WO2024154773A1 - テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 - Google Patents
テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01G11/22—Electrodes
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Definitions
- This disclosure relates to tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer compositions, binders for electrochemical devices, electrode mixtures, electrodes, and secondary batteries.
- Secondary batteries such as lithium-ion secondary batteries are used in small, portable electrical and electronic devices such as notebook computers, mobile phones, smartphones, tablet computers, and ultrabooks because of their high voltage, high energy density, low self-discharge, low memory effect, and the ability to be made extremely lightweight. They are also being put into practical use as a wide range of power sources, including on-board power sources for driving automobiles and large stationary power sources. There is a demand for even higher energy density in secondary batteries, and further improvements in their battery characteristics are required.
- Patent Document 1 describes an energy storage device in which at least one of the cathode and anode contains a polytetrafluoroethylene mixed binder material.
- Patent documents 2 to 6 describe the use of polytetrafluoroethylene as a binder for batteries.
- the present disclosure aims to provide a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition for electrochemical device binders that can suppress gas generation inside electrochemical device cells and deterioration of electrochemical device characteristics, and can also improve the strength of composite sheets, as well as electrochemical device binders, electrode composites, electrodes, and secondary batteries that use the same.
- the present disclosure (1) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition used as a binder for electrochemical devices, which contains a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer and a polymeric compound having an ionic group, and is substantially free of moisture.
- the present disclosure (2) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition described in the present disclosure (1) that is substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less.
- the present disclosure (3) is a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition described in the present disclosure (1) or (2) used as a binder for a solid secondary battery.
- the present disclosure (4) is a binder for electrochemical devices that consists essentially of a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition containing a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer and a polymeric compound having an ionic group, and is a binder for electrochemical devices that is substantially free of moisture.
- the present disclosure (5) relates to the binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (4), wherein the ionic group is at least one selected from the group consisting of -SO 3 M a , -PO 3 M a and -COOM a (wherein M a is -H, a metal atom, -NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 2 is H or an organic group).
- the present disclosure (6) relates to the binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (5), wherein the ionic group is at least one selected from the group consisting of -SO 3 M a and -COOM a (wherein M a is -H or an alkali metal atom).
- the present disclosure (7) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (6), in which the content of the ionic group is 0.8 meq/g or more relative to the polymer compound.
- the present disclosure (8) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (7), in which the total amount of the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer and the polymer compound is 99.95 mass% or more relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition.
- the present disclosure (9) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (8), in which the content of the polymer compound is 0.08% by mass or more and 1.0% by mass or less relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer.
- the present disclosure (10) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (9), in which the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in the polymer compound that are substituted with fluorine atoms is 50% or more.
- the present disclosure (11) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (10), in which the ion exchange rate of the polymer compound is 53 or less.
- the present disclosure (12) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (11), in which the polymer compound is a water-soluble polymer compound.
- the present disclosure (13) relates to the binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (12), wherein the polymer compound is at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer (I) including a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I), and a compound (II) represented by the following general formula (II):
- General formula (I): CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R(-CZ 1 Z 2 -A 0 ) m (I)
- X1 and X3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF3 ; A0 is an anionic group; X2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; R is a linking group; Z1 and Z2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and m is an integer of 1 or more.
- the present disclosure (14) is the binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (13), wherein the polymer compound is the polymer (I), and X1 and X3 in the general formula (I) are each independently F or H; A0 is -SO3M a or -COOM a (wherein M a is -H or an alkali metal atom); X2 is F; R is a fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and containing an ether bond; Z1 and Z2 are each independently F or CF3 ; and m is 1.
- the present disclosure is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (14), in which the standard specific gravity of the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 2.280 or less.
- the present disclosure (16) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (15), in which the water content in the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 0.050 mass% or less.
- the present disclosure (17) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (16), in which the water content in the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 0.010 mass% or less.
- the present disclosure (18) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (17), in which the extrusion pressure at a reduction ratio of 100 of the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 10 MPa or more.
- the present disclosure (19) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (18), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is stretchable.
- the present disclosure (20) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (19), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (21) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (20), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer contains tetrafluoroethylene units and modified monomer units based on a modified monomer copolymerizable with tetrafluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (22) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (21), in which the modified monomer is at least one selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether), hexafluoropropylene, vinylidene fluoride, and chlorotrifluoroethylene.
- the present disclosure (23) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (22), in which the average primary particle size of the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is 100 to 350 nm.
- the present disclosure (24) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (23), in which the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is substantially free of a fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less.
- the present disclosure (25) is the binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (24), wherein the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition is substantially free of any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the following formulas: F( CF2 ) 7 COOM, F(CF 2 ) 5 COOM, H(CF 2 ) 6 COOM, H(CF 2 ) 7 COOM, CF3O ( CF2 ) 3OCHFCF2COOM , C3F7OCF ( CF3 ) CF2OCF ( CF3 )COOM, CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 OCF (CF 3 ) COOM, CF 3 CF 2 OCF 2 CF 2 OCF 2 COOM, C2F5OCF ( CF3 ) CF2OCF ( CF3 )COOM, CF3OCF ( CF3 ) CF2OCF ( CF3 )COOM, CF2ClCF2CF2OCF ( CF3
- the present disclosure (26) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to the present disclosure (24) or (25), in which the content of the fluorine-containing compound is less than 25 ppb by mass relative to the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition.
- the present disclosure (27) is a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (26) for use in secondary batteries.
- the present disclosure (28) is a binder for electrochemical devices described in the present disclosure (27) for use in lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the present disclosure (29) is a binder for electrochemical devices described in the present disclosure (27) or (28) for use in solid secondary batteries.
- the present disclosure (30) is a binder for electrochemical devices described in any one of the present disclosures (4) to (26) for use in capacitors.
- the present disclosure (31) is an electrode mixture comprising a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to any one of the present disclosures (1) to (3) or a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (29) and an electrode active material.
- the present disclosure (32) is an electrode comprising a tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition according to any one of the present disclosures (1) to (3), or a binder for electrochemical devices according to any one of the present disclosures (4) to (29), an electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the present disclosure (33) is a secondary battery having the electrode described in the present disclosure (32).
- the present disclosure (34) is a mixture for an electrolyte layer comprising the tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition described in the present disclosure (3) or the binder for a solid secondary battery described in the present disclosure (29) and a solid electrolyte.
- the present disclosure (35) is a mixture for an electrolyte layer according to the present disclosure (34), in which the solid electrolyte is a sulfide-based solid electrolyte or an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- the present disclosure (36) is a solid-state secondary battery comprising a mixture for an electrolyte layer described in the present disclosure (34) or (35).
- the present disclosure provides a tetrafluoroethylene polymer composition for electrochemical device binders that can suppress gas generation inside electrochemical device cells and deterioration of electrochemical device characteristics and can also improve the strength of composite sheets, as well as electrochemical device binders, electrode composites, electrodes, and secondary batteries that use the same.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a cross section of a pressure cell used for measuring the ionic conductivity of a solid electrolyte mixture sheet in the examples.
- organic group means a group containing one or more carbon atoms, or a group formed by removing one hydrogen atom from an organic compound.
- the organic group is preferably an alkyl group which may have one or more substituents.
- the present disclosure provides a tetrafluoroethylene (TFE)-based polymer composition for use in a binder for electrochemical devices, the TFE-based polymer composition comprising a TFE-based polymer and a polymeric compound having an ionic group, and substantially free of moisture.
- TFE tetrafluoroethylene
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has the above-mentioned configuration, and therefore can improve the strength of the composite sheet.
- it since it is substantially free of moisture, when used as a binder for an electrochemical device, it can suppress gas generation inside an electrochemical device cell and deterioration of electrochemical device characteristics (e.g., decrease in capacity during high-temperature storage).
- a dispersion medium such as water or an organic solvent
- electrode active materials and solid electrolytes can be selected to be combined, which is advantageous in the production process.
- the process and cost due to the use of a dispersion medium can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength with active materials and electrolytes, the amount used can be reduced.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure contains a polymer compound having an ionic group together with a TFE-based polymer.
- the presence of the ionic group can improve the binding strength.
- the TFE-based polymer is not included in the polymer compound.
- the presence or absence of an ionic group is determined by the following method.
- the polymer compound is extracted with methanol, water is added to the resulting methanol extract, and the mixture is distilled under reduced pressure to obtain an aqueous solution.
- the presence or absence of ionic groups is determined based on the potential difference of the resulting aqueous solution.
- the ionic group is preferably an anionic group, and examples thereof include a sulfate group, -COOM a (carboxylate group), a phosphate group, -PO 3 M a (phosphonate group), -SO 3 M a (sulfonate group), -C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a (in each formula, M a is -H, a metal atom, -NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 2 is H or an organic group).
- At least one selected from the group consisting of -SO 3 M a , -PO 3 M a , and -COOM a is preferred, at least one selected from the group consisting of -SO 3 M a and -COOM a is more preferred, and at least one selected from the group consisting of -SO 3 M a and -COOM a (wherein M a is -H or an alkali metal atom) is even more preferred.
- the content of the ionic group is preferably 0.80 meq/g or more, more preferably 1.20 meq/g or more, even more preferably 1.75 meq/g or more, even more preferably 2.00 meq/g or more, and particularly preferably 2.50 meq/g or more, relative to the polymer compound.
- the content may also be 10.0 meq/g or less, 8.00 meq/g or less, or 5.00 meq/g or less.
- the content of the ionic group can be calculated from the composition of the polymer compound.
- the polymer compound preferably contains fluorine atoms, and the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in the polymer compound that are replaced by fluorine atoms is preferably 50% or more.
- the "proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms that are replaced by fluorine atoms" is calculated as the ratio of the number of fluorine atoms to the total number of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms and halogen atoms (including fluorine atoms) bonded to carbon atoms.
- the proportion of hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms in the polymer compound that are replaced by fluorine atoms is not particularly limited, but is more preferably 70% or more, even more preferably 80% or more, even more preferably 90% or more, particularly preferably 95% or more, and most preferably 100%.
- the polymeric compound preferably has an ion exchange ratio (IXR) of 53 or less.
- the IXR is defined as the number of carbon atoms in the backbone of the polymeric compound relative to an ionizable group.
- Precursor groups that become ionic upon hydrolysis e.g., --SO 2 F
- the IXR is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 1 or more, even more preferably 3 or more, even more preferably 4 or more, and particularly preferably 5 or more.
- the IXR is preferably 43 or less, more preferably 33 or less, and even more preferably 23 or less.
- the ionic groups are typically distributed along the polymer backbone.
- the polymeric compound comprises, with recurring side chains attached to the polymer backbone, the side chains preferably carrying the ionic groups.
- the polymer compound is preferably a water-soluble polymer compound.
- Water-soluble means the property of being easily dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous medium.
- a water-soluble polymer compound has a particle size that cannot be measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), or has a particle size of 5 nm or less.
- a water-insoluble polymer compound has a particle size of more than 5 nm that can be measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), for example.
- Whether the above polymer compound is a water-soluble polymer compound can also be determined by the following method. Water is added to the methanol solution containing the polymer compound, and the mixture is distilled under reduced pressure at 40° C. to obtain an aqueous solution. Approximately 1 g of the resulting aqueous solution is dried in a vacuum dryer at 60° C. for 60 minutes, the mass of the heating residue is measured, and the ratio of the mass of the heating residue to the mass of the aqueous solution is expressed as a percentage. If this value is 0.1% by mass or more, it is determined to be a water-soluble polymer.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer compound is preferably more than 0.1 x 10 4 , more preferably 0.15 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.2 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.3 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.5 x 10 4 or more, particularly preferably 1.0 x 10 4 or more, particularly preferably 2.0 x 10 4 or more, and most preferably 3.0 x 10 4 or more. Also, it is preferably 75.0 x 10 4 or less, more preferably 50.0 x 10 4 or less, more preferably 40.0 x 10 4 or less, particularly preferably 30.0 x 10 4 or less, and particularly preferably 20.0 x 10 4 or less.
- the weight average molecular weight of the polymer compound is preferably more than 0.1 x 10 4 , more preferably 0.2 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.4 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.6 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 1.0 x 10 4 or more, particularly preferably 2.0 x 10 4 or more, and most preferably 5.0 x 10 4 or more.
- it is preferably 150.0 x 10 4 or less, more preferably 100.0 x 10 4 or less, even more preferably 80.0 x 10 4 or less, particularly preferably 60.0 x 10 4 or less, and particularly preferably 40.0 x 10 4 or less.
- the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight are values calculated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using monodisperse polystyrene, or monodisperse polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as standards.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer compound can be determined from the correlation between the number average molecular weight calculated from the number of terminal groups obtained by NMR, FT-IR, etc. and the melt flow rate.
- the melt flow rate can be measured in accordance with JIS K 7210.
- the above polymer compound is substantially free of fractions having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less, more preferably is substantially free of fractions having a molecular weight of less than 1,500, even more preferably is substantially free of fractions having a molecular weight of less than 2,000, and particularly preferably is substantially free of fractions having a molecular weight of less than 3,000.
- “Substantially free of the fraction” means that the content of the fraction relative to the polymer compound is 3.0% by mass or less, preferably 1.0% by mass or less, more preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, relative to the polymer compound.
- the content of the above fractions can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
- the polymer compound is preferably substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds having a molecular weight of not more than 1000.
- substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is 25 ppb by mass or less relative to the polymer compound.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is more preferably less than 25 mass ppb, even more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount below the detection limit.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less and a method for quantifying it will be described later.
- the polymer compound is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of a polymer (I) containing a polymerization unit (I) based on a monomer represented by the following general formula (I) and a compound (II) represented by the following general formula (II), and is more preferably a polymer (I).
- the polymer (I) is a polymer containing a polymerized unit (I) based on the monomer (I).
- the monomer (I) is represented by the following general formula (I).
- CX 1 X 3 CX 2 R(-CZ 1 Z 2 -A 0 ) m (I)
- X1 and X3 are each independently F, Cl, H, or CF3 ;
- X2 is H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group;
- A0 is an anionic group;
- R is a linking group;
- Z1 and Z2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group, or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; and
- m is an integer of 1 or more.
- X1 and X3 are preferably F or H.
- X2 is preferably F, Cl, H or CF3 , and more preferably F.
- Z1 and Z2 are preferably F or CF3
- the anionic group includes functional groups that provide an anionic group, such as an acid group like -COOH, an acid base like -COONH4 , as well as an anionic group like a sulfate group or a carboxylate group.
- the anionic group is preferably a sulfate group, a carboxylate group, a phosphate group, a phosphonate group, a sulfonate group, or -C( CF3 ) 2OMa (wherein M a is -H, a metal atom, -NR24 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R2 is H or an organic group), more preferably -SO3Ma or -COOMa (wherein M a is the same as above), and even more preferably -SO3Mb or -COOMb (wherein Mb is -H or an alkali metal atom).
- one or more types of monomers can be used as the monomer (I) represented by general formula (I).
- R is a linking group.
- a "linking group” is an (m+1)-valent linking group, and when m is 1, it is a divalent linking group.
- the linking group may be a single bond, and preferably contains at least one carbon atom, and the number of carbon atoms may be 2 or more, 4 or more, 8 or more, 10 or more, or 20 or more. There is no upper limit, but it may be, for example, 100 or less, or 50 or less.
- the linking group may be linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted, and may optionally contain one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen, and may optionally contain one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of esters, amides, sulfonamides, carbonyls, carbonates, urethanes, ureas, and carbamates.
- the linking group may not contain carbon atoms, but may be a catenary heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen.
- n is an integer of 1 or more, preferably 1 or 2, and more preferably 1.
- Z 1 , Z 2 and A 0 may be the same or different.
- R is preferably, for example, a catenary heteroatom such as oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen, or a divalent organic group.
- R When R is a divalent organic group, the hydrogen atom bonded to the carbon atom may be replaced with a halogen other than fluorine, such as chlorine, and may or may not contain a double bond.
- R may be either linear or branched, and may be either cyclic or acyclic.
- R may also contain a functional group (e.g., ester, ether, ketone (keto group), amine, halide, etc.).
- R may also be a non-fluorinated divalent organic group, or a partially fluorinated or perfluorinated divalent organic group.
- R may be, for example, a hydrocarbon group in which no fluorine atoms are bonded to the carbon atom, a hydrocarbon group in which some of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom are replaced with fluorine atoms, or a hydrocarbon group in which all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atom are replaced with fluorine atoms, and these may contain an oxygen atom, a double bond, or a functional group.
- R is preferably a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 100 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond or a keto group, and in the hydrocarbon group, some or all of the hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms may be substituted with fluorine. More preferably, R is a fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which may contain an ether bond, and even more preferably a fluorinated alkylene group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms which contains an ether bond.
- R is preferably -(CH 2 ) a -, -(CF 2 ) a -, -O-(CF 2 ) a -, -(CF 2 ) a -O-(CF 2 ) b -, -O( CF 2 ) a -O-(CF 2 ) b -, -(CF 2 ) a -[O-(CF 2 ) b ] c -, -O(CF 2 ) a -[O-(CF 2 ) b ] c -, -[(CF 2 ) a -O] b -[(CF 2 ) c -O] d -, -O[(CF 2 ) a -O] b -[(CF 2 ) c -O] d -, -O[(CF 2 ) a -O] b -[(CF 2 ) c -O] d -,
- a, b, c, and d are independently at least 1.
- a, b, c, and d may be independently 2 or more, 3 or more, and preferably 4 or more. It may be 10 or more, or 20 or more.
- the upper limit of a, b, c and d is, for example, 100.
- R is a group represented by the general formula (r1): -CF 2 -O-(CX 6 2 ) e - ⁇ O-CF(CF 3 ) ⁇ f -(O) g - (r1) (wherein X6 is independently H, F or CF3 , e is an integer of 0 to 3, f is an integer of 0 to 3, and g is 0 or 1), and a divalent group represented by the general formula (r2): -CF 2 -O-(CX 7 2 ) e -(O) g - (r2) (wherein X7 is independently H, F or CF3 , e is an integer of 0 to 3, and g is 0 or 1) is more preferable.
- R examples suitable for R include -CF 2 -O-, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CH 2 -, -CF 2 -O -CH 2 CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CH 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 CH 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )-, - CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -O-, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -O-, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -O-, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -O-, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )CF 2 -O-, -CF 2 -
- -R-CZ 1 Z 2 - is a group represented by the general formula (s2): -CF 2 -O-(CX 7 2 ) e -(O) g -CZ 1 Z 2 - (s2) (wherein X7 is each independently H, F or CF3 , e is an integer of 0 to 3, g is 0 or 1, and Z1 and Z2 are each independently H, F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group) are preferred, and in formula (s2), Z1 and Z2 are more preferably F or CF3 , and further preferably one of them is F and the other is CF3 .
- -R-CZ 1 Z 2 - in general formula (I) includes -CF 2 -O-CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )-, -CF 2 -O-C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 -CF(CF 3 )-, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -CF 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -CF(CF 3 )-, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )-, -CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 -C(CF 3 ) 2 -, -CF 2 -O-CF(CF 3 )-CF 2 -,
- the polymer (I) is highly fluorinated, for example, 80% or more , 90% or more, 95% or more, or 100 % of the C-H bonds in the polymer (I) are replaced with C-F bonds, excluding anionic groups (A 0 ) such as phosphate moieties (e.g., CH 2 OP (O)(OM a ) 2 ) and sulfate moieties (e.g., CH 2 OS(O) 2 OM a ).
- anionic groups (A 0 ) such as phosphate moieties (e.g., CH 2 OP (O)(OM a ) 2 ) and sulfate moieties (e.g., CH 2 OS(O) 2 OM a ).
- the monomer (I) and the polymer (I) have a C-F bond and no C-H bond, except for the anionic group (A 0 ). That is, in the general formula (I), it is preferable that all of X 1 , X 2 , and X 3 are F, and R is a perfluoroalkylene group having 1 or more carbon atoms, and the perfluoroalkylene group may be either linear or branched, may be either cyclic or acyclic, and may contain at least one catenary heteroatom. The number of carbon atoms of the perfluoroalkylene group may be 2 to 20, or may be 4 to 18.
- the monomer (I) and the polymer (I) may be partially fluorinated, i.e., the monomer (I) and the polymer (I) have at least one hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom, except for the anionic group (A 0 ), and preferably also have at least one fluorine atom bonded to a carbon atom.
- the anionic group (A 0 ) is -SO 3 M a , -OSO 3 M a , -COOM a , -SO 2 NR'CH 2 COOM a , -CH 2 OP(O)(OM a ) 2 , [- CH 2 O] 2 P(O) (OM a ), -CH 2 CH 2 OP(O) (OM a ) 2 , [-CH 2 CH 2 O] 2 P(O) (OM a ), -CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 M a , -P(O) (OM a ) 2 , -SO 2 NR'CH 2 CH 2 OP(O) (OM a ) 2 , [-SO 2 NR'CH 2 CH 2 O] 2 It may be P(O)(OM a ), —CH 2 OSO 3 M a , —SO 2 NR′CH 2 CH 2 OSO 3 M a or —C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a .
- -SO3M a , -OSO3M a , -COOM a , -P(O)(OM a ) 2 and C(CF 3 ) 2OM a are preferred, and -COOM a and -SO3M a , -OSO 3 M a or C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a is more preferred, -SO 3 M a , -COOM a or P(O)(OM a ) 2 is further preferred, -SO 3 M a or COOM a is particularly preferred, and --COOM a is most preferred.
- M a is H, a metal atom, NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 2 is H or an organic group.
- Metal atoms include alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), etc., with Na, K or Li being preferred.
- a metal atom or NR 2 4 is preferable, -H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 2 4 is more preferable, -H, -Na, -K, -Li or NH 4 is even more preferable, -H, -Na, -K or NH 4 is even more preferable, -H, -Na or NH 4 is particularly preferable, and -H or NH 4 is most preferable.
- each polymer unit (I) may have a different anionic group or may have the same anionic group.
- the monomer (I) is preferably a monomer (1) represented by general formula (1).
- the polymer (I) is preferably a polymer (1) containing polymerized units (1) based on a monomer represented by general formula (1).
- CX 2 CY(-CZ 2 -O-Rf-A) (1)
- X may be the same or different and is -H or F
- Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group
- Z may be the same or different and is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond.
- A is -COOM a , -SO 3 M a , -OSO 3 M a or C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a
- M a is -H, a metal atom, -NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent; and R 2 is H or an organic group).
- at least one of X, Y and Z contains a fluorine atom.
- the monomer (1) represented by general formula (1) may be copolymerized with another monomer.
- the polymer (1) may be a homopolymer of the monomer (1) represented by the general formula (1) or a copolymer with other monomers.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and an ether bond is an alkylene group that does not contain a structure in which an oxygen atom is at the end and contains an ether bond between carbon atoms.
- X is -H or F. Both Xs may be -F, or at least one X may be -H. For example, one X may be -F and the other -H, or both Xs may be -H.
- Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group.
- the alkyl group is an alkyl group that does not contain a fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has six or less carbon atoms, more preferably four or less, and even more preferably three or less.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group that contains at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has six or less carbon atoms, more preferably four or less, and even more preferably three or less.
- the Y is preferably -H, -F or CF3 , and more preferably -F.
- Z is the same or different and is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluoroalkyl group.
- the alkyl group is an alkyl group that does not contain a fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the alkyl group preferably has six or less carbon atoms, more preferably four or less, and even more preferably three or less.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group is an alkyl group that contains at least one fluorine atom, and may have one or more carbon atoms.
- the fluorine-containing alkyl group preferably has six or less carbon atoms, more preferably four or less, and even more preferably three or less.
- the Z is preferably -H, -F or CF3 , and more preferably -F.
- At least one of X, Y, and Z contains a fluorine atom.
- X may be -H
- Y and Z may be -F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms.
- the number of carbon atoms in the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably 2 or more.
- the number of carbon atoms in the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably 30 or less, more preferably 20 or less , even more preferably 10 or less, particularly preferably 6 or less, and most preferably 3 or less.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing alkylene group include -CF2- , -CH2CF2- , -CF2CF2- , -CF2CH2- , -CF2CF2CF2- , -CF2CF2CH2- , -CF(CF3)-, -CF(CF3)CF2- , -CF ( CF3 ) CH2- , and the like.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group is preferably a perfluoroalkylene group.
- the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond is preferably 3 or more.
- the number of carbon atoms of the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond is preferably 60 or less, more preferably 30 or less, even more preferably 12 or less, particularly preferably 9 or less, and most preferably 6 or less.
- the fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond is, for example, a group represented by the general formula: (wherein Z1 is F or CF3 ; Z2 and Z3 are each H or F; Z4 is H, F or CF3 ; p1+q1+r1 is an integer of 1 to 10; s1 is 0 or 1; and t1 is an integer of 0 to 5) is also preferred.
- fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond examples include, -CF2CF ( CF3 ) OCF2CF2- , -CF( CF3 ) CF2 - O-CF( CF3 )-, -(CF( CF3 ) CF2 -O) n -CF( CF3 )- (wherein n is an integer of 1 to 10), -CF( CF3 ) CF2 -O-CF( CF3 ) CH2- , - (CF( CF3 ) CF2 -O) n -CF( CF3 ) CH2- (wherein n is an integer of 1 to 10), -CH2CF2CF2O - CH2CF2CH2- , -CF2CF2CF 2O - CF2- , -CF2CF2CF2O - CF2CF2- , -CF2CF2CF2O- CF2CF2- , -CF2CF2CF2O- CF
- A is -COOM a , -SO 3 M a , -OSO 3 M a or C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a
- M a is H, a metal atom, NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 2 is H or an organic group
- R2 is preferably H or a C1-10 organic group, more preferably H or a C1-4 organic group, and even more preferably H or a C1-4 alkyl group.
- Metal atoms include alkali metals (group 1), alkaline earth metals (group 2), etc., with Na, K or Li being preferred.
- H a metal atom or NR 2 4 is preferable, H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 2 4 is more preferable, H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 is further preferable, H, Na, K or NH 4 is further more preferable, H, Na or NH 4 is particularly preferable, and H or NH 4 is most preferable.
- A is preferably --COOM a or SO 3 M a , and more preferably --COOM a .
- n5 is preferably 0 or an integer from 1 to 5, more preferably 0, 1 or 2, and even more preferably 0 or 1, in that particles with a small primary particle size can be obtained.
- the monomer represented by general formula (1a) may be copolymerized with other monomers.
- the polymer (1) may be a homopolymer of the monomer represented by the general formula (1a) or a copolymer with other monomers.
- the monomer (1) is preferably a monomer represented by the general formula (1A).
- the polymerized unit (1) is preferably a polymerized unit (1A) based on a monomer represented by general formula (1A).
- CH 2 CF(-CF 2 -O-Rf-A) (1A) (In the formula, Rf and A are the same as above.)
- the monomer represented by general formula (1A) may be copolymerized with another monomer.
- the polymer (1) may be a homopolymer of the monomer represented by the general formula (1A) or a copolymer with other monomers.
- the monomer represented by formula (1A) include those represented by the general formula: (wherein Z1 is F or CF3 ; Z2 and Z3 are each H or F; Z4 is H, F or CF3 ; p1+q1+r1 is an integer of 0 to 10; s1 is 0 or 1; t1 is an integer of 0 to 5, provided that when Z3 and Z4 are both H, p1+q1+r1+s1 is not 0; and A is as defined above). More specifically, etc. are preferred, among which It is preferable that:
- a in formula (1A) is -COOM a , and in particular, at least one selected from the group consisting of CH 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 OCF(CF 3 )COOM a and CH 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 OCF(CF 3 )CF 2 OCF(CF 3 )COOM a (wherein M a is as defined above) is preferable, and CH 2 ⁇ CFCF 2 OCF(CF 3 )COOM a is more preferable.
- the monomer (I) is also preferably a monomer (2) represented by the general formula (2).
- the polymer (I) is also preferably a polymer (2) containing polymerized units (2) based on a monomer represented by general formula (2).
- CX 2 CY(-O-Rf-A) (2) (In the formula, X is the same or different and is -H or F; Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms and having an ether bond or a keto group; and A is the same as defined above.)
- the monomer (I) is also preferably a monomer (3) represented by the general formula (3).
- the polymer (I) is also preferably a polymer (3) containing polymerized units (3) based on a monomer represented by general formula (3).
- CX 2 CY(-Rf-A) (3) (In the formula, X is the same or different and is -H or F; Y is -H, -F, an alkyl group or a fluorine-containing alkyl group; Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond having 2 to 100 carbon atoms; and A is the same as defined above.)
- examples of the monomer in the case where m is an integer of 2 or more in the general formula (I) include etc.
- the polymer (I) usually has a terminal group.
- the terminal group is a terminal group generated during polymerization, and representative terminal groups are independently selected from hydrogen, iodine, bromine, linear or branched alkyl groups, and linear or branched fluoroalkyl groups, and may optionally contain at least one catenary heteroatom.
- the alkyl group or fluoroalkyl group preferably has 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the content of the polymerized units (I) is, in order of preference, 1.0 mol% or more, 3.0 mol% or more, 5.0 mol% or more, 10 mol% or more, 20 mol% or more, 30 mol% or more, 40 mol% or more, 50 mol% or more, 60 mol% or more, 70 mol% or more, 80 mol% or more, and 90 mol% or more relative to the total polymerized units. It is particularly preferable that the content of the polymerized units (I) is substantially 100 mol%, and it is most preferable that the polymer (I) is composed only of the polymerized units (I).
- the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer represented by general formula (I) is, in order of preference, 99.0 mol% or less, 97.0 mol% or less, 95.0 mol% or less, 90 mol% or less, 80 mol% or less, 70 mol% or less, 60 mol% or less, 50 mol% or less, 40 mol% or less, 30 mol% or less, 20 mol% or less, and 10 mol% or less, based on the total polymerization units.
- the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer represented by general formula (I) is substantially 0 mol%, and it is most preferable that the polymer (I) does not contain polymerization units based on other monomers.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer (I) is preferably 0.1 x 10 4 or more, more preferably 0.2 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.3 x 10 4 or more, even more preferably 0.4 x 10 4 or more, especially preferably 0.5 x 10 4 or more, particularly preferably 1.0 x 10 4 or more, especially particularly preferably 3.0 x 10 4 or more, and most preferably 3.1 x 10 4 or more. Also, 75.0 x 10 4 or less is preferable, more preferably 50.0 x 10 4 or less, more preferably 40.0 x 10 4 or less, especially preferably 30.0 x 10 4 or less, and particularly preferably 20.0 x 10 4 or less.
- the number average molecular weight and weight average molecular weight are values calculated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using monodisperse polystyrene as a standard.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer (I) can be determined from the correlation between the number average molecular weight calculated from the number of terminal groups obtained by NMR, FT-IR, etc. and the melt flow rate.
- the melt flow rate can be measured in accordance with JIS K 7210.
- the lower limit of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (I) is, in order of preference, 0.2 x 10 4 or more, 0.4 x 10 4 or more, 0.6 x 10 4 or more, 0.8 x 10 4 or more, 1.0 x 10 4 or more, 2.0 x 10 4 or more, 5.0 x 10 4 or more, 10.0 x 10 4 or more, 15.0 x 10 4 or more, 20.0 x 10 4 or more, and 25.0 x 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (I) is, in order of preference, 150.0 x 10 4 or less, 100.0 x 10 4 or less, 60.0 x 10 4 or less, 50.0 x 10 4 or less, and 40.0 x 10 4 or less.
- Polymer (I) preferably has an ion exchange ratio (IXR) of not more than 53.
- IXR is defined as the number of carbon atoms in the polymer backbone relative to the ionic group.
- Precursor groups that become ionic upon hydrolysis e.g., --SO 2 F are not considered ionic groups for purposes of determining IXR.
- IXR is preferably 0.5 or more, more preferably 1 or more, even more preferably 3 or more, even more preferably 4 or more, and especially preferably 5 or more. IXR is more preferably 43 or less, even more preferably 33 or less, and especially preferably 23 or less.
- the ion exchange capacity of the polymer (I) is, in order of preference, 0.80 meq/g or more, 1.50 meq/g or more, 1.75 meq/g or more, 2.00 meq/g or more, 2.20 meq/g or more, more than 2.20 meq/g, 2.50 meq/g or more, 2.60 meq/g or more, 3.00 meq/g or more, and 3.50 meq/g or more.
- the ion exchange capacity is the content of ionic groups (anionic groups) in the polymer (I) and is calculated from the composition of the polymer (I).
- polymer (I) the ionic (anionic) groups are typically distributed along the polymer backbone.
- the polymer (I) comprises a polymer backbone with recurring side chains attached to the backbone, which preferably carry ionic groups.
- the polymer (I) preferably contains an ionic group having a pKa of less than 10, more preferably less than 7.
- the ionic group of the polymer (I) is preferably selected from the group consisting of sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphonate, and phosphate.
- sulfonate, carboxylate, phosphonate, and phosphate are intended to refer to the respective salts or the respective acids capable of forming salts.
- the salts are alkali metal salts or ammonium salts.
- the preferred ionic group is the sulfonate group.
- the polymer (I) is preferably water-soluble.
- Water-soluble means the property of being easily dissolved or dispersed in an aqueous medium.
- the polymer (I) having water-solubility has a particle size that cannot be measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS), for example, or has a particle size of 5 nm or less.
- DLS dynamic light scattering
- the viscosity of the aqueous solution of polymer (I) is preferably 5.0 mPa.s or more, more preferably 8.0 mPa.s or more, even more preferably 10.0 mPa.s or more, particularly preferably 12.0 mPa.s or more, most preferably 14.0 mPa.s or more, preferably 100.0 mPa.s or less, more preferably 50.0 mPa.s or less, even more preferably 25.0 mPa.s or less, and especially preferably 20.0 mPa.s or less.
- the viscosity of the aqueous solution of polymer (I) can be determined by adjusting the content of polymer (I) in the aqueous solution to 33% by mass, and measuring the viscosity of the resulting aqueous solution at 20°C using a tuning fork vibro viscometer (model number: SV-10) manufactured by A&D Co., Ltd.
- the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of polymer (I) is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, even more preferably 1% by mass or more, and preferably 20% by mass or less, more preferably 10% by mass or less, even more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- the critical micelle concentration of polymer (I) can be determined by measuring the surface tension.
- the surface tension can be measured, for example, using a surface tensiometer CBVP-A3 manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.
- the acid value of polymer (I) is preferably 60 or more, more preferably 90 or more, even more preferably 120 or more, particularly preferably 150 or more, and most preferably 180 or more. There is no upper limit, but it is preferably 300 or less.
- the acid value of the polymer (I) can be measured by acid-base titration after converting these groups to acid groups.
- polymer (I) there can be used a polymer (11) of a monomer (11) represented by general formula (11), in which the content of polymerization units (11) based on the monomer (11) is 50 mol % or more based on all polymerization units constituting the polymer (11) and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 38.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- General formula (11): CX 2 CY-CF 2 -O-Rf-A (In the formula, X and Y are independently H, F, CH3 or CF3 , and at least one of X and Y is F.
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond and having 2 to 100 carbon atoms.
- A is -COOM a , -SO 3 M a , -OSO 3 M a or C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a
- M a is H, a metal atom, NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 2 is H or an organic group).
- X and Y are independently H, F, CH3 or CF3 , and at least one of X and Y is F.
- X is preferably H or F, and more preferably H.
- Y is preferably H or F, and more preferably F.
- Rf and A in general formula (11) are the same as Rf and A in general formula (1) representing the monomer constituting polymer (1).
- the polymer (11) may be a homopolymer consisting of only polymerization units (11) based on the monomer (11), or may be a copolymer containing the polymerization units (11) and polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (11).
- the other monomers are as described above.
- the polymerization units (11) may be the same or different in each occurrence, and the polymer (11) may contain polymerization units (11) based on two or more different monomers represented by the general formula (11).
- the content of the polymerization units (11) in the polymer (11) is, in order of preference, 50 mol% or more, 60 mol% or more, 70 mol% or more, 80 mol% or more, 90 mol% or more, and 99 mol% or more relative to the total polymerization units constituting the polymer (11). It is particularly preferable that the content of the polymerization units (11) is substantially 100 mol%, and it is most preferable that the polymer (11) is composed only of the polymerization units (11).
- the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (11) is, in order of preference, 99.0 mol% or less, 97.0 mol% or less, 95.0 mol% or less, 90 mol% or less, 80 mol% or less, 70 mol% or less, 60 mol% or less, and 50 mol% or less, based on the total polymerization units constituting the polymer (11). It is particularly preferable that the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (11) is substantially 0 mol%, and it is most preferable that the polymer (11) does not contain polymerization units based on other monomers.
- the lower limit of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (11) is, in this order of preference, 38.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more and 40.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (11) is, in this order of preference, 150.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, 100.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, and 60.0 ⁇ 10 4 .
- the lower limit of the number average molecular weight of the polymer (11) is, in order of preference, 5.0 ⁇ 10 4 , 8.0 ⁇ 10 4 , 10.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more, and 12.0 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the number average molecular weight of the polymer (11) is, in order of preference, 75.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, 50.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, 40.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, and 30.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less.
- polymer (I) there can be used a polymer (12) of a monomer (12) represented by general formula (12), in which the content of polymerization units (12) based on the monomer (12) is 50 mol % or more relative to the total polymerization units constituting the polymer (12) and the weight average molecular weight (Mw) is 1.4 ⁇ 10 4 or more.
- CX 2 CX-O-Rf-A
- X is independently F or CF3
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond or a keto group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms
- A is -COOM a , -SO 3 M a , -OSO 3 M a or C(CF 3 ) 2 OM a
- M a is -H, a metal atom, -NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 2 is H or an organic group
- X is independently F or CF3 . It is preferable that at least one X is F, and it is more preferable that all X are F.
- Rf and A in general formula (12) are the same as Rf and A in general formula (2) representing the monomer constituting polymer (2).
- the polymer (12) may be a homopolymer consisting of only polymerization units (12) based on the monomer (12), or may be a copolymer containing the polymerization units (12) and polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (12).
- the other monomers are as described above.
- the polymerization units (12) may be the same or different in each occurrence, and the polymer (12) may contain polymerization units (12) based on two or more different monomers represented by the general formula (12).
- the content of the polymerization units (12) in the polymer (12) is, in order of preference, 40 mol% or more, 50 mol% or more, 60 mol% or more, 70 mol% or more, 80 mol% or more, 90 mol% or more, and 99 mol% or more relative to the total polymerization units constituting the polymer (12). It is particularly preferable that the content of the polymerization units (12) is substantially 100 mol%, and it is most preferable that the polymer (12) is composed only of the polymerization units (12).
- the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (12) is, in order of preference, 50 mol% or less, 40 mol% or less, 30 mol% or less, 20 mol% or less, 10 mol% or less, and 1 mol% or less, based on the total polymerization units constituting the polymer (12). It is particularly preferable that the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (12) is substantially 0 mol%, and it is most preferable that the polymer (12) does not contain polymerization units based on other monomers.
- the lower limit of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polymer (12) is, in order of preference, 1.4 x 10 4 or more, 1.7 x 10 4 or more, 1.9 x 10 4 or more, 2.1 x 10 4 or more, 2.3 x 10 4 or more, 2.7 x 10 4 or more, 3.1 x 10 4 or more, 3.5 x 10 4 or more, 3.9 x 10 4 or more, 4.3 x 10 4 or more, 4.7 x 10 4 or more, and 5.1 x 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polymer (12) is, in order of preference, 150.0 x 10 4 or less, 100.0 x 10 4 or less, 60.0 x 10 4 or less, 50.0 x 10 4 or less, and 40.0 x 10 4 or less.
- the lower limit of the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer (12) is, in order of preference, 0.7 x 10 4 or more, 0.9 x 10 4 or more, 1.0 x 10 4 or more, 1.2 x 10 4 or more, 1.4 x 10 4 or more, 1.6 x 10 4 or more, and 1.8 x 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the number average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymer (12) is, in order of preference, 75.0 x 10 4 or less, 50.0 x 10 4 or less, 40.0 x 10 4 or less, 30.0 x 10 4 or less, and 20.0 x 10 4 or less.
- the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of polymer (12) is preferably 3.0 or less, more preferably 2.4 or less, even more preferably 2.2 or less, particularly preferably 2.0 or less, and most preferably 1.9 or less.
- the content of the polymerization units (12) based on the monomer (12) is preferably 40 to 60 mol %, more preferably 45 to 55 mol %, based on all the polymerization units constituting the polymer (12), and the content of the polymerization units based on other monomers is preferably 60 to 40 mol %, more preferably 55 to 45 mol %, based on all the polymerization units constituting the polymer (12).
- the alternation ratio between the polymerization unit (12) and the polymerization unit based on the other monomer copolymerizable with the monomer (12) is preferably 40% or more, more preferably 50% or more, even more preferably 60% or more, still more preferably 70% or more, particularly preferably 80% or more, and most preferably 90% or more.
- the alternation ratio may be, for example, 40 to 99%.
- the alternation ratio of the polymerized units (12) and the polymerized units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (12) in the polymer (12) can be determined by 19 F-NMR analysis of the polymer (12).
- Polymer (I) can be produced by a conventional method except for using the above-mentioned monomers.
- a polymer (13) of a monomer (13) represented by general formula (13), in which the content of the polymerized units (13) based on the monomer (13) is 50 mass% or more based on the total polymerized units constituting the polymer (13), can also be used.
- the polymer (13) is a novel polymer.
- CX 2 CX-O-Rf-SO 3 M a
- X is independently F or CF3
- Rf is a fluorine-containing alkylene group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, or a fluorine-containing alkylene group having an ether bond or a keto group having 2 to 100 carbon atoms
- M a is -H, a metal atom, -NR 2 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent
- R 2 is H or an organic group.
- X is independently F or CF3 . It is preferable that at least one X is F, and it is more preferable that all X are F.
- Rf and Ma in the general formula (13) are the same as Rf and A in the general formula (2) representing the monomer constituting the polymer (2).
- the polymer (13) may be a homopolymer consisting of only polymerization units (13) based on the monomer (13), or may be a copolymer containing the polymerization units (13) and polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (13).
- the other monomers are as described above.
- the polymerization units (13) may be the same or different in each occurrence, and the polymer (13) may contain polymerization units (13) based on two or more different monomers represented by the general formula (13).
- the content of polymerization units (13) based on monomer (13) in polymer (13) is 50% by mass or more relative to the total polymerization units constituting polymer (13).
- the content of polymerization units (13) in polymer (13) is, in order of preference, 50% by mass or more, 60% by mass or more, 70% by mass or more, 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, and 99% by mass or more relative to the total polymerization units constituting polymer (13). It is particularly preferable that the content of polymerization units (13) is substantially 100% by mass, and it is most preferable that polymer (13) consists only of polymerization units (13).
- the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (13) is, in order of preference, 50% by mass or less, 40% by mass or less, 30% by mass or less, 20% by mass or less, 10% by mass or less, and 1% by mass or less, based on the total polymerization units constituting the polymer (13). It is particularly preferable that the content of polymerization units based on other monomers copolymerizable with the monomer (13) is substantially 0% by mass, and it is most preferable that the polymer (13) does not contain polymerization units based on other monomers.
- the lower limit of the number average molecular weight of the polymer (13) is, in order of preference, 0.3 x 10 4 or more, 0.4 x 10 4 or more, 0.5 x 10 4 or more, 0.7 x 10 4 or more, 0.8 x 10 4 or more, 1.0 x 10 4 or more, 1.2 x 10 4 or more, 1.4 x 10 4 , 1.6 x 10 4 or more, 1.8 x 10 4 or more, 2.0 x 10 4 or more, and 3.0 x 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the number average molecular weight of the polymer (13) is, in order of preference, 75.0 x 10 4 or less, 50.0 x 10 4 or less, 40.0 x 10 4 or less, 30.0 x 10 4 or less, and 20.0 x 10 4 or less.
- the lower limit of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (13) is, in order of preference, 0.4 x 10 4 or more, 0.5 x 10 4 or more, 0.6 x 10 4 or more, 0.8 x 10 4 or more, 1.0 x 10 4 or more, 1.2 x 10 4 or more, 1.4 x 10 4 or more, 1.7 x 10 4 or more, 1.9 x 10 4 or more, 2.1 x 10 4 or more, 2.3 x 10 4 or more, 2.7 x 10 4 or more, 3.1 x 10 4 or more, 3.5 x 10 4 or more, 3.9 x 10 4 or more, 4.3 x 10 4 or more, 4.7 x 10 4 or more, 5.1 x 10 4 or more, 10.0 x 10 4 or more, 15.0 x 10 4 or more, 20.0 x 10 4 or more, and 25.0 x 10 4 or more.
- the upper limit of the weight average molecular weight of the polymer (13) is, in order of preference, 150.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, 100.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, 60.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, 50.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less, and 40.0 ⁇ 10 4 or less.
- the molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of the polymer (13) is preferably 3.0 or less, 2.4 or less, 2.2 or less, 2.0 or less, 1.9 or less, 1.7 or less, 1.5 or less, 1.4 or less, and 1.3 or less.
- the content of dimers and trimers of monomer (I) represented by general formula (I) is preferably 1.0% by mass or less, more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.01% by mass or less, particularly preferably 0.001% by mass or less, and most preferably 0.0001% by mass or less, relative to polymer (I).
- the above dimers and trimers can be removed by ultrafiltration, microfiltration, dialysis membrane treatment, etc.
- the content of the polymer compound in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, even more preferably 0.08% by mass or more, and preferably 5.0% by mass or less, more preferably 3.0% by mass or less, even more preferably 2.0% by mass or less, and even more preferably 1.0% by mass or less, relative to the TFE-based polymer.
- the content of the above polymer compound in the TFE-based polymer composition can be determined by solid-state NMR measurement.
- WO 2014/099453, WO 2010/075497, WO 2010/075496, WO 2011/008381, WO 2009/055521, WO 1987/007619, JP 61-293476 A, WO 2010/075494, WO 2010/075359, WO 2012/082454, WO 2006/119224, WO 2013/085864 Measurement methods for each polymer are described in JP 2012/082707 A, JP 2012/082703 A, JP 2012/082451 A, JP 2006/135825 A, JP 2004/067588 A, JP 2009/068528 A, JP 2004-075978 A, JP 2001-226436 A, JP 1992/017635 A, JP 2014/069165 A, JP 11-181009 A, etc.
- the TFE-based polymer in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may be a homopolymer of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), or may be a TFE copolymer containing a polymerization unit based on TFE (TFE unit) and a polymerization unit based on a modified monomer (hereinafter also referred to as "modified monomer unit").
- TFE unit a polymerization unit based on TFE
- modified monomer unit hereinafter also referred to as "modified monomer unit”
- the homopolymer of TFE refers to a polymer in which the content of polymerized units based on modified monomers copolymerizable with TFE is less than 0.0001% by mass in the total polymerized units.
- the TFE copolymer contains 10% by mass or less of modified monomer units.
- the TFE-based polymer may be polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
- the PTFE may be a homopolymer of TFE or a modified PTFE.
- the modified PTFE contains 99.0% by mass or more of TFE units and 1.0% by mass or less of modified monomer units.
- the modified PTFE may be composed only of TFE units and modified monomer units.
- the TFE copolymer may be a modified PTFE.
- the TFE-based polymer the TFE copolymer is preferred, and the modified PTFE is more preferred, from the viewpoints of further suppressing gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties, and improving the binding force, strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- the content of modified monomer unit is preferably in the range of 0.0001 to 10 mass% with respect to all polymerization units, in view of being able to further suppress gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device characteristics, and improving extensibility, binding force, strength and flexibility of composite sheet.
- the lower limit of the content of modified monomer unit is more preferably 0.001 mass%, more preferably 0.005 mass%, even more preferably 0.010 mass%, and particularly preferably 0.015 mass%.
- the upper limit of the content of the modified monomer unit is preferably 5.0% by mass, more preferably 3.0% by mass, even more preferably 1.0% by mass, even more preferably 0.90% by mass, even more preferably 0.80% by mass, even more preferably 0.50% by mass, even more preferably 0.40% by mass, even more preferably 0.30% by mass, even more preferably 0.20% by mass, even more preferably 0.15% by mass, even more preferably 0.10% by mass, even more preferably 0.08% by mass, particularly preferably 0.05% by mass, and most preferably 0.03% by mass.
- the modified monomer unit means a portion of the molecular structure of a TFE-based polymer that is derived from a modified monomer.
- the content of each of the above-mentioned polymerized units can be calculated by appropriately combining NMR, FT-IR, elemental analysis, and X-ray fluorescence analysis depending on the type of monomer.
- the modified monomer is not particularly limited as long as it can be copolymerized with TFE, and examples thereof include perfluoroolefins such as hexafluoropropylene [HFP]; hydrogen-containing fluoroolefins such as trifluoroethylene and vinylidene fluoride [VDF]; perhaloolefins such as chlorotrifluoroethylene [CTFE]; perfluorovinyl ethers; perfluoroallyl ethers; (perfluoroalkyl)ethylenes, ethylenes, etc.
- the modified monomers used may be one type or multiple types.
- Rf represents a perfluoro organic group.
- the "perfluoro organic group” refers to an organic group in which all hydrogen atoms bonded to carbon atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- the perfluoro organic group may have an ether oxygen.
- the above-mentioned perfluorovinyl ether is, for example, perfluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) [PAVE], in which Rf is a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms in the above-mentioned general formula (A).
- the number of carbon atoms in the above-mentioned perfluoroalkyl group is preferably 1 to 5.
- Examples of the perfluoroalkyl group in the PAVE include a perfluoromethyl group, a perfluoroethyl group, a perfluoropropyl group, a perfluorobutyl group, a perfluoropentyl group, and a perfluorohexyl group.
- the above-mentioned perfluorovinyl ether further includes those in which Rf in the above-mentioned general formula (A) is a perfluoro(alkoxyalkyl) group having 4 to 9 carbon atoms, and those in which Rf is the following formula:
- Rf is a group represented by the following formula:
- n is an integer from 1 to 4.
- the (perfluoroalkyl)ethylene [PFAE] is not particularly limited, and examples include (perfluorobutyl)ethylene [PFBE] and (perfluorohexyl)ethylene.
- the above Rf 1 is preferably a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or a perfluoroalkoxyalkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- the above-mentioned perfluoroallyl ether is preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-CF 3 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 2 F 5 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 3 F 7 , and CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 4 F 9 , more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 2 F 5 , CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 3 F 7 , and CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-C 4 F 9 , and even more preferably CF 2 ⁇ CF-CF 2 -O-CF 2 CF 2 CF 3 .
- the modified monomer from the viewpoint of improving the extensibility, binding strength, and flexibility of the composite sheet, at least one selected from the group consisting of PAVE, HFP, VDF, and CTFE is preferable, at least one selected from the group consisting of perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) [PMVE], HFP, VDF, and CTFE is more preferable, and at least one selected from the group consisting of PMVE and HFP is more preferable.
- the TFE-based polymer may have a core-shell structure.
- TFE-based polymers having a core-shell structure include TFE copolymers that contain a core of a high molecular weight TFE-based polymer in the particles and a shell of a lower molecular weight TFE-based polymer or TFE copolymer.
- modified PTFEs that contain a core of high molecular weight PTFE in the particles and a shell of lower molecular weight PTFE or modified PTFE are also included. Examples of such modified PTFEs include the PTFE described in JP-A-2005-527652.
- the TFE-based polymer preferably has an endothermic peak temperature of 320° C. or higher, more preferably 325° C. or higher, even more preferably 330° C. or higher, even more preferably 335° C. or higher, even more preferably 340° C. or higher, even more preferably 342° C. or higher, and particularly preferably 344° C. or higher, in that an electrode mixture sheet having even greater strength can be formed.
- the endothermic peak temperature is also preferably 350° C. or lower.
- the endothermic peak temperature is a temperature corresponding to a minimum point in a heat of fusion curve obtained by performing differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) at a heating rate of 10° C./min on a fluororesin that has not been heated to a temperature of 300° C. or higher.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the above TFE-based polymer preferably has one or more endothermic peaks in the range of 333 to 347°C in the heat of fusion curve when heated at a rate of 10°C/min using a differential scanning calorimeter [DSC], and the heat of fusion at 290 to 350°C calculated from the heat of fusion curve is 62 mJ/mg or more.
- the TFE-based polymer preferably has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of 0.5 ⁇ 10 6 or more, more preferably 1.0 ⁇ 10 6 or more, even more preferably 1.5 ⁇ 10 6 or more, even more preferably 2.0 ⁇ 10 6 or more, and particularly preferably 3.0 ⁇ 10 6 or more, in terms of being able to form an electrode mixture sheet with even greater strength.
- Mn number average molecular weight
- the number average molecular weight is also preferably 20.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, more preferably 15.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, even more preferably 12.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, even more preferably 10.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less, and particularly preferably 8.0 ⁇ 10 6 or less.
- the number average molecular weight is a molecular weight calculated from the heat of crystallization estimated by measuring the temperature drop of a fluororesin using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) after melting the fluororesin, according to the method described in the following document. The measurement is carried out five times, and the average value of the three values excluding the maximum and minimum values is used.
- DSC differential scanning calorimeter
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure does not substantially contain water. This can further suppress gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties, and can also improve the strength of the composite sheet. In addition, it is advantageous in terms of production process because it can be combined with a wide range of electrode active materials and solid electrolytes.
- “Substantially does not contain water” means that the water content of the TFE-based polymer composition is 0.050% by mass or less.
- the moisture content is preferably 0.040% by mass or less, more preferably 0.020% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.010% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.005% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.002% by mass or less.
- the water content is measured by the following method.
- the mass of the TFE-based polymer composition is measured before and after heating at 150° C. for 2 hours, and the mass is calculated according to the following formula: A sample is taken three times, and the mass is calculated for each time, and the average value is determined and used.
- Water content (mass%) [(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ (mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition after heating)]/(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ 100
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably does not substantially contain a fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less. This makes it possible to suppress gas generation inside an electrochemical device cell and deterioration of the electrochemical device characteristics (for example, a decrease in capacity during high-temperature storage) when the TFE-based polymer composition is used as a binder for an electrochemical device.
- substantially free of fluorine-containing compounds means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably less than 25 mass ppb, more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less is measured by the following method. Weigh out 1 g of the sample, add 10 g (12.6 ml) of methanol, and perform ultrasonic treatment for 60 minutes to obtain an extract. The obtained extract is appropriately concentrated with nitrogen purge, and the fluorine-containing compounds in the concentrated extract are measured by LC/MS/MS. Molecular weight information is extracted from the obtained LC/MS spectrum, and the agreement with the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing compound is confirmed. Prepare aqueous solutions with 5 or more levels of content of the standard substance, perform LC/MS analysis of the aqueous solutions with each content, plot the relationship between the content and the area area for that content, and draw a calibration curve. Using the above calibration curve, the area area of the LC/MS chromatogram of the fluorine-containing compound in the extract is converted to the content of the fluorine-containing compound. The lower limit of quantification in this measurement method is 10 ppb by mass.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less can also be measured by the following method. Weigh out 1 g of the sample, add 10 g (12.6 ml) of methanol, perform ultrasonic treatment at 60 ° C for 2 hours, and leave at room temperature, then remove the solid content to obtain an extract. The obtained extract is appropriately concentrated with nitrogen purge, and the fluorine-containing compounds in the concentrated extract are measured by LC / MS / MS. From the obtained LC / MS spectrum, molecular weight information is extracted and confirmed to match the structural formula of the candidate fluorine-containing compound.
- Examples of the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less include a fluorine-containing compound having a hydrophilic group with a molecular weight of 1000 g/mol or less.
- the molecular weight of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably 800 or less, and more preferably 500 or less.
- Polymer particles obtained by polymerization in the presence of a fluorine-containing surfactant usually contain a fluorine-containing surfactant in addition to a TFE-based polymer. In this specification, the fluorine-containing surfactant is one used during polymerization.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1,000 or less may be a compound that has not been added during polymerization, for example, a compound that is generated as a by-product during polymerization.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less contains an anionic moiety and a cationic moiety, it means a compound containing fluorine in which the molecular weight of the anionic moiety is 1000 or less.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less does not include TFE-based polymers.
- the hydrophilic group may be, for example, -COOM, -SO 2 M, or -SO 3 M, and examples of such anionic groups include -COOM and -SO 3 M (in each formula, M is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group).
- a surfactant containing fluorine in which the molecular weight of the anionic portion is 1000 or less can also be used.
- the "anionic portion” refers to the portion of the fluorine-containing surfactant excluding the cation. For example, in the case of F(CF 2 ) n1 COOM, it is the portion "F(CF 2 ) n1 COO".
- the anionic fluorine-containing surfactant may be a compound represented by the following general formula (N 0 ): X n0 - Rf n0 - Y 0 (N 0 ) (In the formula, X n0 is H, Cl or F.
- Rf n0 is a linear, branched or cyclic alkylene group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms in which some or all of the H's are substituted with F, and the alkylene group may contain one or more ether bonds, and some of the H's may be substituted with Cl.
- Y 0 is an anionic group. The anionic group of Y 0 may be -COOM, -SO 2 M or -SO 3 M, and may be -COOM or -SO 3 M.
- M is H, a metal atom, NR 1 4 , an imidazolium which may have a substituent, a pyridinium which may have a substituent, or a phosphonium which may have a substituent, and R 1 is H or an organic group.
- the metal atom includes alkali metals (Group 1) and alkaline earth metals (Group 2), such as Na, K, or Li.
- R 1 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, or may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 1 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 1 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- Rf n0 may be one in which 50% or more of H is substituted with fluorine.
- the above-mentioned fluorine-containing surfactant may be one type of fluorine-containing surfactant or a mixture containing two or more types of fluorine-containing surfactants.
- fluorine-containing surfactant examples include compounds represented by the following formula:
- the fluorine-containing surfactant may be a mixture of these compounds.
- M may be H, a metal atom or NR 1 4 , which may be H, an alkali metal (group 1), an alkaline earth metal (group 2) or NR 1 4 , which may be H, Na, K, Li or NH 4 .
- R 1 may be H or a C 1-10 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 organic group, may be H or a C 1-4 alkyl group.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure does not substantially contain any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the above formulas, gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties can be further suppressed, and the strength of the composite sheet can be further improved.
- substantially free of any of the fluorine-containing compounds represented by the above formulas means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compounds is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably less than 25 mass ppb, more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions of the present disclosure have the following general formula: [C n-1 F 2n-1 COO - ]M + (wherein n is an integer of 9 to 14, preferably an integer of 9 to 12, and M + represents a cation.) This makes it possible to further suppress gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties, and also to further improve the strength of the composite sheet.
- M constituting the cation M + is the same as M described above.
- “Substantially free of the fluorine-containing compound represented by the above formula” means that the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is 25 ppb by mass or less based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing compound is preferably less than 25 mass ppb, more preferably 10 mass ppb or less, even more preferably less than 10 mass ppb, even more preferably 5 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 3 mass ppb or less, even more preferably 1 mass ppb or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 mass ppb.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, and may be an amount less than the lower limit of quantification.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably consists essentially of the TFE-based polymer and the polymer compound.Therefore, the effect of the TFE-based polymer and the polymer compound can be significantly exhibited.
- the term "consists essentially of the TFE-based polymer and the polymer compound" means that the total amount of the TFE-based polymer and the polymer compound is 95.0% by mass or more with respect to the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the total amount of the TFE-based polymer and the polymer compound is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more, based on the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has non-melt secondary processability.
- the above-mentioned non-melt secondary processability means that the melt flow rate cannot be measured at a temperature higher than the melting point in accordance with ASTM D-1238 and D-2116, in other words, that the composition does not flow easily even in the melting temperature range.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has a standard specific gravity (SSG) of 2.280 or less, more preferably 2.250 or less, even more preferably 2.220 or less, even more preferably 2.200 or less, even more preferably 2.190 or less, especially preferably 2.180 or less, and particularly preferably 2.170 or less, in terms of being able to further suppress gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties, and improving extensibility, binding force, and strength and flexibility of the composite sheet.
- the SSG is also preferably 2.130 or greater. The SSG is measured by a water displacement method according to ASTM D 792 using a sample molded according to ASTM D 4895.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an extrusion pressure at a reduction ratio (RR) of 100 of preferably 10 MPa or more, more preferably 12 MPa or more, even more preferably 15 MPa or more, even more preferably 16 MPa or more, and particularly preferably 17 MPa or more.
- RR reduction ratio
- the extrusion pressure at RR100 is preferably 50 MPa or less, more preferably 40 MPa or less, even more preferably 35 MPa or less, even more preferably 30 MPa or less, even more preferably 25 MPa or less, even more preferably 21 MPa or less, and particularly preferably 20 MPa or less.
- the extrusion pressure at RR100 is determined by the following method in accordance with the method described in JP-A-2002-201217. 21.7 g of lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.) is added to 100 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and mixed in a glass bottle at room temperature for 3 minutes. The glass bottle is then left at room temperature (25° C.) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain a lubricated resin.
- lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.
- the lubricated resin is paste-extruded through an orifice (diameter 2.5 mm, land length 11 mm, introduction angle 30°) at room temperature with a reduction ratio of 100:1 to obtain a uniform bead (beading; extrudate).
- the extrusion speed i.e., the ram speed, is 20 in/min (51 cm/min).
- the load when the extrusion load reaches equilibrium in the paste extrusion is measured, and the extrusion pressure is calculated by dividing the load by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for the paste extrusion.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an extrusion pressure of preferably 18 MPa or more at RR300, more preferably 23 MPa or more, even more preferably 25 MPa or more, even more preferably 28 MPa or more, particularly preferably 30 MPa or more, and particularly preferably 32 MPa or more.
- the extrusion pressure at RR300 is preferably 45 MPa or less, and more preferably 40 MPa or less.
- the extrusion pressure in RR300 is measured by the following method. 50 g of TFE-based polymer powder and 10.25 g of hydrocarbon oil (trade name: Isopar G, manufactured by Exxon Corp.) as an extrusion aid are mixed in a polyethylene container for 3 minutes. At room temperature (25°C), the above mixture is filled into the cylinder of an extruder, and a load of 0.47 MPa is applied to the piston inserted into the cylinder and held for 1 minute. The mixture is then extruded from the orifice at a ram speed of 18 mm/min. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross-sectional area of the orifice (reduction ratio) is 300. In the latter half of the extrusion operation, the load (N) when the pressure reaches equilibrium is divided by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to obtain the extrusion pressure (MPa).
- hydrocarbon oil trade name: Isopar G, manufactured by Exxon Corp.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably stretchable, since it can further suppress gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties, and improves the binding force, strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- Being stretchable means that a stretched body can be obtained in the following stretching test.
- the bead obtained by the paste extrusion at RR100 is heated at 230°C for 30 minutes to remove the lubricant from the bead.
- the bead (extrudate) is then cut to the appropriate length, clamped at each end with a clamp distance of 1.5 inches (38 mm) apart, and heated to 300°C in an air circulating oven.
- the clamps are then separated at a desired speed (stretch rate) until a separation distance corresponding to the desired stretch (total stretch) is achieved, and a stretch test (stretch test) is performed.
- This stretch method essentially follows the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,869, except for the extrusion speed (51 cm/min instead of 84 cm/min).
- "Stretch" is the increase in length due to stretching, usually expressed as a percentage of the original length. In the stretch method, the stretch rate is 1000%/sec, and the total stretch is 2400%.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably stretchable up to 24 times in terms of further suppressing gas generation and deterioration of electrochemical device properties, and further improving the binding force, strength and flexibility of the mixture sheet.
- Being stretchable 24 times means that the film does not break during stretching in the above stretching test.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has a breaking strength of 5 N or more, more preferably 10 N or more, and even more preferably 15 N or more.
- the upper limit of the breaking strength is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, 50 N or less.
- the breaking strength is a value determined by the following method. The stretched bead (produced by stretching the bead) obtained in the above-mentioned stretching test is clamped and fixed in a movable jaw having a gauge length of 5.0 cm, and a tensile test is performed at 25°C and a speed of 300 mm/min. The strength at the time of break is measured as the breaking strength.
- the form of the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is not limited, but is preferably a powder in that it can be mixed with an electrode active material and a solid electrolyte without using a large amount of a dispersion medium.
- the TFE polymer composition may be in a form other than a powder, for example, a dispersion.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably has an average primary particle size of 100 to 350 nm.
- the average primary particle diameter is more preferably 330 nm or less, even more preferably 320 nm or less, even more preferably 300 nm or less, even more preferably 280 nm or less, particularly preferably 250 nm or less, and more preferably 150 nm or more, even more preferably 170 nm or more, and even more preferably 200 nm or more.
- the average primary particle size is measured by the following method.
- the TFE-based aqueous dispersion is diluted with water until the solid content concentration is 0.15% by mass, and the transmittance of the 550 nm projected light relative to the unit length of the obtained diluted latex and the number-based length average particle diameter determined by measuring a specific direction using a transmission electron microscope photograph are measured to prepare a calibration curve. Using this calibration curve, the number-average particle diameter is determined from the actual transmittance of the 550 nm projected light of each sample, and is taken as the average primary particle diameter. The average primary particle size can be measured by dynamic light scattering.
- a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion with a solid content concentration adjusted to about 1.0 mass% is prepared, and the measurement is performed at 25°C and 70 times in total using an ELSZ-1000S (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.).
- the refractive index of the solvent (water) is 1.3328, and the viscosity of the solvent (water) is 0.8878 mPa ⁇ s.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may have an average secondary particle size of 350 ⁇ m or more, preferably 400 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 500 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 550 ⁇ m or more, and particularly preferably 600 ⁇ m or more, and is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 900 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 800 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 700 ⁇ m or less.
- the average secondary particle size is measured in accordance with JIS K 6891.
- the TFE polymer composition of the present disclosure has excellent handling property, and its average aspect ratio can be 2.0 or less, preferably 1.8 or less, more preferably 1.7 or less, even more preferably 1.6 or less, even more preferably 1.5 or less, even more preferably 1.4 or less, especially preferably 1.3 or less, particularly preferably 1.2 or less, and most preferably 1.1 or less.
- the average aspect ratio can also be 1.0 or more.
- the above-mentioned average aspect ratio is determined by observing a TFE-based polymer composition or a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion diluted to a solid content of about 1 mass % with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), performing image processing on 200 or more particles randomly sampled, and averaging the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure preferably contains fibrous particles having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or more in a ratio of 20 to 60% based on the total TFE-based polymer particles, in order to obtain a composite sheet having good moldability and high breaking strength.
- the ratio of the fibrous particles to the total particles can be calculated as follows. (1) The TFE-based polymer powder containing the fibrous particles is photographed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The magnification of the photograph can be, for example, 300 to 1000 times. (2) The captured image is imported into a computer, and all particles are divided into the above-mentioned fibrous particles and particles having an aspect ratio of less than 1.5 using image analysis software such as ImageJ.
- the number of the fibrous particles is divided by the total number of particles, i.e., the sum of the number of the fibrous particles and the number of particles having an aspect ratio of less than 1.5, to calculate the ratio of the fibrous particles to the total number of particles.
- the fibrous particles having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or more are formed, for example, when the TFE-based polymer composition is mixed with an electrode active material or a solid electrolyte.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure has an apparent density of preferably 0.40g/ml or more, more preferably 0.43g/ml or more, even more preferably 0.45g/ml or more, even more preferably 0.48g/ml or more, and particularly preferably 0.50g/ml or more.
- the upper limit is not particularly limited, but may be 0.70g/ml.
- the apparent density is measured in accordance with JIS K6892.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can be suitably produced, for example, by a production method including a step (A) of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer compound having an ionic group to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing the polymer compound, a TFE-based polymer, and an aqueous medium, a step (B) of coagulating the aqueous dispersion to obtain a wet powder, and a step (C) of drying the wet powder.
- a production method including a step (A) of polymerizing tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in an aqueous medium in the presence of the polymer compound having an ionic group to obtain an aqueous dispersion containing the polymer compound, a TFE-based polymer, and an aqueous medium, a step (B) of coagulating the aqueous dispersion to obtain a wet powder,
- the amount of the polymer compound added is preferably more than 0.02% by mass and not more than 10% by mass, more preferably 3% by mass and even more preferably 1% by mass, relative to the aqueous medium.
- the amount of the polymer compound added is the total amount of the polymer compounds added in the polymerization.
- the polymer compound may be added all at once, or may be added continuously. Adding the polymer compound continuously means, for example, adding the polymer compound over time, without interruption or in portions, rather than all at once.
- an aqueous solution containing the polymer compound and water may be prepared, and the aqueous solution may be added.
- the timing for starting addition of the polymer compound is preferably before the solid content of the TFE-based polymer reaches 0.3 mass%, more preferably before it reaches 0.2 mass%, even more preferably before it reaches 0.1 mass%, and particularly preferably at the same time as the start of polymerization.
- the above solid content is the content of the TFE-based polymer relative to the total of the aqueous medium and the TFE-based polymer.
- the above polymerization if at least one of the above polymer compounds is used, it is possible to efficiently produce a TFE-based polymer.
- two or more compounds included in the above polymer compounds may be used simultaneously, and compounds having surface activity other than the above polymer compounds may be used simultaneously as long as they are volatile or may remain in a molded product made of a TFE-based polymer.
- a nucleating agent may be used.
- the amount of the nucleating agent added can be appropriately selected depending on the type of nucleating agent.
- the amount of the nucleating agent added may be 5000 ppm by mass or less, preferably 1000 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 500 ppm by mass or less, even more preferably 100 ppm by mass or less, particularly preferably 50 ppm by mass or less, and most preferably 10 ppm by mass or less, relative to the aqueous medium.
- a nucleating agent it is preferable to add a nucleating agent to the aqueous medium before the start of polymerization or before the solid content of the TFE-based polymer formed in the aqueous medium reaches 5.0 mass %.
- the amount of nucleating agent added at the beginning of polymerization is preferably 5% by mass or less, more preferably 1.0% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.5% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.1% by mass or less, based on the TFE-based polymer obtained.
- the amount of nucleating agent added at the beginning of polymerization is, for example, 0.01 ppm by mass.
- a TFE-based polymer having a smaller primary particle size can be obtained compared to polymerization carried out in the absence of the nucleating agent.
- the nucleating agent may be a dicarboxylic acid, a perfluoropolyether (PFPE) acid or a salt thereof, a hydrocarbon-containing surfactant, etc.
- PFPE perfluoropolyether
- the nucleating agent preferably does not contain an aromatic ring, and is preferably an aliphatic compound.
- the nucleating agent is preferably added before or simultaneously with the addition of the polymerization initiator, but it can also be added during polymerization to adjust the particle size distribution.
- the preferred amount of the dicarboxylic acid is 1000 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 500 ppm by mass or less, and even more preferably 100 ppm by mass or less, relative to the aqueous medium.
- the amount of the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant added is preferably 40 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 30 ppm by mass or less, and even more preferably 20 ppm by mass or less, relative to the aqueous medium. It is presumed that the ppm amount of lipophilic nucleation sites present in the aqueous medium is less than the amount added. Therefore, the amount of the lipophilic nucleation sites is less than the above 40 ppm by mass, 30 ppm by mass, and 20 ppm by mass. Since the lipophilic nucleation sites are considered to exist as molecules, even a very small amount of the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant can generate a large amount of lipophilic nucleation sites. Therefore, beneficial effects can be obtained even by adding about 1 ppm by mass of the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant to the aqueous medium. The preferred lower limit is 0.01 ppm by mass.
- the hydrocarbon-containing surfactants include nonionic and cationic surfactants, including siloxane surfactants such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,897,682 (Brothers et al.) and U.S. Pat. No. 7,977,438 (Brothers et al.).
- the hydrocarbon-containing surfactant is preferably a nonionic surfactant (e.g., a nonionic hydrocarbon surfactant). That is, the nucleating agent is preferably a nonionic surfactant.
- the nonionic surfactant preferably does not contain an aromatic moiety.
- the nonionic surfactant may be any nonionic surfactant that may be contained in the composition to be concentrated.
- a compound having a functional group capable of reacting by radical polymerization and a hydrophilic group may be used together with the above polymer compound.
- additives can be used to stabilize each compound.
- the additives include buffers, pH adjusters, stabilizing aids, and dispersion stabilizers.
- the stabilizing aid is preferably paraffin wax, fluorine-based oil, fluorine-based solvent, silicone oil, etc.
- the stabilizing aid may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- the stabilizing aid is more preferably paraffin wax.
- the paraffin wax may be liquid, semi-solid, or solid at room temperature, but is preferably a saturated hydrocarbon having 12 or more carbon atoms.
- the melting point of the paraffin wax is usually preferably 40 to 65°C, more preferably 50 to 65°C.
- the amount of the stabilizing aid used is preferably 0.1 to 12% by mass, more preferably 0.1 to 8% by mass, based on the mass of the aqueous medium used. It is desirable that the stabilizing aid is sufficiently hydrophobic and completely separates from the aqueous dispersion after polymerization so as not to become a contaminating component.
- the above polymerization is carried out by charging an aqueous medium, the above polymer compound, monomers, and other additives as necessary into a polymerization reactor, stirring the contents of the reactor, and maintaining the reactor at a predetermined polymerization temperature, and then adding a predetermined amount of polymerization initiator to start the polymerization reaction. After the polymerization reaction starts, additional monomers, polymerization initiators, chain transfer agents, the above polymer compound, etc. may be added depending on the purpose. The above polymer compound may be added after the polymerization reaction starts.
- the polymerization temperature is 5 to 120° C.
- the polymerization pressure is 0.05 to 10 MPaG.
- the polymerization temperature and polymerization pressure are appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer used, the molecular weight of the desired TFE-based polymer, and the reaction rate.
- the polymerization temperature may be varied during the polymerization, for example, to influence the molecular weight distribution, i.e., to obtain a broad molecular weight distribution or to obtain a bimodal or multimodal molecular weight distribution.
- the pH of the polymerization medium may range from pH 2-11, preferably 3-10, and most preferably 4-10.
- the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it can generate radicals within the above polymerization temperature range, and known oil-soluble and/or water-soluble polymerization initiators can be used. Furthermore, it can also be combined with a reducing agent or the like to initiate polymerization as a redox.
- concentration of the polymerization initiator is appropriately determined depending on the type of monomer, the molecular weight of the desired TFE-based polymer, and the reaction rate.
- an oil-soluble radical polymerization initiator or a water-soluble radical polymerization initiator can be used as the polymerization initiator.
- the water-soluble radical polymerization initiator may be a known water-soluble peroxide, such as ammonium salts, potassium salts, or sodium salts of persulfuric acid, perboric acid, perchloric acid, perphosphoric acid, or percarbonic acid, or organic peroxides such as disuccinic acid peroxide or diglutaric acid peroxide, t-butyl permaleate, or t-butyl hydroperoxide.
- a reducing agent such as sulfites may also be included, and the amount used may be 0.1 to 20 times the amount of the peroxide.
- a redox initiator that combines an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent as the polymerization initiator.
- the oxidizing agent include persulfates, organic peroxides, potassium permanganate, manganese triacetate, and cerium ammonium nitrate.
- the reducing agent include sulfites, bisulfites, bromates, diimines, and oxalic acid.
- the persulfates include ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate.
- the sulfites include sodium sulfite and ammonium sulfite.
- a copper salt or an iron salt to the combination of redox initiators.
- the copper salt include copper (II) sulfate
- the iron salt include iron (II) sulfate.
- the redox initiator may be, for example, potassium permanganate/oxalic acid, ammonium persulfate/bisulfite/iron sulfate, manganese triacetate/oxalic acid, cerium ammonium nitrate/oxalic acid, bromate/bisulfite, etc., with potassium permanganate/oxalic acid being preferred.
- potassium permanganate/oxalic acid either the oxidizing agent or the reducing agent may be charged in advance into the polymerization tank, and then the other may be added continuously or intermittently to initiate polymerization.
- potassium permanganate/oxalic acid it is preferred to charge oxalic acid into the polymerization tank and continuously add potassium permanganate thereto.
- the amount of polymerization initiator to be added is not particularly limited, but may be added all at once, stepwise, or continuously at the beginning of polymerization in an amount that does not significantly decrease the polymerization rate (for example, a few ppm relative to the water concentration).
- the upper limit is the range in which the reaction temperature may be increased while removing heat from the equipment surface using the polymerization reaction heat, and a more preferable upper limit is the range in which the polymerization reaction heat can be removed from the equipment surface.
- the aqueous medium is a reaction medium in which polymerization is carried out, and refers to a liquid containing water.
- the aqueous medium is not particularly limited as long as it contains water, and may contain water and, for example, a fluorine-free organic solvent such as an alcohol, ether, or ketone, and/or a fluorine-containing organic solvent having a boiling point of 40° C. or less.
- the chain transfer agent may, for example, be an ester such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, or dimethyl succinate, as well as isopentane, methane, ethane, propane, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, various mercaptans, various halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, etc.
- ester such as dimethyl malonate, diethyl malonate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, or dimethyl succinate
- isopentane methane, ethane, propane, methanol, isopropanol, acetone, various mercaptans, various halogenated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, etc.
- Bromine compounds or iodine compounds may be used as chain transfer agents.
- the polymerization method using bromine compounds or iodine compounds includes a method of polymerizing fluoromonomers in an aqueous medium in the presence of bromine compounds or iodine compounds in a substantially oxygen-free state (iodine transfer polymerization method).
- bromine compounds or iodine compounds used include, for example, compounds represented by the general formula: R a I x B ry (wherein x and y are each an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy 1 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 2, and R a is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group or chlorofluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may contain an oxygen atom).
- R a I x B ry wherein x and y are each an integer of 0 to 2 and satisfy 1 ⁇ x+y ⁇ 2, and R a is a saturated or unsaturated fluorohydrocarbon group or chlorofluorohydrocarbon group having 1 to 16 carbon atoms, or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may contain an oxygen atom.
- bromine compound or iodine compound examples include 1,3-diiodoperfluoropropane, 2-iodoperfluoropropane, 1,3-diiodo-2-chloroperfluoropropane, 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,5-diiodo-2,4-dichloroperfluoropentane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, 1,8-diiodoperfluorooctane, 1,12-diiodoperfluorododecane, 1,16-diiodoperfluorohexadecane, diiodomethane, 1,2-diiodoethane, 1,3-diiodo-n-propane, CF 2 Br 2 , BrCF 2 CF 2 Br, CF 3 CFBrCF 2 Br, CFClBr 2 , BrCF 2 C
- 1,4-diiodoperfluorobutane, 1,6-diiodoperfluorohexane, and 2-iodoperfluoropropane in terms of polymerization reactivity, crosslinking reactivity, availability, etc.
- the amount of the chain transfer agent used is usually 1 to 50,000 ppm by mass, preferably 1 to 20,000 ppm by mass, based on the total amount of fluoromonomer supplied.
- the chain transfer agent may be added to the reaction vessel all at once before the start of polymerization, all at once after the start of polymerization, or may be added in multiple portions during polymerization, or may be added continuously during polymerization.
- persulfates e.g., ammonium persulfate
- organic peroxides such as disuccinic acid peroxide and diglutaric acid peroxide
- a radical scavenger such as hydroquinone or catechol
- a peroxide decomposer such as ammonium sulfite
- a fluoromonomer may be polymerized in an aqueous medium in the presence of the above polymer compound to produce an aqueous dispersion of fluoropolymer particles, and the fluoromonomer may be seed-polymerized to the fluoropolymer particles in the aqueous dispersion of fluoropolymer particles to obtain a fluoropolymer.
- the above polymerization is preferably carried out by polymerizing a fluoromonomer substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant (excluding compounds having a functional group and a hydrophilic group that can react by radical polymerization). According to the above production method, a TFE-based polymer can be obtained even when a fluorine-containing surfactant is not used.
- a fluorine-containing surfactant excluding compounds having a functional group and a hydrophilic group that can react by radical polymerization.
- substantially in the absence of a fluorine-containing surfactant means that the amount of the fluorine-containing surfactant relative to the aqueous medium is 10 ppm by mass or less.
- the amount of the fluorine-containing surfactant relative to the aqueous medium is preferably 1 ppm by mass or less, more preferably 100 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably 10 ppb by mass or less, even more preferably less than 10 ppb by mass, even more preferably 1 ppb by mass or less, and particularly preferably less than 1 ppb by mass.
- fluorine-containing surfactants include those described above as fluorine-containing surfactants that are preferably not substantially contained in the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure.
- an aqueous dispersion containing a TFE-based polymer, the above polymer compound, and an aqueous medium is obtained.
- the content (solids concentration) of the TFE-based polymer in the above aqueous dispersion is usually 10 to 50% by mass, more preferably 15% by mass or more, preferably 40% by mass or less, and more preferably 35% by mass or less.
- the above-mentioned polymer compound may further be added to the above-mentioned aqueous dispersion.
- the coagulation in step (B) can be carried out by a known method.
- the aqueous dispersion obtained by polymerization of polymer latex or the like is usually diluted with water to a polymer concentration of 10-25% by mass (preferably a polymer concentration of 10-20% by mass), and in some cases, the pH is adjusted to neutral or alkaline, and then the mixture is stirred more vigorously than during reaction in a vessel equipped with a stirrer.
- the coagulation may be carried out while stirring while adding water-soluble organic compounds such as methanol and acetone, inorganic salts such as potassium nitrate and ammonium carbonate, and inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid as coagulants.
- the coagulation may also be carried out continuously using an in-line mixer or the like.
- step (C) the drying is usually carried out by using means such as vacuum, high frequency, hot air, etc., while keeping the wet powder in a state where it is not very fluid, preferably in a state where it is left still.
- the friction between powders, especially at high temperatures, generally has an unfavorable effect on fine powder type TFE polymer.This is because the particles made of this kind of TFE polymer have the property of easily fibrillating even under small shear force, and losing the original stable particle structure state.
- the drying temperature is preferably 300° C. or less, more preferably 250° C. or less, even more preferably 230° C. or less, even more preferably 210° C. or less, even more preferably 190° C. or less, and particularly preferably 170° C.
- the temperature is preferably 10° C. or more, more preferably 100° C. or more, even more preferably 150° C. or more, even more preferably 170° C. or more, even more preferably 190° C. or more, and particularly preferably 210° C. or more. In order to further increase the strength ratio, it is preferable to appropriately adjust within this temperature range.
- step (C) it is preferable to place the wet powder obtained in step (B) in a container with air permeability at the bottom and/or sides, and heat treat it at a temperature of 130 to 300°C for 2 hours or more.
- the fluorine-containing compound having a molecular weight of 1000 or less can be efficiently removed together with water, and the content of the fluorine-containing compound and water can be kept within the above-mentioned range.
- the temperature of the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably 140°C or higher, more preferably 150°C or higher, even more preferably 160°C or higher, even more preferably 180°C or higher, even more preferably 200°C or higher, particularly preferably 220°C or higher, and is preferably 280°C or lower, more preferably 250°C or lower, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds.
- the time for the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably 5 hours or more, more preferably 10 hours or more, and even more preferably 15 hours or more, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds.
- the wind speed in step (C) is preferably 0.01 m/s or more, more preferably 0.03 m/s or more, even more preferably 0.05 m/s or more, and even more preferably 0.1 m/s or more, from the viewpoint of more efficiently removing moisture and fluorine-containing compounds. Also, from the viewpoint of suppressing scattering of powder, it is preferably 50 m/s or less, more preferably 30 m/s or less, and even more preferably 10 m/s or less.
- the heat treatment in step (C) can be carried out using an electric furnace or a steam furnace.
- electric furnaces such as a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a radiant conveyor type electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a vacuum electric furnace, an agitator type electric furnace, an airflow type electric furnace, or a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device in which the electric furnace in the device name of each electric furnace is replaced with a steam furnace).
- electric furnaces such as a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a radiant conveyor type electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a vacuum electric furnace, an agitator type electric furnace, an airflow type electric furnace, or a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device in which the electric furnace in the
- a parallel flow box type electric furnace In terms of being able to remove moisture more efficiently, a parallel flow box type electric furnace, a ventilated box type electric furnace, a ventilated conveyor type electric furnace, a band electric furnace, a fluidized bed electric furnace, a hot air circulation type electric furnace, or a steam furnace corresponding to the above (a device in which the electric furnace in the device name of each electric furnace is replaced with a steam furnace) is preferred.
- the heat treatment in step (C) is preferably carried out by placing the wet powder in a container having air permeability at its bottom and/or sides, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and the fluorine-containing compound.
- the container having air permeability at its bottom and/or sides may be any container that can withstand the heat treatment temperature, and is preferably made of a metal such as stainless steel.
- a tray (bat) having breathability on the bottom and/or sides is preferable, and a tray whose bottom and/or sides are made of mesh (mesh tray) is more preferable.
- the mesh is preferably either a woven mesh or a punched metal.
- the mesh size is preferably 2000 ⁇ m or less (ASTM standard 10 mesh or more), more preferably 595 ⁇ m or less (30 mesh or more), even more preferably 297 ⁇ m or less (50 mesh or more), even more preferably 177 ⁇ m or less (80 mesh or more), particularly preferably 149 ⁇ m or less (100 mesh or more), and particularly preferably 74 ⁇ m or less (200 mesh or more). Also, 25 ⁇ m or more (500 mesh or less) is preferable.
- the weaving method may be, for example, plain weave, twill weave, plain tatami weave, or twill tatami weave.
- the opening rate is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and even more preferably 30% or more, and is preferably 95% or less.
- the amount of the moist powder disposed is, from the viewpoint of more efficiently removing moisture and fluorine-containing compounds, preferably 10 g/ cm2 or less, more preferably 8 g/ cm2 or less, even more preferably 5 g/ cm2 or less, particularly preferably 3 g/ cm2 or less, and is preferably 0.01 g/ cm2 or more, more preferably 0.05 g/ cm2 or more, and even more preferably 0.1 g/ cm2 or more.
- the moisture content of the moist powder to be heat-treated in step (C) is preferably 10% by mass or more, more preferably 20% by mass or more, and even more preferably 30% by mass or more, relative to the moist powder, in order to more efficiently remove moisture and fluorine-containing compounds, and is preferably 150% by mass or less, and more preferably 100% by mass or less.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is used in the binder for electrochemical device.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure may be used alone, or may be mixed with other materials (for example, polymers other than TFE-based polymers) and used, but the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is preferably used substantially alone, and more preferably used alone.Note that, the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure is used substantially alone so that the amount of the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder for electrochemical device is within the range described below.
- the TFE-based polymer compositions of the present disclosure are preferably used in binders for batteries.
- the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure can improve the strength of the composite sheet while maintaining good ion conductivity, and therefore is preferably used as a binder for secondary batteries, particularly as a binder for lithium ion secondary batteries and binder for solid secondary batteries.It is also preferably used as a binder for capacitors.
- the present disclosure also provides a binder for electrochemical devices consisting essentially of a TFE-based polymer composition, the TFE-based polymer composition comprising a TFE-based polymer and a polymer compound having an ionic group, and substantially free of moisture.
- the binder of the present disclosure contains a specific TFE-based polymer composition, so that the strength of the composite sheet can be improved.
- gas generation inside the electrochemical device cell and deterioration of the electrochemical device characteristics for example, a decrease in capacity during high-temperature storage
- the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder of the present disclosure can be the same as the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure described above, and the preferred embodiments are also the same.
- the binder of the present disclosure is substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition. This allows the effect of the TFE-based polymer composition to be significantly exhibited.
- “Substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition” means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is 95.0 mass% or more relative to the binder.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition relative to the binder is preferably 98.0% by mass or more, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the binder of the present disclosure consists solely of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder of the present disclosure is preferably substantially free of organic solvent. This can reduce the steps and costs associated with the use of organic solvent. "Substantially free of organic solvent” means that the organic solvent content of the binder is 5% by mass or less.
- the organic solvent content is preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.1% by mass or less, even more preferably 0.01% by mass or less, and particularly preferably 0.001% by mass or less.
- the binder of the present disclosure is preferably in the form of a powder.
- the binders of the present disclosure are used in electrochemical devices such as batteries and capacitors.
- the battery may be a secondary battery such as a lithium ion battery.
- the capacitor is not particularly limited, but is preferably an electrochemical capacitor.
- the electrochemical capacitor include an electric double layer capacitor, a hybrid capacitor, and a redox capacitor.
- the hybrid capacitor include a sodium ion capacitor, a lithium ion capacitor, and a magnesium ion capacitor. Among these, an electric double layer capacitor is particularly preferred.
- the binder of the present disclosure can be suitably used as a binder for batteries, and can be particularly suitably used as a binder for secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries, etc.
- the binder can improve the strength of a composite sheet while maintaining good ion conductivity, it is also suitable as a binder for solid secondary batteries.
- the binders of the present disclosure may be used to fabricate electrochemical device components, preferably battery components.
- the binder of the present disclosure can be particularly suitably used as a binder for electrodes.
- the binder of the present disclosure can also be suitably used as a binder in the solid electrolyte layer of a solid secondary battery.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrode mixture comprising the above-mentioned TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder of the present disclosure and an electrode active material.
- an electrode can be obtained that can suppress gas generation inside an electrochemical device cell and deterioration of electrochemical device characteristics (e.g., decrease in capacity during high-temperature storage).
- the strength of the mixture sheet can be improved.
- the electrode active material can be retained, so that more materials that improve electrochemical device characteristics, such as active materials and conductive assistants, can be added.
- the above-mentioned electrode active materials include positive electrode active materials and negative electrode active materials.
- the positive electrode active material is not particularly limited as long as it can electrochemically absorb and release alkali metal ions, but for example, a material containing an alkali metal and at least one transition metal is preferred. Specific examples include alkali metal-containing transition metal complex oxides and alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compounds. In particular, alkali metal-containing transition metal complex oxides that generate high voltage are preferred as the positive electrode active material. Examples of the alkali metal ions include lithium ions, sodium ions, potassium ions, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the alkali metal ions may be lithium ions. That is, in this embodiment, the alkali metal ion secondary battery is a lithium ion secondary battery.
- alkali metal-containing transition metal composite oxide examples include: Formula: M a Mn 2-b M 1 b O 4 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; 0.9 ⁇ a; 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 1.5; M1 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), an alkali metal-manganese spinel composite oxide (such as a lithium-manganese spinel composite oxide), Formula: MNi 1-c M 2 c O 2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K; 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.5; M2 is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Zn, Al, Sn, Cr, V, Ti, Mg, Ca, Sr, B, Ga, In, Si, and Ge), or an alkal
- MCoO2 , MMnO2 , MNiO2 , MMn2O4 , MNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 , MNi1 / 3Co1/3Mn1 / 3O2 , etc. are preferred, and a compound represented by the following general formula (3) is preferable.
- M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K
- the alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compound is, for example, a compound represented by the following general formula (4): M e M 4 f (PO 4 ) g (4) (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K, and M4 is at least one selected from the group consisting of V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu, and 0.5 ⁇ e ⁇ 3, 1 ⁇ f ⁇ 2, 1 ⁇ g ⁇ 3.)
- M is preferably at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na and K, more preferably Li or Na, and even more preferably Li. That is, the alkali metal-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably a lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound.
- the transition metal of the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably V, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, etc., and specific examples thereof include iron phosphates such as LiFePO4 , Li3Fe2 ( PO4 ) 3 , and LiFeP2O7 , cobalt phosphates such as LiCoPO4 , and lithium transition metal phosphate compounds in which a part of the transition metal atoms that constitute the main part of the lithium transition metal phosphate compound is replaced with other elements such as Al, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Li, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mg, Ga, Zr, Nb, and Si.
- the lithium-containing transition metal phosphate compound is preferably one having an olivine structure.
- the positive electrode active material include lithium-nickel-based composite oxides.
- the lithium-nickel-based composite oxides are represented by the following general formula (5): Li y Ni 1-x M x O 2 (5) (wherein x is 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.7, y is 0.9 ⁇ y ⁇ 2.0, and M is a metal atom (excluding Li and Ni)) is preferred.
- positive electrode active material examples include MFePO 4 , MNi 0.8 Co 0.2 O 2 , M 1.2 Fe 0.4 Mn 0.4 O 2 , MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 , MV 3 O 6 , and M 2 MnO 3 .
- positive electrode active materials such as M 2 MnO 3 and MNi 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 2 are preferred in that the crystal structure does not collapse even when the secondary battery is operated at a voltage exceeding 4.4 V or a voltage of 4.6 V or more.
- electrochemical devices such as secondary batteries using positive electrode materials containing the above-mentioned positive electrode active materials are preferred because the remaining capacity is not easily reduced and the resistance increase rate is not easily changed even when stored at high temperatures, and the battery performance is not deteriorated even when operated at high voltages.
- the positive electrode active material include a solid solution material of M2MnO3 and MM6O2 (wherein M is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and M6 is a transition metal such as Co, Ni, Mn, or Fe).
- an example of the solid solution material is an alkali metal manganese oxide represented by the general formula Mx[Mn (1-y) M7y ] Oz , where M in the formula is at least one metal selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, and K, and M7 is at least one metal element other than M and Mn, and contains, for example, one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Co, Ni, Fe, Ti, Mo, W, Cr, Zr, and Sn.
- the values of x, y, and z in the formula are in the ranges of 1 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and 1.5 ⁇ z ⁇ 3.
- manganese -containing solid solution materials such as Li1.2Mn0.5Co0.14Ni0.14O2, which are based on Li2MnO3 and contain LiNiO2 or LiCoO2 as a solid solution , are preferred because they can provide an alkali metal ion secondary battery having a high energy density.
- lithium phosphate in the positive electrode active material, since this improves the continuous charging characteristics.
- the amount of lithium phosphate used is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 0.3% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, with respect to the total of the positive electrode active material and lithium phosphate, and is preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 8% by mass or less, and even more preferably 5% by mass or less.
- a material having a different composition may be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- surface-attached materials include oxides such as aluminum oxide, silicon oxide, titanium oxide, zirconium oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide, boron oxide, antimony oxide, and bismuth oxide; sulfates such as lithium sulfate, sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, calcium sulfate, and aluminum sulfate; carbonates such as lithium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and magnesium carbonate; and carbon.
- These surface-attaching substances can be attached to the surface of the positive electrode active material by, for example, dissolving or suspending them in a solvent, impregnating and adding them to the positive electrode active material, and drying them; dissolving or suspending a surface-attaching substance precursor in a solvent, impregnating and adding them to the positive electrode active material, and then reacting them by heating or the like; or adding them to a positive electrode active material precursor and simultaneously baking them.
- attaching carbon a method can also be used in which the carbonaceous material is mechanically attached later in the form of, for example, activated carbon.
- the amount of the surface-attached substance is preferably 0.1 ppm or more, more preferably 1 ppm or more, and even more preferably 10 ppm or more, and preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, and even more preferably 5% or less, by mass relative to the positive electrode active material.
- the surface-attached substance can suppress the oxidation reaction of the electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material, thereby improving the battery life, but if the amount of attachment is too small, the effect is not fully manifested, and if it is too large, the movement of lithium ions is inhibited, which may increase resistance.
- the shape of the particles of the positive electrode active material may be, as conventionally used, a block, polyhedron, sphere, oval sphere, plate, needle, column, etc. Primary particles may also aggregate to form secondary particles.
- the tap density of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.5 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 0.8 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.0 g/cm 3 or more. If the tap density of the positive electrode active material is below the lower limit, the amount of dispersion medium required during the formation of the positive electrode active material layer increases, and the amount of conductive material and binder required increases, so that the filling rate of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is restricted, and the battery capacity may be restricted. By using a complex oxide powder with a high tap density, a high-density positive electrode active material layer can be formed.
- the tap density is generally preferably as high as possible, and there is no particular upper limit, but if it is too high, the diffusion of lithium ions in the positive electrode active material layer using the electrolyte as a medium becomes rate-limiting, and the load characteristics may be easily deteriorated, so the upper limit is preferably 4.0 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.7 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 3.5 g/cm 3 or less.
- the tap density is determined as the powder packing density (tap density) g/cm 3 when 5 to 10 g of the positive electrode active material powder is placed in a 10 ml glass measuring cylinder and tapped 200 times with a stroke of about 20 mm.
- the median diameter d50 of the particles of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more, even more preferably 0.8 ⁇ m or more, and most preferably 1.0 ⁇ m or more, and is preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 27 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 25 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 22 ⁇ m or less. If it is below the lower limit, a high tap density product may not be obtained, and if it exceeds the upper limit, it may take time for lithium to diffuse within the particles, resulting in problems such as a decrease in battery performance.
- the filling property during positive electrode production can be further improved.
- the median diameter d50 is measured by a known laser diffraction/scattering particle size distribution measuring device.
- a 0.1% by mass aqueous solution of sodium hexametaphosphate is used as the dispersion medium during the measurement, and the measurement is performed after ultrasonic dispersion for 5 minutes with a measurement refractive index set to 1.24.
- the average primary particle diameter of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and the upper limit is preferably 5 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 4 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 3 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 2 ⁇ m or less. If the upper limit is exceeded, it is difficult to form spherical secondary particles, which may adversely affect the powder packing property or greatly reduce the specific surface area, and therefore the battery performance such as output characteristics may be likely to decrease. Conversely, if the lower limit is exceeded, problems such as poor reversibility of charge and discharge may occur due to underdeveloped crystals.
- the average primary particle diameter is measured by observation using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Specifically, in a photograph at a magnification of 10,000 times, the longest intercept value of a horizontal line at the left and right boundaries of a primary particle is determined for any 50 primary particles, and the average value is calculated.
- SEM scanning electron microscope
- the BET specific surface area of the positive electrode active material is preferably 0.1 m2 /g or more, more preferably 0.2 m2 /g or more, and even more preferably 0.3 m2/g or more, and the upper limit is preferably 50 m2/g or less, more preferably 40 m2/g or less, and even more preferably 30 m2 /g or less. If the BET specific surface area is smaller than this range, the battery performance is likely to decrease, and if it is larger, it is difficult to increase the tap density, and problems may easily occur in the processability when forming the positive electrode active material layer.
- the BET specific surface area is defined as a value measured by a nitrogen adsorption BET single-point method using a gas flow method, using a surface area meter (e.g., a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Ohkura Riken Co., Ltd.) after pre-drying a sample at 150° C. for 30 minutes under a nitrogen flow and then using a nitrogen/helium mixed gas accurately adjusted so that the relative pressure of nitrogen to atmospheric pressure is 0.3.
- a surface area meter e.g., a fully automatic surface area measuring device manufactured by Ohkura Riken Co., Ltd.
- the particles of the positive electrode active material are mainly secondary particles. It is preferable that the particles of the positive electrode active material have an average secondary particle diameter of 40 ⁇ m or less and contain 0.5 to 7.0 volume % of fine particles with an average primary particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less. By containing fine particles with an average primary particle diameter of 1 ⁇ m or less, the contact area with the electrolyte is increased, and lithium ions can be diffused more quickly between the electrode mixture and the electrolyte, resulting in improved output performance of the battery.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material is a general method for manufacturing inorganic compounds.
- various methods can be considered for manufacturing spherical or elliptical active materials, for example, the raw material of transition metal is dissolved or crushed and dispersed in a solvent such as water, and the pH is adjusted while stirring to prepare spherical precursors, which are then dried as necessary, and then LiOH, Li2CO3 , LiNO3 , or other Li sources are added and calcined at high temperature to obtain active materials.
- the positive electrode active material may be used alone, or two or more different compositions may be used in any combination or ratio.
- preferred combinations include a combination of LiCoO2 and a ternary system such as LiNi0.33Co0.33Mn0.33O2 , a combination of LiCoO2 and LiMn2O4 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiCoO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2 or a combination of LiFePO4 and LiFePO2.
- the content of the positive electrode active material is preferably 50 to 99.5% by mass of the positive electrode mixture, more preferably 80 to 99% by mass, in terms of high battery capacity.
- the content in the positive electrode active material layer is preferably 80% by mass or more, more preferably 82% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 84% by mass or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less. If the content of the positive electrode active material in the positive electrode active material layer is low, the electrical capacity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is too high, the strength of the positive electrode may be insufficient.
- the negative electrode active material is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include lithium metal, artificial graphite, graphite carbon fiber, resin-sintered carbon, pyrolytic vapor-grown carbon, coke, mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), furfuryl alcohol resin-sintered carbon, polyacene, pitch-based carbon fiber, vapor-grown carbon fiber, natural graphite, and carbonaceous materials such as non-graphitizable carbon, silicon-containing compounds such as silicon and silicon alloys, and Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 , or a mixture of two or more types.
- those containing at least a carbonaceous material and silicon-containing compounds can be particularly preferably used.
- the negative electrode active material used in this disclosure preferably contains silicon as a constituent element.
- a material that contains silicon as a constituent element By using a material that contains silicon as a constituent element, a high-capacity battery can be produced.
- silicon particles particles having a structure in which fine silicon particles are dispersed in a silicon-based compound, silicon oxide particles represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), or a mixture of these are preferred.
- SiOx silicon oxide particles represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), or a mixture of these are preferred.
- silicon oxide is a general term for amorphous silicon oxide, and silicon oxide before disproportionation is represented by the general formula SiOx (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6).
- x is preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6, and more preferably 0.8 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.3.
- This silicon oxide can be obtained, for example, by heating a mixture of silicon dioxide and metallic silicon to produce silicon monoxide gas, which is then cooled and precipitated.
- Particles having a structure in which silicon particles are dispersed in a silicon-based compound can be obtained, for example, by firing a mixture of silicon particles and a silicon-based compound, or by heat treating silicon oxide particles before disproportionation, represented by the general formula SiOx, in an inert, non-oxidizing atmosphere such as argon at a temperature of 400°C or higher, preferably 800 to 1,100°C, to carry out a disproportionation reaction.
- the material obtained by the latter method is particularly suitable because the silicon crystallites are uniformly dispersed.
- the size of the silicon nanoparticles can be made 1 to 100 nm by the above-mentioned disproportionation reaction.
- the silicon oxide in the particles having a structure in which silicon nanoparticles are dispersed in silicon oxide is preferably silicon dioxide. Note that it is possible to confirm that silicon nanoparticles (crystals) are dispersed in amorphous silicon oxide using a transmission electron microscope.
- the physical properties of the silicon-containing particles can be appropriately selected depending on the desired composite particles.
- the average particle size is preferably 0.1 to 50 ⁇ m, with the lower limit being more preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the above average particle size is represented by the weight average particle size in particle size distribution measurement by laser diffraction method.
- the BET specific surface area is preferably 0.5 to 100 m 2 /g, and more preferably 1 to 20 m 2 /g. If the BET specific surface area is 0.5 m 2 /g or more, there is no risk of the adhesiveness decreasing when processed into an electrode, resulting in a decrease in battery characteristics. If the BET specific surface area is 100 m 2 /g or less, the proportion of silicon dioxide on the particle surface becomes large, and there is no risk of the battery capacity decreasing when used as a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- Methods for imparting electrical conductivity include mixing the silicon-containing particles with electrically conductive particles such as graphite, coating the surfaces of the silicon-containing particles with a carbon coating, and combining both methods.
- the carbon coating method is preferred, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is even more preferred.
- the content of the negative electrode active material is preferably 40% by mass or more in the electrode mixture, more preferably 50% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 60% by mass or more, in order to increase the capacity of the resulting electrode mixture.
- the upper limit is preferably 99% by mass or less, more preferably 98% by mass or less.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure preferably further contains a conductive assistant.
- a conductive assistant Any known conductive material can be used as the conductive assistant. Specific examples include metal materials such as copper and nickel, graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite, carbon black such as acetylene black, ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black, and carbon materials such as amorphous carbon such as needle coke, carbon nanotubes, fullerene, and VGCF. These may be used alone or in any combination and ratio of two or more.
- the conductive assistant is used in an amount of usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.1% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more in the electrode mixture, and usually 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass or less, more preferably 15% by mass or less. If the content is lower than this range, the conductivity may be insufficient. Conversely, if the content is higher than this range, the battery capacity may decrease.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure may further contain a thermoplastic resin.
- thermoplastic resin include polyvinylidene fluoride, polypropylene, polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate, and polyethylene oxide.
- One type may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in any combination and ratio.
- the ratio of the thermoplastic resin to the electrode active material is usually 0.01% by mass or more, preferably 0.05% by mass or more, more preferably 0.10% by mass or more, and usually 3.0% by mass or less, preferably 2.5% by mass or less, more preferably 2.0% by mass or less. Adding the thermoplastic resin can improve the mechanical strength of the electrode. If the ratio exceeds this range, the ratio of the electrode active material in the electrode mixture decreases, which may cause problems such as a decrease in battery capacity or an increase in resistance between active materials.
- the content of the binder may be 0.1% by mass or more, preferably 0.2% by mass or more, more preferably 0.5% by mass or more, and may be 50% by mass or less, preferably 40% by mass or less, more preferably 30% by mass or less, even more preferably 10% by mass or less, particularly preferably 5% by mass or less, and most preferably 3% by mass or less. If the proportion of the binder is too low, the electrode mixture active material cannot be sufficiently held, and the mechanical strength of the electrode mixture sheet may be insufficient, which may deteriorate the battery performance such as cycle characteristics. On the other hand, if the proportion is too high, it may lead to a decrease in battery capacity and conductivity. Since the binder of the present disclosure has excellent binding strength, even if the content is small, the electrode active material can be sufficiently held.
- the binder component is preferably substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition, and more preferably of the TFE-based polymer composition.
- the binder component substantially composed of the TFE-based polymer composition means that the content of the TFE-based polymer composition in the binder component constituting the electrode mixture is 95.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component.
- the content of the TFE-based polymer composition is preferably 98.0% by mass or more relative to the binder component, more preferably 99.0% by mass or more, even more preferably 99.5% by mass or more, particularly preferably 99.9% by mass or more, and most preferably 99.95% by mass or more.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is preferably in sheet form.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure can be suitably used as an electrode mixture for secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is suitable for lithium ion secondary batteries.
- the electrode mixture of the present disclosure is usually used in the form of a sheet.
- the electrode mixture sheet preferably has a thickness of 300 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 250 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, even more preferably 180 ⁇ m or less, and particularly preferably 150 ⁇ m or less, and preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 15 ⁇ m or more, and even more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more.
- the electrode mixture sheet can be obtained by a production method including a step (1) of mixing a raw material composition containing an electrode active material, a binder, and, if necessary, a conductive assistant, a step (2) of forming the raw material composition obtained by the step (1) into a bulk form, and a step (3) of rolling the bulk raw material composition obtained by the step (2) into a sheet form.
- the raw material composition is simply a mixture of the electrode active material, binder, etc., and exists in a state without a fixed shape.
- Specific mixing methods include mixing methods using a W-type mixer, V-type mixer, drum-type mixer, ribbon mixer, conical screw-type mixer, single-shaft kneader, twin-shaft kneader, mix muller, stirring mixer, planetary mixer, etc.
- the binder mixing conditions are preferably 3000 rpm or less.
- it is 10 rpm or more, more preferably 15 rpm or more, and even more preferably 20 rpm or more, and is preferably 2000 rpm or less, more preferably 1500 rpm or less, and even more preferably 1000 rpm or less. If it is below the above range, mixing will take a long time, which will affect productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation will proceed excessively, and the electrode mixture sheet may have poor strength and flexibility.
- forming into a bulk shape means forming the raw material composition into a single mass.
- Specific methods for forming into a bulk shape include extrusion molding, press molding, and the like.
- the term "bulk shape” does not specify a particular shape, and may refer to a state in which the raw material composition is in the form of a single mass, and includes shapes such as rods, sheets, spheres, and cubes.
- Specific rolling methods in the above step (3) include rolling using a roll press, a flat plate press, a calendar roll machine, etc.
- step (4) after step (3) in which a larger load is applied to the obtained rolled sheet to roll it into an even thinner sheet. It is also preferable to repeat step (4). In this way, the rolled sheet is not thinned all at once, but is rolled little by little in stages, thereby improving flexibility.
- the number of times step (4) is performed is preferably from 2 to 10 times, and more preferably from 3 to 9 times. Specific rolling methods include, for example, a method in which two or more rolls are rotated and the rolled sheet is passed between them to process it into a thinner sheet.
- step (5) after step (3) or step (4) in which the rolled sheet is roughly crushed, then remolded into a bulk shape and rolled into a sheet shape. It is also preferable to repeat step (5).
- the number of times of step (5) is preferably 1 to 12 times, and more preferably 2 to 11 times.
- step (5) Specific methods for roughly crushing the rolled sheet and forming it into a bulk shape in step (5) include folding the sheet, forming it into a rod or thin sheet shape, chipping, etc.
- "rough crushing” means changing the shape of the rolled sheet obtained in step (3) or step (4) into a different shape in order to roll it into a sheet shape in the next step, and also includes the case where the rolled sheet is simply folded.
- step (4) may be performed after step (5), or may be performed repeatedly. Furthermore, uniaxial or biaxial stretching may be performed in steps (2), (3), (4), and (5). Furthermore, the fibril diameter can be adjusted by the degree of crushing in step (5).
- the rolling ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 65% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less. If it is below the above range, the number of rolling times increases, which takes time and affects productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation may proceed excessively, resulting in an electrode mixture sheet with poor strength and flexibility.
- the rolling ratio here refers to the reduction rate of the thickness of the sample after processing relative to the thickness before rolling.
- the sample before rolling may be a bulk-shaped raw material composition or a sheet-shaped raw material composition.
- the thickness of the sample refers to the thickness in the direction in which a load is applied during rolling.
- the electrode mixture sheet is Step (a): mixing a powder component and a binder to form an electrode mixture; Step (b): calendaring or extruding the electrode mix to produce a sheet;
- the mixing in step (a) is (a1) homogenizing the powder components and the binder to form a powder;
- the electrode mixture can also be suitably produced by a production method comprising the step (a2) of mixing the powdered raw material mixture obtained in the step (a1) to prepare an electrode mixture.
- PTFE has two transition temperatures at about 19°C and about 30°C. Below 19°C, PTFE can be easily mixed while still maintaining its shape. However, above 19°C, the PTFE particles become loosely structured and more sensitive to mechanical shear. At temperatures above 30°C, a greater degree of fibrillation occurs.
- the homogenization of (a1) is carried out at a temperature below 19°C, preferably between 0°C and 19°C. That is, in such (a1), it is preferable to mix and homogenize while suppressing fibrillation.
- the subsequent mixing step (a2) is preferably carried out at a temperature of 30° C. or higher to promote fibrillation.
- step (a2) is preferably carried out at a temperature of from 30°C to 150°C, more preferably from 35°C to 120°C, even more preferably from 40°C to 80°C.
- the calendaring or extrusion of step (b) above is carried out at a temperature between 30°C and 150°C, preferably between 35°C and 120°C, more preferably between 40°C and 100°C.
- the mixing in the above step (a) is preferably carried out while applying a shear force.
- Specific examples of the mixing method include mixing methods using a W-type mixer, a V-type mixer, a drum mixer, a ribbon mixer, a conical screw mixer, a single-shaft kneader, a twin-shaft kneader, a mix muller, a stirring mixer, a planetary mixer, a Henschel mixer, a high-speed mixer, or the like.
- the mixing conditions may be appropriately set by the number of rotations and the mixing time.
- the number of rotations is preferably 15,000 rpm or less. It is preferably 10 rpm or more, more preferably 50 rpm or more, and even more preferably 100 rpm or more, and is preferably 12,000 rpm or less, more preferably 10,000 rpm or less, and even more preferably 8,000 rpm or less. If it is below the above range, it will take a long time to mix, which will affect productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation will proceed excessively, and the electrode mixture sheet may have poor strength.
- the step (a1) is preferably carried out with a weaker shear force than the step (a2). Moreover, it is desirable to carry out the step (a1) for a shorter time than the step (a2).
- the raw material composition does not contain a liquid solvent, but a small amount of lubricant may be used. That is, a lubricant may be added to the powdered raw material mixture obtained in the above step (a1) to prepare a paste.
- the above-mentioned lubricants are not particularly limited, and examples thereof include water, ether compounds, alcohols, ionic liquids, carbonates, aliphatic hydrocarbons (low polarity solvents such as heptane and xylene), isoparaffinic hydrocarbon compounds, and petroleum fractions (gasoline (C4-C10), naphtha (C4-C11), kerosene/paraffin (C10-C16), and mixtures thereof).
- the lubricant preferably has a water content of 1000 ppm or less.
- a moisture content of 1000 ppm or less is preferable in terms of reducing deterioration of the electrochemical device, and the moisture content is more preferably 500 ppm or less.
- lubricants When using the above lubricants, it is particularly preferable that they are low polarity solvents such as butyl butyrate or ether compounds.
- the amount thereof may be 5.0 to 35.0 parts by weight, preferably 10.0 to 30.0 parts by weight, and more preferably 15.0 to 25.0 parts by weight, based on the total weight of the composition used in step (a1).
- the raw material composition preferably does not substantially contain a liquid medium.
- a solvent in which a binder is dissolved is used to prepare a slurry in which powder, which is an electrode mixture component, is dispersed, and the electrode mixture sheet is prepared by applying and drying the slurry.
- a solvent that disperses or dissolves the binder is used.
- the solvents that can dissolve the binder resins that have been commonly used in the past are limited to specific solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidone. Since the solvents have high polarity and require a drying process, the use of the solvents results in steps and costs.
- an electrode mixture sheet containing a binder with a fine fiber structure can be manufactured, and by not producing a slurry, the burden on the manufacturing process can be reduced.
- Step (b) is calendering or extrusion. Calendering and extrusion can be performed by a known method. By this, it is possible to form the shape of an electrode mixture sheet.
- the step (b) preferably includes the steps of: (b1) forming the electrode mixture obtained in the step (a) into a bulk form; and (b2) calendaring or extrusion molding the bulk form of the electrode mixture.
- Forming into a bulk form means forming the electrode mixture into a single mass.
- Specific methods for forming the material into a bulk form include extrusion molding, press molding, and the like.
- the term "bulk” does not specify a particular shape, but may refer to a state in which the material is in the form of a single mass, and includes shapes such as rods, sheets, spheres, and cubes.
- the size of the mass is preferably such that the diameter or the smallest side of the cross section is 10,000 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20,000 ⁇ m or more.
- step (b2) Specific examples of the calendaring or extrusion molding method in step (b2) include rolling the electrode mixture using a roll press, a calendar roll machine, or the like.
- step (b) is preferably carried out at 30 to 150°C.
- PTFE has a glass transition temperature around 30°C, and therefore easily fibrillates at temperatures above 30°C. Therefore, it is preferable to carry out step (b) at such a temperature.
- Calendaring or extrusion applies shear forces, which fibrillate the PTFE and form it into a shape.
- step (c) after the step (b) in which a larger load is applied to the obtained rolled sheet to roll it into a thinner sheet. It is also preferable to repeat the step (c). In this way, the rolled sheet is not thinned at once, but is rolled little by little in stages, thereby improving flexibility.
- the number of times of the step (c) is preferably from 2 to 10, and more preferably from 3 to 9.
- a specific rolling method includes, for example, a method in which a rolled sheet is passed between two or more rotating rolls to process it into a thinner sheet.
- step (d) after step (b) or step (c) in which the rolled sheet is roughly crushed, then remolded into a bulk shape and rolled into a sheet shape. It is also preferable to repeat step (d).
- the number of times of step (d) is preferably 1 to 12 times, and more preferably 2 to 11 times.
- step (d) Specific methods for roughly crushing the rolled sheet and forming it into a bulk shape in step (d) include folding the rolled sheet, forming it into a rod or thin sheet shape, chipping, etc.
- "rough crushing” means changing the shape of the rolled sheet obtained in step (b) or step (c) into a different shape in order to roll it into a sheet shape in the next step, and also includes the case where the rolled sheet is simply folded.
- step (c) may be carried out after step (d), or may be carried out repeatedly.
- uniaxial or biaxial stretching may be carried out in the steps (a), (b), (c) and (d).
- the sheet strength can also be adjusted by the degree of coarse crushing in step (d).
- the rolling ratio is preferably 10% or more, more preferably 20% or more, and is preferably 80% or less, more preferably 65% or less, and even more preferably 50% or less. If it is below the above range, the number of rolling times increases and it takes time, which affects productivity. If it is above the above range, fibrillation may proceed excessively, resulting in an electrode mixture sheet with poor strength and flexibility.
- the rolling ratio here refers to the reduction rate of the thickness of the sample after rolling to the thickness before rolling.
- the sample before rolling may be a bulk raw material composition or a sheet-like raw material composition.
- the thickness of the sample refers to the thickness in the direction in which a load is applied during rolling.
- the above steps (c) and (d) are preferably carried out at 30° C. or higher, more preferably 60° C. or higher, and preferably 150° C. or lower.
- the electrode mixture sheet can be used as an electrode mixture sheet for a secondary battery. It can be used for either a negative electrode or a positive electrode. In particular, the electrode mixture sheet is suitable for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrode comprising the TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder of the present disclosure described above, an electrode active material, and a current collector.
- the electrode of the present disclosure can suppress gas generation inside an electrochemical device cell and deterioration of electrochemical device characteristics (e.g., decrease in capacity during high-temperature storage). It also has excellent strength.
- the electrode of the present disclosure may include the electrode mixture of the present disclosure described above (preferably an electrode mixture sheet) and a current collector.
- the electrodes of the present disclosure may be positive or negative electrodes.
- the positive electrode is preferably composed of a current collector and an electrode mixture sheet containing the positive electrode active material.
- materials for the positive electrode current collector include metals such as aluminum, titanium, tantalum, stainless steel, and nickel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly aluminum or its alloys, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector may be metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, expanded metal, punched metal, foam metal, etc. for metal materials, or carbon plate, carbon thin film, carbon cylinder, etc. for carbon materials. Of these, metal foil is preferred.
- the metal foil may be appropriately formed into a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the metal foil is optional, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the metal foil is thinner than this range, the strength required as a current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the metal foil is thicker than this range, handling may be impaired.
- a conductive assistant is applied to the surface of the current collector in order to reduce the electrical contact resistance between the current collector and the positive electrode active material layer.
- conductive assistants include carbon and precious metals such as gold, platinum, and silver.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the electrode mixture sheet and the current collector may be laminated with an adhesive and then vacuum dried.
- the density of the positive electrode mixture sheet is preferably 2.80 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 3.00 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 3.20 g/cm 3 or more, and is preferably 3.80 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 3.75 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 3.70 g/cm 3 or less. If it exceeds this range, the permeability of the electrolyte solution near the current collector/active material interface decreases, and the charge/discharge characteristics, especially at high current density, may decrease and high output may not be obtained. If it is below this range, the conductivity between the active materials decreases, the battery resistance increases, and high output may not be obtained.
- the thickness of the positive electrode is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the metal foil thickness of the current collector is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, as a lower limit on one side of the current collector, and is also preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the negative electrode is preferably composed of a current collector and an electrode mixture sheet containing the negative electrode active material.
- materials for the negative electrode current collector include metals such as copper, nickel, titanium, tantalum, and stainless steel, or metal materials such as alloys thereof; and carbon materials such as carbon cloth and carbon paper. Among these, metal materials, particularly copper, nickel, or alloys thereof, are preferred.
- the shape of the current collector may be metal foil, metal cylinder, metal coil, metal plate, expanded metal, punched metal, foam metal, etc. for metal materials, or carbon plate, carbon thin film, carbon cylinder, etc. for carbon materials. Of these, metal foil is preferred.
- the metal foil may be appropriately formed into a mesh shape.
- the thickness of the metal foil is optional, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 3 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 1 mm or less, preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less. If the metal foil is thinner than this range, the strength required as a current collector may be insufficient. Conversely, if the metal foil is thicker than this range, handling may be impaired.
- the negative electrode may be manufactured by a conventional method.
- the electrode mixture sheet and the current collector may be laminated with an adhesive and then vacuum dried.
- the density of the negative electrode mixture is preferably 1.3 g/cm 3 or more, more preferably 1.4 g/cm 3 or more, and even more preferably 1.5 g/cm 3 or more, and is preferably 2.0 g/cm 3 or less, more preferably 1.9 g/cm 3 or less, and even more preferably 1.8 g/cm 3 or less. If it exceeds this range, the permeability of the electrolyte solution near the current collector/active material interface decreases, and the charge/discharge characteristics, especially at high current density, may decrease and high output may not be obtained. If it is below this range, the conductivity between the active materials decreases, the battery resistance increases, and high output may not be obtained.
- the thickness of the negative electrode is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of high capacity and high output, the thickness of the mixture layer minus the thickness of the metal foil of the current collector is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 20 ⁇ m or more, as a lower limit on one side of the current collector, and is also preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 450 ⁇ m or less.
- the present disclosure also provides a secondary battery having the electrode of the present disclosure described above.
- the secondary battery of the present disclosure may be a secondary battery that uses an electrolytic solution, or may be a solid-state secondary battery.
- the solid-state secondary battery may be a secondary battery that contains a solid electrolyte, may be a semi-solid secondary battery that contains a solid electrolyte and a liquid component as the electrolyte, or may be an all-solid-state secondary battery that contains only a solid electrolyte as the electrolyte.
- Secondary batteries using the above electrolyte can use electrolytes, separators, etc. that are used in known secondary batteries. These are described in detail below.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte is preferably used.
- a solution in which a known electrolyte salt is dissolved in a known organic solvent for dissolving electrolyte salts can be used.
- the organic solvent for dissolving the electrolyte salt is not particularly limited, but one or more of the following can be used: known hydrocarbon solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate; and fluorine-based solvents such as fluoroethylene carbonate, fluoroether, and fluorinated carbonate.
- hydrocarbon solvents such as propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,2-diethoxyethane, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate
- fluorine-based solvents such as fluoroethylene carbonate, fluoroether, and fluorinated carbonate.
- electrolyte salts examples include LiClO4 , LiAsF6 , LiBF4 , LiPF6 , LiN( SO2CF3 ) 2 , and LiN( SO2C2F5 ) 2.
- LiPF6 , LiBF4 , LiN( SO2CF3 ) 2 , LiN( SO2C2F5 ) 2 , or combinations thereof are particularly preferred .
- the concentration of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.8 mol/L or more, and more preferably 1.0 mol/L or more.
- the upper limit depends on the organic solvent used to dissolve the electrolyte salt, but is usually 1.5 mol/L.
- the secondary battery using the above-mentioned electrolyte preferably further comprises a separator.
- the material and shape of the separator are not particularly limited as long as they are stable to the electrolyte and have excellent liquid retention, and any known separator can be used.
- the resin and glass fiber separator for example, polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, aromatic polyamides, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, glass filters, etc. can be used. These materials may be used alone or in any combination and ratio, such as polypropylene/polyethylene two-layer film and polypropylene/polyethylene/polypropylene three-layer film.
- the separator is preferably a porous sheet or nonwoven fabric made of polyolefins such as polyethylene and polypropylene, because of its good electrolyte permeability and shutdown effect.
- the thickness of the separator is arbitrary, but is usually 1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 5 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 8 ⁇ m or more, and is usually 50 ⁇ m or less, preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less. If the separator is thinner than the above range, the insulating properties and mechanical strength may decrease. Furthermore, if the separator is thicker than the above range, not only may the battery performance such as rate characteristics decrease, but the energy density of the electrolyte battery as a whole may decrease.
- inorganic materials include, for example, oxides such as alumina and silicon dioxide, nitrides such as aluminum nitride and silicon nitride, and sulfates such as barium sulfate and calcium sulfate, and are used in particulate or fibrous form.
- a thin film shape such as a nonwoven fabric, a woven fabric, or a microporous film is used.
- a film with a pore size of 0.01 to 1 ⁇ m and a thickness of 5 to 50 ⁇ m is preferably used.
- a separator can be used in which a composite porous layer containing the above inorganic particles is formed on the surface layer of the positive electrode and/or negative electrode using a resin binder.
- a porous layer can be formed on both sides of the positive electrode using alumina particles with a 90% particle size of less than 1 ⁇ m and a fluororesin as a binder.
- the material of the exterior case is not particularly limited as long as it is stable against the electrolyte used.
- metals such as nickel-plated steel, stainless steel, aluminum or aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy, or a laminate film of resin and aluminum foil can be used. From the viewpoint of weight reduction, metals such as aluminum or aluminum alloy, and laminate films are preferably used.
- the metals are welded together by laser welding, resistance welding, or ultrasonic welding to form a sealed structure, or the metals are used via a resin gasket to form a crimped structure.
- the resin layers are heat-sealed together to form a sealed structure.
- a resin different from the resin used in the laminate film may be interposed between the resin layers.
- the resin layers are heat-sealed via a current collecting terminal to form a sealed structure, a bond is formed between the metal and the resin, so a resin having a polar group or a modified resin into which a polar group has been introduced is preferably used as the interposed resin.
- the shape of the secondary battery using the above electrolyte is arbitrary, and examples of such shapes include cylindrical, square, laminated, coin, large, etc.
- the shapes and configurations of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator can be changed according to the shape of each battery.
- the present disclosure also provides an electrolyte layer mixture comprising the above-described TFE-based polymer composition of the present disclosure or the binder of the present disclosure and a solid electrolyte.
- an electrolyte layer mixture of the present disclosure By using the electrolyte layer mixture of the present disclosure, a solid electrolyte with reduced deterioration can be obtained. In addition, the strength of the mixture sheet can be improved. Furthermore, even if the amount of binder is small, the solid electrolyte can be retained, so that a larger amount of solid electrolyte can be added.
- the solid electrolyte may be a sulfide-based solid electrolyte or an oxide-based solid electrolyte.
- a sulfide-based solid electrolyte when used, it has the advantage of being flexible.
- the sulfide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains lithium.
- Sulfide-based solid electrolytes containing lithium are used in solid-state batteries that use lithium ions as a carrier, and are particularly preferred in that they are electrochemical devices with high energy density.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is preferably a compound that contains oxygen atoms (O), has the ionic conductivity of a metal belonging to Group 1 or 2 of the periodic table, and has electronic insulation properties.
- Ceramic materials in which elements have been substituted for LLZ are also known.
- Ceramic materials in which elements have been substituted for LLZ are also known.
- Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 Li6.25Al0.25La3Zr2O12 , Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 , Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12, etc. , in which LLZ is partially substituted with Al
- Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 Li6.75La3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12, etc.
- LLZ is partially substituted with Ta, etc.
- LLZ-based ceramic materials in which at least one element of Mg (magnesium) and A (A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ca (calcium), Sr (strontium), and Ba (barium)) is substituted for LLZ can be mentioned.
- phosphorus compounds containing Li, P, and O are also desirable.
- the lithium phosphate include lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), LiPON in which part of the oxygen in lithium phosphate is replaced with nitrogen, LiPOD 1 (D 1 is at least one selected from Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Ag, Ta, W, Pt, Au, etc.), etc.
- LiA 1 ON is at least one selected from Si, B, Ge, Al, C, Ga, etc.
- Specific examples include Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -TiO 2 -GeO 2 , Li 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -P 2 O 5 -TiO 2 , etc.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte preferably contains lithium.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte containing lithium is used in solid-state batteries that use lithium ions as a carrier, and is particularly preferred in terms of electrochemical devices with high energy density.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte is preferably an oxide having a crystalline structure.
- Oxides having a crystalline structure are particularly preferred in terms of good Li ion conductivity.
- Examples of oxides having a crystalline structure include perovskite type ( La0.51Li0.34TiO2.94 , etc.), NASICON type ( Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7 ( PO4 ) 3 , etc. ) , and garnet type ( Li7La3Zr2O12 ( LLZ ) , etc.). Among them, NASICON type is preferred .
- the volume average particle diameter of the oxide-based solid electrolyte is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.03 ⁇ m or more.
- the upper limit is preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 50 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter of the oxide-based solid electrolyte particles is measured by the following procedure.
- the oxide-based solid electrolyte particles are diluted and adjusted to a 1 mass % dispersion in a 20 ml sample bottle using water (heptane in the case of a substance unstable in water).
- the diluted dispersion sample is irradiated with 1 kHz ultrasound for 10 minutes and used for testing immediately thereafter.
- the present disclosure also provides a solid-state secondary battery comprising the above-mentioned solid electrolyte.
- the solid-state secondary battery is preferably an all-solid-state secondary battery.
- the solid-state secondary battery is preferably a lithium-ion battery, and is also preferably a sulfide-based solid-state secondary battery.
- the solid secondary battery preferably includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a solid electrolyte layer interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the solid secondary battery may include a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator include porous membranes such as polyethylene and polypropylene; nonwoven fabrics made of resins such as polypropylene, and nonwoven fabrics such as glass fiber nonwoven fabrics.
- the solid secondary battery may further include a battery case.
- the shape of the battery case is not particularly limited as long as it can accommodate the above-mentioned positive electrode, negative electrode, solid electrolyte layer, etc., but specific examples include a cylindrical type, a square type, a coin type, a laminate type, etc.
- the above-mentioned solid-state secondary battery can be manufactured, for example, by stacking a positive electrode, a solid electrolyte layer sheet, and a negative electrode in that order and pressing them.
- Mw and Mn weight average molecular weight (Mw) and number average molecular weight (Mn) of polymer D
- Mw and Mn of Polymer D were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) using a GPC HLC-8020 manufactured by Tosoh Corporation and columns manufactured by Shodex Corporation (one GPC KF-801, one GPC KF-802, and two GPC KF-806M connected in series) with tetrahydrofuran (THF) as a solvent at a flow rate of 1 ml/min, and the molecular weight was calculated using monodisperse polystyrene as a standard.
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- Mw Method of Measuring Weight Average Molecular Weight
- Mn Number Average Molecular Weight
- PEO polyethylene oxide
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the mixture was centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 1 hour to obtain a supernatant containing the polymer, and the obtained supernatant was filtered using an ultrafiltration disk (molecular weight cutoff 3000 Da) and collected as an extract.
- the extract was analyzed using a liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (Waters, LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD) to obtain a chromatogram of the extract.
- the contents of dimer and trimer monomers contained in the extract were determined by converting the integral values of the peaks derived from dimer and trimer monomers appearing in the chromatogram of the extract into the contents of dimer and trimer monomers using a calibration curve.
- the quantification limit for this measurement equipment configuration is 1 ng/mL.
- the average primary particle size was measured by dynamic light scattering.
- a TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion with a solid content concentration adjusted to about 1.0 mass% was prepared, and the measurement was performed at 25°C and 70 times in total using an ELSZ-1000S (manufactured by Otsuka Electronics Co., Ltd.).
- the refractive index of the solvent (water) was 1.3328, and the viscosity of the solvent (water) was 0.8878 mPa ⁇ s.
- Water content (mass%) [(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ (mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition after heating)]/(mass (g) of TFE-based polymer composition before heating) ⁇ 100
- the HFP content was determined by producing a thin film disk by press-molding the TFE-based polymer composition, measuring the infrared absorbance of the thin film disk by FT-IR, and multiplying the ratio of the absorbance at 982 cm ⁇ 1 to the absorbance at 935 cm ⁇ 1 by 0.3.
- Endothermic peak temperature was measured using a DSC (differential scanning calorimeter) by precisely weighing about 10 mg of TFE-based polymer powder that had no history of being heated to a temperature of 300° C. or higher.
- the endothermic peak temperature was determined as the temperature corresponding to the minimum value in a heat of fusion curve obtained by raising the temperature at a rate of 10° C./min.
- Extrusion pressure was determined by the following method in accordance with the method described in JP-A-2002-201217. 21.7 g of lubricant (trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.) was added to 100 g of the TFE-based polymer composition and mixed in a glass bottle at room temperature for 3 minutes. The glass bottle was then left at room temperature (25°C) for at least 1 hour before extrusion to obtain a lubricated resin.
- lubricant trade name: Isopar H (registered trademark), manufactured by Exxon Corp.
- the lubricated resin was paste-extruded through an orifice (diameter 2.5 mm, land length 11 mm, introduction angle 30°) at room temperature at a reduction ratio of 100:1 to obtain a uniform bead (beading; extrusion molded body).
- the extrusion speed i.e., the ram speed, was 20 in/min (51 cm/min).
- the load when the extrusion load reached equilibrium in the paste extrusion was measured, and the extrusion pressure was calculated by dividing the load by the cross-sectional area of the cylinder used for the paste extrusion.
- the stretching test was carried out in accordance with the method described in JP-A-2002-201217 as follows.
- the bead obtained by the above paste extrusion was heated at 230°C for 30 minutes to remove the lubricant from the bead.
- the bead (extrudate) was then cut to the appropriate length, clamped at each end with a clamp distance of 1.5 inches (38 mm) apart, and heated to 300°C in an air circulating oven.
- the clamps were then separated at a desired speed (stretch rate) until a separation distance corresponding to the desired stretch (total stretch) was achieved, and a stretch test (stretch test) was performed.
- the stretch method essentially followed the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
- Stretch is the increase in length due to stretching, usually expressed as a percentage of the original length. In the stretch method, the stretch rate was 1000%/sec, and the total stretch was 2400%. A specimen that did not break during stretching in the above stretch test was considered to be stretchable.
- aqueous solutions with five or more levels of content are prepared, and the aqueous solutions with each content are subjected to LC/MS analysis, and the relationship between the content and the area against the content is plotted.
- the area of the LC/MS chromatogram of the fluorine-containing compound in the extract was converted into the content of the fluorine-containing compound.
- the lower limit of quantification in this measurement method is 10 ppb by mass.
- Preparation Example 1 A reactor was charged with 220 g of monomer D represented by CH 2 ⁇ CF(CF 2 OCFCF 3 COOH) and 513 g of water, and further added with 0.5 mol % of ammonium persulfate (APS) based on monomer D. The mixture was heated and stirred at 60° C. for 24 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to obtain an aqueous solution of polymer D D-1 containing polymer D, which is a homopolymer of CH 2 ⁇ CF(CF 2 OCFCF 3 COOH).
- monomer D represented by CH 2 ⁇ CF(CF 2 OCFCF 3 COOH
- APS ammonium persulfate
- polymer D had an Mw of 180,000, an Mn of 86,000, and a dimer and trimer content of 2.0% by mass relative to polymer D.
- the concentration of the obtained polymer D aqueous solution D-2 was 5.0% by mass.
- DLS analysis of the polymer D aqueous solution D-2 showed that the particle size could not be measured.
- the content of ionic groups in polymer D was 3.91 meq/g, the fluorine substitution rate was 80%, and the ion exchange rate was 4.
- TFE was added until the pressure reached 0.73 MPaG. 17.9mg of ammonium persulfate (APS) initiator dissolved in 20g of deionized water was injected into the reactor, and the pressure of the reactor was set to 0.83 MPaG. After the injection of the initiator, a decrease in pressure occurred and the initiation of polymerization was observed. TFE was added to the reactor to keep the pressure constant at 0.78 MPaG. When the amount of TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 180 g, the supply of TFE and stirring were stopped. Then, the gas in the reactor was slowly released until the pressure in the reactor reached 0.02 MPaG.
- APS ammonium persulfate
- TFE was supplied until the pressure in the reactor reached 0.78 MPaG, and stirring was started again to continue the reaction.
- the amount of TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 540 g
- 14.3 mg of hydroquinone dissolved in 20 g of deionized water was injected into the reactor, and the reaction was continued.
- the amount of TFE consumed in the reaction reached about 1200 g
- the supply of TFE was stopped, stirring was stopped, and the reaction was terminated.
- the pressure in the reactor was vented to normal pressure, and the contents were removed from the reactor and cooled.
- the supernatant paraffin wax was removed from the TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion.
- the solid content of the resulting TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 24.4% by mass, and the average primary particle size was 261 nm.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 1 was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of 13% by mass, and then vigorously stirred in a container equipped with a stirrer to coagulate, and then filtered from the water to obtain a wet powder.
- the water content of the wet powder was about 45% by mass.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 210° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer composition A was obtained.
- the obtained TFE-based polymer composition A had a water content of 0.002% by mass, a standard specific gravity of 2.176, an endothermic peak temperature of 342° C., an HFP content of 0.094% by mass, and a polymer D content of 0.46% by mass.
- the extrusion pressure was 24.4 MPa, and stretching was possible.
- Preparation Example 2 A TFE-based polymer composition X was obtained in the same manner as in Preparation Example 1, except that the mesh tray was replaced with a flat tray (a tray having no air permeability at the bottom and sides) and the heat treatment time was changed to 5 hours.
- the water content of the resulting TFE-based polymer composition X was 0.072% by mass.
- Preparation Example 3 The TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 1 was diluted with deionized water so that the solid content concentration was 13 mass%, and the polymer D aqueous solution D-2 was added so that the polymer D was contained in an amount equivalent to 1.0 mass% relative to the TFE-based polymer solid content, and the mixture was vigorously stirred in a container equipped with a stirrer to be solidified, and then the mixture was filtered out from the water. The moisture content of the wet powder was about 45 mass%.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 210° C.
- TFE-based polymer composition B After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air to obtain a TFE-based polymer composition B.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer composition B had a water content of 0.002% by mass and a polymer D content of 1.00% by mass.
- Preparation Example 4 The TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 1 was diluted with deionized water to a solids concentration of 13% by mass, and the dilution was vigorously stirred in a vessel equipped with a stirrer to cause coagulation, and then the water was separated by filtration. The filtered polymer was washed with methanol in an amount equivalent to 4 times the amount of the TFE-based polymer solid content, and further washed with water to obtain a wet powder having a water content of about 45% by mass.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 210° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer composition C was obtained.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer composition C had a water content of 0.002% by mass and a polymer D content of 0.10% by mass.
- the aqueous solution L-1 of polymer L was analyzed.
- the weight average molecular weight (Mw) of polymer L was 1.0 ⁇ 10 4
- the number average molecular weight (Mn) was 0.8 ⁇ 10 4 .
- the content of dimers and trimers of monomer L in the aqueous solution of polymer L-1 was 0.1% by mass or less relative to polymer L.
- the content of fractions having a molecular weight of 3000 or less in the aqueous solution of polymer L-1 was 0.5% or less.
- the particle size could not be measured.
- the content of ionic groups in polymer L was 3.60 meq/g, the fluorine substitution rate was 100%, and the ion exchange rate was 4.
- the solids concentration of the resulting TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion was 25.5% by mass, and the average primary particle size was 182 nm.
- TFE-based polymer aqueous dispersion obtained in Production Example 2 was diluted with deionized water to a solid content concentration of 13% by mass, and then vigorously stirred in a container equipped with a stirrer to coagulate, and then filtered from the water to obtain a wet powder.
- the water content of the wet powder was about 45% by mass.
- the obtained wet powder was placed on a stainless steel mesh tray (placement amount: 2.0 g/cm 2 ), and the mesh tray was heat-treated in a hot air circulating electric furnace at 240° C. After 18 hours, the mesh tray was taken out and cooled in air, and then a TFE-based polymer composition D was obtained.
- the resulting TFE-based polymer composition D had a water content of 0.002% by mass, a standard specific gravity of 2.165, an endothermic peak temperature of 344° C., an HFP content of 0.294% by mass, and a polymer L content of 0.58% by mass.
- the extrusion pressure was 17.9 MPa, and stretching was possible.
- the fluorine-containing compound represented by the following formula was not detected from the TFE polymer compositions obtained in Preparation Examples 1 to 5. That is, the content was less than 10 ppb by mass.
- the mixture was sufficiently heated in a thermostatic bath at 50° C., and then treated in a Henschel mixer at 1,500 rpm for 10 minutes to promote fibrillation, thereby obtaining an electrode mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet.
- the obtained rolled sheet was again roughly crushed by folding in half, and the electrode mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet with greater strength.
- the electrode mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted to a final thickness of 90 ⁇ m.
- Table 3 shows the material types and compositions.
- the positive electrode mixture sheet was adhered to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m as follows.
- the adhesive used was a slurry in which polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was dissolved in N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) and carbon black was dispersed in a ratio of 80: 20.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- the adhesive was applied to an aluminum foil and dried on a hot plate at 120°C for 15 minutes to form a current collector with an adhesive layer. Thereafter, the positive electrode mixture sheet was placed on a current collector with an adhesive layer, and the positive electrode mixture sheet and the current collector were bonded together using a roll press machine heated to 100° C., cut into a desired size, and tabbed to form a positive electrode.
- ⁇ Preparation of negative electrode> To 98 parts by mass of a carbonaceous material (graphite), 1 part by mass of an aqueous dispersion of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (concentration of sodium carboxymethylcellulose: 1% by mass) and 1 part by mass of an aqueous dispersion of styrene-butadiene rubber (concentration of styrene-butadiene rubber: 50% by mass) were added as a thickener and binder, and mixed in a disperser to form a slurry. The obtained slurry was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 10 ⁇ m, dried, and rolled in a press, cut to a desired size, and tabbed to form a negative electrode.
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- LiPF 6 salt was mixed with this mixed solution at 23° C. so that the concentration in the electrolyte was 1.1 mol/L to obtain a nonaqueous electrolyte solution.
- the positive electrode was opposed to the negative electrode via a 20 ⁇ m-thick microporous polyethylene film (separator), and the nonaqueous electrolyte obtained above was injected thereinto. After the nonaqueous electrolyte sufficiently permeated the separator and the like, the battery was sealed, precharged, and aged to prepare a lithium ion secondary battery.
- CC/CV charging constant current-constant voltage
- 3 V current equivalent to 0.33 C
- the battery after the evaluation of the initial discharge capacity was again CC/CV charged (0.1C cut) to 4.3V at 25°C, and the volume of the battery was determined by Archimedes' method. After the volume of the battery was determined, it was stored at high temperature at 60°C for 30 days.
- the mixture of the active material, the conductive assistant, the binder, and the solid electrolyte was put into a Henschel mixer, and the mixture was homogenized by processing at 300 rpm for 2 minutes. Thereafter, the mixture was sufficiently heated in a thermostatic bath at 40° C., and then treated in a Henschel mixer at 1000 rpm for 3 minutes to promote fibrillation, thereby obtaining an electrode mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet.
- the obtained rolled sheet was again roughly crushed by folding in half, and the electrode mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrode mixture sheet with greater strength. Thereafter, the electrode mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted to a final thickness of 150 ⁇ m.
- Table 5 shows the material types and compositions.
- Denka Li-400 Carbon black manufactured by Denka
- the mixture was sufficiently heated in a thermostatic bath at 40° C., and then treated in a Henschel mixer at 1000 rpm for 1 minute to promote fibrillation, thereby obtaining an electrolyte mixture.
- the electrode mixture was put into parallel metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain an electrolyte mixture sheet.
- the rolled sheet obtained was again folded in half to be roughly crushed, and the electrolyte mixture was put into metal rolls (temperature: 80° C., rotation speed: 1 m/min) and rolled to obtain a stronger electrolyte mixture sheet.
- the electrolyte mixture sheet was placed in a roll press machine and the gap was adjusted so that the final thickness of the electrolyte mixture sheet was 120 ⁇ m.
- Table 7 shows the material types and compositions.
- Screw 2 Nut 3: Insulation sheet 4: Solid electrolyte mixture sheet 5: Gold vapor deposition 6: Upper electrode 7: Lower electrode
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Abstract
Description
一般式(I):
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
一般式(II):
TX-XA-RFA1-RFA2-XA-TX’ (II)
(式中、
RFA1は、-Rf1 p-RF-Oq-であり、
RFA2は、-Rf2 p-RFX-Oq-であり、
RFは、2価のフルオロポリエーテル基であり、
RFXは、アニオン性基を含む2価のフルオロポリエーテル基であり、
Rf1及びRf2は、それぞれ独立して、1個又はそれ以上のフッ素原子により置換されていてもよいC1-6アルキレン基であり、
pは、それぞれ独立して、0又は1であり、
qは、それぞれ独立して、0又は1であり、
XAは、それぞれ独立して、単結合又は2~10価の基であり、
TX及びTX’は、それぞれ独立して、(i)H、O及びClの1種又は複数種を含んでもよく、前記アニオン性基を持たないC1~C24(ヒドロ)(フルオロ)炭素基、及び、(ii)少なくとも1個の前記アニオン性基を含むC1~C24(ヒドロ)(フルオロ)炭素基からなる群から選択される。)
F(CF2)7COOM、
F(CF2)5COOM、
H(CF2)6COOM、
H(CF2)7COOM、
CF3O(CF2)3OCHFCF2COOM、
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COOM、
C2F5OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、及び、
なお、上記TFE系ポリマーは上記高分子化合物に含まれないものとする。
高分子化合物をメタノールにて抽出し、得られたメタノール抽出液に水を加えて、減圧蒸留を行い、水溶液を得る。得られた水溶液の電位差によりイオン性基を有しているか判断する。
なかでも、-SO3Ma、-PO3Ma及び-COOMaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が好ましく、-SO3Ma及び-COOMaからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種がより好ましく、-SO3Ma及び-COOMa(式中、Maは、-H又はアルカリ金属原子である。)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種が更に好ましい。
上記イオン性基の含有量は、上記高分子化合物の組成から計算により求められる。
上記IXRは、0.5以上が好ましく、1以上がより好ましく、3以上が更に好ましく、4以上が更により好ましく、5以上が殊更に好ましい。また、IXRは43以下が好ましく、33以下がより好ましく、23以下が更に好ましい。
上記高分子化合物において、イオン性基は、典型的に、ポリマー主鎖に沿って分布している。上記高分子化合物は、ポリマー主鎖に結合された繰り返し側鎖とともに含み、この側鎖はイオン性基を有することが好ましい。
上記高分子化合物を含むメタノール溶液に水を加え、40℃で減圧蒸留し、水溶液を得る。
得られた水溶液約1gを、減圧乾燥機中で60℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、加熱残分の質量を測定し、水溶液の質量に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表す。この値が0.1質量%以上であれば、水溶性高分子であると判断する。
上記フラクションを実質的に含まないとは、上記高分子化合物に対する上記フラクションの含有量が3.0質量%以下であることを意味する。上記フラクションの含有量は、上記高分子化合物に対し、1.0質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.5質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.1質量%以下であることが更に好ましい。
上記フラクションの含有量は、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィ(GPC)又は液体クロマトグラフィー-質量分析法(LC-MS)により測定することができる。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることが更に好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更により好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、検出限界未満の量であってよい。
上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物及びその定量方法については後述する。
一般式(I):
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
一般式(II):
TX-XA-RFA1-RFA2-XA-TX’ (II)
(式中、
RFA1は、-Rf1 p-RF-Oq-であり、
RFA2は、-Rf2 p-RFX-Oq-であり、
RFは、2価のフルオロポリエーテル基であり、
RFXは、アニオン性基を含む2価のフルオロポリエーテル基であり、
Rf1及びRf2は、それぞれ独立して、1個又はそれ以上のフッ素原子により置換されていてもよいC1-6アルキレン基であり、
pは、それぞれ独立して、0又は1であり、
qは、それぞれ独立して、0又は1であり、
XAは、それぞれ独立して、単結合又は2~10価の基であり、
TX及びTX’は、それぞれ独立して、(i)H、O及びClの1種又は複数種を含んでもよく、上記アニオン性基を持たないC1~C24(ヒドロ)(フルオロ)炭素基、及び、(ii)少なくとも1個の上記アニオン性基を含むC1~C24(ヒドロ)(フルオロ)炭素基からなる群から選択される。)
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
X1及びX3としては、F又はHが好ましい。X2としては、F、Cl、H又はCF3が好ましく、Fがより好ましい。また、Z1及びZ2としては、F又はCF3が好ましい。
次に、一般式(I)においてmが1である場合の好適な構成について説明する。
より好ましくは、Rは、エーテル結合を含んでいてもよい炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキレン基であり、更に好ましくは、エーテル結合を含む炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキレン基である。
式中、a、b、c及びdは独立して少なくとも1以上である。a、b、c及びdは独立して、2以上であってよく、3以上であってよく、4以上であってよく、10以上であってよく、20以上であってよい。a、b、c及びdの上限は、例えば、100である。
-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g- (r1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1である)で表される2価の基が好ましく、一般式(r2):
-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g- (r2)
(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1である)で表される2価の基がより好ましい。
-CF2-O-(CX6 2)e-{O-CF(CF3)}f-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (s1)
(式中、X6はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、fは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基である)で表されるものが好ましく、式(s1)において、Z1及びZ2は、F又はCF3がより好ましく、一方がFで他方がCF3であることが更に好ましい。
-CF2-O-(CX7 2)e-(O)g-CZ1Z2- (s2)
(式中、X7はそれぞれ独立してH、F又はCF3であり、eは0~3の整数であり、gは0又は1であり、Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基である)で表されるものが好ましく、式(s2)において、Z1及びZ2は、F又はCF3がより好ましく、一方がFで他方がCF3であることが更に好ましい。
一般式(I)で表される単量体としては、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2SO3Ma)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)3SO3Ma)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)4SO3Ma)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)SO3Ma)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2CF2SO3Ma)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF2COOMa)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)3COOMa)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)4COOMa)、CF2=CF(O(CF2)5COOMa)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)COOMa)、CF2=CF(OCF2CF(CF3)O(CF2)nCOOMa)(nは1より大きい)が挙げられる。
重合体(I)は、一般式(1)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(1)を含む重合体(1)であることが好ましい。
CX2=CY(-CZ2-O-Rf-A) (1)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又はFであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Zは、同一又は異なって、-H、-F、アルキル基又はフルオロアルキル基である。Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、-COOMa、-SO3Ma、-OSO3Ma又はC(CF3)2OMa(Maは、-H、金属原子、-NR2 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R2は、H又は有機基である。)である。但し、X、Y及びZの少なくとも1つはフッ素原子を含む。)
重合体(1)は、一般式(1)で表される単量体(1)の単独重合体であってもよいし、他の単量体との共重合体であってもよい。
CX2=CFCF2-O-(CF(CF3)CF2O)n5-CF(CF3)-A (1a)
(式中、各Xは、同一であり、F又はHを表す。n5は0又は1~10の整数を表し、Aは、上記定義と同じ。)で表される単量体が例示される。
重合体(1)は、一般式(1a)で表される単量体の単独重合体であってもよいし、他の単量体との共重合体であってもよい。
重合単位(1)は、一般式(1A)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(1A)であることが好ましい。
CH2=CF(-CF2-O-Rf-A) (1A)
(式中、Rf及びAは前記と同じ。)
重合体(1)は、一般式(1A)で表される単量体の単独重合体であってもよいし、他の単量体との共重合体であってもよい。
重合体(I)は、一般式(2)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(2)を含む重合体(2)であることも好ましい。
CX2=CY(-O-Rf-A) (2)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又はFであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合もしくはケト基を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、前記と同じである。)
重合体(I)は、一般式(3)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(3)を含む重合体(3)であることも好ましい。
CX2=CY(-Rf-A) (3)
(式中、Xは、同一又は異なって、-H又はFであり、Yは-H、-F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり、Rfは炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、前記と同じである。)
一般式(11):CX2=CY-CF2-O-Rf-A
(式中、X及びYは、独立に、H、F、CH3又はCF3であり、X及びYのうち、少なくとも1つはFである。Rfは、炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、-COOMa、-SO3Ma、-OSO3Ma又はC(CF3)2OMa(Maは、H、金属原子、NR2 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R2は、H又は有機基である)である。)
一般式(12):CX2=CX-O-Rf-A
(式中、Xは、独立に、F又はCF3であり、Rfは、炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合もしくはケト基を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Aは、-COOMa、-SO3Ma、-OSO3Ma又はC(CF3)2OMa(Maは、-H、金属原子、-NR2 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R2は、H又は有機基である)である。)
一般式(13):CX2=CX-O-Rf-SO3Ma
(式中、Xは、独立に、F又はCF3であり、Rfは、炭素数1~40の含フッ素アルキレン基、又は、炭素数2~100のエーテル結合もしくはケト基を有する含フッ素アルキレン基である。Maは、-H、金属原子、-NR2 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R2は、H又は有機基である。)
また、国際公開第2014/099453号、国際公開第2010/075497、国際公開第2010/075496号、国際公開第2011/008381、国際公開第2009/055521号、国際公開第1987/007619号、特開昭61-293476号公報、国際公開第2010/075494号、国際公開第2010/075359号、国際公開第2012/082454号、国際公開第2006/119224号、国際公開第2013/085864号、国際公開第2012/082707号、国際公開第2012/082703号、国際公開第2012/082451号、国際公開第2006/135825号、国際公開第2004/067588号、国際公開第2009/068528号、特開2004-075978号公報、特開2001-226436号公報、国際公開第1992/017635号、国際公開第2014/069165号、特開平11-181009号公報等に、それぞれの重合体の測定方法が記載されている。上記高分子化合物の含有量の測定方法としては、これらに記載のそれぞれの重合体の測定方法を用いることができる。
TFEの単独重合体とは、全重合単位中TFEと共重合可能な変性モノマーに基づく重合単位の含有量が0.0001質量%未満のものを指す。上記TFE共重合体は、10質量%以下の変性モノマー単位を含むものである。
上記TFE系ポリマーは、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン(PTFE)であってもよい。上記PTFEは、TFEのホモポリマーであってもよいし、変性PTFEであってもよい。
上記変性PTFEは、99.0質量%以上のTFE単位と、1.0質量%以下の変性モノマー単位とを含むものである。また、上記変性PTFEは、TFE単位及び変性モノマー単位のみからなるものであってよい。
上記TFE共重合体は、変性PTFEであってよい。
上記TFE系ポリマーとしては、ガス発生及び電気化学デバイス特性の劣化を一層抑制することができる点、結着力、合剤シートの強度及び柔軟性が向上する点で、上記TFE共重合体が好ましく、上記変性PTFEがより好ましい。
本明細書において、上記変性モノマー単位とは、TFE系ポリマーの分子構造の一部分であって変性モノマーに由来する部分を意味する。
CF2=CF-ORf (A)
(式中、Rfは、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるパーフルオロ不飽和化合物等が挙げられる。本明細書において、上記「パーフルオロ有機基」とは、炭素原子に結合する水素原子が全てフッ素原子に置換されてなる有機基を意味する。上記パーフルオロ有機基は、エーテル酸素を有していてもよい。
CF2=CF-CF2-ORf1 (B)
(式中、Rf1は、パーフルオロ有機基を表す。)で表されるフルオロモノマーが挙げられる。
上記吸熱ピーク温度は、300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴がないフッ素樹脂について10℃/分の昇温速度で示差走査熱量測定〔DSC〕を行って得られた融解熱曲線における極小点に対応する温度である。1つの融解ピーク中に極小点が2つ以上ある場合は、それぞれを吸熱ピーク温度とする。
上記数平均分子量は、フッ素樹脂を溶融後に示差走査型熱量計(DSC)の降温測定を行って見積もった結晶化熱から、下記の文献に記載の方法に従って求めた分子量である。測定は5回行い、最大値及び最小値を除いた3つの値の平均値を採用する。
文献:Suwa,T.;Takehisa,M.;Machi,S.,J.Appl.Polym.Sci.vol.17,pp.3253(1973).
上記水分含有量は、0.040質量%以下であることが好ましく、0.020質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.010質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.005質量%以下であることが更により好ましく、0.002質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
上記水分含有量は、以下の方法により測定する。
TFE系ポリマー組成物を150℃で2時間加熱した前後の質量を測定し、以下の式に従って算出する。試料を3回取り、それぞれ算出した後、平均を求め、当該平均値を採用する。
水分含有量(質量%)=[(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))-(加熱後のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))]/(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))×100
上記含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないとは、上記含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることが好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更に好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
試料を1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60分間の超音波処理を行ない、抽出液を得る。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮後の抽出液中の含フッ素化合物をLC/MS/MS測定する。得られたLC/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素化合物の構造式との一致を確認する。標準物質の5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS分析を行ない、含有量と、その含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描く。上記検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素化合物のLC/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素化合物の含有量に換算する。
なお、この測定方法における定量下限は10質量ppbである。
試料を1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60℃で2時間、超音波処理を行ない、室温で静置した後、固形分を除き、抽出液を得る。得られた抽出液を適宜窒素パージで濃縮し、濃縮後の抽出液中の含フッ素化合物をLC/MS/MS測定する。得られたLC/MSスペクトルから、分子量情報を抜出し、候補となる含フッ素化合物の構造式との一致を確認する。濃度既知の含フッ素化合物のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計を用いて測定を行い、それぞれの濃度範囲において、メタノール標準溶液濃度とピークの積分値から一次近似を用い、検量線を作成する。上記検量線から、抽出液に含まれる含フッ素化合物の含有量を測定し、試料に含まれる含フッ素化合物の含有量を換算する。
なお、この測定方法における定量下限は1質量ppbである。
含フッ素界面活性剤の存在下で行う重合により得られる重合粒子には、TFE系ポリマー以外に、含フッ素界面活性剤が含まれることが通常である。本明細書において、含フッ素界面活性剤は、重合時に使用されるものである。
上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物は、重合の際に添加されていない化合物、例えば、重合途中で副生する化合物であってよい。
なお、上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物は、アニオン性部とカチオン性部とを含む場合は、アニオン性部の分子量が1000以下であるフッ素を含む化合物を意味する。上記分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物には、TFE系ポリマーは含まれないものとする。
上記アニオン性含フッ素界面活性剤としては、下記一般式(N0):
Xn0-Rfn0-Y0 (N0)
(式中、Xn0は、H、Cl又は及びFである。Rfn0は、炭素数3~20で、鎖状、分枝鎖状又は環状で、一部又は全てのHがFにより置換されたアルキレン基であり、該アルキレン基は1つ以上のエーテル結合を含んでもよく、一部のHがClにより置換されていてもよい。Y0はアニオン性基である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。
Y0のアニオン性基は、-COOM、-SO2M、又は、-SO3Mであってよく、-COOM、又は、-SO3Mであってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子、NR1 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R1は、H又は有機基である。
上記金属原子としては、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)等が挙げられ、例えば、Na、K又はLiである。
R1としては、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
Mは、H、金属原子又はNR1 4であってよく、H、アルカリ金属(1族)、アルカリ土類金属(2族)又はNR1 4であってよく、H、Na、K、Li又はNH4であってよい。
上記Rfn0は、Hの50%以上がフッ素に置換されているものであってよい。
F(CF2)7COOM、
F(CF2)5COOM、
H(CF2)6COOM、
H(CF2)7COOM、
CF3O(CF2)3OCHFCF2COOM、
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COOM、
C2F5OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、及び、
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、上記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まないことが好ましい。
R1は、H又はC1-10の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4の有機基であってよく、H又はC1-4のアルキル基であってよい。
上記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まないとは、当該含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることが好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更に好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
[Cn-1F2n-1COO-]M+
(式中、nは9~14の整数、好ましくは9~12の整数、M+はカチオンを表す。)で表される含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないことも好ましい。これにより、ガス発生及び電気化学デバイス特性の劣化を一層抑制することができ、合剤シート強度を一層向上させることもできる。
上記式中のカチオンM+を構成するMは、上述したMと同様である。
上記式で表される含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まないとは、当該含フッ素化合物の量が、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb以下であることを意味する。
上記含フッ素化合物の量は、25質量ppb未満であることが好ましく、10質量ppb以下であることがより好ましく、10質量ppb未満であることが更に好ましく、5質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、3質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb以下であることが更により好ましく、1質量ppb未満であることが特に好ましい。下限は特に限定されず、定量下限未満の量であってよい。
上記TFE系ポリマー及び上記高分子化合物の合計量は、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物に対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
上記SSGは、また、2.130以上であることが好ましい。
上記SSGは、ASTM D 4895に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定する。
RR100における押出圧力は、また、加工性が向上する点で、50MPa以下であることが好ましく、40MPa以下であることがより好ましく、35MPa以下であることが更に好ましく、30MPa以下であることが更により好ましく、25MPa以下であることが更により好ましく、21MPa以下であることが更により好ましく、20MPa以下であることが特に好ましい。
TFE系ポリマー組成物100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合する。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得る。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得る。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とする。ペースト押出において押出負荷が平衡状態になった時の負荷を測定し、ペースト押出に用いたシリンダーの断面積で除することにより、押出圧力を算出する。
RR300における押出圧力は、また、加工性が向上する点で、45MPa以下であることが好ましく、40MPa以下であることがより好ましい。
TFE系ポリマー粉末50gと押出助剤としての炭化水素油(商品名:アイソパーG、エクソン社製)10.25gとをポリエチレン容器内で3分間混合する。室温(25℃)で、押出機のシリンダーに上記混合物を充填し、シリンダーに挿入したピストンに0.47MPaの負荷をかけて1分間保持する。次にラム速度18mm/minでオリフィスから押出する。オリフィスの断面積に対するシリンダーの断面積の比(リダクションレシオ)は300である。押出操作の後半において、圧力が平衡状態になったときの荷重(N)をシリンダー断面積で除した値を押出圧力(MPa)とする。
延伸可能であるとは、以下の延伸試験において延伸体が得られることを意味する。
上記のRR100でのペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去する。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱する。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、延伸試験(ストレッチ試験)を実施する。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従う。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。ストレッチ方法においてストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%である。
24倍に延伸可能であるとは、上記の延伸試験の延伸中に破断しないことを意味する。
上記破断強度は、下記方法で求めた値である。
上述の延伸試験で得られた延伸ビード(ビードをストレッチすることによって作製されたもの)について、5.0cmのゲージ長である可動ジョーにおいて挟んで固定し、25℃で300mm/分の速度で引っ張り試験を行い、破断した時の強度を破断強度として測定する。
なお、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物は、粉末以外の形態であってもよく、例えば、分散液であってもよい。
上記平均一次粒子径は、330nm以下であることがより好ましく、320nm以下であることが更に好ましく、300nm以下であることが更により好ましく、280nm以下であることが更により好ましく、250nm以下であることが特に好ましく、また、150nm以上であることがより好ましく、170nm以上であることが更に好ましく、200nm以上であることが更により好ましい。
上記平均一次粒子径は、以下の方法により測定する。
TFE系水性分散液を水で固形分濃度0.15質量%になるまで希釈し、得られた希釈ラテックスの単位長さに対する550nmの投射光の透過率と、透過型電子顕微鏡写真により定方向を測定して決定した数基準長さ平均粒子径とを測定して、検量線を作成する。この検量線を用いて、各試料の550nmの投射光の実測透過率から数平均粒子径を決定し、平均一次粒子径とする。
また、平均一次粒子径は動的光散乱にて測定できる。動的光散乱法においては、固形分濃度を約1.0質量%に調整したTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を作製し、ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子社製)を使用して25℃、積算70回にて測定する。溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・sとする。
上記平均二次粒子径は、JIS K 6891に準拠して測定する。
上記平均アスペクト比は、TFE系ポリマー組成物、又は、固形分濃度が約1質量%となるように希釈したTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察し、無作為に抽出した200個以上の粒子について画像処理を行い、その長径と短径の比の平均より求める。
上記繊維状粒子の全粒子に対する割合は、以下のようにして算出することができる。
(1)上記繊維状粒子を含むTFE系ポリマー粉末を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で撮像する。撮影倍率は、例えば、300~1000倍とすることができる。
(2)撮像した画像をコンピュータに取り込み、ImageJ等の画像解析ソフトで、全粒子を上記繊維状粒子と、アスペクト比が1.5未満の粒子とに分ける。
(3)上記繊維状粒子の個数を、全粒子の個数、即ち、上記繊維状粒子とアスペクト比が1.5未満の粒子の個数の合計で除して、全粒子に対する上記繊維状粒子の割合を算出する。
上記アスペクト比が1.5以上の繊維状粒子は、例えば、上記TFE系ポリマー組成物を電極活物質や固体電解質と混合する際に形成される。
上記見掛密度は、JIS K 6892に準拠して測定する。
重合温度は、例えば、分子量分布に影響を与えるために、すなわち、広い分子量分布を得るため、又は二峰性若しくは多峰性の分子量分布を得るために、重合中に変化させてもよい。
重合媒体のpHは、pH2~11、好ましくは3~10、最も好ましくは4~10の範囲にあってもよい。
RaIxBry
(式中、x及びyはそれぞれ0~2の整数であり、かつ1≦x+y≦2を満たすものであり、Raは炭素数1~16の飽和若しくは不飽和のフルオロ炭化水素基又はクロロフルオロ炭化水素基、又は炭素数1~3の炭化水素基であり、酸素原子を含んでいてもよい)で表される化合物が挙げられる。臭素化合物又はヨウ素化合物を使用することによって、ヨウ素又は臭素が重合体に導入され、架橋点として機能する。
上記TFE系ポリマーの水性分散液に対して凝析を行う場合、通常、ポリマーラテックス等の重合により得た水性分散液を、水を用いて10~25質量%のポリマー濃度(好ましくは10~20質量%のポリマー濃度)になるように希釈し、場合によっては、pHを中性又はアルカリ性に調整した後、撹拌機付きの容器中で反応中の撹拌よりも激しく撹拌して行う。上記凝析は、メタノール、アセトン等の水溶性有機化合物、硝酸カリウム、炭酸アンモニウム等の無機塩や、塩酸、硫酸、硝酸等の無機酸等を凝析剤として添加しながら撹拌を行ってもよい。上記凝析は、また、インラインミキサー等を使用して連続的に行ってもよい。
上記乾燥の温度は、押出圧力が低下する観点では、300℃以下が好ましく、250℃以下がより好ましく、230℃以下が更に好ましく、210℃以下が更により好ましく、190℃以下が更により好ましく、170℃以下が特に好ましい。破断強度が向上する観点では、10℃以上が好ましく、100℃以上がより好ましく、150℃以上が更に好ましく、170℃以上が更により好ましく、190℃以上が更により好ましく、210℃以上が特に好ましい。上記強度比を一層高くするために、この温度範囲で適宜調整することが好ましい。
上記底面及び/又は側面に通気性のある容器としては、底面及び/又は側面に通気性を有するトレー(バット)が好ましく、底面及び/又は側面がメッシュで作製されたトレー(メッシュトレー)が更に好ましい。
上記メッシュは、織網とパンチングメタルのいずれかであることが好ましい。
上記メッシュの目開きは、2000μm以下(ASTM規格の10メッシュ以上)が好ましく、595μm以下(30メッシュ以上)がより好ましく、297μm以下(50メッシュ以上)が更に好ましく、177μm以下(80メッシュ以上)が更により好ましく、149μm以下(100メッシュ以上)が殊更に好ましく、74μm以下(200メッシュ以上)が特に好ましい。また、25μm以上(500メッシュ以下)が好ましい。
上記メッシュが織網である場合の織り方としては、例えば、平織、綾織、平畳織、綾畳織が挙げられる。
上記メッシュがパンチングメタルである場合の開孔率は、10%以上が好ましく、20%以上がより好ましく、30%以上が更に好ましい。また、95%以下が好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、電池用バインダーに使用されることが好ましい。
本開示のTFE系ポリマー組成物は、良好なイオン伝導を保ちながら、合剤シート強度を向上させることができることから、二次電池用バインダー、特に、リチウムイオン二次電池用バインダ、固体二次電池用バインダーに使用されることも好ましい。また、キャパシタ用バインダーに使用されることも好ましい。
本開示のバインダーは、特定のTFE系ポリマー組成物を含むので、合剤シート強度を向上させることができる。また、水分を実質的に含まないので、電気化学デバイスセル内部のガス発生及び電気化学デバイス特性の劣化(例えば、高温保存時の容量の低下)を抑制することができる。また、水や有機溶剤といった分散媒を多量に使用する必要がなく、組み合わせる電極活物質や固体電解質を広く選択することができ、生産工程上有利である。また、分散媒の使用による工程及びコストを削減することができる。更に、本開示のバインダーは、活物質や電解質との結着力に優れるので、使用量を削減することができる。
上記TFE系ポリマー組成物の含有量は、上記バインダーに対し、98.0質量%以上であることが好ましく、99.0質量%以上であることがより好ましく、99.5質量%以上であることが更に好ましく、99.9質量%以上であることが特に好ましく、99.95質量%以上であることが最も好ましい。
本開示のバインダーが上記TFE系ポリマー組成物のみからなることも好ましい。
上記有機溶剤含有量は、3質量%以下であることが好ましく、1質量%以下であることがより好ましく、0.1質量%以下であることが更に好ましく、0.01質量%以下であることが更により好ましく、0.001質量%以下であることが特に好ましい。
電池としては、リチウムイオン電池等の二次電池等が挙げられる。
キャパシタとしては特に限定されないが、電気化学キャパシタであることが好ましい。電気化学キャパシタとしては、電気二重層キャパシタ、ハイブリッドキャパシタ、レドックスキャパシタ等が挙げられる。ハイブリッドキャパシタとしては、例えば、ナトリウムイオンキャパシタ、リチウムイオンキャパシタ、マグネシウムイオンキャパシタが挙げられる。これらの中でも特に電気二重層キャパシタが好ましい。
本開示のバインダーは、電気化学デバイス部材、好ましくは電池部材を作製するために用いられるものであってよい。
本開示のバインダーは、電極用バインダーとして特に好適に使用することができる。
本開示のバインダーは、また、固体二次電池の固体電解質層におけるバインダーとしても好適に使用することができる。
式:MaMn2-bM1 bO4
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0.9≦a;0≦b≦1.5;M1はFe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物(リチウム・マンガンスピネル複合酸化物等)、
式:MNi1-cM2 cO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦c≦0.5;M2はFe、Co、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・ニッケル複合酸化物(リチウム・ニッケル複合酸化物等)、又は、
式:MCo1-dM3 dO2
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり;0≦d≦0.5;M3はFe、Ni、Mn、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属)で表されるアルカリ金属・コバルト複合酸化物(リチウム・コバルト複合酸化物等)が挙げられる。
上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLi又はNaであり、更に好ましくはLiである。
MNihCoiMnjM5 kO2 (3)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M5はFe、Cu、Zn、Al、Sn、Cr、V、Ti、Mg、Ca、Sr、B、Ga、In、Si及びGeからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、(h+i+j+k)=1.0、0≦h≦1.0、0≦i≦1.0、0≦j≦1.5、0≦k≦0.2である。)
MeM4 f(PO4)g (4)
(式中、Mは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の金属であり、M4はV、Ti、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni及びCuからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を示し、0.5≦e≦3、1≦f≦2、1≦g≦3である。)で表される化合物が挙げられる。上記において、Mは、好ましくは、Li、Na及びKからなる群より選択される1種の金属であり、より好ましくはLi又はNaであり、更に好ましくはLiである。すなわち、上記アルカリ金属含有遷移金属リン酸化合物としては、リチウム含有遷移金属リン酸化合物が好ましい。
LiyNi1-xMxO2 (5)
(式中、xは、0.01≦x≦0.7、yは、0.9≦y≦2.0であり、Mは金属原子(但しLi及びNiを除く)を表す)で表される正極活物質が好ましい。
上記タップ密度は、正極活物質粉体5~10gを10mlのガラス製メスシリンダーに入れ、ストローク約20mmで200回タップした時の粉体充填密度(タップ密度)g/cm3として求める。
上記平均一次粒子径は、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を用いた観察により測定される。具体的には、10000倍の倍率の写真で、水平方向の直線に対する一次粒子の左右の境界線による切片の最長の値を、任意の50個の一次粒子について求め、平均値をとることにより求められる。
上記BET比表面積は、表面積計(例えば、大倉理研社製全自動表面積測定装置)を用い、試料に対して窒素流通下150℃で30分間、予備乾燥を行なった後、大気圧に対する窒素の相対圧の値が0.3となるように正確に調整した窒素ヘリウム混合ガスを用い、ガス流動法による窒素吸着BET1点法によって測定した値で定義される。
上記導電助剤としては、公知の導電材を任意に用いることができる。具体例としては、銅、ニッケル等の金属材料、天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛等の黒鉛(グラファイト)、アセチレンブラック、ケッチェンブラック、チャンネルブラック、ファーネスブラック、ランプブラック、サーマルブラック等のカーボンブラック、ニードルコークス、カーボンナノチューブ、フラーレン、VGCF等の無定形炭素等の炭素材料等が挙げられる。なお、これらは、1種を単独で用いてもよく、2種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で併用してもよい。
工程(a):粉体成分とバインダーとを混合して電極合剤を形成するステップと、
工程(b):電極合剤をカレンダリング又は押出成形してシートを製造するステップと
を含み、
工程(a)の混合は、
(a1)粉体成分とバインダーとを均質化して粉末にする工程と、
(a2)工程(a1)によって得られた粉末状の原料混合物を混合して電極合剤を調製する工程と
を含むことを特徴とする製造方法によっても、好適に製造することができる。
すなわち、このような(a1)においては、フィブリル化を抑制しながら、混合して均質化することが好ましい。
次いで行う工程である(a2)における混合は、30℃以上の温度で行うことで、フィブリル化を促進させることが好ましい。
一実施形態では、上記工程(b)のカレンダリング又は押し出しは、30℃から150℃の間、好ましくは35℃から120℃の間、より好ましくは40℃から100℃の間の温度で実行される。
具体的な混合方法としては、W型混合機、V型混合機、ドラム型混合機、リボン混合機、円錐スクリュー型混合機、1軸混練機、2軸混練機、ミックスマラー、撹拌ミキサー、プラネタリーミキサー、ヘンシェルミキサー、高速ミキサー等を用いて混合する方法が挙げられる。
工程(a1)では工程(a2)よりも弱い剪断力で行うことが好ましい。
また工程(a1)では工程(a2)よりも短い時間で行うことが望ましい。
水分含有量が1000ppm以下であることによって、電気化学デバイスの劣化を低減させるという点で好ましい。上記水分含有量は、500ppm以下であることが更に好ましい。
工程(b)は、(b1)前記工程(a)によって得られた電極合剤をバルク状に成形する工程と、(b2)バルク状の電極合剤をカレンダリング又は押出成形する工程を含むことが好ましい。
バルク状に成形する具体的な方法として、押出成形、プレス成形等が挙げられる。
また、「バルク状」とは、特に形状が特定されるものではなく、1つの塊状になっている状態であればよく、ロッド状、シート状、球状、キューブ状等の形態が含まれる。上記塊の大きさは、その断面の直径又は最小の一辺が10000μm以上であることが好ましい。より好ましくは20000μm以上である。
工程(c)の回数としては、2回以上10回以下が好ましく、3回以上9回以下がより好ましい。
具体的な圧延方法としては、例えば、2つあるいは複数のロールを回転させ、その間に圧延シートを通すことによって、より薄いシート状に加工する方法等が挙げられる。
また、工程(a)ないし、(b)、(c)、(d)において1軸延伸もしくは2軸延伸を行っても良い。
また、工程(d)での粗砕程度によってもシート強度を調整することができる。
なお、ここでいう圧延率とは、試料の圧延加工前の厚みに対する加工後の厚みの減少率を指す。圧延前の試料は、バルク状の原料組成物であっても、シート状の原料組成物であってもよい。試料の厚みとは、圧延時に荷重をかける方向の厚みを指す。
上記工程(c)~(d)は30℃以上で行うのが好ましく、60℃以上がより好ましい。また、150℃以下で行うのが好ましい。
上記固体二次電池は、正極、負極、並びに、当該正極及び当該負極の間に介在する固体電解質層を備えることが好ましい。
N2フロー下の反応器の排ガスラインから出てきたガスについて、低濃度酸素分析計(商品名「PS-820-L」、飯島電子工業社製)を用いて測定及び分析することにより、反応時における酸素濃度を求めた。
重合体の水溶液約1gを、減圧乾燥機中で60℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、加熱残分の質量を測定し、重合体水溶液の質量(1g)に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表した値を採用した。
重合体DのMw、Mnは、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィ(GPC)により、東ソー社製のGPC HLC-8020を用い、Shodex社製のカラム(GPC KF-801を1本、GPC KF-802を1本、GPC KF-806Mを2本直列に接続)を使用し、溶媒としてテトラヒドロフラン(THF)を流速1ml/分で流して測定し、単分散ポリスチレンを標準として分子量を算出した。
重合体LのMw、Mnは、ゲルパーミエーションクロマトグラフィ(GPC)により、Agilent Technologies社製の1260 Infinity IIを用い、東ソー社製のカラム(TSKgel G3000PWXLを1本及びTSG gel GMPWXLを1本)を連結して使用し、溶媒としてトリス緩衝液とアセトニトリルの混合溶媒(トリス緩衝液:アセトニトリル=8:2(v/v))を流速0.5ml/分で流して測定し、単分散ポリエチレンオキサイド(PEO)、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)を標準として分子量を算出することにより求めた。
(1)水溶液からの抽出
重合体の水溶液の固形分を測定し、重合体の固形分0.2gに相当する量の水溶液を秤量した。その後、水溶液中に含まれている水と合わせ、水とメタノールとの体積比が50/50(体積%)となるように、水とメタノールを加え、重合体並びに水及びメタノールを含有する混合液を得た。その後、得られた混合液を用いて、4000rpmで1時間遠心分離を行い、重合体を含む上澄み液を得た後、得られた上澄み液に対して、限外ろ過ディスク(分画分子量3000Da)を用いてろ過を行ない、抽出液として回収した。
液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters,LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて、抽出液の分析を行い、抽出液のクロマトグラムを得た。
抽出液に含まれる単量体のダイマー及びトリマーの含有量は、抽出液のクロマトグラムに現れる単量体のダイマー及びトリマーに由来するピークの積分値を、検量線を用いて、単量体のダイマー及びトリマーの含有量に換算することにより求めた。
1ng/mL~100ng/mLの含有量既知の単量体のメタノール標準溶液を5水準調製し、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters,LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。それぞれの単量体の含有量と、その含有量に対するピークの積分値との関係をプロットし、各単量体の検量線(一次近似)を作成した。次に、各単量体の検量線(一次近似)を用いて、各単量体のダイマー及びトリマーの検量線を作成した。
動的光散乱法においては、固形分濃度を約1.0質量%に調整した重合体分散液を作製し、ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子社製)を使用して25℃、積算70回にて測定した。溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・sとした。
TFE系ポリマー水性分散液1gを、送風乾燥機中で150℃、60分の条件で乾燥し、水性分散液の質量(1g)に対する、加熱残分の質量の割合を百分率で表した値を採用する。
平均一次粒子径は、動的光散乱法により測定した。動的光散乱法においては、固形分濃度を約1.0質量%に調整したTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を作製し、ELSZ-1000S(大塚電子社製)を使用して25℃、積算70回にて測定した。溶媒(水)の屈折率は1.3328、溶媒(水)の粘度は0.8878mPa・sとした。
約20gのTFE系ポリマー組成物を150℃、2時間加熱した前後の質量を測定し、以下の式に従って算出する。試料を3回取り、それぞれ算出した後、平均を求め、当該平均値を採用した。
水分含有量(質量%)=[(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))-(加熱後のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))]/(加熱前のTFE系ポリマー組成物の質量(g))×100
ASTM D4895 89に準拠して成形されたサンプルを用い、ASTM D 792に準拠した水置換法により測定した。
HFP含有量は、TFE系ポリマー組成物をプレス成形することで薄膜ディスクを作製し、薄膜ディスクをFT-IR測定した赤外線吸光度から、982cm-1における吸光度/935cm-1における吸光度の比に0.3を乗じて求めた。
吸熱ピーク温度は、300℃以上の温度に加熱した履歴のないTFE系ポリマーの粉末約10mgを精秤し、DSC(示差走査熱量計)を用いて測定した。吸熱ピーク温度は、10℃/分の条件で昇温させることにより融解熱曲線を得て、得られた融解熱曲線における極小値に対応する温度とした。
TFE系ポリマー組成物中に含まれる重合体Dの含有量は、固体19F-MAS NMR測定により得られたスペクトルから求めた。
押出圧力は、特開2002-201217号公報記載の方法に準拠し、下記方法で求めた。
TFE系ポリマー組成物100gに、潤滑剤(商品名:アイソパーH(登録商標)、エクソン社製)21.7gを添加し、室温にてガラスビン中で3分間混合した。次いで、ガラスビンを、押出前少なくとも1時間、室温(25℃)に放置し、潤滑化樹脂を得た。潤滑化樹脂をオリフィス(直径2.5mm、ランド長11mm、導入角30°)を通して、室温で100:1の減速比でペースト押出し、均一なビード(beading;押出成形体)を得た。押出スピード、すなわち、ラムスピードは、20インチ/分(51cm/分)とした。ペースト押出において押出負荷が平衡状態になった時の負荷を測定し、ペースト押出に用いたシリンダーの断面積で除することにより、押出圧力を算出した。
延伸試験は、特開2002-201217号公報記載の方法に準拠し、下記方法で実施した。
上記のペースト押出により得られたビードを230℃で30分加熱することにより、潤滑剤をビードから除去した。次に、ビード(押出成形体)を適当な長さに切断し、クランプ間隔が1.5インチ(38mm)となるよう、各末端をクランプに固定し、空気循環炉中で300℃に加熱した。次いでクランプを所望のストレッチ(総ストレッチ)に相当する分離距離となるまで所望の速度(ストレッチ速度)で離し、延伸試験(ストレッチ試験)を実施した。このストレッチ方法は、押出スピード(84cm/分でなく51cm/分)が異なることを除いて、本質的に米国特許第4,576,869号明細書に開示された方法に従った。『ストレッチ』とは、延伸による長さの増加であり、通常元の長さに対する比率として表される。ストレッチ方法においてストレッチ速度は、1000%/秒であり、上記総ストレッチは2400%であった。上記延伸試験において延伸中に破断しなかったものを延伸可能とした。
TFE系ポリマー組成物をそれぞれ1g秤量し、メタノールを10g(12.6ml)加え、60分間の超音波処理を行ない、抽出液を得た。得られた抽出液をLC/MS/MS測定した。抽出液中の含フッ素化合物について、液体クロマトグラフ質量分析計(Waters,LC-MS ACQUITY UPLC/TQD)を用いて測定を行った。測定機器構成とLC-MS測定条件を表2に示す。濃度既知の含フッ素化合物の水溶液を用いて、5水準以上の含有量の水溶液を作製し、それぞれの含有量の水溶液のLC/MS分析を行ない、含有量とその含有量に対するエリア面積と関係をプロットし、検量線を描いた。上記検量線を用いて、抽出液中の含フッ素化合物のLC/MSクロマトグラムのエリア面積を、含フッ素化合物の含有量に換算した。
なお、この測定方法における定量下限は10質量ppbである。
反応器に、CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COOH)で表される単量体D220g、水513gを加え、更に、過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)を単量体Dに対して0.5mol%加えた。窒素雰囲気下にて60℃で24時間加熱撹拌し、CH2=CF(CF2OCFCF3COOH)の単独重合体である重合体Dを含む重合体D水溶液D-1を得た。
得られた重合体D水溶液D-1のGPC分析した結果、重合体Dは、Mw18万、Mn8.6万、ダイマー及びトリマーの含有量が、重合体Dに対して2.0質量%であった。
内容量6Lの撹拌機付きSUS製反応器に、3457gの脱イオン水、180gのパラフィンワックス、107.4gの重合体D水溶液D-2、1.8gの0.1質量%濃度のトライトン(登録商標)X-100(商品名、ダウ・ケミカル社製)の水溶液及び、1.1gの1.0質量%濃度のイソプロパノール水溶液を入れた。アンモニア水を加えてpHを9.1に調整した。次いで反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFEでパージして反応器内の酸素を除き、内容物を攪拌した。反応器中に2.4gのHFPを加えた後、0.73MPaGの圧力となるまでTFEを加えた。20gの脱イオン水に溶解した17.9mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。反応器にTFEを加えて圧力を0.78MPaG一定となるように保った。反応で消費したTFEが約180gに達した時点でTFEの供給と撹拌を停止した。続いて反応器の圧力が0.02MPaGに達するまで反応器内のガスをゆっくりと放出した。その後、反応器の圧力が0.78MPaGになるまでTFEを供給し、再び撹拌を開始して引き続き反応を行った。反応で消費したTFEが約540gに達した時点で20gの脱イオン水に溶解した14.3mgのヒドロキノンを反応器に注入し、引き続き反応を行った。反応で消費したTFEが約1200gに達した時点でTFEの供給を止め、撹拌を停止して反応を終了した。その後に、反応器内の圧力が常圧になるまで排気し、内容物を反応器から取り出して冷却した。上澄みのパラフィンワックスをTFE系ポリマー水性分散液から取り除いた。得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液の固形分濃度24.4質量%、平均一次粒子径は261nmであった。
製造例1で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別し、湿潤粉末を得た。湿潤粉末の水分含有量は約45質量%であった。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、210℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物Aを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Aの水分含有量は0.002質量%、標準比重は2.176、吸熱ピーク温度は342℃、HFP含有量は0.094質量%、重合体Dの含有量は0.46質量%であった。押出圧力は24.4MPa、延伸可能であった。
メッシュトレーを平板トレー(底面及び側面に通気性のないトレー)に、熱処理する時間を5時間とする以外は、作製例1と同様にしてTFE系ポリマー組成物Xを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Xの水分含有量は0.072質量%であった。
製造例1で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し、TFE系ポリマー固形分に対して1.0質量%相当の重合体Dを含むように重合体D水溶液D-2を添加し、撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別した。湿潤粉末の水分含有量は約45質量%であった。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、210℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物Bを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Bの水分含有量は0.002質量%、重合体Dの含有量は1.00質量%であった。
製造例1で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し、撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別した。
濾別したポリマーをTFE系ポリマー固形分に対して4倍量相当のメタノールで洗浄し、さらに水で洗浄し、湿潤粉末を得た。湿潤粉末の水分含有量は約45質量%であった。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、210℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物Cを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Cの水分含有量は0.002質量%、重合体Dの含有量は0.10質量%であった。
反応器に、170gのsodium 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-((1,2,2-trifluorovinyl)oxy)ethane-1-sulfonate(単量体K)、340gの水、単量体Kの量に対して2.0モル%に相当する量の過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)を加え、N2フロー下にて40℃で72時間撹拌することにより、単量体Kの単独重合体である重合体Kを含む重合体K水溶液K-1を得た。反応器内の酸素濃度は15体積ppmから800体積ppmの範囲で推移した。
内容量6Lの撹拌機付きSUS製反応器に、3087gの脱イオン水、104gのパラフィンワックス、477gの重合体L水溶液L-1、3.58gの0.1質量%濃度のイソプロパノール水溶液を入れた。次いでアンモニア水を入れてpHを9.0に調整し、反応器の内容物を70℃まで加熱しながら吸引すると同時にTFEでパージして反応器内の酸素を除き、内容物を攪拌した。反応器中に5.8gのHFPを加えた後、0.73MPaGの圧力となるまでTFEを加えた。20gの脱イオン水に溶解した17.9mgの過硫酸アンモニウム(APS)開始剤を反応器に注入し、反応器を0.83MPaGの圧力にした。開始剤の注入後に圧力の低下が起こり重合の開始が観測された。反応器にTFEを加えて圧力を0.78MPaG一定となるように保った。反応で消費したTFEが約180gに達した時点でTFEの供給と撹拌を停止した。
製造例2で得られたTFE系ポリマー水性分散液を脱イオン水で固形分濃度が13質量%となるように希釈し撹拌機付きの容器内で激しく攪拌し凝固させた後、水と濾別し、湿潤粉末を得た。湿潤粉末の水分含有量は約45質量%であった。
得られた湿潤粉末をステンレス製のメッシュトレーに配置し(配置量:2.0g/cm2)、240℃の熱風循環式電気炉内でメッシュトレーを熱処理した。18時間後、メッシュトレーを取り出し、メッシュトレーを空冷させた後、TFE系ポリマー組成物Dを得た。
得られたTFE系ポリマー組成物Dの水分含有量は0.002質量%、標準比重は2.165、吸熱ピーク温度は344℃、HFP含有量は0.294質量%、重合体Lの含有量は0.58質量%であった。押出圧力は17.9MPa、延伸可能であった。
F(CF2)7COOH、
F(CF2)5COOH、
H(CF2)6COOH、
H(CF2)7COOH、
CF3O(CF2)3OCHFCF2COOH、
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOH、
CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOH、
CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COOH、
C2F5OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOH、
CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOH、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOH、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOH、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOH、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOH、及び、
下記の手順で実施例1~4及び比較例1の合剤シート作製と合剤シート評価、電池評価を行った。
<正極合剤シートの作製>
活物質と導電助剤を秤量し、V型混合機に材料を投入し、37rpmで10分間混合し活物質と導電助剤からなる混合物を得た。その後、混合物に秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー組成物)を投入し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。活物質、導電助剤とバインダーからなる混合物をヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、1000rpmで3分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を50℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、ヘンシェルミキサーにて1500rpmで10分間処理することでフィブリル化を促進し、電極合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電極合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電極合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電極合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な正極合剤層の厚みは90μmになるように調整した。
表3に材料種と組成を示す。
上記正極合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。比較例1を100として比較した。引張強度が高く、電極強度が良好なものからA~Eでランク付けした。
A:230以上
B:180~229
C:120~179
D:105~119
E:105未満
結果を表4に示す。
作製した正極合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表4に示す。
上記正極合剤シートを、以下のようにして20μmのアルミ箔と接着させた。
接着剤には、N-メチルピロリドン(NMP)にポリビニデンフルオライド(PVDF)を溶解させ、カーボンブラックを80:20で分散させたスラリーを用いた。アルミ箔に上述した接着剤を塗布し、ホットプレートにて120℃、15分間乾燥させ、接着層つき集電体を形成した。
その後、正極合剤シートを接着層つき集電体の上に置き、100℃に加熱したロールプレス機にて正極合剤シートと集電体の貼り合わせを行い、所望のサイズに切り出し、タブ付を行って正極とした。
炭素質材料(グラファイト)98質量部に、増粘剤及びバインダーとして、カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの水性ディスパージョン(カルボキシメチルセルロースナトリウムの濃度1質量%)1質量部及びスチレン-ブタジエンゴムの水性ディスパージョン(スチレン-ブタジエンゴムの濃度50質量%)1質量部を加え、ディスパーザーで混合してスラリー化した。得られたスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔に塗布して乾燥し、プレス機で圧延したものを所望のサイズに切り出し、タブ付を行って負極とした。
有機溶媒として、エチレンカーボネート(EC)及びエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)の混合溶媒(EC:EMC=30:70(体積比))をサンプル瓶に量り取り、ここにフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)とビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%ずつ溶解させて混合液を調製した。この混合液に、電解液中の濃度が1.1モル/Lとなるように、LiPF6塩を23℃で混合することにより、非水電解液を得た。
上記の正極を厚さ20μmの微孔性ポリエチレンフィルム(セパレータ)を介して負極と対向させ、上記で得られた非水電解液を注入し、上記非水電解液がセパレータ等に充分に浸透した後、封止し予備充電、エージングを行い、リチウムイオン二次電池を作製した。
上記で製造したリチウムイオン二次電池を、25℃において、0.33Cに相当する電流で4.3Vまで定電流-定電圧充電(以下、CC/CV充電と表記する。)(0.1Cカット)した後、0.33Cの定電流で3Vまで放電し、これを1サイクルとして、3サイクル目の放電容量から初期放電容量を求めた。
初期放電容量の評価が終了した電池を再度、25℃において4.3VまでCC/CV充電(0.1Cカット)し、アルキメデス法により電池の体積を求めた。電池の体積を求めた後、60℃、30日間の条件で高温保存を行った。高温保存終了後、十分に冷却した後25℃において電池の体積を求め、保存試験前後の電池の体積差からガス発生量を求めた。比較例1のガス発生量を100として比較した。
ガス発生量を求めた後、25℃において0.33Cで3Vまで放電を行い、残存容量を求めた。
初期放電容量に対する高温保存後の残存容量の割合を求め、これを残存容量率(%)とした。
(残存容量)/(初期放電容量)×100=残存容量率(%)
結果を表4に示す。
下記の手順で実施例5~11及び比較例2~5の合剤シート作製と合剤シート評価を行った。
<正極合剤シートの作製>
活物質と導電助剤を秤量し、V型混合機に材料を投入し、37rpmで10分間混合し活物質と導電助剤からなる混合物を得た。その後、混合物に秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー組成物)と固体電解質を投入し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。活物質、導電助剤、バインダー、固体電解質とからなる混合物をヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで2分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を40℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、ヘンシェルミキサーにて1000rpmで3分間処理することでフィブリル化を促進し、電極合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電極合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電極合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電極合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な正極合剤層の厚みは150μmになるように調整した。
表5に材料種と組成を示す。
上記正極合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。比較例2を100として実施例5~8と、比較例3を100として実施例9と、比較例4を100として実施例10と、比較例5を100として実施例11と比較した。引張強度が高く、電極強度が良好なものからA~Eでランク付けした。
A:230以上
B:180~229
C:120~179
D:105~119
E:105未満
結果を表6に示す。
作製した電極合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表6に示す。
下記の手順で実施例12~18及び比較例6~9の合剤シート作製と合剤シート評価を行った。
<固体電解質合剤シートの作製>
秤量したバインダー(TFE系ポリマー組成物)を5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた後、ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで2分間処理することで粉砕処理を行った。
粉砕したバインダーと固体電解質をそれぞれ秤量し、5℃の恒温槽にて十分に冷却させた。ヘンシェルミキサーに投入し、300rpmで1分間処理することで混合物の均質化を行った。
その後、混合物を40℃の恒温槽にて十分に昇温させた後に、ヘンシェルミキサーにて1000rpmで1分間処理することでフィブリル化を促進し、電解質合剤を得た。
平行に配置された金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電極合剤を投入し、圧延することで電解質合剤シートを得た。再度、得られた圧延シートを2つに折りたたむことにより粗砕して、金属ロール(温度:80℃、回転速度:1m/min)に電解質合剤を投入し、圧延することでより強度のある電解質合剤シートを得た。
その後、ロールプレス機に電解質合剤シートを投入し、ギャップを調整した。最終的な電解質合剤シートの厚みは120μmになるように調整した。
表7に材料種と組成を示す。
上記固体電解質合剤シートを切り出し4mm幅の短冊状の試験片を作製した。引張試験機(島津製作所社製AGS-100NX)を使用して、100mm/分の条件下にて測定した。チャック間距離は30mmとした。破断するまで変位を与え、測定した結果の最大応力を各サンプルの強度とした。比較例6を100として実施例12~15と、比較例7を100として実施例16と、比較例8を100として実施例17と、比較例9を100として実施例18と比較した。引張強度が高く、電極強度が良好なものからA~Eでランク付けした。
A:230以上
B:180~229
C:120~179
D:105~119
E:105未満
結果を表8に示す。
作製した固体電解質合剤シートを幅4cm、長さ10cmに切り取り試験片とした。次に、これらの試験片をΦ10mmの丸棒に巻き付けた後、目視で試験片を確認し、傷や割れといった破損の有無を確認した。破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ5mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。やはり、破損が見られない場合、更に細いΦ2mmの丸棒で試験を行い、破損を確認した。その結果をA~Dで分類した。
A:Φ2mm棒で破損なし
B:Φ2mm棒で破損あり
C:Φ5mm棒で破損あり
D:Φ10mm棒で破損あり
結果を表8に示す。
固体電解質合剤シートを適当な大きさに切り出し、両面に金を蒸着した。その後、パンチでΦ10mmの円形に打ち抜いた固体電解質合剤シートを圧力セルに納め、セルのネジを8Nで締め、セルの上下から電極をとった。用いた圧力セルの断面の概略図を図1に示す。
この試料について、東陽テクニカ製インピーダンス装置を用い、25℃、AC振幅変調10mV、周波数5×106~0.1Hzの条件でイオン伝導度を測定した。
結果を表8に示す。
2:ナット
3:絶縁シート
4:固体電解質合剤シート
5:金蒸着
6:上部電極
7:下部電極
Claims (36)
- 電気化学デバイス用バインダーに使用されるテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物であって、テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー及びイオン性基を有する高分子化合物を含み、水分を実質的に含まないテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まない請求項1に記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 固体二次電池用バインダーに使用される請求項1又は2に記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物。
- 実質的にテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物のみからなる電気化学デバイス用バインダーであって、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー及びイオン性基を有する高分子化合物を含み、水分を実質的に含まない電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記イオン性基は、-SO3Ma、-PO3Ma及び-COOMa(式中、Maは、-H、金属原子、-NR2 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムであり、R2は、H又は有機基である。)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項4に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記イオン性基は、-SO3Ma及び-COOMa(式中、Maは、-H又はアルカリ金属原子である。)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項5に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記イオン性基の含有量が、前記高分子化合物に対し、0.8meq/g以上である請求項4~6のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー及び前記高分子化合物の合計量が、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対し、99.95質量%以上である請求項4~7のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記高分子化合物の含有量が、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーに対し、0.08質量%以上、1.0質量%以下である請求項4~8のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記高分子化合物が有する炭素原子に結合した水素原子がフッ素原子に置換された割合が50%以上である請求項4~9のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記高分子化合物のイオン交換率が53以下である請求項4~10のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記高分子化合物は、水溶性高分子化合物である請求項4~11のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記高分子化合物は、下記一般式(I)で表される単量体に基づく重合単位(I)を含む重合体(I)、及び、下記一般式(II)で表される化合物(II)からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項4~12のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
一般式(I):
CX1X3=CX2R(-CZ1Z2-A0)m (I)
(式中、X1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F、Cl、H又はCF3であり;A0は、アニオン性基であり;X2は、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;Rは連結基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、H、F、アルキル基又は含フッ素アルキル基であり;mは1以上の整数である。)
一般式(II):
TX-XA-RFA1-RFA2-XA-TX’ (II)
(式中、
RFA1は、-Rf1 p-RF-Oq-であり、
RFA2は、-Rf2 p-RFX-Oq-であり、
RFは、2価のフルオロポリエーテル基であり、
RFXは、アニオン性基を含む2価のフルオロポリエーテル基であり、
Rf1及びRf2は、それぞれ独立して、1個又はそれ以上のフッ素原子により置換されていてもよいC1-6アルキレン基であり、
pは、それぞれ独立して、0又は1であり、
qは、それぞれ独立して、0又は1であり、
XAは、それぞれ独立して、単結合又は2~10価の基であり、
TX及びTX’は、それぞれ独立して、(i)H、O及びClの1種又は複数種を含んでもよく、前記アニオン性基を持たないC1~C24(ヒドロ)(フルオロ)炭素基、及び、(ii)少なくとも1個の前記アニオン性基を含むC1~C24(ヒドロ)(フルオロ)炭素基からなる群から選択される。) - 前記高分子化合物は、前記重合体(I)であり、前記一般式(I)中のX1及びX3は、それぞれ独立して、F又はHであり;A0は、-SO3Ma又は-COOMa(式中、Maは、-H又はアルカリ金属原子)であり;X2は、Fであり;Rは、エーテル結合を含む炭素数1~4のフッ素化アルキレン基であり;Z1及びZ2は、それぞれ独立して、F又はCF3であり;mは、1である請求項13に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物の標準比重が2.280以下である請求項4~14のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対し、前記水分の含有量が0.050質量%以下である請求項4~15のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対し、前記水分の含有量が0.010質量%以下である請求項4~16のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物のリダクションレシオ100における押出圧力が10MPa以上である請求項4~17のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、延伸可能である請求項4~18のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーは、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンである請求項4~19のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマーは、テトラフルオロエチレン単位、及び、テトラフルオロエチレンと共重合可能な変性モノマーに基づく変性モノマー単位を含む請求項4~20のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記変性モノマーは、パーフルオロ(メチルビニルエーテル)、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン、フッ化ビニリデン及びクロロトリフルオロエチレンからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種である請求項21に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物の平均一次粒子径が100~350nmである請求項4~22のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、分子量1000以下の含フッ素化合物を実質的に含まない請求項4~23のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物は、下記式で表される含フッ素化合物のいずれをも実質的に含まない請求項4~24のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
F(CF2)7COOM、
F(CF2)5COOM、
H(CF2)6COOM、
H(CF2)7COOM、
CF3O(CF2)3OCHFCF2COOM、
C3F7OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3CF2OCF2CF2OCF2COOM、
C2F5OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF3OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF2CF2OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF(CF3)CF2OCF2COOM、
CF2ClCF(CF3)OCF2CF(CF3)OCF2COOM、及び、
(各式中、Mは、H、金属原子、NR1 4、置換基を有していてもよいイミダゾリウム、置換基を有していてもよいピリジニウム又は置換基を有していてもよいホスホニウムである。R1は、H又は有機基である。) - 前記含フッ素化合物の含有量が、前記テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物に対し25質量ppb未満である請求項24又は25に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 二次電池用である請求項4~26のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- リチウムイオン二次電池用である請求項27に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 固体二次電池用である請求項27又は28に記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- キャパシタ用である請求項4~26のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダー。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、又は、請求項4~29のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダーと、電極活物質とを含む電極合剤。
- 請求項1~3のいずれかに記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、又は、請求項4~29のいずれかに記載の電気化学デバイス用バインダーと、電極活物質と、集電体とを含む電極。
- 請求項32に記載の電極を備える二次電池。
- 請求項3に記載のテトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、又は、請求項29に記載の固体二次電池用バインダーと、固体電解質とを含む電解質層用合剤。
- 前記固体電解質は、硫化物系固体電解質又は酸化物系固体電解質である請求項34に記載の電解質層用合剤。
- 請求項34又は35に記載の電解質層用合剤を備える固体二次電池。
Priority Applications (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP24744694.1A EP4468421A4 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | TETRAFLUOROETHYLENE POLYMER COMPOSITION, BINDER FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE, ELECTRODE MIXTURE, ELECTRODE AND SECONDARY BATTERY |
| CN202480008020.5A CN120530501A (zh) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | 四氟乙烯系聚合物组合物、电化学器件用粘结剂、电极合剂、电极和二次电池 |
| US19/270,604 US20250340761A1 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2025-07-16 | Tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, binder for electrochemical device, electrode mixture, electrode, and secondary battery |
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| JP2023006172 | 2023-01-18 | ||
| JP2023005902 | 2023-01-18 | ||
| JP2023005920 | 2023-01-18 | ||
| JP2023-006172 | 2023-01-18 | ||
| JP2023-005902 | 2023-01-18 | ||
| JP2023-005920 | 2023-01-18 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US19/270,604 Continuation US20250340761A1 (en) | 2023-01-18 | 2025-07-16 | Tetrafluoroethylene-based polymer composition, binder for electrochemical device, electrode mixture, electrode, and secondary battery |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| WO2024154773A1 true WO2024154773A1 (ja) | 2024-07-25 |
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| PCT/JP2024/001259 Ceased WO2024154773A1 (ja) | 2023-01-18 | 2024-01-18 | テトラフルオロエチレン系ポリマー組成物、電気化学デバイス用バインダー、電極合剤、電極、及び、二次電池 |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250340761A1 (ja) |
| EP (1) | EP4468421A4 (ja) |
| JP (2) | JP7653042B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN120530501A (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2024154773A1 (ja) |
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| WO2022050252A1 (ja) * | 2020-09-01 | 2022-03-10 | ダイキン工業株式会社 | 全固体二次電池用合剤、全固体二次電池用合剤シート及びその製造方法並びに全固体二次電池 |
-
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- 2024-01-18 WO PCT/JP2024/001259 patent/WO2024154773A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2024-01-18 CN CN202480008020.5A patent/CN120530501A/zh active Pending
- 2024-01-18 EP EP24744694.1A patent/EP4468421A4/en active Pending
- 2024-01-18 JP JP2024005985A patent/JP7653042B2/ja active Active
- 2024-10-25 JP JP2024188355A patent/JP2025013984A/ja active Pending
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| EP4468421A4 (en) | 2025-09-24 |
| JP7653042B2 (ja) | 2025-03-28 |
| US20250340761A1 (en) | 2025-11-06 |
| JP2025013984A (ja) | 2025-01-28 |
| JP2024102026A (ja) | 2024-07-30 |
| CN120530501A (zh) | 2025-08-22 |
| EP4468421A1 (en) | 2024-11-27 |
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