective minimum points in region (A) and region (B) of the heat of fusion curve when a TFE-based polymer composition that has not been heated to a temperature of 300°C or higher is heated at a rate of 2°C/min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC].
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of an electrochemical device, and a composite sheet having even greater strength and flexibility can be obtained.
- the intensity ratio represented by the intensity of the endothermic peak in the above region (A)/the intensity of the endothermic peak in the above region (B) is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 0.6 or more, even more preferably 0.7 or more, even more preferably 0.8 or more, and is preferably 3.0 or less, more preferably 2.5 or less, even more preferably 2.0 or less, and even more preferably 1.5 or less.
- the intensity of the endothermic peak is calculated as the distance between the minimum point (a) and the intersection point (b) of a line passing through the minimum point (a) and perpendicular to the horizontal axis (temperature) with a line connecting the points 305°C and 355°C on the heat of fusion curve.
- the minimum point (a) of the heat of fusion curve in the measurement of the endothermic peak temperature is taken as (a)
- the intersection point (b) of the line passing through the minimum point (a) and perpendicular to the horizontal axis (temperature) is taken as (b).
- the above intensity ratio can be adjusted by adjusting the mixing ratio of the TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (A) and the TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (B).
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure contains a TFE-based polymer.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains two or more types of TFE-based polymers, and more preferably contains two types of TFE-based polymers.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains the above-mentioned TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) as the two or more types of TFE-based polymers.
- the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer may be a homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), or may be the TFE copolymer that comprises the polymerization unit based on TFE (TFE unit) and the polymerization unit based on the modified monomer that can be copolymerized with TFE (hereinafter also referred to as "modified monomer unit").
- TFE unit TFE unit
- modified monomer unit modified monomer that can be copolymerized with TFE
- the above-mentioned homopolymer of TFE refers to one in which the content of modified monomer units relative to the total polymerized units is less than 0.0001% by mass.
- the TFE copolymer may contain 90.0 mass% or more of TFE units and 10.0 mass% or less of modified monomer units.
- the TFE copolymer may be composed of only TFE units and modified monomer units.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains the above-mentioned TFE copolymer, since it can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of an electrochemical device and a composite sheet having even greater strength and flexibility can be obtained.
- TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (A) and the TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (B) at least one is preferably a TFE copolymer, more preferably at least the TFE-based polymer (A) is a TFE copolymer, and further preferably both the TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) are TFE copolymers.
- the TFE-based polymer is preferably polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the PTFE includes a homopolymer of TFE and a modified PTFE containing 99.0% by mass or more of TFE units and 1.0% by mass or less of modified monomer units.
- the modified PTFE may consist only of TFE units and modified monomer units.
- At least one of the TFE-based polymer (A) and the TFE-based polymer (B) is modified PTFE, it is more preferable that at least the TFE-based polymer (A) is modified PTFE, and it is even more preferable that both the TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) are modified PTFE.
- the TFE copolymer can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of the electrochemical device, and the content of the modified monomer unit is preferably in the range of 0.0001 to 10.0 mass% relative to the total polymerized units, since it can obtain a composite sheet having better strength and flexibility.
- the lower limit of the content of the modified monomer unit is more preferably 0.001 mass%, more preferably 0.010 mass%, and even more preferably 0.050 mass%.
- the upper limit of the content of the modified monomer unit is preferably 5.0 mass%, more preferably 3.0 mass%, more preferably 1.0 mass%, even more preferably 0.80 mass%, even more preferably 0.60 mass%, even more preferably 0.50 mass%, even more preferably 0.40 mass%, even more preferably 0.30 mass%, and particularly preferably 0.20 mass%.
- the modified monomer unit means a portion of the molecular structure of a TFE-based polymer that is derived from a modified monomer.
- the content of each of the above-mentioned polymerized units can be calculated by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis depending on the type of monomer.
- the modified monomer is not particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with TFE, and examples thereof include perfluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP]; hydrogen-containing fluoroolefins such as trifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride [VDF]; perhaloolefins such as chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE]; perfluorovinyl ethers; perfluoroallyl ethers; (perfluoroalkyl)ethylenes, ethylenes, etc.
- the modified monomers used may be one type or multiple types.
- Rf1 represents a perfluoro organic group.
- the "perfluoro organic group” refers to an organic group in which all hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoro organic group may have an ether oxygen.
- perfluorovinyl ether is perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE], where Rf 1 in the general formula (A) is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the perfluoroalkyl group is preferably 1 to 5.
- Examples of the perfluoroalkyl group in the PAVE include a perfluoromethyl group, a perfluoroethyl group, a perfluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, and a perfluorohexyl group.
- the perfluorovinyl ether further includes those represented by the above general formula (A), in which Rf 1 is a perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl) group having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and those represented by the following formula:
- Rf 1 is a group represented by the following formula:
- n is an integer from 1 to 4.
- the (perfluoroalkyl)ethylene [PFAE] is not particularly limited, and examples include (perfluorobutyl)ethylene [PFBE] and (perfluorohexyl)ethylene.
- the above Rf2 is preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a perfluoroalkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned perfluoroallyl ether is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-CF 3 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 2 F 5 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 3 F 7 , and CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 4 F 9 , more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 2 F 5 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 3 F 7 , and CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 4 F 9 , and even more preferably CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 .
- Rf is preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, more preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, and even more preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
- the modified monomer is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CTFE, HFP, perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE], perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) [PPVE], PFBE, and VDF, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CTFE, HFP, PMVE, and PPVE, even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CTFE, HFP, and PPVE, and particularly preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CTFE and HFP, in that it can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of the electrochemical device and can produce a composite sheet with even greater strength and flexibility.
- the TFE-based polymer in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may have a core-shell structure.
- TFE-based polymers having a core-shell structure include TFE copolymers containing a core of a high molecular weight TFE-based polymer and a shell of a lower molecular weight TFE-based polymer or TFE copolymer in the particles, and modified PTFE is preferred. Examples of such modified PTFE include the PTFE described in JP-A-2005-527652.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains a TFE copolymer having an extrusion pressure of 75 MPa or less at a reduction ratio (RR) of 1000, in that it can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of an electrochemical device and that a composite sheet having even greater strength and flexibility can be obtained.
- the extrusion pressure at the above RR1000 is more preferably 70 MPa or less, even more preferably 60 MPa or less, even more preferably 50 MPa or less, particularly preferably 40 MPa or less, and is preferably 20 MPa or more, and more preferably 30 MPa or more.
- the extrusion pressure at RR1000 is measured by the following method. 60 g of TFE-based polymer and 12.3 g of hydrocarbon oil (trade name: Isopar G (registered trademark), manufactured by ExxonMobil Corporation) as an extrusion aid are mixed in a polyethylene container for 3 minutes. The above mixture is filled into the cylinder of an extruder at room temperature (25 ⁇ 2°C), and a load of 0.47 MPa is applied to the piston inserted in the cylinder and held for 1 minute. The mixture is then extruded from the orifice at a ram speed of 20 mm/min. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross-sectional area of the orifice is 1000. In the latter half of the extrusion operation, the load (N) when the pressure reaches equilibrium is divided by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to obtain the extrusion pressure (MPa).
- hydrocarbon oil trade name: Isopar G (registered trademark)
- the TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above region (A) is preferably a TFE copolymer having an extrusion pressure of 75 MPa or less at the above RR1000, and more preferably a modified PTFE.
- the core and the shell do not necessarily have to have a clear boundary between them, and the TFE-based polymer constituting the core and the TFE-based polymer constituting the shell may be mixed near the boundary between the core and the shell.
- the core in the above core-shell structure is preferably a TFE copolymer having polymerized units based on a modified monomer, and more preferably a modified PTFE.
- the modifying monomer in the core is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether), vinyl heterocycle and fluoroolefin, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) and fluoroolefin, even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE, HFP and CTFE, even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE and CTFE, and particularly preferably CTFE.
- PAVE perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) [PPVE] is preferred.
- the shell in the above core-shell structure is preferably a TFE copolymer having polymerized units based on a modified monomer and/or a TFE-based copolymer obtained by polymerization using a chain transfer agent, and more preferably a modified PTFE.
- the modifying monomer in the shell is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) and fluoroolefin, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE, HFP and CTFE, even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of HFP and CTFE, and even more preferably CTFE.
- the chain transfer agent is not particularly limited as long as it reduces the molecular weight of the TFE-based polymer constituting the shell, and examples thereof include non-peroxide organic compounds such as water-soluble alcohols, hydrocarbons and fluorinated hydrocarbons, water-soluble organic peroxides such as disuccinic acid peroxide [DSP], and persulfates such as ammonium persulfate [APS] and potassium persulfate [KPS].
- the chain transfer agent may be any one that contains at least one of a non-peroxide organic compound, a water-soluble organic peroxide, and a persulfate. In the chain transfer agent, one or more of each of the non-peroxide organic compounds, the water-soluble organic peroxides and the persulfates can be used.
- the chain transfer agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of water-soluble alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and fluorohydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in terms of good dispersibility and uniformity in the reaction system, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, n-butane, isobutane, methanol, HFC-134a, HFC-32, DSP, APS, and KPS, even more preferably methanol and/or isobutane, and particularly preferably methanol.
- the TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above region (A) preferably has a standard specific gravity (SSG) of 2.160 or more, more preferably 2.165 or more, and preferably 2.200 or less, more preferably 2.190 or less, even more preferably 2.185 or less, even more preferably 2.180 or less, and particularly preferably 2.175 or less.
- SSG standard specific gravity
- the TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above region (B) preferably has an SSG of less than 2.160, more preferably 2.155 or less, and preferably 2.130 or more, more preferably 2.140 or more, and even more preferably 2.145 or more.
- the mass ratio of the TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above region (A) to the TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above region (B) is preferably 1/99 or more, more preferably 5/95 or more, even more preferably 10/90 or more, even more preferably 15/85 or more, even more preferably 20/80 or more, particularly preferably 30/70 or more, and preferably 60/40 or less, more preferably 55/45 or less, and even more preferably 50/50 or less.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has a fluoropolymer content of 90 mass % or more relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the fluoropolymer may contain a TFE-based polymer, or may further contain a fluoropolymer other than the TFE-based polymer.
- the content of the fluoropolymer is the total amount of the TFE polymer and the fluoropolymer other than the TFE polymer.
- fluorine-based polymers other than TFE-based polymers include vinylidene fluoride (VdF)-based polymers, etc.
- VdF-based polymers examples include VdF-based resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride [PVdF] and VdF/TFE copolymer [VT], and VdF-based elastomers such as VdF/HFP copolymer, VdF/TFE/HFP copolymer, and VdF/2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene copolymer.
- VdF-based resins such as polyvinylidene fluoride [PVdF] and VdF/TFE copolymer [VT]
- VdF-based elastomers such as VdF/HFP copolymer, VdF/TFE/HFP copolymer, and VdF/2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropylene copolymer.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably consists essentially of the above-mentioned fluoropolymer, which allows the effects of the above-mentioned fluoropolymer to be exhibited significantly.
- Consisting substantially of only the fluoropolymer means that the total amount of the fluoropolymer is 95.0 mass % or more based on the fluoropolymer composition.
- the fluoropolymer is preferably present in an amount of 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more, based on the fluoropolymer composition. It is also preferred that the fluoropolymer composition of the present disclosure consists solely of the above fluoropolymer.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer.Therefore, the effect of the TFE-based polymer can be significantly exhibited.Substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer means that the content of the TFE-based polymer is 95.0 mass% or more with respect to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more, based on the TFE-based polymer composition. It is also preferred that the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure consists solely of the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer.
- the TFE polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably consists essentially of the above-mentioned two or more TFE polymers.Therefore, the effect of the above-mentioned two or more TFE polymers can be significantly exhibited.
- the term "consists essentially of two or more TFE polymers" means that the content of the above-mentioned two or more TFE polymers is 95.0% by mass or more with respect to the above-mentioned TFE polymer composition.
- the content of the two or more TFE-based polymers is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more, based on the TFE-based polymer composition. It is also preferred that the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure consists solely of the above two or more types of TFE-based polymers.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is also preferably composed essentially of the TFE-based polymer (A) having endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (A) and the TFE-based polymer (B) having endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (B).Therefore, the effect of the TFE-based polymer (A) and (B) can be significantly exhibited.
- the term "composed essentially of the TFE-based polymer (A) and (B)” means that the total amount of the TFE-based polymer (A) and (B) is 95.0 mass% or more with respect to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the total amount of the TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more, based on the TFE-based polymer composition. It is also preferred that the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure consists solely of the above TFE-based polymers (A) and (B).
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains TFE units and modifying monomer units based on a modifying monomer copolymerizable with TFE.
- the modifying monomer may be any of those mentioned above.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may contain 90.0% by mass or more of TFE units and 10.0% by mass or less of modified monomer units, based on the total polymerized units, and preferably contains 99.0% by mass or more of TFE units and 1.0% by mass or less of modified monomer units.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may contain only TFE units and modified monomer units as polymerized units.
- the content of the modified monomer unit in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably in the range of 0.0001 to 10.0 mass% based on the total polymerization units, since it can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of the electrochemical device and can obtain a composite sheet having even greater strength and flexibility.
- the lower limit of the content of the modified monomer unit is more preferably 0.001 mass%, even more preferably 0.010 mass%, and even more preferably 0.050 mass%.
- the upper limit of the content of the modified monomer unit is preferably 5.0 mass%, more preferably 3.0 mass%, even more preferably 1.0 mass%, even more preferably 0.80 mass%, even more preferably 0.60 mass%, even more preferably 0.50 mass%, even more preferably 0.40 mass%, even more preferably 0.30 mass%, and particularly preferably 0.20 mass%.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions of the present disclosure may also include a conductive aid.
- a conductive aid Any known conductive material can be used as the conductive assistant. Specific examples include metal materials such as copper and nickel, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and carbon materials such as amorphous carbon such as needle coke, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and VGCF. These may be used alone or in any combination and ratio of two or more.
- the content of the conductive assistant is preferably 1% by mass or more, more preferably 5% by mass or more, and even more preferably 10% by mass or more, relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the upper limit is preferably 50% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, and even more preferably 20% by mass or less.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of water. This can suppress gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties. In addition, it is advantageous in terms of production process because it can be combined with a wide range of electrode active materials and solid electrolytes.
- Substantially free of water means that the water content of the TFE-based polymer composition is 0.010% by mass or less.
- the water content is preferably 0.005% by mass or less, more preferably 0.003% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.002% by mass or less, and even more preferably 0.001% by mass or less.
- the water content is measured by the following method.
- the mass of the TFE-based polymer composition is measured before and after heating at 150° C.
- Water content (mass%) [(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ (mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition after heating)]/(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ 100
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds having a molecular weight of not more than 1000.
- substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is not more than 25 ppb by mass relative to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably 20 mass ppb or less, more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 1 mass ppb, and particularly preferably less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less is measured by the following method. Weigh out 1 g of the sample, add 10 g (12.6 ml) of methanol, and perform ultrasonic treatment for 60 minutes to obtain an extract. The obtained extract is appropriately concentrated with nitrogen purge, and the fluorine-containing compounds in the concentrated extract are measured by LC/MS/MS. Molecular weight information is extracted from the obtained LC/MS spectrum, and the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing compound is confirmed. Prepare aqueous solutions with 5 or more levels of content of the standard substance, perform LC/MS analysis of the aqueous solutions with each content, plot the relationship between the content and the area area for that content, and draw a calibration curve. Using the above calibration curve, the area area of the LC/MS chromatogram of the fluorine-containing compound in the extract is converted to the content of the fluorine-containing compound. The lower limit of quantification in this measurement method is 10 ppb by mass.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less include a fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group and a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol or less.
- the molecular weight of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably 800 or less, and more preferably 500 or less.
- Polymer particles obtained by polymerization in the presence of a fluorine-containing surfactant usually contain a fluorine-containing surfactant in addition to a TFE-based polymer. In this specification, the fluorine-containing surfactant is one used during polymerization.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less may be a compound that is not added during polymerization, for example, a compound that is generated as a by-product during polymerization.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less contains an anionic moiety and a cationic moiety, it means a compound containing fluorine in which the molecular weight of the anionic moiety is 1000 or less.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less does not include TFE-based polymers.
- the hydrophilic group may be, for example, -COOM, -SO 2 M, or -SO 3 M, and examples of such anionic groups include -COOM and -SO 3 M (in each formula, M is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group).
- a surfactant containing fluorine in which the molecular weight of the anionic portion is 1000 or less can also be used.
- the "anionic portion” refers to the portion of the fluorine-containing surfactant excluding the cation. For example, in the case of F(CF 2 ) n1 COOM, it is the portion "F(CF 2 ) n1 COO".
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be a compound represented by the following general formula (N 0 ): X n0 - Rf n0 - Y 0 (N 0 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl or F.
- Rf n0 is a linear, branched or cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms in which some or all of the H's are substituted with F, and the alkylene group may contain one or more ether bonds, and some of the H's may be substituted with Cl.
- Y 0 is an anionic group. The anionic group of Y 0 may be -COOM, -SO 2 M or -SO 3 M, and may be -COOM or -SO 3 M.
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), such as Na, K, or Li.
- R 1 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, or may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 1 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 1 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- Rf n0 may be one in which 50% or more of H is substituted with fluorine.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant may be one type of fluorine-containing surfactant or a mixture containing two or more types of fluorine-containing surfactants.
- fluorine-containing surfactant examples include compounds represented by the following formula:
- the fluorine-containing surfactant may be a mixture of these compounds.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 1 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 1 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- R 1 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is substantially free of any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the above formulas, gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties can be further suppressed.
- substantially free of any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the above formulas means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably 20 mass ppb or less, more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 1 mass ppb, and particularly preferably less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions of the present disclosure have the following general formula: [C n-1 F 2n-1 COO - ]M + (wherein n is an integer of 9 to 14, preferably an integer of 9 to 12, and M + represents a cation.) This makes it possible to further suppress gas generation and deterioration of the electrochemical device characteristics.
- M constituting the cation M + is the same as M described above.
- “Substantially free of the fluorine-containing compound represented by the above formula” means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably 20 mass ppb or less, more preferably 15 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 1 mass ppb, and particularly preferably less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably stretchable, since it can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of an electrochemical device and can provide a mixture sheet having greater strength and flexibility.
- lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by ExxonMobil Corporation
- the mixture is left in a thermostatic chamber at 25° C. for 2 hours, and then paste extrusion is performed through an orifice (diameter 2.5 mm, land length 1.1 cm, introduction angle 30°) at 25° C.
- the TFE-based polymer composition is stretchable is preferably judged by the above-mentioned method, but can also be judged by the following method.
- 50 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and 10.25 g of a hydrocarbon oil (trade name: Isopar E (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Mobil Corporation) as an extrusion aid are mixed in a polyethylene container for 3 minutes.
- a hydrocarbon oil trade name: Isopar E (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Mobil Corporation
- the above mixture is filled into the cylinder of an extruder, and a load of 0.47 MPa is applied to the piston inserted into the cylinder and held for 1 minute. Then, the mixture is extruded from the orifice at a ram speed of 18 mm/min.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross-sectional area of the orifice is 100.
- the resulting bead is dried at 230°C for 30 minutes to remove the lubricant.
- the dried bead is cut to an appropriate length and placed in an oven heated to 300°C. In the oven, the bead is stretched at a stretching speed of 100%/sec until it is 25 times the bead length before the stretching test. If the bead does not break during stretching, it is judged as stretchable, and if it breaks, it is judged as unstretchable.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has non-melt secondary processability.
- the above-mentioned non-melt secondary processability means that the melt flow rate cannot be measured at a temperature higher than the melting point in accordance with ASTM D-1238 and D-2116, in other words, that the composition does not flow easily even in the melting temperature range.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of an electrochemical device, and a composite sheet having even greater strength and flexibility can be obtained.
- the standard specific gravity (SSG) is preferably 2.200 or less, more preferably 2.190 or less, even more preferably 2.180 or less, even more preferably 2.175 or less, and is preferably 2.130 or more, more preferably 2.140 or more, and even more preferably 2.150 or more.
- the SSG is measured by a water displacement method according to ASTM D 792 using a sample molded according to ASTM D 4895.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be mixed more uniformly with the powder components of an electrochemical device, and a composite sheet having even greater strength and flexibility can be obtained.
- the extrusion pressure at a reduction ratio (RR) of 200 is preferably 10 MPa or more, more preferably 15 MPa or more, and is preferably 50 MPa or less, more preferably 40 MPa or less, and even more preferably 35 MPa or less.
- the extrusion pressure in RR200 is measured by the following method. 60 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and 12.3 g of a hydrocarbon oil (trade name: Isopar G (registered trademark), manufactured by ExxonMobil Corporation) as an extrusion aid are mixed in a polyethylene container for 3 minutes.
- the mixture is filled into the cylinder of an extruder at room temperature (25 ⁇ 2° C.), and a load of 0.47 MPa is applied to the piston inserted in the cylinder and held for 1 minute.
- the mixture is then extruded from the orifice at a ram speed of 20 mm/min.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross-sectional area of the orifice is 200. In the latter half of the extrusion operation, the load (N) when the pressure reaches equilibrium is divided by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to obtain the extrusion pressure (MPa).
- the form of the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is not limited, but is preferably a powder in that it can be mixed with an electrode active material and a solid electrolyte without using a large amount of a dispersion medium.
- the TFE polymer composition may be in a form other than a powder, for example, a dispersion.
- the average aspect ratio of powder is preferably 2.5 or less, more preferably 2.0 or less, even more preferably 1.8 or less, even more preferably 1.5 or less, and also preferably 1.0 or more, more preferably 1.1 or more.
- the TFE-based polymer composition in this case can be in the form of powder.
- the average aspect ratio of the above powder is determined by spreading the powder thinly on a black paper surface with air without applying shear to the powder, observing the spread powder under a microscope, and averaging the ratio of the long axis to the short axis of 100 or more powder particles selected at random.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may have an average secondary particle size of 350 ⁇ m or more, preferably 400 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 500 ⁇ m or more, and also preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 900 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 800 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 700 ⁇ m or less.
- the average secondary particle size is measured in accordance with JIS K 6891.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an apparent density of preferably 0.40 g/ml or more, more preferably 0.43 g/ml or more, and even more preferably 0.45 g/ml or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.70 g/ml.
- the apparent density is measured in accordance with JIS K6892.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be produced by mixing a TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above region (A) with a TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above region (B).
- the mixing method is not limited, and both of the TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) may be mixed in the form of powder, both may be mixed in the form of aqueous dispersion, or both may be mixed in the form of aqueous dispersion and powder. It is preferable to mix both in the form of aqueous dispersion, since more uniform mixing is possible.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be suitably produced, for example, by a production method including a step (A) of mixing an aqueous dispersion of a TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (A) with an aqueous dispersion of a TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (B), a step (B) of coagulating the aqueous dispersion after mixing to obtain a wet powder, and a step (C) of drying the wet powder.
- a production method including a step (A) of mixing an aqueous dispersion of a TFE-based polymer (A) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (A) with an aqueous dispersion of a TFE-based polymer (B) having an endothermic peak in the above-mentioned region (B), a step (B) of
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE-based polymer (B) in step (A) can be produced, for example, by emulsion polymerization.
- the emulsion polymerization can be carried out by a known method.
- an aqueous dispersion containing particles (primary particles) of the TFE-based polymer is obtained by carrying out emulsion polymerization of monomers (TFE and, if necessary, modified monomers) necessary for constituting the TFE-based polymer in an aqueous medium in the presence of an anionic fluorine-containing surfactant and a polymerization initiator.
- a chain transfer agent, a buffer, a pH adjuster, a stabilizing aid, a dispersion stabilizer, a radical scavenger, etc. may be used as necessary.
- the aqueous dispersion may contain at least one of the above-mentioned fluorine-containing compounds.
- the above emulsion polymerization can be carried out, for example, in an aqueous medium in the presence of an anionic fluorine-containing surfactant and a polymerization initiator.
- the emulsion polymerization can be carried out by charging an aqueous medium, the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant, monomers and, if necessary, other additives into a polymerization reactor, stirring the contents of the reactor, maintaining the reactor at a predetermined polymerization temperature, and then adding a predetermined amount of polymerization initiator to initiate the polymerization reaction. After the start of the polymerization reaction, monomers, polymerization initiators, chain transfer agents, the surfactants and the like may be additionally added depending on the purpose.
- the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it can generate radicals within the polymerization temperature range, and known oil-soluble and/or water-soluble polymerization initiators can be used. Furthermore, it can also be combined with a reducing agent or the like to initiate polymerization as a redox.
- concentration of the polymerization initiator is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer, the molecular weight of the desired TFE-based polymer, and the reaction rate.
- an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator can be used as the polymerization initiator.
- the oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known oil-soluble peroxide, for example, dialkyl peroxycarbonates such as diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and disec-butyl peroxydicarbonate, peroxyesters such as t-butyl peroxyisobutyrate and t-butyl peroxypivalate, dialkyl peroxides such as di-t-butyl peroxide, and also di( ⁇ -hydro-dodecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di( ⁇ -hydro-tetradecafluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di( ⁇ -hydro-hexadecafluorononanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluorobutyryl) peroxide, di(perfluorovaleryl) peroxide, di(perfluorohexanoyl) peroxide, di(perfluoroheptanoyl) peroxide, di(perflu
- the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known water-soluble peroxide, such as ammonium salts, potassium salts, or sodium salts of persulfuric acid, perboric acid, perchloric acid, perphosphoric acid, or percarbonic acid, t-butyl permaleate, t-butyl hydroperoxide, or disuccinic acid peroxide.
- ammonium persulfate and disuccinic acid peroxide are preferred.
- a reducing agent such as sulfites or sulfites may also be included, and the amount used may be 0.1 to 20 times that of the peroxide.
- the amount of the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator to be added is not particularly limited, but may be added all at once, stepwise, or continuously in an amount (e.g., several ppm relative to water concentration) at least to the extent that the polymerization rate does not decrease significantly.
- the upper limit is a range in which the reaction temperature may be increased while removing heat from the equipment side by the polymerization reaction heat, and a more preferable upper limit is a range in which the polymerization reaction heat can be removed from the equipment side.
- the amount of the polymerization initiator added is preferably an amount corresponding to 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably an amount corresponding to 1.0 ppm or more, and is preferably an amount corresponding to 100 ppm or less, more preferably an amount corresponding to 10 ppm or less, relative to the aqueous medium.
- a redox initiator that combines an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent as the polymerization initiator.
- the oxidizing agent include persulfates, organic peroxides, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, cerium ammonium nitrate, and bromates.
- the reducing agent include sulfites, bisulfites, bromates, diimines, and oxalic acid.
- the persulfates include ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
- the sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- a copper salt or an iron salt to the combination of redox initiators.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- the oxidizing agent is permanganic acid or a salt thereof, a persulfate, manganese triacetate, a cerium (IV) salt, or bromic acid or a salt thereof, and the reducing agent is a dicarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, or a diimine. More preferably, the oxidizing agent is permanganic acid or a salt thereof, a persulfate, or bromic acid or a salt thereof, and the reducing agent is a dicarboxylic acid or a salt thereof.
- Examples of the redox initiator include combinations of potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate, manganese triacetate/oxalic acid, manganese triacetate/ammonium oxalate, cerium ammonium nitrate/oxalic acid, and cerium ammonium nitrate/ammonium oxalate.
- a redox initiator either the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent may be charged in advance in a polymerization tank, and then the other may be added continuously or intermittently to initiate polymerization.
- potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate when potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate is used, it is preferable to charge ammonium oxalate in a polymerization tank and continuously add potassium permanganate thereto.
- the redox initiator when the redox initiator is described as "potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate," it means a combination of potassium permanganate and ammonium oxalate. The same applies to other compounds.
- the redox initiator is particularly preferably a combination of an oxidizing agent that is a salt and a reducing agent that is a salt.
- the oxidizing agent which is the salt is more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of persulfates, permanganates, cerium (IV) salts, and bromates, still more preferably permanganates, and particularly preferably potassium permanganate.
- the reducing agent which is the salt is more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of oxalates, malonates, succinates, glutarates and bromates, further preferably oxalates, and particularly preferably ammonium oxalate.
- the redox initiator include at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate, potassium bromate/ammonium sulfite, manganese triacetate/ammonium oxalate, and cerium ammonium nitrate/ammonium oxalate, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, potassium permanganate/ammonium oxalate, potassium bromate/ammonium sulfite, and cerium ammonium nitrate/ammonium oxalate, and even more preferably potassium permanganate/oxalic acid.
- the oxidizing agent and reducing agent may be added all at once at the beginning of the polymerization, the reducing agent may be added all at once at the beginning of the polymerization and the oxidizing agent may be added continuously, the oxidizing agent may be added all at once at the beginning of the polymerization and the reducing agent may be added continuously, or both the oxidizing agent and reducing agent may be added continuously.
- the amount of oxidizing agent added to the aqueous medium is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 0.3 ppm or more, more preferably 0.5 ppm or more, even more preferably 1 ppm or more, particularly preferably 5 ppm or more, and particularly preferably 10 ppm or more, and also preferably 10000 ppm or less, more preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less, and even more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the amount of reducing agent added is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1.0 ppm or more, more preferably 3 ppm or more, even more preferably 5 ppm or more, particularly preferably 10 ppm or more, and also preferably 10000 ppm or less, more preferably 1000 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less, and even more preferably 10 ppm or less.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably 100° C. or lower, more preferably 95° C. or lower, and even more preferably 90° C. or lower.
- the polymerization temperature is preferably 10° C. or higher, more preferably 20° C. or higher, and even more preferably 30° C. or higher.
- polymerization initiator a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator and a redox initiator are preferred because the above-mentioned properties can be easily obtained.
- the aqueous medium is a reaction medium in which polymerization is carried out, and refers to a liquid containing water.
- the aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, and may contain water and, for example, a fluorine-free organic solvent such as an alcohol, ether, or ketone, and/or a fluorine-containing organic solvent having a boiling point of 40° C. or less.
- nucleating agents In the above emulsion polymerization, nucleating agents, chain transfer agents, buffers, pH adjusters, stabilizing aids, dispersion stabilizers, radical scavengers, polymerization initiator decomposers, dicarboxylic acids, etc. may be used as necessary.
- the emulsion polymerization is preferably carried out with the addition of a nucleating agent for the purpose of adjusting the particle size.
- the nucleating agent is preferably added before the start of the polymerization reaction.
- a known agent can be used.
- it is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoropolyethers, nonionic surfactants, and chain transfer agents, and more preferably a nonionic surfactant.
- the fluoropolyether may, for example, be a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) acid or a salt thereof.
- PFPE perfluoropolyether
- the perfluoropolyether (PFPE) acid or salt thereof may have any chain structure in which the oxygen atoms in the backbone of the molecule are separated by saturated fluorocarbon groups having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Also, more than one type of fluorocarbon group may be present in the molecule.
- a representative structure has a repeating unit represented by the following formula: (-CFCF 3 -CF 2 -O-) n (-CF 2 -CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n (-CF 2 -CF 2 -O-) n -(-CF 2 -O-) m (-CF 2 -CFCF 3 -O-) n -(-CF 2 -O-) m
- the PFPE acid or its salt may have a carboxylic acid group or its salt at one or both ends.
- the PFPE acid or its salt may also have a sulfonic acid, phosphonic acid group or their salt at one or both ends.
- the PFPE acid or its salt may also have a different group at each end.
- the other end of the molecule is usually perfluorinated but may contain hydrogen or chlorine atoms.
- the PFPE acid or its salt has at least two ether oxygens, preferably at least four ether oxygens, and even more preferably at least six ether oxygens.
- the fluorocarbon groups separating the ether oxygens has two or three carbon atoms. Even more preferably, at least 50% of the fluorocarbon groups separating the ether oxygens have 2 or 3 carbon atoms.
- the PFPE acid or salt thereof has a total of at least 15 carbon atoms, e.g., the preferred minimum value of n or n+m in the repeating unit structure is at least 5. Two or more of the PFPE acids or salts thereof having an acid group at one or both termini may be used in the manufacturing method of the present disclosure.
- the PFPE acid or salt thereof preferably has a number average molecular weight of less than 6000 g/mol.
- the emulsion polymerization is preferably carried out with the addition of a radical scavenger or a decomposer of the polymerization initiator, since this can further increase the molecular weight of the TFE-based polymer and improve the strength of the composite sheet.
- the radical scavenger or decomposer of the polymerization initiator is preferably added after the start of the polymerization reaction, preferably before 10% by mass or more, preferably 20% by mass or more of the total TFE consumed in the polymerization reaction is polymerized, and preferably before 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less is polymerized.
- the radical scavenger is a compound that does not have the ability to restart after addition or chain transfer to the free radical in the polymerization system. Specifically, a compound that easily undergoes a chain transfer reaction with a primary radical or a growing radical, and then generates a stable radical that does not react with a monomer, or a compound that easily undergoes an addition reaction with a primary radical or a growing radical, and generates a stable radical, is used.
- the activity of what is called a chain transfer agent is characterized by the chain transfer constant and the reinitiation efficiency, and among chain transfer agents, those with a reinitiation efficiency of almost 0% are called radical scavengers.
- the radical scavenger can be, for example, a compound whose chain transfer constant with TFE at the polymerization temperature is greater than the polymerization rate constant and whose reinitiation efficiency is substantially zero percent.
- the "reinitiation efficiency is substantially zero percent” means that the generated radicals turn the radical scavenger into stable radicals.
- the radical scavenger is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of aromatic hydroxy compounds, aromatic amines, N,N-diethylhydroxylamine, quinone compounds, terpenes, thiocyanates, and cupric chloride (CuCl 2 ).
- aromatic hydroxy compound include unsubstituted phenol, polyhydric phenol, salicylic acid, m- or p-salicylic acid, gallic acid, and naphthol.
- the unsubstituted phenols include o-, m- or p-nitrophenol, o-, m- or p-aminophenol, p-nitrosophenol, etc.
- the polyhydric phenols include catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol, naphthresorcinol, etc.
- aromatic amines include o-, m- or p-phenylenediamine, benzidine, and the like.
- quinone compound examples include o-, m- or p-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone, alizarin, and the like.
- Examples of thiocyanates include ammonium thiocyanate (NH 4 SCN), potassium thiocyanate (KSCN), and sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN).
- aromatic hydroxy compounds are preferred, unsubstituted phenols or polyhydric phenols are more preferred, and hydroquinone is even more preferred.
- the amount of the radical scavenger added is preferably an amount equivalent to 3 to 500% (molar basis) of the polymerization initiator concentration in order to appropriately reduce the standard specific gravity.
- a more preferred lower limit is 10% (molar basis), and even more preferred is 15% (molar basis).
- a more preferred upper limit is 400% (molar basis), and even more preferred is 300% (molar basis).
- the decomposer for the polymerization initiator may be any compound capable of decomposing the polymerization initiator used, and is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfites, bisulfites, bromates, diimines, diimine salts, oxalic acid, oxalates, copper salts, and iron salts.
- the sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- the copper salts include copper(II) sulfate, and examples of the iron salts include iron(II) sulfate.
- the amount of the decomposition agent added is preferably an amount equivalent to 3 to 500% (molar basis) of the initiator concentration from the viewpoint of appropriately reducing the standard specific gravity. A more preferred lower limit is 10% (molar basis), and even more preferred is 15% (molar basis). A more preferred upper limit is 400% (molar basis), and even more preferred is 300% (molar basis).
- the emulsion polymerization may be carried out in the presence of 5 to 500 ppm of dicarboxylic acid relative to the aqueous medium in order to reduce the amount of coagulation produced during polymerization, and is preferably carried out in the presence of 10 to 200 ppm of dicarboxylic acid. If the amount of dicarboxylic acid relative to the aqueous medium is too small, sufficient effects may not be obtained, and if the amount is too large, a chain transfer reaction may occur, resulting in a low molecular weight polymer. It is more preferable that the amount of dicarboxylic acid is 150 ppm or less. The dicarboxylic acid may be added before the start of the polymerization reaction or during the polymerization.
- dicarboxylic acid for example, those represented by the general formula: HOOCRCOOH (wherein R represents an alkylene group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms) are preferred, with succinic acid, malonic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, and pimelic acid being more preferred, and succinic acid being even more preferred.
- polymerization temperature and polymerization pressure are appropriately determined according to the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the target TFE-based polymer, and reaction rate.
- polymerization temperature is 5 to 150°C, preferably 10°C or higher, more preferably 30°C or higher, and even more preferably 50°C or higher.
- more preferably 120°C or lower and even more preferably 100°C or lower.
- the polymerization pressure is 0.05 to 10 MPaG.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 0.3 MPaG or more, and even more preferably 0.5 MPaG or more.
- the polymerization pressure is more preferably 5.0 MPaG or less, and even more preferably 3.0 MPaG or less.
- the VDF concentration in the gas in the reactor at the start of polymerization is preferably 0.001 mol% or more, more preferably 0.01 mol% or more, in order to easily obtain the above-mentioned physical properties.
- the above concentration may also be 15 mol% or less, preferably 6.0 mol% or less, more preferably 5.0 mol% or less, even more preferably 3.0 mol% or less, and particularly preferably 1.0 mol% or less.
- the above VDF concentration may be maintained until the end of the polymerization reaction, or depressurization may be performed during the reaction. It is preferable to charge VDF all at once before the start of polymerization, but a portion of it may be added continuously or intermittently after the start of polymerization.
- VDF When VDF is used as the modified monomer, it is preferable not to release the pressure in the emulsion polymerization after VDF is added to the polymerization vessel until the polymerization is completed. This allows VDF to remain in the system until the end of the polymerization, and the strength of the resulting composite sheet using the TFE-based polymer can be further increased.
- the HFP concentration in the gas in the reactor at the start of polymerization is preferably 0.01 to 3.0 mol % in order to easily obtain the above-mentioned physical properties. Furthermore, it is preferable that the HFP concentration in the gas in the reactor at the time when 40 mass % of the total TFE consumed in the polymerization reaction is polymerized is greater than 0 mol % and 0.2 mol % or less. It is preferable to maintain the above HFP concentration until the end of the polymerization reaction.
- HFP may be charged all at once before the start of polymerization, or a portion may be charged before the start of polymerization and added continuously or intermittently after the start of polymerization.
- the depressurization is preferably carried out so that the pressure inside the reactor is 0.2 MPaG or less, more preferably 0.1 MPaG or less, and even more preferably 0.05 MPaG or less. Also, it is preferably carried out so that the pressure inside the reactor is 0.0 MPaG or more.
- the above pressure reduction and re-increase may be carried out several times. The pressure reduction may be carried out until the pressure is reduced using a vacuum pump.
- the CTFE concentration in the gas in the reactor at the start of polymerization is preferably 0.001 mol% or more, more preferably 0.01 mol% or more, in order to easily obtain the above-mentioned physical properties.
- the above concentration is also preferably 3.0 mol% or less, more preferably 1.0 mol% or less.
- the above CTFE concentration may be maintained until the end of the polymerization reaction, or depressurization may be performed midway.
- CTFE is preferably charged all at once before the start of polymerization, but a portion may be added continuously or intermittently after the start of polymerization.
- CTFE When CTFE is used as the modified monomer, it is preferable not to release the pressure in the emulsion polymerization after the CTFE is charged into the polymerization vessel until the polymerization is completed. This allows the CTFE to remain in the system until the end of the polymerization, and the strength of the resulting composite sheet using the TFE-based polymer can be further increased.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE-based polymer (A) in the step (A) can be suitably produced, for example, by carrying out a step (1a) of feeding the modified monomer into the reaction system at the beginning of the polymerization reaction in the step of emulsion-polymerizing TFE and the modified monomer, and a step (2a) of introducing a chain transfer agent and/or the modified monomer into the reaction system after the step (1a).
- a step (1a) of feeding the modified monomer into the reaction system at the beginning of the polymerization reaction in the step of emulsion-polymerizing TFE and the modified monomer and a step (2a) of introducing a chain transfer agent and/or the modified monomer into the reaction system after the step (1a).
- this manufacturing method it is possible to easily obtain the aqueous dispersion of the TFE copolymer having the above-mentioned extrusion pressure of 75 MPa or less in RR1000. Also, it is possible to easily obtain the T
- modified monomer in step (1a) examples include fluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers) such as perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE]; vinyl heterocyclic compounds such as perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole [PDD]; and fluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP] and chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE].
- fluoro(alkyl vinyl ethers) such as perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE]
- vinyl heterocyclic compounds such as perfluoro-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxole [PDD]
- fluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP] and chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE].
- HFP hexafluoropropylene
- CTFE chlorotrifluoroethylene
- At least one selected from the group consisting of fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether)s and fluoroolefins is preferred, at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE, HFP, and CTFE is more preferred, at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE and CTFE is even more preferred, and CTFE is even more preferred. It is also preferable to use PAVE and HFP in combination as the modifying monomers in step (1a).
- the PAVE is preferably perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) [PPVE].
- the chain transfer agent in the step (2a) is not particularly limited as long as it reduces the molecular weight of the TFE-based polymer constituting the shell of the core-shell structure, and examples thereof include non-peroxide organic compounds such as water-soluble alcohols, hydrocarbons and fluorinated hydrocarbons, water-soluble organic peroxides such as disuccinic acid peroxide [DSP], and persulfates such as ammonium persulfate [APS] and potassium persulfate [KPS].
- the chain transfer agent may contain at least one of a non-peroxide organic compound, a water-soluble organic peroxide, and a persulfate. In the chain transfer agent, one or more of each of the non-peroxide organic compounds, the water-soluble organic peroxides and the persulfates can be used.
- the chain transfer agent is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of water-soluble alcohols having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, hydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and fluorohydrocarbons having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, in terms of good dispersibility and uniformity in the reaction system, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of methane, ethane, n-butane, isobutane, methanol, HFC-134a, HFC-32, DSP, APS, and KPS, even more preferably methanol and/or isobutane, and particularly preferably methanol.
- the modified monomer in step (2a) is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of the above-mentioned fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) and fluoroolefin, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE, HFP, and CTFE, even more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of HFP and CTFE, and even more preferably CTFE.
- step (2a) it is also preferable to use the chain transfer agent and the modified monomer in combination.
- CTFE When CTFE is used as the modifying monomer in step (1a), it is preferable to use CTFE as the modifying monomer in step (2a).
- PAVE (and HFP) are used as the modifying monomer in step (1a)
- methanol (and HFP as the modifying monomer) As the chain transfer agent in step (2a).
- step (1a) it is preferable to carry out the polymerization reaction until the conversion rate of TFE used in the entire emulsion polymerization process including the step (1a) and the step (2a) reaches 80% or more, preferably 80 to 97%, and more preferably 85 to 95%.
- conversion rate refers to the ratio of the amount of TFE consumed in the polymerization from the start of polymerization to a certain point in the middle of polymerization to the amount of TFE corresponding to the target amount of TFE units.
- reaction conditions can be appropriately set depending on the type of modifier used, the composition and yield of the desired TFE-based polymer, etc.
- the emulsion polymerization can be carried out in an aqueous medium in the presence of an anionic fluorine-containing surfactant and a polymerization initiator. If necessary, a dispersion stabilizer and the like may be used.
- the amount of the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be 0.02 to 0.3% by mass of the aqueous medium.
- polymerization initiator for example, persulfates such as ammonium persulfate [APS], water-soluble organic peroxides such as disuccinic acid peroxide [DSP], etc. can be used, and these polymerization initiators can be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among them, APS, DSP, etc. are preferred because they also act as the above-mentioned chain transfer agent.
- the emulsion polymerization is preferably carried out in an amount of 0.0001 to 0.02 parts by mass of the polymerization initiator per 100 parts by mass of the aqueous medium.
- the above-mentioned aqueous medium can be used.
- step (A) can be carried out by a known method.
- the coagulation in step (B) can be carried out by a known method.
- step (C) the drying is usually carried out by using a vacuum, high frequency, hot air or other means while keeping the wet powder in a state where it is not very fluid, preferably in a stationary state.
- Friction between powders, especially at high temperatures, generally has an undesirable effect on fine powder-type TFE-based polymers. This is because particles made of this type of TFE-based polymer tend to easily become fibrillated even by small shear forces, losing their original stable particle structure.
- step (C) it is preferable to place the wet powder obtained in step (B) in a container with air permeability at the bottom and/or sides, and heat treat it at a temperature of 130 to 300°C for 2 hours or more.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less can be efficiently removed together with water, and the content of the fluorine-containing compound and water can be kept within the above-mentioned range.
- the temperature of the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably 140°C or higher, more preferably 150°C or higher, even more preferably 160°C or higher, even more preferably 180°C or higher, even more preferably 200°C or higher, particularly preferably 220°C or higher, and is preferably 280°C or lower, more preferably 250°C or lower, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds.
- the time for the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably 5 hours or more, more preferably 10 hours or more, and even more preferably 15 hours or more, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds.
- the wind speed in step (C) is preferably 0.01 m/s or more, more preferably 0.03 m/s or more, even more preferably 0.05 m/s or more, and even more preferably 0.1 m/s or more, from the viewpoint of more efficiently removing moisture and fluorine-containing compounds. Also, from the viewpoint of suppressing scattering of powder, it is preferably 50 m/s or less, more preferably 30 m/s or less, and even more preferably 10 m/s or less.
- the heat treatment in step (C) can be carried out using an electric furnace or a steam furnace.
- electric furnaces such as a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a radiant conveyor type electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a vacuum electric furnace, an agitator type electric furnace, an airflow type electric furnace, or a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device obtained by replacing the electric furnace in the device name of each electric furnace with a steam furnace).
- a parallel flow box type electric furnace In terms of being able to remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds more efficiently, a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device obtained by replacing the electric furnace in the device name of each electric furnace with a steam furnace) is preferred.
- the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably carried out by placing the wet powder in a container having air permeability at its bottom and/or sides, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and the fluorine-containing compound.
- the container having air permeability at its bottom and/or sides may be any container that can withstand the heat treatment temperature, and is preferably made of a metal such as stainless steel.
- a tray (bat) having breathability on the bottom and/or sides is preferable, and a tray whose bottom and/or sides are made of mesh (mesh tray) is more preferable.
- the mesh is preferably either a woven mesh or a punched metal.
- the amount of the moist powder disposed is, from the viewpoint of more efficiently removing moisture and fluorine-containing compounds, preferably 10 g/ cm2 or less, more preferably 8 g/ cm2 or less, even more preferably 5 g/ cm2 or less, particularly preferably 3 g/ cm2 or less, and is preferably 0.01 g/ cm2 or more, more preferably 0.05 g/ cm2 or more, and even more preferably 0.1 g/ cm2 or more.
- the moisture content of the moist powder to be heat-treated in step (C) is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 30% by mass or more, relative to the moist powder, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds, and is preferably 150% by mass or less, and more preferably 100% by mass or less.
- the product can be produced, for example, by a production method including a step of obtaining the powdered TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) and a step of mixing the powdered TFE-based polymers (A) and (B).
- the powdered TFE-based polymers (A) and (B) can be produced, for example, by a process of coagulating the aqueous dispersion of the TFE-based polymer (A) and the aqueous dispersion of the TFE-based polymer (B) to obtain wet powders, and a process of drying the wet powders.
- the aqueous dispersion of the TFE-based polymer (A) and the aqueous dispersion of the TFE-based polymer (B) can be produced, for example, by the method explained for the above step (A).
- the coagulation of the aqueous dispersion and the drying of the wet powder can be carried out in the same manner as in the above steps (B) and (C).
- the process of mixing powdery TFE-based polymer (A) and (B) is preferably carried out by the mixing method with weak shearing force, because it can suppress the fibrillation of TFE-based polymer composition, improve powder flowability, and improve the strength of composite sheet.
- the mixing method with weak shearing force for example, the mixing method without using stirring blade, such as airflow mixing, mixing with V blender, etc., can be mentioned.
- the TFE-based polymer may be fibrillated, and the desired physical properties may not be obtained.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be obtained by mixing the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer (A) and (B) together with conductive assistant etc. as necessary.Then, the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be used as a binder for electrochemical devices, and is mixed with electrode active material and solid electrolyte.In this way, the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is prepared, and then mixed with electrode active material and solid electrolyte, so that the TFE-based polymer (A) and (B) are well dispersed in the TFE-based polymer composition, and the function as binder is significantly exhibited.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be used alone, or can be mixed with other materials (for example, polymers other than TFE-based polymers) and used, but the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably used substantially alone, and more preferably used alone.Note that, the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is used substantially alone so that the amount of the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder for electrochemical device is within the range described below.
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for electrochemical devices consisting essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition having endothermic peaks in a region (A) of 330° C. or higher and lower than 340° C. and in a region (B) of 340° C. or higher and 350° C. or lower in differential scanning calorimetry.
- the binder of the present disclosure contains a specific TFE-based polymer composition, so that even if it is kneaded for a long time with the powder components of electrochemical devices such as electrode active materials and solid electrolytes, it is difficult to generate aggregates, and it can be mixed uniformly with the powder components. In addition, it is also possible to obtain a mixture sheet with excellent strength and flexibility.
- the binder of the present disclosure is also advantageous in terms of production process because it does not require the use of a large amount of a dispersion medium such as water or an organic solvent, and a wide range of electrode active materials and solid electrolytes can be selected for combination with the binder, and the process and cost involved in using a dispersion medium can be reduced. Furthermore, since the binder of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength with the active material and the electrolyte, the amount of the binder used can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder of the present disclosure can be the same as the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure described above, and the preferred embodiments are also the same.
- the binder of the present disclosure is substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition. This allows the effect of the TFE-based polymer composition to be significantly exhibited.
- “Substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition” means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is 95.0 mass% or more relative to the binder.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition relative to the binder is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the binder of the present disclosure consists solely of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of organic solvent. This can reduce the steps and costs associated with the use of organic solvent. "Substantially free of organic solvent” means that the organic solvent content of the binder is 5% by mass or less.
- the organic solvent content is preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.01% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.001% by mass or less.
- the binder of the present disclosure is preferably in the form of a powder.
- the binders of the present disclosure are used in electrochemical devices such as batteries and capacitors.
- the battery may be a secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery.
- the capacitor is not particularly limited, but is preferably an electrochemical capacitor.
- the electrochemical capacitor include an electric double layer capacitor, a hybrid capacitor, and a redox capacitor.
- the hybrid capacitor include a sodium ion capacitor, a lithium ion capacitor, and a magnesium ion capacitor. Among these, an electric double layer capacitor is particularly preferred.
- the binder of the present disclosure can be suitably used as a binder for batteries or binders for capacitors, and can be more suitably used as a binder for secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries.
- the binders of the present disclosure may be used to fabricate electrochemical device components, preferably battery components.
- the binder of the present disclosure can be particularly suitably used as a binder for electrodes.
- the binder of the present disclosure can also be suitably used as a binder in the solid electrolyte layer of a solid secondary battery.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrode mixture comprising the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder of the present disclosure and an electrode active material.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is used, the powder components of the electrochemical device are uniformly dispersed, and a mixture sheet having excellent strength and flexibility is obtained.
- the electrode active material can be held, so that more materials that improve the electrochemical device characteristics, such as active materials and conductive assistants, can be added.
- the above-mentioned electrode active materials include positive electrode active materials and negative electrode active materials.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically absorb and release alkali metal ions, but for example, a material containing an alkali metal and at least one transition metal is preferred. Specific examples include alkali metal-containing transition metal complex oxides and alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compounds. In particular, alkali metal-containing transition metal complex oxides that generate high voltage are preferred as the positive electrode active material. Examples of the alkali metal ions include lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the alkali metal ions may be lithium ions. That is, in this embodiment, the alkali metal ion secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- alkali metal-containing transition metal composite oxide examples include: Formula: M a Mn 2-b M 1 b O 4 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; 0.9 ⁇ a; 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.5; M1 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), an alkali metal-manganese spinel composite oxide (such as a lithium-manganese spinel composite oxide), Formula: MNi 1-c M 2 c O 2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5; M2 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), or an alkal
- MCoO2 , MMnO2 , MNiO2 , MMn2O4 , MNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 , MNi1 / 3Co1/3Mn1 / 3O2 , etc. are preferred, and a compound represented by the following general formula (3) is preferable.
- M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K
- the alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compound is, for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (4): M e M 4 f (PO 4 ) g (4) (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K, and M4 is at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu, and 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 3, 1 ⁇ f ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ g ⁇ 3.)
- M is preferably at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K, more preferably Li or Na, and even more preferably Li. That is, the alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably a lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound.
- the transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc., and specific examples thereof include iron phosphates such as LiFePO4 , Li3Fe2 ( PO4 ) 3 , and LiFeP2O7 , cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO4 , and lithium transition metal phosphate compounds in which a part of the transition metal atoms that constitute the main part of the lithium transition metal phosphate compound is replaced with other elements such as Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, and Si.
- the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably one having an olivine structure.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium-nickel-based composite oxides.
- the lithium-nickel-based composite oxides are represented by the following general formula (5): Li y Ni 1-x M x O 2 (5) (wherein x is 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.7, y is 0.9 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.0, and M is a metal atom (excluding Li and Ni)) is preferred.
- positive electrode active material examples include MFePO 4 , MNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , M 1.2 Fe 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 , MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 , MV 3 O 6 , and M 2 MnO 3 .
- positive electrode active materials such as M 2 MnO 3 and MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 are preferred in that the crystal structure does not collapse even when the secondary battery is operated at a voltage exceeding 4.4 V or a voltage of 4.6 V or more.
- electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries using positive electrode materials containing the above-mentioned positive electrode active materials are preferred because the remaining capacity is not easily reduced and the resistance increase rate is not easily changed even when stored at high temperatures, and the battery performance is not deteriorated even when operated at high voltages.
- the positive electrode active material include a solid solution material of M2MnO3 and MM6O2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and M6 is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, or Fe).
- an example of the solid solution material is an alkali metal manganese oxide represented by the general formula Mx[Mn (1-y) M7y ] Oz , where M in the formula is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and M7 is at least one metal element other than M and Mn, and contains, for example, one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Fe, Ti, Mo, W, Cr, Zr, and Sn.
- the values of x, y, and z in the formula are in the ranges of 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and 1.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 3.
- manganese -containing solid solution materials such as Li1.2Mn0.5Co0.14Ni0.14O2, which are based on Li2MnO3 and contain LiNiO2 or LiCoO2 as a solid solution , are preferred because they can provide an alkali metal ion secondary battery having a high energy density.
- lithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material, since this improves the continuous charging characteristics.
- the amount of lithium phosphate used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, with respect to the total of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate, and is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, and even more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- a material having a different composition may be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- surface-attached materials include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; sulfates such as lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and aluminum sulfate; carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; and carbon.
- These surface-attaching substances can be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material by, for example, dissolving or suspending them in a solvent, impregnating and adding them to the positive electrode active material, and drying them; dissolving or suspending a surface-attaching substance precursor in a solvent, impregnating and adding them to the positive electrode active material, and then reacting them by heating or the like; or adding them to a positive electrode active material precursor and simultaneously baking them.
- attaching carbon a method can also be used in which the carbonaceous material is mechanically attached later in the form of, for example, activated carbon.
- the amount of the surface-attached substance is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, and even more preferably 10 ppm or more, and preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, and even more preferably 5% or less, by mass relative to the positive electrode active material.
- the surface-attached substance can suppress the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material, thereby improving the battery life, but if the amount of attachment is too small, the effect is not fully manifested, and if it is too large, the movement of lithium ions is inhibited, which may increase resistance.
- the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material may be, as conventionally used, a block, polyhedron, sphere, oval sphere, plate, needle, column, etc. Primary particles may also aggregate to form secondary particles.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.5 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 0.8 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.0 g/cm 3 or more. If the tap density of the positive electrode active material is below the lower limit, the amount of dispersion medium required during the formation of the positive electrode active material layer increases, and the amount of conductive material and binder required increases, so that the filling rate of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is restricted, and the battery capacity may be restricted. By using a complex oxide powder with a high tap density, a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the tap density is generally preferably as high as possible, and there is no particular upper limit, but if it is too high, the diffusion of lithium ions in the positive electrode active material layer using the electrolyte as a medium becomes rate-limiting, and the load characteristics may be easily deteriorated, so the upper limit is preferably 4.0 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.7 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 3.5 g/cm 3 or less.
- the tap density is determined as the powder packing density (tap density) g/cm 3 when 5 to 10 g of the positive electrode active material powder is placed in a 10 ml glass measuring cylinder and tapped 200 times with a stroke of about 20 mm.
- the median diameter d50 of the particles of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more, and most preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more, and is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 22 ⁇ m or less. If it is below the lower limit, a high tap density product may not be obtained, and if it exceeds the upper limit, it may take time for lithium to diffuse within the particles, resulting in problems such as a decrease in battery performance.
- the filling property during positive electrode production can be further improved.
- the median diameter d50 is measured by a known laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measuring device.
- a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of sodium hexametaphosphate is used as the dispersion medium during the measurement, and the measurement is performed after ultrasonic dispersion for 5 minutes with a measurement refractive index set to 1.24.
- the average primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 2 ⁇ m or less. If the upper limit is exceeded, it is difficult to form spherical secondary particles, which may adversely affect the powder packing property or greatly reduce the specific surface area, and therefore the battery performance such as output characteristics may be likely to decrease. Conversely, if the lower limit is exceeded, problems such as poor reversibility of charge and discharge may occur due to underdeveloped crystals.
- the average primary particle diameter is measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, in a photograph at a magnification of 10,000 times, the longest intercept value of a horizontal line at the left and right boundaries of a primary particle is determined for any 50 primary particles, and the average value is calculated.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 m2 /g or more, more preferably 0.2 m2 /g or more, and even more preferably 0.3 m2/g or more, and the upper limit is preferably 50 m2/g or less, more preferably 40 m2/g or less, and even more preferably 30 m2 /g or less. If the BET specific surface area is smaller than this range, the battery performance is likely to decrease, and if it is larger, it is difficult to increase the tap density, and problems may easily occur in the processability when forming the positive electrode active material layer.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material are mainly secondary particles. It is preferable that the particles of the positive electrode active material have an average secondary particle diameter of 40 ⁇ m or less and contain 0.5 to 7.0 volume % of fine particles with an average primary particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less. By containing fine particles with an average primary particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less, the contact area with the electrolyte is increased, and lithium ions can be diffused more quickly between the electrode mixture and the electrolyte, resulting in improved output performance of the battery.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material is a general method for manufacturing inorganic compounds.
- various methods can be considered for manufacturing spherical or elliptical active materials, for example, the raw material of transition metal is dissolved or crushed and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH is adjusted while stirring to prepare spherical precursors, which are then dried as necessary, and then LiOH, Li2CO3 , LiNO3 , or other Li sources are added and calcined at high temperature to obtain active materials.
- the positive electrode active material may be used alone, or two or more different compositions may be used in any combination or ratio.
- preferred combinations include a combination of LiCoO2 and a ternary system such as LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 , a combination of LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is preferably 50 to 99.5% by mass of the positive electrode mixture, more preferably 80 to 99% by mass, in terms of high battery capacity.
- the content in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 84% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less. If the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is low, the electrical capacity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is too high, the strength of the positive electrode may be insufficient.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include lithium metal, artificial graphite, graphite carbon fiber, resin-sintered carbon, pyrolytic vapor-grown carbon, coke, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), furfuryl alcohol resin-sintered carbon, polyacene, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, natural graphite, and carbonaceous materials such as non-graphitizable carbon, silicon-containing compounds such as silicon and silicon alloys, and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , or a mixture of two or more types.
- those containing at least a carbonaceous material and silicon-containing compounds can be particularly preferably used.
- the negative electrode active material used in this disclosure preferably contains silicon as a constituent element.
- a material that contains silicon as a constituent element By using a material that contains silicon as a constituent element, a high-capacity battery can be produced.
- silicon particles particles having a structure in which fine silicon particles are dispersed in a silicon-based compound, silicon oxide particles represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), or a mixture of these are preferred.
- SiOx silicon oxide particles represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), or a mixture of these are preferred.
- silicon oxide is a general term for amorphous silicon oxide, and silicon oxide before disproportionation is represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6).
- x is preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6, and more preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3.
- This silicon oxide can be obtained, for example, by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metallic silicon to produce silicon monoxide gas, which is then cooled and precipitated.
- Particles having a structure in which silicon particles are dispersed in a silicon-based compound can be obtained, for example, by firing a mixture of silicon particles and a silicon-based compound, or by heat treating silicon oxide particles before disproportionation, represented by the general formula SiOx, in an inert, non-oxidizing atmosphere such as argon at a temperature of 400°C or higher, preferably 800 to 1,100°C, to carry out a disproportionation reaction.
- the material obtained by the latter method is particularly suitable because the silicon crystallites are uniformly dispersed.
- the size of the silicon nanoparticles can be made 1 to 100 nm by the above-mentioned disproportionation reaction.
- the silicon oxide in the particles having a structure in which silicon nanoparticles are dispersed in silicon oxide is preferably silicon dioxide. Note that it is possible to confirm that silicon nanoparticles (crystals) are dispersed in amorphous silicon oxide using a transmission electron microscope.
- the physical properties of the silicon-containing particles can be appropriately selected depending on the desired composite particles.
- the average particle size is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, with the lower limit being more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the above average particle size is represented by the weight average particle size in particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method.
- the BET specific surface area is preferably 0.5 to 100 m 2 /g, and more preferably 1 to 20 m 2 /g. If the BET specific surface area is 0.5 m 2 /g or more, there is no risk of the adhesiveness decreasing when processed into an electrode, resulting in a decrease in electrochemical device characteristics. If the BET specific surface area is 100 m 2 /g or less, the proportion of silicon dioxide on the particle surface becomes large, and there is no risk of the battery capacity decreasing when used as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Methods for imparting electrical conductivity include mixing the silicon-containing particles with electrically conductive particles such as graphite, coating the surfaces of the silicon-containing particles with a carbon coating, and combining both methods.
- the carbon coating method is preferred, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is even more preferred.
- the content of the negative electrode active material is preferably 40% by mass or more in the electrode mixture, more preferably 50% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 60% by mass or more, in order to increase the capacity of the resulting electrode mixture.
- the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure preferably further contains a conductive assistant.
- the conductive assistant may be contained in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure, or may be added separately from the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure.
- the conductive assistant is used in an amount of usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more in the electrode mixture, and usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. If the content is lower than this range, the conductivity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is higher than this range, the battery capacity may decrease.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure may further contain a thermoplastic resin.
- thermoplastic resin include polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene oxide.
- One type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic resin to the electrode active material is usually 0.01 mass% or more, preferably 0.05 mass% or more, more preferably 0.10 mass% or more, and is usually 3.0 mass% or less, preferably 2.5 mass% or less, more preferably 2.0 mass% or less. Adding a thermoplastic resin can improve the mechanical strength of the electrode. Furthermore, if the ratio exceeds this range, the ratio of the electrode active material in the electrode mixture decreases, which may cause problems such as a decrease in the capacity of the electrochemical device and an increase in resistance between the active materials.
- the content of the binder may be 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and may be 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 5% by mass or less, and most preferably 3% by mass or less. If the proportion of the binder is too low, the electrode mixture active material cannot be sufficiently held, and the mechanical strength of the electrode mixture sheet may be insufficient, which may deteriorate the battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if the proportion is too high, it may lead to a decrease in battery capacity and conductivity. Since the binder of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength, even if the content is small, the electrode active material can be sufficiently held.
- the binder component is preferably substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition, and more preferably of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder component substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder component constituting the electrode mixture is 95.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is preferably 98.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is preferably in sheet form.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure can be suitably used as an electrode mixture for secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is suitable for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is usually used in the form of a sheet.
- the electrode mixture sheet preferably has a thickness of 300 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 180 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more.
- the electrode mixture sheet can be obtained by a production method including a step (1) of mixing a raw material composition containing an electrode active material, a binder, and, if necessary, a conductive assistant, a step (2) of forming the raw material composition obtained by the step (1) into a bulk form, and a step (3) of rolling the bulk raw material composition obtained by the step (2) into a sheet form.
- the raw material composition is simply a mixture of the electrode active material, binder, etc., and exists in a state without a fixed shape.
- Specific mixing methods include mixing methods using a W-type mixer, V-type mixer, drum-type mixer, ribbon mixer, conical screw-type mixer, single-shaft kneader, twin-shaft kneader, mix muller, stirring mixer, planetary mixer, etc.
- the binder mixing conditions are preferably 3000 rpm or less.
- it is 10 rpm or more, more preferably 15 rpm or more, and even more preferably 20 rpm or more, and is preferably 2000 rpm or less, more preferably 1500 rpm or less, and even more preferably 1000 rpm or less. If it is below the above range, mixing will take a long time, which will affect productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation will proceed excessively, and the electrode mixture sheet may have poor strength and flexibility.
- forming into a bulk shape means forming the raw material composition into a single mass.
- Specific methods for forming into a bulk shape include extrusion molding, press molding, and the like.
- the term "bulk shape” does not specify a particular shape, and may refer to a state in which the raw material composition is in the form of a single mass, and includes shapes such as rods, sheets, spheres, and cubes.
- Specific rolling methods in the above step (3) include rolling using a roll press, a flat press, a calendar roll machine, etc.
- step (4) after step (3) in which a larger load is applied to the obtained rolled sheet to roll it into an even thinner sheet. It is also preferable to repeat step (4). In this way, the rolled sheet is not thinned all at once, but is rolled little by little in stages, thereby improving flexibility.
- the number of times step (4) is performed is preferably from 2 to 10 times, and more preferably from 3 to 9 times. Specific rolling methods include, for example, a method in which two or more rolls are rotated and the rolled sheet is passed between them to process it into a thinner sheet.
- step (5) Specific methods for roughly crushing the rolled sheet and forming it into a bulk shape in step (5) include folding the sheet, forming it into a rod or thin sheet shape, chipping, etc.
- "rough crushing” means changing the shape of the rolled sheet obtained in step (3) or step (4) into a different shape in order to roll it into a sheet shape in the next step, and also includes the case where the rolled sheet is simply folded.
- step (4) may be performed after step (5), or may be performed repeatedly. Furthermore, uniaxial or biaxial stretching may be performed in steps (2), (3), (4), and (5). Furthermore, the fibril diameter can be adjusted by the degree of crushing in step (5).
- the rolling ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 65% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less. If it is below the above range, the number of rolling times increases, which takes time and affects productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation may proceed excessively, resulting in an electrode mixture sheet with poor strength and flexibility.
- the rolling ratio here refers to the reduction rate of the thickness of the sample after processing relative to the thickness before rolling.
- the sample before rolling may be a bulk-shaped raw material composition or a sheet-shaped raw material composition.
- the thickness of the sample refers to the thickness in the direction in which a load is applied during rolling.
- the electrode mixture sheet is Step (a): mixing a powder component and a binder to form an electrode mixture; Step (b): calendaring or extruding the electrode mix to produce a sheet;
- the mixing in step (a) is (a1) homogenizing the powder components and the binder to form a powder;
- the electrode mixture can also be suitably produced by a production method characterized by including a step (a2) of mixing the powdered raw material mixture obtained in the step (a1) to prepare an electrode mixture.
- PTFE has two transition temperatures at about 19°C and about 30°C. Below 19°C, PTFE can be easily mixed while still maintaining its shape. However, above 19°C, the PTFE particles become loosely structured and more sensitive to mechanical shear. At temperatures above 30°C, a greater degree of fibrillation occurs.
- the homogenization of (a1) is carried out at a temperature below 19°C, preferably between 0°C and 19°C. That is, in such (a1), it is preferable to mix and homogenize while suppressing fibrillation.
- the subsequent mixing step (a2) is preferably carried out at a temperature of 30° C. or higher to promote fibrillation.
- step (a2) is preferably carried out at a temperature of from 30°C to 150°C, more preferably from 35°C to 120°C, even more preferably from 40°C to 80°C.
- the calendaring or extrusion of step (b) above is carried out at a temperature between 30°C and 150°C, preferably between 35°C and 120°C, more preferably between 40°C and 100°C.
- the mixing in the above step (a) is preferably carried out while applying a shear force.
- Specific examples of the mixing method include mixing methods using a W-type mixer, a V-type mixer, a drum mixer, a ribbon mixer, a conical screw mixer, a single-shaft kneader, a twin-shaft kneader, a mix muller, a stirring mixer, a planetary mixer, a Henschel mixer, a high-speed mixer, or the like.
- the mixing conditions may be appropriately set by the number of rotations and the mixing time.
- the number of rotations is preferably 15,000 rpm or less. It is preferably 10 rpm or more, more preferably 50 rpm or more, and even more preferably 100 rpm or more, and is preferably 12,000 rpm or less, more preferably 10,000 rpm or less, and even more preferably 8,000 rpm or less. If it is below the above range, it will take a long time to mix, which will affect productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation will proceed excessively, and the electrode mixture sheet may have poor strength.
- the step (a1) is preferably carried out with a weaker shear force than the step (a2). Moreover, it is desirable to carry out the step (a1) for a shorter time than the step (a2).
- the raw material composition does not contain a liquid solvent, but a small amount of lubricant may be used. That is, a lubricant may be added to the powdered raw material mixture obtained in the above step (a1) to prepare a paste.
- the above-mentioned lubricants are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water, ether compounds, alcohols, ionic liquids, carbonates, aliphatic hydrocarbons (low polarity solvents such as heptane and xylene), isoparaffinic hydrocarbon compounds, and petroleum fractions (gasoline (C4-C10), naphtha (C4-C11), kerosene/paraffin (C10-C16), and mixtures thereof).
- the lubricant preferably has a water content of 1000 ppm or less.
- a moisture content of 1000 ppm or less is preferable in terms of reducing deterioration of the electrochemical device, and the moisture content is more preferably 500 ppm or less.
- lubricants When using the above lubricants, it is particularly preferable that they are low polarity solvents such as butyl butyrate or ether compounds.
- the amount thereof may be 5.0 to 35.0 parts by weight, preferably 10.0 to 30.0 parts by weight, and more preferably 15.0 to 25.0 parts by weight, based on the total weight of the composition used in step (a1).
- the raw material composition preferably does not substantially contain a liquid medium.
- a solvent in which a binder is dissolved is used to prepare a slurry in which powder, which is an electrode mixture component, is dispersed, and the electrode mixture sheet is prepared by applying and drying the slurry.
- a solvent that disperses or dissolves the binder is used.
- the solvents that can dissolve the binder resins that have been commonly used in the past are limited to specific solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone. Since the solvents have high polarity and require a drying process, the use of the solvents results in steps and costs.
- an electrode mixture sheet containing a binder with a fine fiber structure can be manufactured, and by not producing a slurry, the burden on the manufacturing process can be reduced.
- Step (b) is calendering or extrusion. Calendering and extrusion can be performed by a known method. By this, it is possible to form the electrode mixture sheet into a shape.
- the step (b) preferably includes the steps of: (b1) forming the electrode mixture obtained in the step (a) into a bulk form; and (b2) calendaring or extrusion molding the bulk form of the electrode mixture.
- Forming into a bulk form means forming the electrode mixture into a single mass.
- Specific methods for forming the material into a bulk form include extrusion molding, press molding, and the like.
- the term "bulk” does not specify a particular shape, but may refer to a state in which the material is in the form of a single mass, and includes shapes such as rods, sheets, spheres, and cubes.
- the size of the mass is preferably such that the diameter or the smallest side of the cross section is 10,000 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20,000 ⁇ m or more.
- step (b2) Specific examples of the calendaring or extrusion molding method in step (b2) include rolling the electrode mixture using a roll press, a calendar roll machine, or the like.
- step (b) is preferably carried out at 30 to 150°C.
- PTFE has a glass transition temperature around 30°C, and therefore easily fibrillates at temperatures above 30°C. Therefore, it is preferable to carry out step (b) at such a temperature.
- Calendaring or extrusion applies shear forces, which fibrillate the PTFE and form it into a shape.
- step (c) after the step (b) in which a larger load is applied to the obtained rolled sheet to roll it into a thinner sheet. It is also preferable to repeat the step (c). In this way, the rolled sheet is not thinned at once, but is rolled little by little in stages, thereby improving flexibility.
- the number of times of the step (c) is preferably from 2 to 10, and more preferably from 3 to 9.
- a specific rolling method includes, for example, a method in which a rolled sheet is passed between two or more rotating rolls to process it into a thinner sheet.
- step (d) after step (b) or step (c) in which the rolled sheet is roughly crushed, then remolded into a bulk shape and rolled into a sheet shape. It is also preferable to repeat step (d).
- the number of times of step (d) is preferably 1 to 12 times, and more preferably 2 to 11 times.
- step (d) Specific methods for roughly crushing the rolled sheet and forming it into a bulk shape in step (d) include folding the rolled sheet, forming it into a rod or thin sheet shape, chipping, etc.
- "rough crushing” means changing the shape of the rolled sheet obtained in step (b) or step (c) into a different shape in order to roll it into a sheet shape in the next step, and also includes the case where the rolled sheet is simply folded.
- step (c) may be carried out after step (d), or may be carried out repeatedly.
- uniaxial or biaxial stretching may be carried out in the steps (a), (b), (c) and (d).
- the sheet strength can also be adjusted by the degree of coarse crushing in step (d).
- the rolling ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 65% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less. If it is below the above range, the number of rolling times increases and it takes time, which affects productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation may proceed excessively, resulting in an electrode mixture sheet with poor strength and flexibility.
- the rolling ratio here refers to the reduction rate of the thickness of the sample after rolling to the thickness before rolling.
- the sample before rolling may be a bulk raw material composition or a sheet-like raw material composition.
- the thickness of the sample refers to the thickness in the direction in which a load is applied during rolling.
- the above steps (c) and (d) are preferably carried out at 30° C. or higher, more preferably 60° C. or higher, and preferably 150° C. or lower.
- the electrode mixture sheet can be used as an electrode mixture sheet for a secondary battery. It can be used for either a negative electrode or a positive electrode. In particular, the electrode mixture sheet is suitable for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrode comprising the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder of the present disclosure described above, an electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the electrode of the present disclosure has powder components of an electrochemical device uniformly dispersed, and has excellent strength and flexibility.
- the electrode active material can be held, so that more materials that improve the electrochemical device characteristics, such as active materials and conductive assistants, can be added.
- the electrode of the present disclosure may include the electrode mixture of the present disclosure described above (preferably an electrode mixture sheet) and a current collector.
- the electrodes of the present disclosure may be positive or negative electrodes.
- the positive electrode is preferably composed of a current collector and an electrode mixture sheet containing the positive electrode active material.
- materials for the positive electrode current collector include metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, and nickel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly aluminum or its alloys, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector may be metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, expanded metal, punched metal, foam metal, etc. for metal materials, or carbon plate, carbon thin film, carbon cylinder, etc. for carbon materials. Of these, metal foil is preferred.
- the metal foil may be appropriately formed into a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the metal foil is optional, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the metal foil is thinner than this range, the strength required as a current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the metal foil is thicker than this range, handling may be impaired.
- a conductive assistant is applied to the surface of the current collector in order to reduce the electrical contact resistance between the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer.
- conductive assistants include carbon and precious metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the electrode mixture sheet and the current collector may be laminated with an adhesive and then vacuum dried.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture sheet is preferably 2.80 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 3.00 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 3.20 g/cm 3 or more, and is preferably 3.80 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.75 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 3.70 g/cm 3 or less. If the density exceeds this range, cracks may easily occur in the sheet. If the density is below this range, the conductivity between the active materials may decrease, increasing the battery resistance and making it difficult to obtain high output.
- the thickness of the positive electrode is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the metal foil thickness of the current collector is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, as a lower limit on one side of the current collector, and is also preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode is preferably composed of a current collector and an electrode mixture sheet containing the negative electrode active material.
- materials for the negative electrode current collector include metals such as copper, nickel, titanium, tantalum, and stainless steel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly copper, nickel, or alloys thereof, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector may be metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, expanded metal, punched metal, foam metal, etc. for metal materials, or carbon plate, carbon thin film, carbon cylinder, etc. for carbon materials. Of these, metal foil is preferred.
- the metal foil may be appropriately formed into a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the metal foil is optional, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the metal foil is thinner than this range, the strength required as a current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the metal foil is thicker than this range, handling may be impaired.
- the negative electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the electrode mixture sheet and the current collector may be laminated with an adhesive and then vacuum dried.
- the density of the negative electrode mixture is preferably 1.3 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.4 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 g/cm 3 or more, and is preferably 2.0 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 1.9 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 1.8 g/cm 3 or less. If the density exceeds this range, cracks may easily occur in the sheet. If the density is below this range, the conductivity between the active materials may decrease, increasing the battery resistance and making it difficult to obtain high output.
- the thickness of the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the metal foil thickness of the current collector is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, as a lower limit on one side of the current collector, and is preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the present disclosure also provides a secondary battery having the electrode of the present disclosure described above.
- the secondary battery of the present disclosure may be a secondary battery that uses an electrolyte solution, or may be a solid-state secondary battery.
- the solid-state secondary battery may be a secondary battery containing a solid electrolyte, may be a semi-solid secondary battery containing a solid electrolyte and a liquid component as the electrolyte, or may be an all-solid-state secondary battery containing only a solid electrolyte as the electrolyte.
- Secondary batteries using the above electrolyte can use electrolytes, separators, etc. that are used in known secondary batteries. These are described in detail below.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably used.
- a solution in which a known electrolyte salt is dissolved in a known organic solvent for dissolving electrolyte salts can be used.
- the organic solvent for dissolving the electrolyte salt is not particularly limited, but one or more of the following can be used: known hydrocarbon solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate; and fluorine-based solvents such as fluoroethylene carbonate, fluoroether, and fluorinated carbonate.
- hydrocarbon solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate
- fluorine-based solvents such as fluoroethylene carbonate, fluoroether, and fluorinated carbonate.
- electrolyte salts examples include LiClO4 , LiAsF6 , LiBF4 , LiPF6 , LiN( SO2CF3 ) 2 , and LiN( SO2C2F5 ) 2.
- LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiN( SO2CF3 ) 2 , LiN( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , or combinations thereof are particularly preferred .
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.8 mol/L or more, and more preferably 1.0 mol/L or more.
- the upper limit depends on the organic solvent used to dissolve the electrolyte salt, but is usually 1.5 mol/L.
- the secondary battery using the above-mentioned electrolyte preferably further comprises a separator.
- the material and shape of the separator are not particularly limited as long as they are stable to the electrolyte and have excellent liquid retention, and any known separator can be used.
- the resin and glass fiber separator for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, aromatic polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, glass filters, etc. can be used. These materials may be used alone or in any combination and ratio, such as polypropylene/polyethylene two-layer film and polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer film.
- the separator is preferably a porous sheet or nonwoven fabric made of polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, because of its good electrolyte permeability and shutdown effect.
- the thickness of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less. If the separator is thinner than the above range, the insulating properties and mechanical strength may decrease. Furthermore, if the separator is thicker than the above range, not only may the battery performance such as rate characteristics decrease, but the energy density of the electrolyte battery as a whole may decrease.
- inorganic materials include, for example, oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, and sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate, and are used in particulate or fibrous form.
- a thin film shape such as a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, or a microporous film is used.
- a film with a pore size of 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 to 50 ⁇ m is preferably used.
- a separator can be used in which a composite porous layer containing the above inorganic particles is formed on the surface layer of the positive electrode and/or negative electrode using a resin binder.
- a porous layer can be formed on both sides of the positive electrode using alumina particles with a 90% particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m and a fluororesin as a binder.
- the material of the exterior case is not particularly limited as long as it is a substance that is stable against the electrolyte used.
- metals such as nickel-plated steel sheet, stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, etc., or a laminate film of resin and aluminum foil (laminate film) can be used. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, metals such as aluminum or aluminum alloy, and laminate films are preferably used.
- the metals are welded together by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding to form a sealed structure, or the metals are used via a resin gasket to form a crimped structure.
- the resin layers are heat-sealed together to form a sealed structure.
- a resin different from the resin used in the laminate film may be interposed between the resin layers.
- the resin layers are heat-sealed via a current collecting terminal to form a sealed structure, a bond is formed between the metal and the resin, so a resin having a polar group or a modified resin into which a polar group has been introduced is preferably used as the interposed resin.
- the shape of the secondary battery using the above electrolyte is arbitrary, and examples of such shapes include cylindrical, square, laminated, coin, large, etc.
- the shapes and configurations of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator can be changed according to the shape of each battery.
- the solid secondary battery is preferably an all-solid secondary battery.
- the solid secondary battery is preferably a lithium ion battery, and is also preferably a sulfide-based solid secondary battery.
- the solid secondary battery preferably includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the binder of the present disclosure may be used in the electrode layer or in the solid electrolyte layer.
- a solid secondary battery mix (preferably a mix sheet) containing the binder and solid electrolyte of the present disclosure, and a solid electrolyte layer (preferably a solid electrolyte layer sheet) containing the binder and solid electrolyte of the present disclosure are also suitable aspects of the present disclosure.
- the solid electrolyte used in the solid secondary battery mixture may be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte or an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte when used, it has the advantage of being flexible.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains lithium.
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing lithium are used in solid-state batteries that use lithium ions as a carrier, and are particularly preferred in terms of electrochemical devices with high energy density.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is preferably a compound that contains oxygen atoms (O), has the ionic conductivity of a metal belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation properties.
- Ceramic materials in which elements have been substituted for LLZ are also known.
- Ceramic materials in which elements have been substituted for LLZ are also known.
- Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 , Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 , Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12, etc. , in which LLZ is partially substituted with Al
- Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12, etc.
- LLZ is partially substituted with Ta, etc.
- LLZ-based ceramic materials in which at least one element of Mg (magnesium) and A (A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), and Ba (barium)) is substituted for LLZ can be mentioned.
- phosphorus compounds containing Li, P, and O are also desirable.
- the lithium phosphate include lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), LiPON in which part of the oxygen in lithium phosphate is replaced with nitrogen, LiPOD 1 (D 1 is at least one selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Ta, W, Pt, Au, etc.), etc.
- LiA 1 ON is at least one selected from Si, B, Ge, Al, C, Ga, etc.
- Specific examples include Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -TiO 2 -GeO 2 , Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -TiO 2 , etc.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains lithium.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte containing lithium is used in solid-state batteries that use lithium ions as a carrier, and is particularly preferred in that it is an electrochemical device having a high energy density.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is preferably an oxide having a crystalline structure.
- Oxides having a crystalline structure are particularly preferred in terms of good Li ion conductivity.
- Examples of oxides having a crystalline structure include perovskite type ( La0.51Li0.34TiO2.94 , etc.), NASICON type ( Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7 ( PO4 ) 3 , etc. ) , and garnet type ( Li7La3Zr2O12 ( LLZ ) , etc.). Among them, NASICON type is preferred .
- the volume average particle diameter of the oxide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.03 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the oxide-based solid electrolyte particles is measured by the following procedure.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte particles are diluted and adjusted to a 1 mass % dispersion in a 20 ml sample bottle using water (heptane in the case of a substance unstable in water).
- the diluted dispersion sample is irradiated with 1 kHz ultrasound for 10 minutes and used for testing immediately thereafter.
- the solid secondary battery may include a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator include porous membranes such as polyethylene and polypropylene; nonwoven fabrics made of resins such as polypropylene, and nonwoven fabrics such as glass fiber nonwoven fabrics.
- the solid secondary battery may further include a battery case.
- the shape of the battery case is not particularly limited as long as it can accommodate the above-mentioned positive electrode, negative electrode, solid electrolyte layer, etc., but specific examples include a cylindrical type, a square type, a coin type, a laminate type, etc.
- the above-mentioned solid-state secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, by stacking a positive electrode, a solid electrolyte layer sheet, and a negative electrode in that order and pressing them.
- ⁇ Average primary particle size The TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion is diluted with water until the solid content concentration becomes 0.15% by mass, and the transmittance of the 550 nm projection light to the unit length of the obtained diluted latex and the number-based length average primary particle diameter determined by measuring the unidirectional diameter by transmission electron microscopy are measured, and a calibration curve is made.Using this calibration curve, the average primary particle diameter is determined from the measured transmittance of the 550 nm projection light of each sample.
- the CTFE content was determined by producing a thin film disk by press-molding a TFE-based polymer powder or composition, measuring the infrared absorbance of the thin film disk by FT-IR, and multiplying the ratio of the absorbance at 957 cm ⁇ 1 to the absorbance at 2360 cm ⁇ 1 by 0.58.
- the HFP content was determined by producing a thin film disk by press-molding a TFE-based polymer powder or composition, measuring the infrared absorbance of the thin film disk by FT-IR, and multiplying the ratio of the absorbance at 982 cm ⁇ 1 to the absorbance at 935 cm ⁇ 1 by 0.3.
- the mixture was filled into the cylinder of an extruder at room temperature (25 ⁇ 2° C.), and a load of 0.47 MPa was applied to the piston inserted into the cylinder and held for 1 minute.
- the mixture was then extruded from the orifice at a ram speed of 20 mm/min.
- the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross-sectional area of the orifice was 1000. In the latter half of the extrusion operation, the load (N) when the pressure reached equilibrium was divided by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to obtain the extrusion pressure (MPa).
- Endothermic peak temperature was determined as temperatures corresponding to the respective minimum points in the region (A) and the region (B) of the heat of fusion curve when a TFE-based polymer powder or composition that had not been heated to a temperature of 300° C. or higher was heated at a rate of 2° C./min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC].
- Moisture content (mass %) [(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer powder or composition before heating) ⁇ (mass (g) of TFE-based polymer powder or composition after heating)]/(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer powder or composition before heating) ⁇ 100
- aqueous solutions with five or more levels of content were prepared, and LC/MS analysis was performed on the aqueous solutions with each content. The relationship between the content and the area area relative to the content was plotted, and a calibration curve was drawn. Using the above calibration curve, the area area of the LC/MS chromatogram of the fluorine-containing compound in the extract was converted to the content of the fluorine-containing compound.
- the lower detection limit in this measurement method is 10 ppb by mass.
- the TFE-based polymer powder or composition was thinly spread on a black paper surface with air without applying shear to the powder, and observed under a microscope. The ratio was calculated from the average of the major axis/minor axis ratios of 100 or more randomly selected particles.
- a white solid A (perfluoroether carboxylic acid A ammonium salt) was obtained by the method described in Synthesis Example 1 of WO 2021/045228.
- fluorine-containing surfactants having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less were prepared.
- Perfluoroether carboxylic acid B ammonium salt Ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate), manufactured by Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., structural formula: CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 OCF(CF 3 )COONH 4
- Synthesis Example 1 A 6-liter stainless steel autoclave equipped with a stainless steel stirring blade and a temperature control jacket was charged with 3580 g of deionized water, 100 g of paraffin wax, and 5.4 g of white solid A, and the inside of the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen gas while heating to 70 ° C. to remove oxygen. After 0.06 g of HFP was injected with TFE, TFE was injected to make the system pressure 0.78 MPaG, and the system temperature was maintained at 70 ° C. while stirring. Next, an aqueous solution of 15.4 mg of ammonium persulfate dissolved in 20 g of water was injected with TFE to start the polymerization reaction.
- the aqueous dispersion was taken out and cooled, and the paraffin wax was separated to obtain a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion.
- the average primary particle size of the obtained TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 246 nm, and the solid content concentration was 29.8% by mass.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 1 was diluted to a solids concentration of 13% by mass, and the TFE-based polymer was coagulated while stirring in a container, and then the water was filtered off to obtain a wet TFE-based polymer powder.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray, and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 180° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer powder was obtained.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer powder had an HFP content of 0.027% by mass and an SSG of 2.150.
- Synthesis Example 2 A 6-liter stainless steel autoclave equipped with a stainless steel stirring blade and a temperature control jacket was charged with 3480 g of deionized water, 100 g of paraffin wax, and 5.3 g of white solid A, and the inside of the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen gas while heating to 70 ° C. to remove oxygen. TFE was injected to make the system pressure 0.78 MPaG, and the system temperature was kept at 70 ° C. while stirring. Next, an aqueous solution of 15.0 mg of ammonium persulfate dissolved in 20 g of water was injected with TFE to start the polymerization reaction. As the polymerization reaction progressed, the system pressure decreased, but TFE was added to maintain the system temperature at 70 ° C.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 2 was diluted to a solids concentration of 13% by mass, and the TFE-based polymer was coagulated while stirring in a container, and then the water was filtered off to obtain a wet TFE-based polymer powder.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray, and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 180° C. After 20 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer powder was obtained.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer powder had an SSG of 2.156.
- Synthesis Example 3 In a 6-liter stainless steel autoclave equipped with a stainless steel stirring blade and a temperature control jacket, 3580 g of deionized water, 100 g of paraffin wax, and 5.4 g of white solid A were charged, and the inside of the autoclave was replaced with nitrogen gas while heating to 80 ° C. to remove oxygen. After adding 1.20 g of CTFE, TFE was further pressed in to make the system pressure 0.78 MPaG, and the system temperature was maintained at 80 ° C. while stirring.
- the average primary particle size of the obtained TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 241nm, and the solid content concentration was 32.0% by mass.
- the particles of the TFE-based polymer obtained above have a core-shell structure.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 3 was diluted to a solid content concentration of 13 mass %, and the TFE-based polymer was coagulated while vigorously stirring in a container, and then the water was filtered off to obtain a TFE-based polymer wet powder.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray, and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 145° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer powder was obtained.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer powder had a CTFE content of 0.23 mass %, an SSG of 2.170, and an extrusion pressure of 36 MPa.
- Synthesis Example 4 Except for changing 5.3 g of white solid A to 15.75 g of perfluoroether carboxylic acid B ammonium salt and 35 mg of hydrophilic monomer, a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was obtained in the same manner as in Synthesis Example 2.
- the average primary particle diameter of the obtained TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 295 nm, and the solid content concentration was 26.5 mass%.
- Production Example 4 The TFE polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 4 was treated in the same manner as in Production Example 2 to obtain a TFE polymer powder.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer powder had an SSG of 2.159.
- Synthesis Example 5 Except for changing 5.4 g of white solid A to 16 g of perfluoroether carboxylic acid B ammonium salt and 30 mg of hydrophilic monomer, a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was obtained in the same manner as in Production Example 1.
- the average primary particle diameter of the obtained TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 245 nm, and the solid content concentration was 31.8 mass%.
- Production Example 5 The TFE polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 5 was treated in the same manner as in Production Example 3 to obtain a TFE polymer powder.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer powder had a CTFE content of 0.23 mass %, an SSG of 2.172, and an extrusion pressure of 37 MPa.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 1 and Synthesis Example 3 is mixed in a solid content mass ratio (Synthesis Example 1:Synthesis Example 3) of 75:25, then diluted to a solid content concentration of 13 mass%, and the TFE-based polymer is solidified in a container while being vigorously stirred, and then filtered out from water to obtain a TFE-based polymer wet powder.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer wet powder is placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray is heat-treated in a hot air circulation type electric furnace at 180° C.
- TFE-based polymer composition 1 After 18 hours, the mesh tray is taken out, and the mesh tray is air-cooled, and then a TFE-based polymer composition 1 is obtained.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition 1 had a CTFE content of 0.06% by mass, a HFP content of 0.020% by mass, endothermic peak temperatures of 338°C and 343°C, an endothermic peak intensity ratio of 0.98, stretchability, a water content of 0.000% by mass, a perfluoroether carboxylic acid A content of less than 10 ppb by mass, and an average aspect ratio of the powder of 1.1.
- TFE-based polymer composition 2 was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that the solid content mass ratio of the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was changed to 50:50.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition 2 had a CTFE content of 0.10% by mass, a HFP content of 0.014% by mass, endothermic peak temperatures of 337° C. and 343° C., an endothermic peak intensity ratio of 1.44, stretchable, a water content of 0.000% by mass, a perfluoroether carboxylic acid A content of less than 10 ppb by mass, and an average aspect ratio of the powder of 1.3.
- TFE-based polymer composition 3 was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 2, except that the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion used was changed from Synthesis Example 1 to Synthesis Example 2.
- the CTFE content of the obtained TFE-based polymer composition 3 was 0.10% by mass.
- the endothermic peak temperatures were 337° C. and 343° C., the endothermic peak intensity ratio was 1.36, stretchable, the water content was 0.000% by mass, the perfluoroether carboxylic acid A content was less than 10 ppb by mass, and the average aspect ratio of the powder was 1.2.
- Preparation Example 4 A TFE-based polymer composition 4 was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 3, except that the mesh tray was replaced with a flat tray (a tray with no air permeability at the bottom and sides), the drying temperature was changed from 180° C. to 145° C., and the drying time was changed from 18 hours to 5 hours.
- the CTFE content of the obtained TFE-based polymer composition 4 was 0.10% by mass.
- the endothermic peak temperatures were 337° C. and 343° C., the endothermic peak intensity ratio was 1.36, the moisture content was 0.121% by mass, and the average aspect ratio of the powder was 1.3.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Synthesis Example 4 and Synthesis Example 5 is mixed in a solid content mass ratio (Synthesis Example 4:Synthesis Example 5) of 50:50, then diluted to a solid content concentration of 13 mass%, vigorously stirred in a container to solidify the TFE-based polymer, then filtered out from water to obtain a TFE-based polymer wet powder.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer wet powder is placed on a stainless steel flat tray, and the flat tray is heat-treated in a hot air circulation type electric furnace at 145°C.After 18 hours, the flat tray is taken out, and the flat tray is air-cooled, and then a TFE-based polymer composition 5 is obtained.
- the CTFE content of the obtained TFE-based polymer composition 5 was 0.10% by mass.
- the endothermic peak temperatures were 337° C. and 343° C., the endothermic peak intensity ratio was 1.36, stretchable, the water content was 0.016% by mass, the perfluoroether carboxylic acid B content was 160 ppb by mass, and the average aspect ratio of the powder was 1.1.
- TFE-based polymer powders obtained in Production Example 2 and Production Example 3 were mixed in a mass ratio (Production Example 2:Production Example 3) of 50:50 using a blender (Warring Blender 7012S, manufactured by Warning Co.) at a stirring speed of 3100 rpm for 1 minute to obtain a TFE-based polymer composition 6.
- the CTFE content of the obtained TFE-based polymer composition 6 was 0.10% by mass.
- the endothermic peak temperatures were 337° C. and 343° C., the endothermic peak intensity ratio was 1.35, the moisture content was 0.001% by mass, the perfluoroether carboxylic acid A content was less than 10 ppb by mass, and the average aspect ratio of the powder was 2.6.
- Preparation Example 7 The wet powder obtained in Production Example 2 was placed on a flat tray, and the flat tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 180° C. After 5 hours, the flat tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then TFE-based polymer powder 7 was obtained.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer powder 7 had an endothermic peak temperature of 344° C., a moisture content of 0.126% by mass, and an average aspect ratio of the powder of 1.2.
- TFE-based polymer powders or compositions obtained above was evaluated using the following methods.
- the mixture was then sufficiently heated in a constant temperature bath at 50°C, and then treated for 5 minutes (32 rpm, heater 50°C, pressure 0.5 MPa) in a pressure kneader (D1-5: manufactured by Nihon Spindle Co., Ltd.) to promote fibrillation and obtain a bulk-like electrode mixture having cohesive properties.
- the bulk-like electrode mixture was then put into a Henschel mixer for re-pulverization, and treated at 300 rpm for 1 minute to obtain an electrode mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet.
- the obtained rolled sheet was again roughly crushed by folding in half, and the electrode mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet with greater strength. Thereafter, the electrode mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted to a final thickness of 90 ⁇ m.
- Table 2 shows the material types and compositions.
- Denka Li-400 Carbon black manufactured by Denka
- the positive electrode mixture sheet was adhered to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m as follows.
- the adhesive used was a slurry in which polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and carbon black was dispersed in a ratio of 80: 20.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the adhesive was applied to an aluminum foil and dried on a hot plate at 120°C for 15 minutes to form a current collector with an adhesive layer. Thereafter, the positive electrode mixture sheet was placed on a current collector with an adhesive layer, and the positive electrode mixture sheet and the current collector were bonded together using a roll press machine heated to 100° C., cut into a desired size, and tabbed to form a positive electrode.
- ⁇ Preparation of negative electrode> To 98 parts by mass of a carbonaceous material (graphite), 1 part by mass of an aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (concentration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose: 1% by mass) and 1 part by mass of an aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene rubber (concentration of styrene-butadiene rubber: 50% by mass) were added as a thickener and binder, and mixed in a disperser to form a slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, dried, and rolled in a press, cut to a desired size, and tabbed to form a negative electrode.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- LiPF 6 salt was mixed with this mixed solution at 23° C. so that the concentration in the electrolyte was 1.1 mol/L to obtain a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode was opposed to the negative electrode via a 20 ⁇ m-thick microporous polyethylene film (separator), and the nonaqueous electrolyte obtained above was injected thereinto. After the nonaqueous electrolyte sufficiently permeated the separator and the like, the battery was sealed, precharged, and aged to prepare a lithium ion secondary battery.
- CC/CV charging constant current-constant voltage
- 3 V current equivalent to 0.33 C
- the battery after the evaluation of the initial discharge capacity was again CC/CV charged (0.1C cut) to 4.3V at 25°C, and the volume of the battery was determined by Archimedes' method. After the volume of the battery was determined, it was stored at high temperature at 60°C for 30 days.
- ⁇ Preparation of solid electrolyte mixture sheet> The weighed binder (TFE-based polymer powder or composition) was sufficiently cooled in a thermostatic bath at 5° C., and then charged into a Henschel mixer and pulverized at 300 rpm for 2 minutes. The crushed binder and solid electrolyte were each weighed and thoroughly cooled in a thermostatic bath at 5° C. The mixture was then placed in a Henschel mixer and homogenized by processing at 300 rpm for 1 minute. Thereafter, the mixture was sufficiently heated in a thermostatic bath at 40° C., and then treated in a Henschel mixer at 1000 rpm for 1 minute to promote fibrillation, thereby obtaining an electrolyte mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrolyte mixture sheet.
- the rolled sheet obtained was again folded in half to be roughly crushed, and the electrolyte mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain a stronger electrolyte mixture sheet.
- the electrolyte mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted so that the final thickness of the electrolyte mixture sheet was 120 ⁇ m.
- Table 4 shows the material types and compositions.
- ⁇ Preparation of solid electrolyte electrode mixture sheet> The active material and the conductive assistant were weighed, and the materials were put into a V-type mixer and mixed at 37 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain a mixture of the active material and the conductive assistant. Then, the weighed binder (TFE-based polymer powder or composition) was put into the mixture, and the mixture was sufficiently cooled in a thermostatic chamber at 5°C, and then put into a Henschel mixer and processed at 2800 rpm for 10 minutes to disperse and fibrillate the TFE composition, thereby obtaining a solid electrolyte electrode mixture.
- TFE-based polymer powder or composition was put into the mixture, and the mixture was sufficiently cooled in a thermostatic chamber at 5°C, and then put into a Henschel mixer and processed at 2800 rpm for 10 minutes to disperse and fibrillate the TFE composition, thereby obtaining a solid electrolyte electrode mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80°C, rotation speed: 0.5 m/min) and rolled to obtain a solid electrolyte electrode mixture sheet.
- the obtained rolled sheet was again roughly crushed by folding in two, and the solid electrolyte electrode mixture was put into a metal roll (temperature: 80°C, rotation speed: 0.5 m/min) and rolled. This process promoted fibrillation, and a strong solid electrolyte electrode mixture sheet was obtained. Thereafter, the solid electrolyte electrode mixture sheet was put into a roll press machine, and the thickness of the solid electrolyte electrode mixture sheet was adjusted to 150 ⁇ m.
- Table 6 shows the material types and compositions.
- Denka Li-400 Carbon black manufactured by Denka
- Screw 2 Nut 3: Insulation sheet 4: Solid electrolyte mixture sheet 5: Gold vapor deposition 6: Upper electrode 7: Lower electrode
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
示差走査熱量分析において、330℃以上340℃未満の領域(A)と、340℃以上350℃以下の領域(B)とに吸熱ピークを有するテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物である。
前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、示差走査熱量分析において、330℃以上340℃未満の領域(A)と、340℃以上350℃以下の領域(B)とに吸熱ピークを有する電気化学デバイス用バインダーである。
CX1X2=CX3X4 (I)
(式中、X1~X3は、それぞれ独立して、H又はFである。X4は、F、Cl、Rf又はO-Rfである。Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基である。)
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、また、水や有機溶剤といった分散媒を多量に使用する必要がなく、組み合わせる電極活物質や固体電解質を広く選択することができ、生産工程上有利である。また、分散媒の使用による工程及びコストを削減することができる。
更に、本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、活物質や電解質との結着力に優れるので、使用量を削減することができる。
これは、本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物が領域(A)に吸熱ピークを有するTFE系ポリマー(A)と、領域(B)に吸熱ピークを有するTFE系ポリマー(B)とを含むことを示す。
領域(A)に吸熱ピークを有するTFE系ポリマー(A)はフィブリル化特性が低いので、当該TFE系ポリマーが存在することで、TFE系ポリマー組成物のフィブリル化が低減され、電気化学デバイスの粉体成分と長時間混練しても凝集物が発生しにくくなる。このため、上記粉体成分と均一に混合することができ、また、合剤シートの強度及び柔軟性を向上させることもできる。
領域(B)の温度範囲は340℃以上350℃以下であるが、348℃以下であることが好ましく、346℃以下であることがより好ましい。
上記TFEのホモポリマーとは、全重合単位に対する変性モノマー単位の含有量が0.0001質量%未満のものを指す。
本明細書において、TFE共重合体は、90.0質量%以上のTFE単位と、10.0質量%以下の変性モノマー単位とを含むものであってよい。また、上記TFE共重合体は、TFE単位及び変性モノマー単位のみからなるものであってよい。
上述した領域(A)に吸熱ピークを有するTFE系ポリマー(A)、及び、領域(B)に吸熱ピークを有するTFE系ポリマー(B)のうち、少なくとも一方がTFE共重合体であることが好ましく、少なくともTFE系ポリマー(A)がTFE共重合体であることがより好ましく、TFE系ポリマー(A)及び(B)の両方がTFE共重合体であることが更に好ましい。
本明細書において、上記変性モノマー単位とは、TFE系ポリマーの分子構造の一部分であって変性モノマーに由来する部分を意味する。
CF2=CF-ORf1 (A)
(式中、Rf1は、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるパーフルオロ不飽和化合物等が挙げられる。本明細書において、上記「パーフルオロ有機基」とは、炭素原子に結合する水素原子が全てフッ素原子に置換されてなる有機基を意味する。上記パーフルオロ有機基は、エーテル酸素を有していてもよい。
CF2=CF-CF2-ORf2 (B)
(式中、Rf2は、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが挙げられる。
CX1X2=CX3X4 (I)
(式中、X1~X3は、それぞれ独立して、H又はFである。X4は、F、Cl、Rf又はO-Rfである。Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基である。)で表される化合物であることが好ましい。
上記RR1000における押出圧力は、70MPa以下であることがより好ましく、60MPa以下であることが更に好ましく、50MPa以下であることが更により好ましく、40MPa以下であることが特に好ましく、また、20MPa以上であることが好ましく、30MPa以上であることがより好ましい。
TFE系ポリマー60gと押出助剤としての炭化水素油(商品名:アイソパーG(登録商標)、エクソンモービル社製)12.3gとをポリエチレン容器中で3分間混合する。室温(25±2℃)で押出機のシリンダーに上記混合物を充填し、シリンダーに挿入したピストンに0.47MPaの負荷をかけて1分間保持する。次にラム速度20mm/minでオリフィスから押出する。オリフィスの断面積に対するシリンダーの断面積の比は1000である。押出操作の後半において、圧力が平衡状態になったときの荷重(N)をシリンダー断面積で除した値を押出圧力(MPa)とする。
上記コアにおける変性モノマーとしては、フルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)、ビニルヘテロ環状体及びフルオロオレフィンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、フルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)及びフルオロオレフィンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、PAVE、HFP及びCTFEからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が更に好ましく、PAVE及びCTFEからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が更により好ましく、CTFEが特に好ましい。
また、PAVEとしては、パーフルオロ(プロピルビニルエーテル)〔PPVE〕が好ましい。
上記シェルにおける変性モノマーとしては、フルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)及びフルオロオレフィンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、PAVE、HFP及びCTFEからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、HFP及びCTFEからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が更に好ましく、CTFEが更により好ましい。
上記連鎖移動剤は、非過酸化有機化合物、水溶性有機過酸化物及び過硫酸塩の何れかを少なくとも1種有するものであればよい。
上記連鎖移動剤において、非過酸化有機化合物、水溶性有機過酸化物及び過硫酸塩は、それぞれ1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。
上記フッ素系ポリマーは、TFE系ポリマーを含むものであってよく、TFE系ポリマー以外のフッ素系ポリマーを更に含んでもよい。
上記フッ素系ポリマーの含有量は、TFE系ポリマー、及び、TFE系ポリマー以外のフッ素系ポリマーの合計量である。
TFE系ポリマー以外のフッ素系ポリマーとしては、フッ化ビニリデン(VdF)系ポリマー等が挙げられる。上記VdF系ポリマーとしては、ポリビニリデンフルオライド〔PVdF〕、VdF/TFE共重合体〔VT〕等のVdF系樹脂;VdF/HFP共重合体、VdF/TFE/HFP共重合体、VdF/2,3,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピレン共重合体等のVdF系エラストマー等が挙げられる。
実質的に上記フッ素系ポリマーのみからなるとは、上記フッ素系ポリマーの合計量が、上記フッ素系ポリマー組成物に対し、95.0質量%以上であることを意味する。
上記フッ素系ポリマーは、上記フッ素系ポリマー組成物に対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のフッ素系ポリマー組成物が上記フッ素系ポリマーのみからなることも好ましい。
上記TFE系ポリマーの含有量は、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物が上記TFE系ポリマーのみからなることも好ましい。
上記2種以上のTFE系ポリマーの含有量は、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物が上記2種以上のTFE系ポリマーのみからなることも好ましい。
上記TFE系ポリマー(A)及び(B)の合計量は、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物が上記TFE系ポリマー(A)及び(B)のみからなることも好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、全重合単位に対し90.0質量%以上のTFE単位と、10.0質量%以下の変性モノマー単位とを含むものであってよく、99.0質量%以上のTFE単位と、1.0質量%以下の変性モノマー単位とを含むものであることが好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、重合単位として、TFE単位、及び、変性モノマー単位のみを含むものであってよい。
上記導電助剤としては、公知の導電材を任意に用いることができる。具体例としては、銅、ニッケル等の金属材料、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛等の黒鉛(グラファイト)、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ランプブラック、サーマルブラック等のカーボンブラック、ニードルコークス、カーボンナノチューブ、フラーレン、VGCF等の無定形炭素等の炭素材料等が挙げられる。なお、これらは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
上記水分含有量は、0.005質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.003質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.002質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.001質量%以下であることが更により好ましい。
上記水分含有量は、以下の方法により測定する。
TFE系ポリマー組成物を150℃で2時間加熱した前後の質量を測定し、以下の式に従って算出する。試料を3回取り、それぞれ算出した後、平均を求め、当該平均値を採用する。
水分含有量(質量%)=[(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))-(加熱後のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))]/(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))×100
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、20質量ppb以下であることが好ましく、15質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることが更に好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、定量下限未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
試料を1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60分間の超音波処理を行ない、抽出液を得る。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮後の抽出液中の含フッ素化合物をLC/MS/MS測定する。得られたLC/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素化合物の構造式との一致を確認する。標準物質の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描く。上記検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素化合物のLC/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素化合物の含有量に換算する。
なお、この測定方法における定量下限は10質量ppbである。
含フッ素界面活性剤の存在下で行う重合により得られる重合粒子には、TFE系ポリマー以外に、含フッ素界面活性剤が含まれることが通常である。本明細書において、含フッ素界面活性剤は、重合時に使用されるものである。
上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物は、重合の際に添加されていない化合物、例えば、重合途中で副生する化合物であってよい。
なお、上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物は、アニオン性部とカチオン性部とを含む場合は、アニオン性部の分子量が1000以下であるフッ素を含む化合物を意味する。上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物には、TFE系ポリマーは含まれないものとする。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤としては、下記一般式(N0):
Xn0-Rfn0-Y0 (N0)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl又は及びFである。Rfn0は、炭素数3~20で、鎖状、分枝鎖状又は環状で、一部又は全てのHがFにより置換されたアルキレン基であり、該アルキレン基は1つ以上のエーテル結合を含んでもよく、一部のHがClにより置換されていてもよい。Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
Y0のアニオン性基は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-COOM、又は、-SO3Mであってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子、NR1 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R1は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、例えば、Na、K又はLiである。
R1としては、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子又はNR1 4であってよく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR1 4であってよく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4であってよい。
上記Rfn0は、Hの50%以上がフッ素に置換されているものであってよい。
F(CF2)7COOM、
F(CF2)5COOM、
H(CF2)6COOM、
H(CF2)7COOM、
CF3O(CF2)3OCHFCF2COOM、
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COOM、
C2F5OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、及び、
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、上記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まないことが好ましい。
R1は、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
上記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まないとは、当該含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、20質量ppb以下であることが好ましく、15質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることが更に好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、定量下限未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
[Cn-1F2n-1COO-]M+
(式中、nは9~14の整数、好ましくは9~12の整数、M+はカチオンを表す。)で表される含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないことも好ましい。これにより、ガス発生及び電気化学デバイス特性の劣化を一層抑制することができる。
上記式中のカチオンM+を構成するMは、上述したMと同様である。
上記式で表される含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないとは、当該含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、20質量ppb以下であることが好ましく、15質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることが更に好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、定量下限未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
特開2002-201217号公報の記載に従い、TFE系ポリマー組成物100gに潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソンモービル社製)21.7gを添加し、3分間混合する。上記混合物を、25℃の恒温槽に2時間放置した後に、リダクションレシオ(ダイスの入り口の断面積と出口の断面積の比)100、押出速度51cm/分の条件で、25℃にて、オリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長1.1cm、導入角30°)を通してペースト押出しを行い、ビードを得る。得られたビードを230℃で30分間乾燥し、潤滑剤を除去する。乾燥後のビードを適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間が3.8cmとなるよう、各末端を固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱する。次いで、クランプを総ストレッチが2400%に相当する分離距離となるまで、延伸速度1000%/秒で離す。『総ストレッチ』とは、延伸試験前のビード長さ(100%)に対する延伸による長さの増加である。延伸中に破断しなければ延伸可能、破断すれば延伸不可と判断する。
TFE系ポリマー組成物50gと押出助剤としての炭化水素油(商品名:アイソパーE(登録商標)、エクソンモービル社製)10.25gとをポリエチレン容器内で3分間混合する。室温(25±2℃)で、押出機のシリンダーに上記混合物を充填し、シリンダーに挿入したピストンに0.47MPaの負荷をかけて1分間保持する。次にラム速度18mm/minでオリフィスから押出する。オリフィスの断面積に対するシリンダーの断面積の比は100である。得られたビードを230℃で30分間乾燥し、潤滑剤を除去する。乾燥後のビードを適当な長さに切断し、300℃に加熱した炉に入れる。炉内で、延伸速度100%/秒、延伸試験前のビード長さの25倍になるまで延伸する。延伸中に破断しなければ延伸可能、破断すれば延伸不可と判断する。
上記SSGは、ASTM D 4895に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定する。
RR200における押出圧力は、以下の方法により測定する。
TFE系ポリマー組成物60gと押出助剤としての炭化水素油(商品名:アイソパーG(登録商標)、エクソンモービル社製)12.3gとをポリエチレン容器中で3分間混合する。室温(25±2℃)で押出機のシリンダーに上記混合物を充填し、シリンダーに挿入したピストンに0.47MPaの負荷をかけて1分間保持する。次にラム速度20mm/minでオリフィスから押出する。オリフィスの断面積に対するシリンダーの断面積の比は200である。押出操作の後半において、圧力が平衡状態になったときの荷重(N)をシリンダー断面積で除した値を押出圧力(MPa)とする。
なお、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物は、粉末以外の形態であってもよく、例えば、分散液であってもよい。
上記粉末の平均アスペクト比は、粉末に剪断を掛けないように粉末をエアーにて黒色紙面上に薄く広げ、広がった粉末を顕微鏡を用いて観察し、無作為に選択した100個以上の粉末の長径と短径の比の平均より求める。
上記平均二次粒子径は、JIS K 6891に準拠して測定する。
上記見掛密度は、JIS K 6892に準拠して測定する。
上記乳化重合は、重合反応器に、水性媒体、上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤、モノマー及び必要に応じて他の添加剤を仕込み、反応器の内容物を撹拌し、そして反応器を所定の重合温度に保持し、次に所定量の重合開始剤を加え、重合反応を開始することにより行うことができる。重合反応開始後に、目的に応じて、モノマー、重合開始剤、連鎖移動剤及び上記界面活性剤等を追加添加してもよい。
上述した各物性が容易に得られる点で、重合開始剤の添加量は、水性媒体に対して0.1ppm以上に相当する量が好ましく、1.0ppm以上に相当する量がより好ましく、また、100ppm以下に相当する量が好ましく、10ppm以下に相当する量がより好ましい。
より好ましくは、酸化剤が、過マンガン酸又はその塩、過硫酸塩、若しくは、臭素酸又はその塩であり、還元剤が、ジカルボン酸又はその塩である。
レドックス開始剤を用いる場合は、酸化剤又は還元剤のいずれかをあらかじめ重合槽に仕込み、ついでもう一方を連続的又は断続的に加えて重合を開始させてもよい。例えば、過マンガン酸カリウム/シュウ酸アンモニウムを用いる場合、重合槽にシュウ酸アンモニウムを仕込み、そこへ過マンガン酸カリウムを連続的に添加することが好ましい。
なお、本明細書のレドックス開始剤において、「過マンガン酸カリウム/シュウ酸アンモニウム」と記載した場合、過マンガン酸カリウムとシュウ酸アンモニウムとの組合せを意味する。他の化合物においても同じである。
例えば、上記塩である酸化剤は、過硫酸塩、過マンガン酸塩、セリウム(IV)塩及び臭素酸塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、過マンガン酸塩が更に好ましく、過マンガン酸カリウムが特に好ましい。
また、上記塩である還元剤は、シュウ酸塩、マロン酸塩、コハク酸塩、グルタル酸塩及び臭素酸塩からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、シュウ酸塩が更に好ましく、シュウ酸アンモニウムが特に好ましい。
また、上記乳化重合でレドックス開始剤を用いる場合、重合温度は、100℃以下が好ましく、95℃以下がより好ましく、90℃以下が更に好ましい。また、10℃以上が好ましく、20℃以上がより好ましく、30℃以上が更に好ましい。
上記核形成剤としては、公知のものを使用することができ、例えば、フルオロポリエーテル、非イオン性界面活性剤、及び、連鎖移動剤からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、非イオン性界面活性剤であることがより好ましい。
上記パーフルオロポリエーテル(PFPE)酸又はその塩は、分子の主鎖中の酸素原子が、1~3個の炭素原子を有する飽和フッ化炭素基によって隔てられる任意の鎖構造を有してよい。また、2種以上のフッ化炭素基が、分子中に存在してよい。代表的な構造は、下式に表される繰り返し単位を有する:
(-CFCF3-CF2-O-)n
(-CF2-CF2-CF2-O-)n
(-CF2-CF2-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m
(-CF2-CFCF3-O-)n-(-CF2-O-)m
一般的に連鎖移動剤と呼ばれるものは、その活性は連鎖移動定数と再開始効率で特徴づけられるが連鎖移動剤の中でも再開始効率がほとんど0%のものがラジカル捕捉剤と称される。
上記ラジカル捕捉剤は、例えば、重合温度におけるTFEとの連鎖移動定数が重合速度定数より大きく、かつ、再開始効率が実質的にゼロ%の化合物ということもできる。「再開始効率が実質的にゼロ%」とは、発生したラジカルがラジカル捕捉剤を安定ラジカルにすることを意味する。
好ましくは、重合温度におけるTFEとの連鎖移動定数(Cs)(=連鎖移動速度定数(kc)/重合速度定数(kp))が0.1より大きい化合物であり、上記化合物は、連鎖移動定数(Cs)が0.5以上であることがより好ましく、1.0以上であることが更に好ましく、5.0以上であることが更により好ましく、10以上であることが特に好ましい。
芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物としては、非置換フェノール、多価フェノール、サリチル酸、m-又はp-のサリチル酸、没食子酸、ナフトール等が挙げられる。
上記非置換フェノールとしては、о-、m-又はp-のニトロフェノール、о-、m-又はp-のアミノフェノール、p-ニトロソフェノール等が挙げられる。多価フェノールとしては、カテコール、レゾルシン、ヒドロキノン、ピロガロール、フロログルシン、ナフトレゾルシノール等が挙げられる。
芳香族アミン類としては、о-、m-又はp-のフェニレンジアミン、ベンジジン等が挙げられる。
上記キノン化合物としては、о-、m-又はp-のベンゾキノン、1,4-ナフトキノン、アリザリン等が挙げられる。
チオシアン酸塩としては、チオシアン酸アンモン(NH4SCN)、チオシアン酸カリ(KSCN)、チオシアン酸ソーダ(NaSCN)等が挙げられる。
上記ラジカル捕捉剤としては、なかでも、芳香族ヒドロキシ化合物が好ましく、非置換フェノール又は多価フェノールがより好ましく、ヒドロキノンが更に好ましい。
上記分解剤の添加量は、標準比重を適度に小さくする観点から、開始剤濃度の3~500%(モル基準)に相当する量が好ましい。より好ましい下限は10%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは15%(モル基準)である。より好ましい上限は400%(モル基準)であり、更に好ましくは300%(モル基準)である。
重合圧力は、0.05~10MPaGである。重合圧力は、0.3MPaG以上がより好ましく、0.5MPaG以上が更に好ましい。また、5.0MPaG以下がより好ましく、3.0MPaG以下が更に好ましい。
上記脱圧は、反応器内の圧力が0.2MPaG以下となるように行うことが好ましく、0.1MPaG以下となるように行うことがより好ましく、0.05MPaG以下となるように行うことが更に好ましい。また、0.0MPaG以上となるように行うことが好ましい。
また、上記脱圧、再昇圧は複数回行ってもよい。脱圧は真空ポンプを用いて減圧下まで行ってもよい。
この製造方法によれば、上述したRR1000における押出圧力が75MPa以下であるTFE共重合体の水性分散液を容易に得ることができる。また、コアシェル構造を有するTFE共重合体を容易に得ることができる。
なかでも、フルオロ(アルキルビニルエーテル)及びフルオロオレフィンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、PAVE、HFP及びCTFEからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、PAVE及びCTFEからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が更に好ましく、CTFEが更により好ましい。
工程(1a)における変性モノマーとして、PAVEとHFPとを併用することも好ましい。
PAVEとしては、パーフルオロ(プロピルビニルエーテル)〔PPVE〕が好ましい。
上記連鎖移動剤は、非過酸化有機化合物、水溶性有機過酸化物及び過硫酸塩の何れかを少なくとも1種有するものであればよい。
上記連鎖移動剤において、非過酸化有機化合物、水溶性有機過酸化物及び過硫酸塩は、それぞれ1種又は2種以上を用いることができる。
工程(1a)における変性モノマーとしてPAVE(及びHFP)を用いる場合、工程(2a)においては、連鎖移動剤としてメタノール(及び変性モノマーとしてHFP)を用いることが好ましい。
本明細書において、上記「転化率」は、目的とするTFE単位の量に相当するTFEの量のうち、重合開始時から重合途中のある時点までの間に重合に消費されたTFEの量が占める割合である。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤は、上記水性媒体の0.02~0.3質量%とすることができる。
上記乳化重合は、重合開始剤が水性媒体100質量部あたり0.0001~0.02質量部となる量にて行うことが好ましい。
上記乳化重合は、通常、0.5~3.9MPaG、好ましくは、0.6~3MPaGにて行うことができる。
上記乳化重合は、また、重合初期、特にTFEの転化率が全体の15%以下の範囲まで0.5MPaG以下の圧力にて反応を行い、それ以後0.5MPaGを超える圧力に保つことによっても行うことができるし、芯部の形成途中で反応圧力を、例えば0.1MPaG以下に低下させ、再度TFEを供給し所定の圧力にて反応させることによっても行うことができる。
上記底面及び/又は側面に通気性のある容器としては、底面及び/又は側面に通気性を有するトレー(バット)が好ましく、底面及び/又は側面がメッシュで作製されたトレー(メッシュトレー)が更に好ましい。
上記メッシュは、織網とパンチングメタルのいずれかであることが好ましい。
上記メッシュの目開きは、2000μm以下(ASTM規格の10メッシュ以上)が好ましく、595μm以下(30メッシュ以上)がより好ましく、297μm以下(50メッシュ以上)が更に好ましく、177μm以下(80メッシュ以上)が更により好ましく、149μm以下(100メッシュ以上)が殊更に好ましく、74μm以下(200メッシュ以上)が特に好ましい。また、25μm以上(500メッシュ以下)が好ましい。
上記メッシュが織網である場合の織り方としては、例えば、平織、綾織、平畳織、綾畳織が挙げられる。
上記メッシュがパンチングメタルである場合の開孔率は、10%以上が好ましく、20%以上がより好ましく、30%以上が更に好ましい。また、95%以下が好ましい。
上記TFE系ポリマー(A)の水性分散液及びTFE系ポリマー(B)の水性分散液は、例えば、上記工程(A)について説明した方法により製造することができる。
水性分散液の凝析及び湿潤粉末の乾燥は、上記工程(B)及び(C)と同様の方法により実施できる。
通常の攪拌翼を用いる混合方法では、TFE系ポリマーがフィブリル化し、所望の物性が得られないおそれがある。
上記電気化学デバイス用バインダーにおいて、本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物を単独で使用してもよく、他の材料(例えば、TFE系ポリマー以外のポリマー)と混合して使用してもよいが、本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物を実質的に単独で使用することが好ましく、単独で使用することがより好ましい。なお、本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物を実質的に単独で使用するとは、電気化学デバイス用バインダー中のTFE系ポリマー組成物の量が後述する範囲内となるように使用することを意味する。
本開示のバインダーは、特定のTFE系ポリマー組成物を含むことにより、電極活物質、固体電解質等の電気化学デバイスの粉体成分と長時間混練しても凝集物が発生しにくく、上記粉体成分と均一に混合することができる。また、強度及び柔軟性に優れる合剤シートを得ることもできる。
本開示のバインダーは、また、水や有機溶剤といった分散媒を多量に使用する必要がなく、組み合わせる電極活物質や固体電解質を広く選択することができ、生産工程上有利である。また、分散媒の使用による工程及びコストを削減することができる。
更に、本開示のバインダーは、活物質や電解質との結着力に優れるので、使用量を削減することができる。
上記TFE系ポリマー組成物の含有量は、上記バインダーに対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のバインダーが上記TFE系ポリマー組成物のみからなることも好ましい。
上記有機溶剤含有量は、3質量%以下であることが好ましく、1質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.1質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.01質量%以下であることが更により好ましく、0.001質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
電池としては、リチウムイオン電池等の二次電池等が挙げられる。
キャパシタとしては特に限定されないが、電気化学キャパシタであることが好ましい。電気化学キャパシタとしては、電気二重層キャパシタ、ハイブリッドキャパシタ、レドックスキャパシタ等が挙げられる。ハイブリッドキャパシタとしては、例えば、ナトリウムイオンキャパシタ、リチウムイオンキャパシタ、マグネシウムイオンキャパシタが挙げられる。これらの中でも特に電気二重層キャパシタが好ましい。
本開示のバインダーは、電気化学デバイス部材、好ましくは電池部材を作製するために用いられるものであってよい。
本開示のバインダーは、電極用バインダーとして特に好適に使用することができる。
本開示のバインダーは、また、固体二次電池の固体電解質層におけるバインダーとしても好適に使用することができる。
式:MaMn2-bM1 bO4
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0.9≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物(リチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物等)、
式:MNi1-cM2 cO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・ニッケル複合酸化物(リチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物等)、又は、
式:MCo1-dM3 dO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・コバルト複合酸化物(リチウム・コバルト複合酸化物等)が挙げられる。
上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLi又はNaであり、更に好ましくはLiである。
MNihCoiMnjM5 kO2 (3)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M5はFe、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、(h+i+j+k)=1.0、0≦h≦1.0、0≦i≦1.0、0≦j≦1.5、0≦k≦0.2である。)
MeM4 f(PO4)g (4)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M4はV、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni及びCuからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、0.5≦e≦3、1≦f≦2、1≦g≦3である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLi又はNaであり、更に好ましくはLiである。すなわち、上記アルカリ金属含有遷移金属リン酸化合物としては、リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物が好ましい。
LiyNi1-xMxO2 (5)
(式中、xは、0.01≦x≦0.7、yは、0.9≦y≦2.0であり、Mは金属原子(但しLi及びNiを除く)を表す)で表される正極活物質が好ましい。
上記タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5~10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/cm3として求める。
上記平均一次粒子径は、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いた観察により測定される。具体的には、10000倍の倍率の写真で、水平方向の直線に対する一次粒子の左右の境界線による切片の最長の値を、任意の50個の一次粒子について求め、平均値をとることにより求められる。
上記BET比表面積は、表面積計(例えば、大倉理研社製全自動表面積測定装置)を用い、試料に対して窒素流通下150℃で30分間、予備乾燥を行なった後、大気圧に対する窒素の相対圧の値が0.3となるように正確に調整した窒素ヘリウム混合ガスを用い、ガス流動法による窒素吸着BET1点法によって測定した値で定義される。
工程(a):粉体成分とバインダーとを混合して電極合剤を形成するステップと、
工程(b):電極合剤をカレンダリング又は押出成形してシートを製造するステップと
を含み、
工程(a)の混合は、
(a1)粉体成分とバインダーとを均質化して粉末にする工程と、
(a2)工程(a1)によって得られた粉末状の原料混合物を混合して電極合剤を調製する工程と
を含むことを特徴とする製造方法によっても、好適に製造することができる。
すなわち、このような(a1)においては、フィブリル化を抑制しながら、混合して均質化することが好ましい。
次いで行う工程である(a2)における混合は、30℃以上の温度で行うことで、フィブリル化を促進させることが好ましい。
一実施形態では、上記工程(b)のカレンダリング又は押し出しは、30℃から150℃の間、好ましくは35℃から120℃の間、より好ましくは40℃から100℃の間の温度で実行される。
具体的な混合方法としては、W型混合機、V型混合機、ドラム型混合機、リボン混合機、円錐スクリュー型混合機、1軸混練機、2軸混練機、ミックスマラー、撹拌ミキサー、プラネタリーミキサー、ヘンシェルミキサー、高速ミキサー等を用いて混合する方法が挙げられる。
工程(a1)では工程(a2)よりも弱い剪断力で行うことが好ましい。
また工程(a1)では工程(a2)よりも短い時間で行うことが望ましい。
水分含有量が1000ppm以下であることによって、電気化学デバイスの劣化を低減させるという点で好ましい。上記水分含有量は、500ppm以下であることが更に好ましい。
工程(b)は、(b1)前記工程(a)によって得られた電極合剤をバルク状に成形する工程と、(b2)バルク状の電極合剤をカレンダリング又は押出成形する工程を含むことが好ましい。
バルク状に成形する具体的な方法として、押出成形、プレス成形等が挙げられる。
また、「バルク状」とは、特に形状が特定されるものではなく、1つの塊状になっている状態であればよく、ロッド状、シート状、球状、キューブ状等の形態が含まれる。上記塊の大きさは、その断面の直径又は最小の一辺が10000μm以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは20000μm以上である。
工程(c)の回数としては、2回以上10回以下が好ましく、3回以上9回以下がより好ましい。
具体的な圧延方法としては、例えば、2つあるいは複数のロールを回転させ、その間に圧延シートを通すことによって、より薄いシート状に加工する方法等が挙げられる。
また、工程(a)ないし、(b)、(c)、(d)において1軸延伸もしくは2軸延伸を行っても良い。
また、工程(d)での粗砕程度によってもシート強度を調整することができる。
なお、ここでいう圧延率とは、試料の圧延加工前の厚みに対する加工後の厚みの減少率を指す。圧延前の試料は、バルク状の原料組成物であっても、シート状の原料組成物であってもよい。試料の厚みとは、圧延時に荷重をかける方向の厚みを指す。
上記工程(c)~(d)は30℃以上で行うのが好ましく、60℃以上がより好ましい。また、150℃以下で行うのが好ましい。
なお、本明細書において、固体二次電池は、固体電解質を含む二次電池であればよく、電解質として固体電解質及び液体成分を含む半固体二次電池であってもよいし、電解質として固体電解質のみを含む全固体二次電池であってもよい。
上記固体二次電池は、正極、負極、並びに、当該正極及び当該負極の間に介在する固体電解質層を備えることが好ましい。
上記固体二次電池において、本開示のバインダーを電極層に用いてもよく、固体電解質層に用いてもよい。
本開示のバインダー及び固体電解質を含む固体二次電池用合剤(好ましくは合剤シート)、並びに、本開示のバインダー及び固体電解質を含む固体電解質層(好ましくは固体電解質層シート)も、本開示の好適な態様である。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を水で固形分濃度が0.15質量%になるまで希釈し、得られた希釈ラテックスの単位長さに対する550nmの投射光の透過率と、透過型電子顕微鏡写真により定方向径を測定して決定した数基準長さ平均一次粒子径とを測定して、検量線を作成した。この検量線を用いて、各試料の550nmの投射光の実測透過率から平均一次粒子径を決定した。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液1gを、送風乾燥機中で150℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、水性分散液の質量(1g)に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表した値を採用した。
CTFE含有量は、TFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物をプレス成形することで薄膜ディスクを作製し、薄膜ディスクをFT-IR測定した赤外線吸光度から、957cm-1における吸光度/2360cm-1における吸光度の比に0.58を乗じて求めた。
HFP含有量は、TFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物をプレス成形することで薄膜ディスクを作製し、薄膜ディスクをFT-IR測定した赤外線吸光度から、982cm-1における吸光度/935cm-1における吸光度の比に0.3を乗じて求めた。
ASTM D4895 89に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定した。
TFE系ポリマー粉末60gと押出助剤としての炭化水素油(商品名:アイソパーG(登録商標)、エクソンモービル社製)12.3gとをポリエチレン容器中で3分間混合した。室温(25±2℃)で押出機のシリンダーに上記混合物を充填し、シリンダーに挿入したピストンに0.47MPaの負荷をかけて1分間保持した。次にラム速度20mm/minでオリフィスから押出した。オリフィスの断面積に対するシリンダーの断面積の比は1000であった。押出操作の後半において、圧力が平衡状態になったときの荷重(N)をシリンダー断面積で除した値を押出圧力(MPa)とした。
吸熱ピーク温度は、300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴がないTFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物について示差走査熱量計〔DSC〕を用いて2℃/分の速度で昇温したときの融解熱曲線の領域(A)と領域(B)におけるそれぞれの極小点に対応する温度とした。
上記吸熱ピーク温度の測定における上記融解熱曲線の極小点を(a)とし、極小点(a)を通り横軸(温度)に対して垂直な直線と、上記融解熱曲線の305℃と355℃の点を結ぶ直線との交点を(b)とした場合の、極小点(a)と交点(b)との間の距離を吸熱ピーク強度とした。
上記領域(A)の吸熱ピークの強度を領域(B)の吸熱ピークの強度で除した値を採用した。
特開2002-201217号公報の記載に従い、TFE系ポリマー粉末100gに潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソンモービル社製)21.7gを添加し、3分間混合した。上記混合物を、25℃の恒温槽に2時間放置した後に、リダクションレシオ(ダイスの入り口の断面積と出口の断面積の比)100、押出速度51cm/分の条件で、25℃にて、オリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長1.1cm、導入角30°)を通してペースト押出しを行い、ビードを得た。得られたビードを230℃で30分間乾燥し、潤滑剤を除去した。乾燥後のビードを適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間が3.8cmとなるよう、各末端を固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱した。次いで、クランプを総ストレッチが2400%に相当する分離距離となるまで、延伸速度1000%/秒で離した。『総ストレッチ』とは、延伸試験前のビード長さ(100%)に対する延伸による長さの増加である。延伸中に破断しなかったもの延伸可能、破断したものを延伸不可と判断した。
約20gのTFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物を150℃、2時間加熱した前後の質量を測定し、以下の式に従って算出した。試料を3回取り、それぞれ算出した後、平均を求め、当該平均値を採用した。
水分含有量(質量%)=[(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物の質量(g))-(加熱後のTFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物の質量(g))]/(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物の質量(g))×100
TFE系ポリマー組成物を1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60分間の超音波処理を行ない、抽出液を得た。得られた抽出液をLC/MS/MS測定した。抽出液中の含フッ素化合物について、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters,LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。測定機器構成とLC-MS測定条件を表1に示す。濃度既知の含フッ素化合物の水溶液を用いて、5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS分析を行ない、含有量とその含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描いた。上記検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素化合物のLC/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素化合物の含有量に換算した。
なお、この測定方法における検出下限は10質量ppbである。
TFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物を、粉末に剪断を掛けないようにエアーにて黒色紙面上に薄く広げ、顕微鏡を用いて観察し、無作為に選択した100個以上の粒子の長径と短径の比の平均より求めた。
パーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Bアンモニウム塩:富士フィルム和光純薬(株)製、Ammonium perfluoro(2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate)、構造式:CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4
以下の親水性モノマーを準備した。
親水性モノマー:Ammonium 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-2-[(1,1,2-trifluoro-2-propenyl)oxy]- Propanoate、構造式:CH2=CFCF2OCF(CF3)COONH4
ステンレススチール製攪拌翼と温度調節用ジャケットを備えた内容量6リットルのステンレススチール製オートクレーブに、脱イオン水3580g、パラフィンワックス100g及び白色固体A5.4gを仕込み、70℃に加温しながらオートクレーブ内を窒素ガスで置換して酸素を除いた。HFP0.06gをTFEで圧入した後、TFEを圧入して系内圧力を0.78MPaGとし、攪拌しながら系内温度を70℃に保った。次いで、水20gに過硫酸アンモニウム15.4mgを溶解した水溶液をTFEで圧入し、重合反応を開始した。重合反応の進行に伴い系内圧力が低下するがTFEを追加して系内温度を70℃、系内圧力を0.78MPaGに維持した。
重合開始からTFEが430g消費された時点で、ラジカル捕捉剤としてヒドロキノン18.0mgを水20gに溶解した水溶液をTFEで圧入した。重合はその後も継続し、TFEの重合量が重合開始から約1540gになった時点で攪拌及びTFEの供給を止め、直ちに系内のガスを放出して常圧とし、重合反応を終了した。水性分散液を取り出し、冷却後、パラフィンワックスを分離し、TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の平均一次粒子径は246nm、固形分濃度は29.8質量%であった。
合成例1で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を固形分濃度13質量%まで希釈し、容器内で攪拌しながらTFE系ポリマーを凝固させた後、水と濾別し、TFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し、180℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末のHFP含有量は0.027質量%、SSGは2.150であった。
ステンレススチール製攪拌翼と温度調節用ジャケットを備えた内容量6リットルのステンレススチール製オートクレーブに、脱イオン水3480g、パラフィンワックス100g、及び白色固体A5.3gを仕込み、70℃に加温しながらオートクレーブ内を窒素ガスで置換して酸素を除いた。TFEを圧入して系内圧力を0.78MPaGとし、攪拌しながら系内温度を70℃に保った。次いで、水20gに過硫酸アンモニウム15.0mgを溶解した水溶液をTFEで圧入し、重合反応を開始した。重合反応の進行に伴い系内圧力が低下するがTFEを追加して系内温度を70℃、系内圧力を0.78MPaGに維持した。
重合開始からTFEが400g消費された時点で、ラジカル捕捉剤としてヒドロキノン18.0mgを水20gに溶解した水溶液をTFEで圧入した。重合はその後も継続し、TFEの重合量が重合開始から約1200gになった時点で撹拌及びTFEの供給を止め、直ちに系内のガスを放出して常圧とし、重合反応を終了した。水性分散液を取り出し、冷却後、パラフィンワックスを分離し、TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の平均一次粒子径は310nm、固形分濃度は25.3質量%であった。
合成例2で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を固形分濃度13質量%まで希釈し、容器内で撹拌しながらTFE系ポリマーを凝固させた後、水と濾別し、TFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し、180℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。20時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末のSSGは2.156であった。
ステンレススチール製攪拌翼と温度調節用ジャケットを備えた内容量6リットルのステンレススチール製オートクレーブに、脱イオン水3580g、パラフィンワックス100g、及び白色固体A5.4gを仕込み、80℃に加温しながらオートクレーブ内を窒素ガスで置換して酸素を除いた。CTFE1.20gを加えた後、更にTFEを圧入して系内圧力を0.78MPaGとし、攪拌しながら系内温度を80℃に保った。次いで、水20gにジコハク酸パーオキサイド360mgを溶解した水溶液と、水20gに過硫酸アンモニウム10mgを溶解した水溶液をTFEで圧入し、重合反応を開始した。重合反応の進行に伴い系内圧力が低下するがTFEを追加して系内温度を80℃、系内圧力を0.78MPaGに維持した。重合開始からTFEが1530g消費された(転化率90%)時点で、CTFE4.2gをTFEで圧入した。重合はその後も継続し、TFEの重合量が重合開始から約1700gになった時点で撹拌及びTFEの供給を止め、直ちに系内のガスを放出して常圧とし、重合反応を終了した。水性分散液を取り出し、冷却後、パラフィンワックスを分離し、TFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の平均一次粒子径は241nm、固形分濃度は32.0質量%であった。上記で得られたTFE系ポリマーの粒子は、コアシェル構造を有する。
合成例3で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を固形分濃度13質量%にまで希釈し、容器内で激しく攪拌しながらTFE系ポリマーを凝固させた後、水と濾別し、TFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し、145℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末のCTFE含有量は0.23質量%、SSGは2.170、押出圧力は36MPaであった。
白色固体A5.3gをパーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Bアンモニウム塩15.75g、親水性モノマー35mgに変更する以外は、合成例2と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の平均一次粒子径は295nm、固形分濃度は26.5質量%であった。
合成例4で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を製造例2と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末のSSGは2.159であった。
白色固体A5.4gをパーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Bアンモニウム塩16g、親水性モノマー30mgに変更する以外は、製造例1と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の平均一次粒子径は245nm、固形分濃度は31.8質量%であった。
合成例5で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を製造例3と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー粉末を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末のCTFE含有量は0.23質量%、SSGは2.172、押出圧力は37MPaであった。
合成例1及び合成例3で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を固形分質量比(合成例1:合成例3)75:25で混合した後、固形分濃度13質量%にまで希釈し、容器内で激しく攪拌しながらTFE系ポリマー凝固させた後、水と濾別し、TFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、180℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物1を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物1のCTFE含有量は0.06質量%、HFP含有量は0.020質量%であった。また吸熱ピーク温度は338℃、343℃、吸熱ピーク強度比は0.98、延伸可能、水分含有量は0.000質量%、パーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Aの含有量は10質量ppb未満、粉末の平均アスペクト比は1.1であった。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液の固形分質量比を50:50に変更する以外は作製例1と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物2を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物2のCTFE含有量は0.10質量%、HFP含有量は0.014質量%であった。また吸熱ピーク温度は337℃、343℃、吸熱ピーク強度比は1.44、延伸可能、水分含有量は0.000質量%、パーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Aの含有量は10質量ppb未満、粉末の平均アスペクト比は1.3であった。
使用するTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を合成例1から合成例2に変更する以外は作製例2と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物3を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物3のCTFE含有量は0.10質量%であった。また吸熱ピーク温度は337℃、343℃、吸熱ピーク強度比は1.36、延伸可能、水分含有量は0.000質量%、パーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Aの含有量は10質量ppb未満、粉末の平均アスペクト比は1.2であった。
メッシュトレーを平板トレー(底面及び側面に通気性のないトレー)に、乾燥温度を180℃から145℃に、乾燥時間を18時間から5時間に変更する以外は、作製例3と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物4を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物4のCTFE含有量は0.10質量%であった。また吸熱ピーク温度は337℃、343℃、吸熱ピークの強度比は1.36、水分含有量は0.121質量%、粉末の平均アスペクト比は1.3であった。
合成例4及び合成例5で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を固形分質量比(合成例4:合成例5)50:50で混合した後、固形分濃度13質量%にまで希釈し、容器内で激しく攪拌してTFE系ポリマーを凝固させた後、水と濾別し、TFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末を得た。得られたTFE系ポリマー湿潤粉末をステンレス製の平板トレーに配置し、145℃の熱風循環式電気炉内で平板トレーを熱処理した。18時間後、平板トレーを取り出し、平板トレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物5を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物5のCTFE含有量は0.10質量%であった。また、吸熱ピーク温度は337℃、343℃、吸熱ピーク強度比は1.36、延伸可能、水分含有量は0.016質量%、パーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Bの含有量は160質量ppb、粉末の平均アスペクト比は1.1であった。
製造例2および製造例3で得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末を質量比(製造例2:製造例3)50:50となるように、ブレンダー(ワーリングブレンダー7012S、Warnig社製)を用いて、撹拌回転数3100rpmで1分間混合し、TFE系ポリマー組成物6を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物6のCTFE含有量は0.10質量%であった。また吸熱ピーク温度は337℃、343℃、吸熱ピーク強度比は1.35、水分含有量は0.001質量%、パーフルオロエーテルカルボン酸Aの含有量は10質量ppb未満、粉末の平均アスペクト比は2.6であった。
製造例2で得られた湿潤粉末を平板トレーに配置し、180℃の熱風循環式電気炉内で平板トレーを熱処理した。5時間後、平板トレーを取り出し、平板トレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー粉末7を得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー粉末7の吸熱ピーク温度は344℃、水分含有量は0.126質量%、粉末の平均アスペクト比は1.2であった。
下記の手順で実施例1~4、A1、A2及び比較例1の合剤シート作製とシート評価、電池評価を行った。
<正極合剤シートの作製>
活物質と導電助剤を秤量し、V型混合機に材料を投入し、37rpmで10分間混合し活物質と導電助剤からなる混合物を得た。その後、混合物に秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物)を投入し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。活物質、導電助剤とバインダーからなる混合物をヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、1000rpmで3分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を50℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、加圧型ニーダー(D1-5:日本スピンドル社製)にて5分間処理(32rpm、ヒーター50℃,圧力0.5MPa)することでフィブリル化を促進し、凝集性のあるバルク状の電極合剤を得た。その後、再粉砕するためにバルク状の電極合剤をヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで1分間処理することで電極合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電極合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電極合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電極合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な正極合剤層の厚みは90μmになるように調整した。
表2に材料種と組成を示す。
平行に配置された金属ロールに投入する前の電極合剤を用いて、目開き0.18mm(JIS-Z8801)のふるいにより30秒ふるいがけを行い、メッシュの上に凝集物が残った場合を×、全て通過した場合を○とした。結果を表3に示す。
上記正極合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。N=8で試験を行い、平均値を求めた。比較例1を100%として比較した。またその際の変動係数を算出し、ばらつきを評価した。結果を表3に示す。
作製した電極合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ2mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。実施例1~4、A1、A2に傷や割れといった破損はみられなかった。
上記正極合剤シートを、以下のようにして20μmのアルミ箔と接着させた。
接着剤には、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)にポリビニデンフルオライド(PVDF)を溶解させ、カーボンブラックを80:20で分散させたスラリーを用いた。アルミ箔に上述した接着剤を塗布し、ホットプレートにて120℃、15分間乾燥させ、接着層つき集電体を形成した。
その後、正極合剤シートを接着層つき集電体の上に置き、100℃に加熱したロールプレス機にて正極合剤シートと集電体の貼り合わせを行い、所望のサイズに切り出し、タブ付を行って正極とした。
炭素質材料(グラファイト)98質量部に、増粘剤及びバインダーとして、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)1質量部及びスチレン-ブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレン-ブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)1質量部を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。得られたスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔に塗布して乾燥し、プレス機で圧延したものを所望のサイズに切り出し、タブ付を行って負極とした。
有機溶媒として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)及びエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)の混合溶媒(EC:EMC=30:70(体積比))をサンプル瓶に量り取り、ここにフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)とビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%ずつ溶解させて混合液を調製した。この混合液に、電解液中の濃度が1.1モル/Lとなるように、LiPF6塩を23℃で混合することにより、非水電解液を得た。
上記の正極を厚さ20μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して負極と対向させ、上記で得られた非水電解液を注入し、上記非水電解液がセパレータ等に充分に浸透した後、封止し予備充電、エージングを行い、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
上記で製造したリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃において、0.33Cに相当する電流で4.3Vまで定電流-定電圧充電(以下、CC/CV充電と表記する。)(0.1Cカット)した後、0.33Cの定電流で3Vまで放電し、これを1サイクルとして、3サイクル目の放電容量から初期放電容量を求めた。
初期放電容量の評価が終了した電池を再度、25℃において4.3VまでCC/CV充電(0.1Cカット)し、アルキメデス法により電池の体積を求めた。電池の体積を求めた後、60℃、30日間の条件で高温保存を行った。高温保存終了後、十分に冷却した後25℃において電池の体積を求め、保存試験前後の電池の体積差からガス発生量を求めた。比較例1のガス発生量を100として、ガス発生量を比較した。
ガス発生量を求めた後、25℃において0.33Cで3Vまで放電を行い、残存容量を求めた。
初期放電容量に対する高温保存後の残存容量の割合を求め、これを残存容量率(%)とした。
(残存容量)/(初期放電容量)×100=残存容量率(%)
結果を表3に示す。
下記の手順で実施例5~8及び比較例2の合剤シート作製とシート評価を行った。作製及び評価はアルゴン雰囲気下にて行われた。
秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物)を5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた後、ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで2分間処理することで粉砕処理を行った。
粉砕したバインダーと固体電解質をそれぞれ秤量し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで1分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を40℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、ヘンシェルミキサーにて1000rpmで1分間処理することでフィブリル化を促進し、電解質合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電解質合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電解質合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電解質合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電解質合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な電解質合剤シートの厚みは120μmになるように調整した。
表4に材料種と組成を示す。
上記固体電解質合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。N=8で試験を行い、平均値を求めた。比較例2を100%として比較した。結果を表5に示す。
作製した固体電解質合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表5に示す。
固体電解質合剤シートを適当な大きさに切り出し、両面に金を蒸着した。その後、パンチでΦ10mmの円形に打ち抜いた固体電解質合剤シートを圧力セルに納め、セルのネジを8Nで締め、セルの上下から電極をとった。用いた圧力セルの断面の概略図を図1に示す。
この試料について、東陽テクニカ製インピーダンス装置を用い、25℃、AC振幅変調10mV、周波数5×106~0.1Hzの条件でイオン伝導度を測定した。
結果を表5に示す。
下記の手順で実施例B1、B2および比較例3の合剤シート作製とシート評価を行った。作製及び評価はアルゴン雰囲気下にて行われた。
活物質と導電助剤を秤量し、V型混合機に材料を投入し、37rpmで10分間混合し活物質と導電助剤からなる混合物を得た。その後、混合物に秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー粉末又は組成物)を投入し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた後、ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、2800rpmで10分間処理することで分散とTFE組成物のフィブリル化をおこない固体電解質電極合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:0.5m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで固体電解質電極合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:0.5m/min)に固体電解質電極合剤を投入し、圧延した。この工程によりフィブリル化をすすめ、強度のある固体電解質電極合剤シートを得た。その後、ロールプレス機に固体電解質電極合剤シートを投入し、固体電解質電極合剤シートの厚みを150μmになるように調整した。
表6に材料種と組成を示す。
上記固体電解質合剤電極シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。N=8で試験を行い、平均値を求めた。比較例3を100%として比較した。結果を表7に示す。
作製した固体電解質電極合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表7に示す。
2:ナット
3:絶縁シート
4:固体電解質合剤シート
5:金蒸着
6:上部電極
7:下部電極
Claims (23)
- 電気化学デバイス用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、
示差走査熱量分析において、330℃以上340℃未満の領域(A)と、340℃以上350℃以下の領域(B)とに吸熱ピークを有するテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。 - 実質的にテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物のみからなる電気化学デバイス用バインダーであって、
前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、示差走査熱量分析において、330℃以上340℃未満の領域(A)と、340℃以上350℃以下の領域(B)とに吸熱ピークを有する電気化学デバイス用バインダー。 - 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、前記領域(A)の吸熱ピークの強度/前記領域(B)の吸熱ピークの強度で示される強度比が0.5以上である請求項2記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、前記領域(A)の吸熱ピークの強度/前記領域(B)の吸熱ピークの強度で示される強度比が0.8~2.0である請求項3記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、テトラフルオロエチレン単位、及び、テトラフルオロエチレンと共重合可能な変性モノマーに基づく変性モノマー単位を含むテトラフルオロエチレン共重合体を含む請求項2~4のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン共重合体において、前記変性モノマー単位の含有量が、全重合単位に対し、10質量%以下である請求項5記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、テトラフルオロエチレン単位、及び、テトラフルオロエチレンと共重合可能な変性モノマーに基づく変性モノマー単位を含む請求項2~6のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物において、前記変性モノマー単位の含有量が、全重合単位に対し、0.20質量%以下である請求項7記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記変性モノマーは、下記一般式(I)で表される化合物である請求項5~8のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
CX1X2=CX3X4 (I)
(式中、X1~X3は、それぞれ独立して、H又はFである。X4は、F、Cl、Rf又はO-Rfである。Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基である。) - 前記変性モノマーは、クロロトリフルオロエチレン及びヘキサフルオロプロピレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項9記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、延伸可能である請求項2~10のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、リダクションレシオ1000における押出圧力が75MPa以下であるテトラフルオロエチレン共重合体を含む請求項2~11のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、粉末である請求項2~12のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、水分を実質的に含まない請求項2~13のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まない請求項2~14のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対するフッ素系ポリマーの含有量が90質量%以上である請求項2~15のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、2種以上のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーを含む請求項2~16のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物中のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーは、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンである請求項2~17のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記フッ素系ポリマー組成物は、粉末の平均アスペクト比が2.5以下である請求項2~18のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 請求項1記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物又は請求項2~19のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダーと、電極活物質とを含む電極合剤。
- シートである請求項20記載の電極合剤。
- 請求項1記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物又は請求項2~19のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダーと、電極活物質と、集電体とを含む電極。
- 請求項22記載の電極を備える二次電池。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CN202480008141.XA CN120548628A (zh) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | 四氟乙烯系聚合物组合物、电化学器件用粘结剂、电极合剂、电极和二次电池 |
| EP24744727.9A EP4462517A4 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | Tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, electrochemical device binder, electrode mixture, electrode, and secondary battery |
| US19/271,027 US20250357489A1 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2025-07-16 | Tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, electrochemical device binder, electrode mixture, electrode, and secondary battery |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2023-005936 | 2023-01-18 | ||
| JP2023005936 | 2023-01-18 |
Related Child Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US19/271,027 Continuation US20250357489A1 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2025-07-16 | Tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, electrochemical device binder, electrode mixture, electrode, and secondary battery |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2024154807A1 true WO2024154807A1 (ja) | 2024-07-25 |
Family
ID=91956242
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2024/001351 Ceased WO2024154807A1 (ja) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250357489A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP4462517A4 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP7583341B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN120548628A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2024154807A1 (ja) |
Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1996012764A1 (fr) * | 1994-10-19 | 1996-05-02 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Liant pour pile, et composition pour electrode et pile produites au moyen dudit liant |
| WO1997017382A1 (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1997-05-15 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Fine polytetrafluoroethylene powder and production and uses thereof |
| JP2002201217A (ja) | 2000-10-30 | 2002-07-19 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 強度に優れるテトラフルオロエチレン重合体 |
| JP2005527652A (ja) | 2002-01-04 | 2005-09-15 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | 濃縮フルオロポリマー分散液 |
| JP2017517862A (ja) | 2014-04-18 | 2017-06-29 | マックスウェル テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッド | エネルギー貯蔵装置の乾式電極とその製造方法 |
| WO2018181898A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | フルオロポリマーの製造方法、重合用界面活性剤及び界面活性剤の使用 |
| WO2021045228A1 (ja) | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-11 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン水性分散液 |
| WO2021181887A1 (ja) | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電極の製造方法および電極合材 |
| WO2021181888A1 (ja) | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用電極およびその製造方法 |
| WO2021192541A1 (ja) | 2020-03-24 | 2021-09-30 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用電極およびその製造方法 |
| WO2022086102A1 (ko) * | 2020-10-21 | 2022-04-28 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 이차 전지용 전극, 이를 포함하는 이차 전지 및 전극 제조 방법 |
| WO2022138942A1 (ja) | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 固体二次電池用シートの製造方法及び固体二次電池用結着剤 |
| WO2022138939A1 (ja) | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 非水系電解液を使用する二次電池用電極の製造方法及び非水系電解液を使用する二次電池電極用結着剤 |
| WO2022234227A1 (fr) | 2021-05-03 | 2022-11-10 | Arkema France | Liant polymere fluore |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000149954A (ja) * | 1998-11-11 | 2000-05-30 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 非水電解液電池およびその製造方法 |
| CN103261313B (zh) * | 2010-12-21 | 2016-02-17 | 大金工业株式会社 | 聚四氟乙烯混合物 |
-
2024
- 2024-01-18 WO PCT/JP2024/001351 patent/WO2024154807A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2024-01-18 EP EP24744727.9A patent/EP4462517A4/en active Pending
- 2024-01-18 CN CN202480008141.XA patent/CN120548628A/zh active Pending
- 2024-01-18 JP JP2024006374A patent/JP7583341B2/ja active Active
-
2025
- 2025-07-16 US US19/271,027 patent/US20250357489A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO1996012764A1 (fr) * | 1994-10-19 | 1996-05-02 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Liant pour pile, et composition pour electrode et pile produites au moyen dudit liant |
| WO1997017382A1 (en) * | 1995-11-09 | 1997-05-15 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Fine polytetrafluoroethylene powder and production and uses thereof |
| JP2002201217A (ja) | 2000-10-30 | 2002-07-19 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 強度に優れるテトラフルオロエチレン重合体 |
| JP2005527652A (ja) | 2002-01-04 | 2005-09-15 | イー・アイ・デュポン・ドウ・ヌムール・アンド・カンパニー | 濃縮フルオロポリマー分散液 |
| JP2017517862A (ja) | 2014-04-18 | 2017-06-29 | マックスウェル テクノロジーズ インコーポレイテッド | エネルギー貯蔵装置の乾式電極とその製造方法 |
| WO2018181898A1 (ja) * | 2017-03-31 | 2018-10-04 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | フルオロポリマーの製造方法、重合用界面活性剤及び界面活性剤の使用 |
| WO2021045228A1 (ja) | 2019-09-05 | 2021-03-11 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン水性分散液 |
| WO2021181887A1 (ja) | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電極の製造方法および電極合材 |
| WO2021181888A1 (ja) | 2020-03-11 | 2021-09-16 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用電極およびその製造方法 |
| WO2021192541A1 (ja) | 2020-03-24 | 2021-09-30 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用電極およびその製造方法 |
| WO2022086102A1 (ko) * | 2020-10-21 | 2022-04-28 | 주식회사 엘지에너지솔루션 | 이차 전지용 전극, 이를 포함하는 이차 전지 및 전극 제조 방법 |
| WO2022138942A1 (ja) | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 固体二次電池用シートの製造方法及び固体二次電池用結着剤 |
| WO2022138939A1 (ja) | 2020-12-25 | 2022-06-30 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 非水系電解液を使用する二次電池用電極の製造方法及び非水系電解液を使用する二次電池電極用結着剤 |
| WO2022234227A1 (fr) | 2021-05-03 | 2022-11-10 | Arkema France | Liant polymere fluore |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| KASAI, J. APPL. POLYMER SCI., vol. 57, 1995, pages 797 |
| See also references of EP4462517A4 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4462517A1 (en) | 2024-11-13 |
| CN120548628A (zh) | 2025-08-26 |
| US20250357489A1 (en) | 2025-11-20 |
| JP2024102037A (ja) | 2024-07-30 |
| JP7583341B2 (ja) | 2024-11-14 |
| EP4462517A4 (en) | 2025-05-14 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP7303470B2 (ja) | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粉末、電極用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7303469B2 (ja) | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン粉末、電極用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7667211B2 (ja) | 電気化学デバイス用バインダー用ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7583341B2 (ja) | テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7684612B2 (ja) | テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7751224B2 (ja) | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7583317B2 (ja) | 電気化学デバイス用バインダー用フッ素樹脂、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7460939B2 (ja) | 電気化学デバイス用バインダー用フッ素樹脂、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7751225B2 (ja) | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| WO2024154809A1 (ja) | フッ素系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP7653042B2 (ja) | テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP2024101797A (ja) | ポリテトラフルオロエチレン組成物、電池用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| WO2024154808A1 (ja) | テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP2024111114A (ja) | 電気化学デバイス用バインダー用フッ素樹脂、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 | |
| JP2025036341A (ja) | 電気化学デバイス用合剤シート、電気化学デバイス、及び、電気化学デバイス用合剤シートの製造方法 |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 2024744727 Country of ref document: EP |
|
| ENP | Entry into the national phase |
Ref document number: 2024744727 Country of ref document: EP Effective date: 20240808 |
|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 24744727 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 202480008141.X Country of ref document: CN |
|
| WWE | Wipo information: entry into national phase |
Ref document number: 202517071216 Country of ref document: IN |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 202517071216 Country of ref document: IN |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| WWP | Wipo information: published in national office |
Ref document number: 202480008141.X Country of ref document: CN |