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WO2024151155A1 - Procédé pour produire de l'acide hypochloreux - Google Patents

Procédé pour produire de l'acide hypochloreux Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024151155A1
WO2024151155A1 PCT/MX2023/050004 MX2023050004W WO2024151155A1 WO 2024151155 A1 WO2024151155 A1 WO 2024151155A1 MX 2023050004 W MX2023050004 W MX 2023050004W WO 2024151155 A1 WO2024151155 A1 WO 2024151155A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
solution
hypochlorous acid
ppm
sodium chloride
electrolysis
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/MX2023/050004
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English (en)
Spanish (es)
Inventor
José ZAVALA PÉREZ
Mónica ISUNZA ROCHA
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Individual
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Publication of WO2024151155A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024151155A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A01N59/08—Alkali metal chlorides; Alkaline earth metal chlorides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B11/00—Oxides or oxyacids of halogens; Salts thereof
    • C01B11/04—Hypochlorous acid
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/01—Products
    • C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
    • C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
    • C25B1/50—Processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B13/00—Diaphragms; Spacing elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
    • C25B15/02—Process control or regulation
    • C25B15/023—Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production
    • C25B15/025—Measuring, analysing or testing during electrolytic production of electrolyte parameters
    • C25B15/029—Concentration
    • C25B15/031—Concentration pH
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
    • C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
    • C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms

Definitions

  • the present invention is mainly related to the methods of producing hypochlorous acid (HOC1) through the electrolysis of saline water. More specifically, the present invention provides a process for the preparation of a hypochlorous acid solution by electrolyzing saline water and using hydrochloric acid as a pH adjuster and without any stabilizer or buffer medium.
  • HOC1 hypochlorous acid
  • HOC1 hypochlorous acid
  • CU chlorine gas
  • CIO hypochlorite
  • HOC1 is the most powerful oxidant, and unlike hypochlorite (CIO) and chlorine gas (CI2), which have a pungent chlorine odor and are dangerous in contact with the skin or by inhalation, HOC1 is tasteless and has a mild, temporary chlorine odor that dissipates quickly.
  • HOC1 The greater or lesser presence of these three chemical species in solution depends on the pH of the same solution where they are found.
  • the potency, stability, and safety of HOC1 preparations depend on the purity of the solution and the avoidance of contaminating aqueous chlorine molecular species (such as hypochlorite, chlorate, chlorite, perchlorates, and elemental chlorine). Therefore, pure and authentic HOC1 provides a higher level of security for users in all applications. Its production can be achieved by improving advances in process-controlled manufacturing introduced in recent years.
  • HOC1 is, after all, a natural chemical of the human body, considered the first line of defense and produced endogenously as an immune response to possible attack by pathogens in response to injury and infection. Enzymatically generated on demand in phagocytes,
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • HOC1 is non-toxic and safe to use, even in pregnant and lactating women, as long as HOC1 is not accompanied by hypochlorite, chlorine gas or the species molecular contaminants of aqueous chlorine.
  • HOC1 has proven to be a public health reference in environmental disinfection and as a safe and effective antiseptic, recognized as a “GRAS” substance (Generally Recognized As Safe) by the FDA, and It has safety certifications by the USDA in the United States as well as by the EEA in the European Community.
  • GRAS Generally Recognized As Safe
  • HOC1 is particularly well suited to meet the pressing need for better approaches to these growing problems globally.
  • HOC1 can bring to wound management
  • topically applied exogenous HOC1 triggers a cascade of events leading to faster healing and restoration of normal tissue architecture with minimal scarring.
  • HOC1 Compared to other disinfectants or antiseptics, the properties and uses of HOC1 are:
  • biofilms that are communities of microorganisms that grow aggregated and surrounded by an extracellular matrix that they themselves produce, the which favors covalent adhesion on inert and living surfaces; This biofilm helps them develop high tolerance and resistance to many conventional antibiotics;
  • HOC1 is 80 times more potent than hypochlorite as a biocide or antimicrobial agent against E. coli.
  • Biofilms are formed when microorganisms grow aggregated in some type of interface, solid-liquid, solid-air, liquid-air or between immiscible liquids, joined by their own extracellular material, as long as there is sufficient organic matter and humidity. Under adequate environmental conditions all microorganisms are capable of forming biofilm which is a self-protection mechanism.
  • hypochlorous acid at 0.01% creates a protective barrier on the mucous membranes in the eyes, nose and mouth to prevent the entry of the SARS-CoV2 virus (Gessa-Sorroche M., 2022), and the development of infection, without effects harmful.
  • SARS-CoV2 virus Gessa-Sorroche M., 2022
  • HOC1 has been found to have a similar antimicrobial effect to chlorhexidine, which is currently the most common antimicrobial ingredient used in mouthwash products.
  • HOC1 dissociates into H and OC1, which denatures and induces protein aggregation.
  • HOC1 destroys viruses by chlorination, by the formation of chloramines and nitrogen radicals, which cause the destruction of single- and double-stranded DNA. Under this, the nucleic acid loses its usefulness in genetic transmission and replication, and the virus becomes harmless.
  • HOC1 hepatitis A and B
  • herpesvirus type 1 HIV-1
  • human and animal influenza viruses including avian influenza virus H5N1
  • human norovirus Nex virus
  • murine norovirus poliovirus types 1 and 2
  • rhinovirus at a HOC1 concentration of only 0.02 ppm.
  • HOC1 When HOC1 is applied to the skin, the healing process of tissues and skin is also accelerated. Healing is promoted by the regulation of cytokines and growth factors. After chlorination of taurine with HOC1, taurine chloramine promotes healing. Healing is also improved due to the neutralization and inhibition of inflammatory factors. Successful wound healing effects of HOC1 have been described in some chronic leg ulcers. Chronic non-healing leg ulcers have shown a faster healing rate along with reduced pain. HOC1 has been key to promoting healing in many types of wounds. Other skin disinfectants such as bleach (Dakin's solution), povidone-iodine (Betadine), H2O2, and citric acid are cytotoxic and inhibit wound healing.
  • bleach Dermatadine
  • Betadine povidone-iodine
  • H2O2 citric acid
  • hypochlorous acid by electrolysis is a known pathway in which an electrical current is passed to salt water, usually with sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium chloride (KC1). This process separates the salt ions Na + or K + , and Cl' towards the electrodes. Cl' ions are attracted to the anode (positive electrode), while positive ions (Na + or K + ) are attracted to the cathode (negative electrode).
  • salt water usually with sodium chloride (NaCl) or potassium chloride (KC1).
  • Na + combines with water (H 2 O), forming sodium hydroxide and molecular hydrogen:
  • HOC1 production equipment There are many HOC1 production equipment on the market which can be divided into two categories:
  • the first type is a membraneless electrolyzer that produces a “neutral” solution, known as a single cell electrolyzer.
  • HE Apply only electrical current in a tank to promote the 2 previous equations. This would form a mixture of HOC1 with harmful impurities like NaOCl, NaOH(aqueous), HC1.
  • the second type is an electrolyzer that contains a membrane that divides the container into two chambers and separately produces two solutions, one acidic (anolyte) and the other alkaline (catholyte), which are collected in independent tanks, and is known as a electrolyzer. two cells.
  • the catholyte solution produced in the cathode chamber would be NaOH(aqueous) and the anolyte solution produced in the anode chamber would be HOC1 + HC1.
  • the higher the concentration of the anolyte solution, the lower its pH level will be due to the presence of HC1. This in turn means that the lower the pH, the less safe the solution becomes.
  • HOC1 high purity HOC1 can improve bactericidal activity by increasing the utilization of hypochlorous acid, reducing surface corrosion, and reducing exposure to Ch gas for human health and safety.
  • pure HOC1 is produced using a single chamber electrolytic cell in which the electrolyte consists of sodium chloride in water with no ionic charge and with total dissolved solids (TDS) less than 5 mg /1, which can be obtained by distillation and deionization, or by reverse osmosis (RO).
  • TDS total dissolved solids
  • HOC1 Most of the existing processes known to produce HOC1 produce impure HOC1, that is, with concomitant byproducts regardless of the HOC1 concentration in the solution.
  • An acidic environment (pH less than 3.5) favors the presence of chlorine gas (Ch), while a relatively alkaline solution (pH greater than 5.5) progressively rises from being relatively acidic to being completely alkaline, which favors the formation of hypochlorite ( OC1 ).
  • "Pure" HOC1 i.e., a HOC1 solution essentially free of byproducts and impurities
  • HOC1 Ch(gas) or hypochlorite (OC1) is not formed. Maintaining the pH within that range is difficult when HOC1 is formulated in creams, lotions, auxiliaries or solutions that have a diluent effect and, therefore, can modify the pH and concentration of HOC1 of the resulting mixture or solution, causing an unexpected increase. of hypochlorite molecules.
  • HOC1 As the only species present in the solution, or with a minimum amount of impurities, we sought to find a simple way to maintain the pH within a specific range to produce a pure HOC1 solution. In this way, a HOC1 solution will be produced that is not only purer but safer, simpler and more stable and at an antiseptically useful concentration.
  • the present invention does not use a semipermeable membrane and does not use sodium bicarbonate, since the presence of sodium promotes the reaction (4) presented above to the right, forming sodium hydroxide, which alkalinizes the pH, and forming sodium hypochlorite (NaHClO) which It is known to cause redness and irritation to the skin and eyes.
  • the aqueous solution of pure HOC1 obtained by the method of the present invention can be formulated in medical and pharmaceutical grade (the use of HOC1 obtained by this method can be used for antiseptic or biocidal purposes and bring immediate and important benefits because it does not have the mixed oxidant products of HOC1 such as hypochlorite bleach, nor the cytotoxic effects or discoloration caused by povidone-iodine antiseptic products).
  • HOC1 mixed oxidant products of HOC1
  • hypochlorite bleach nor the cytotoxic effects or discoloration caused by povidone-iodine antiseptic products.
  • Other forms of application would be the aqueous application of HOC1 in the form of enemas or as a vaginal douche.
  • compositions and formulations of this invention include, but are not limited to, for example, an emulsion, a cream, a balm, a gloss, a lotion, a facial mask, a serum, a toner, an ointment, a foam, an ointment, a solution, a spray.
  • hypochlorous acid solution produced by this method can be used with one or more compatible adjuvants to obtain derivative compositions or antisepsis devices such as a personal hygiene HOC1-soaked patch or towel such as a facial wipe, feminine towel, surgical dressing, gauze, anal cleaning towels for fistulas or hemorrhoids, etc. allowing for continuous delivery of antimicrobial benefit.
  • a personal hygiene HOC1-soaked patch or towel such as a facial wipe, feminine towel, surgical dressing, gauze, anal cleaning towels for fistulas or hemorrhoids, etc. allowing for continuous delivery of antimicrobial benefit.
  • HOC1 Due to its microbial effects on pathogenic microorganisms, biofilm, wound healing, and immune modulation, it is evident that HOC1 has much promise as a therapeutic product.
  • the degree of disinfecting power of HOC1 preparations is a function of the Oxidation-Reduction Potential (ORP) measured in millivolts (most effectively 1000 mV or higher).
  • ORP Oxidation-Reduction Potential
  • the capacity of this power is provided by the active C1 contained in ppm.
  • Products designated "pH neutral" are incorrectly constituted, they contain a large fraction of toxic hypochlorite and will inevitably contain a much lower proportion of the optimally active HOC1 necessary for better antimicrobial performance.
  • hypochlorous acid The main factors that affect the stability, deterioration and shelf life of an aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid (HOC1) are its manufacturing, its production technique, the quality of the inputs and the storage conditions, but mainly it is the variability of the pH and the presence of impurities in the form of other molecular species of chlorine in the water that destabilize the chemical balance and produce chlorine gas.
  • the present invention provides a method for preparing, in batches, a homogeneous and stable aqueous solution of hypochlorous acid in a pH range of 3.5 to 4.0, which is 100 times more effective than sodium hypochlorite for disinfection.
  • a solution of hypochlorous acid is produced, the steps of which will be described below and a block diagram is presented in Figure 1.
  • the method is applied to produce between 1 liter and 5 liters, preferably between 1 liter and 2 liters by means of application of electrolysis to a saline solution within a typical electrolytic cell with two electrodes (anode and cathode) and without a semipermeable membrane, that is, electrolysis is carried out in batch in an electrolytic cell without a membrane semipermeable.
  • the method requires water without ionic charge and without salts or impurities, practically with an amount of Dissolved Solids (STD) ⁇ 1 ppm, for which a quantity of water can be subjected to a previous Reverse Osmosis process or to a sequential process of Distillation and Deionization.
  • a certain volume is emptied into a container.
  • a sufficient amount of pure sodium chloride is added to obtain a sodium chloride concentration of 0.9% w/v (ionic composition: sodium ion 154 mmol/L - 154mEq/L-, chloride ion 154 mmol/L -154mEq /L-) and an osmolarity of 308 mOsmol/liter.
  • the next step is to add a quantity of 30% w/w hydrochloric acid.
  • the amount of hydrochloric acid that is added is necessary for the aqueous solution of sodium chloride to reach a pH between 3 to 6, preferably between 3.5 to 4.5, more preferably between 3.5 to 4 and more preferably 3.8.
  • the dissolution of sodium chloride (NaCl) in the acidified water is promoted by mechanical stirring with a propeller or propeller, or magnetically induced stirring with rods or magnetic cores where the rotation of the agitator is counterclockwise (counterclockwise) at a speed between 750 and 1500 rpm.
  • Periodic measurements of various parameters are made to determine the necessary electrolysis time.
  • One of the parameters to measure during electrolysis is the concentration of hypochlorous acid.
  • the electrolysis application is carried out for a sufficient time to reach a concentration of hypochlorous acid between 50 ppm to 400 ppm, preferably between 100 ppm to 300 ppm, more preferably between 150 ppm to 250 ppm and more preferably at 200 ppm.
  • Measurement of the resulting concentration of hypochlorous acid in the solution can be carried out by any conventional method on a spot basis at intervals.
  • Another parameter that is periodically measured during the application of electrolysis to the sodium chloride solution is the amount of Residual Free Chlorine.
  • the electrolysis application is carried out for a sufficient time to produce an amount of Residual Free Chlorine of between 100 ppm to 800 ppm, preferably between 200 ppm to 600 ppm, more preferably between 300 ppm to 500 ppm, and most preferably 400 ppm.
  • Another parameter that is measured periodically during the application of electrolysis to the sodium chloride solution is the Redox Potential (ORP).
  • the application of electrolysis is carried out for a sufficient time to generate a Redox Potential (ORP) of at least 1000 mV, preferably more than 1100 mV and more preferably more than 1200 mV.
  • hypochlorous acid solution thus produced will contain practically no impurities and, when packaged, can maintain its biocidal activity as previously described for up to 2 years.
  • This hypochlorous acid solution produced according to the steps described above can be used in its original or diluted concentration in the treatment or prophylaxis of ocular conditions including conjunctivitis and bacterial, viral or fungal infections of the cornea, corneal ulcers or burns, scarring.
  • blepharitis dental conditions including periodontitis, common bacterial skin conditions including acne, impetigo, folliculitis, furunculosis, carbuncle, skin abscesses, cellulitis, erysipelas, fungal or viral infections, dermatitis, psoriasis, eczema, rosacea, or skin lesions such as wounds, burns, ulcers, bites or scars.
  • hypochlorous acid solution can be used to prepare disinfectant, antiseptic or biocidal products in the form of mouthwashes, dressings, enemas, douches and aqueous formulations with antibiofilm properties designed for the treatment of severely infected wounds or lesions on the skin or mucous membranes of the body. body. It can also be used in the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition, or medical and pharmaceutical grade antiseptic formulation designed to be applied via the ophthalmic, otic, nasal, oral, topical, rectal and vaginal routes. The routes of administration of this hypochlorous acid solution through the nasal route can be done by atomization or nebulization.
  • the particles produced must have an average particle diameter between 20 microns to 100 microns. And if it were by nebulization, the microdroplets produced must be less than 20 microns in diameter.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Pest Control & Pesticides (AREA)
  • Agronomy & Crop Science (AREA)
  • Automation & Control Theory (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Dentistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé pour produire une solution aqueuse exclusivement constituée d'acide hypochloreux utilisant une solution de départ qui contient du chlorure de sodium (NaCl). Le procédé consiste à appliquer une électrolyse à la solution saline (NaCl). En conséquence de la quantité de solution d'eau salée qui passe par le processus d'électrolyse, on obtient une solution d'acide hypochloreux. Afin d'assurer la formation d'une solution d'acide hypochloreux pure, on ajuste le pH de la solution entre 3,5 et 4 en ajoutant de l'acide chlorhydrique à la cellule électrolytique avant le processus d'électrolyse. Cette dernière étape d'ajustement du pH de la solution améliore la production d'une solution d'acide hypochloreux plus pure et plus stable.
PCT/MX2023/050004 2023-01-13 2023-01-18 Procédé pour produire de l'acide hypochloreux Ceased WO2024151155A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
MX2023000715A MX2023000715A (es) 2023-01-13 2023-01-13 Metodo para producir acido hipocloroso.
MXMX/A/2023/000715 2023-01-13

Publications (1)

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WO2024151155A1 true WO2024151155A1 (fr) 2024-07-18

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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022040813A1 (fr) * 2020-08-31 2022-03-03 E2Metrix, Inc. Appareil et procédé pour la production électrolytique d'acide hypochloreux
US20220135404A1 (en) * 2020-11-04 2022-05-05 Cougar Creek Technologies, Llc Methods and systems for production of an aqueous hypochlorous acid solution

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2022040813A1 (fr) * 2020-08-31 2022-03-03 E2Metrix, Inc. Appareil et procédé pour la production électrolytique d'acide hypochloreux
US20220135404A1 (en) * 2020-11-04 2022-05-05 Cougar Creek Technologies, Llc Methods and systems for production of an aqueous hypochlorous acid solution

Non-Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
HAKIM HAKIMULLAH, THAMMAKARN CHANATHIP, SUGURO ATSUSHI, ISHIDA YUKI, NAKAJIMA KATSUHIRO, KITAZAWA MINORI, TAKEHARA KAZUAKI: "Aerosol Disinfection Capacity of Slightly Acidic Hypochlorous Acid Water Towards Newcastle Disease Virus in the Air: An In Vivo Experiment", AVIAN DISEASES, AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF AVIAN PATHOLOGISTS, vol. 59, no. 4, 1 December 2015 (2015-12-01), pages 486 - 491, XP093196713, ISSN: 0005-2086, DOI: 10.1637/11107-042115-Reg.1 *
KIRKPATRICK ROBIN DUNCAN: "The mechanism of antimicrobial action of electro-chemically activated (ECA) water and its healthcare applications", DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY AND PLANT PATHOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA PRETORIA SOUTH AFRICA, 1 April 2009 (2009-04-01), XP093196720, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/25448/Complete.pdf?sequence=7&isAllowed=y> *
RAHMAN SME, KHAN IMRAN, OH DEOG‐HWAN: "Electrolyzed Water as a Novel Sanitizer in the Food Industry: Current Trends and Future Perspectives", COMPREHENSIVE REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND FOOD SAFETY, INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS , CHICAGO , IL, US, vol. 15, no. 3, 1 May 2016 (2016-05-01), US , pages 471 - 490, XP093196738, ISSN: 1541-4337, DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12200 *
RAMÍREZ OREJEL JUAN, CANO-BUENDÍA JOSÉ A.: "Applications of Electrolyzed Water as a Sanitizer in the Food and Animal-By Products Industry", PROCESSES, M D P I AG, CH, vol. 8, no. 5, CH , pages 534, XP093196740, ISSN: 2227-9717, DOI: 10.3390/pr8050534 *
SHARMA AJAY KUMAR, SHUKLA SANDEEP KUMAR, KALONIA AMAN, SHAW PRIYANKA, KHANNA KUSHAGRA, YASHAVARDDHAN M. H., GUPTA RICHA, BHATNAGAR: "Evaluation of Decontamination Efficacy of Electrolytically Generated Hypochlorous Acid for the Vesicating Agent: A Multimodel Study", CURRENT PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS,, NL, vol. 23, no. 2, 1 February 2022 (2022-02-01), NL , pages 287 - 299, XP093196715, ISSN: 1389-2010, DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210311140922 *
VEASEY SHAWNNA, MURIANA PETER: "Evaluation of Electrolytically-Generated Hypochlorous Acid (‘Electrolyzed Water’) for Sanitation of Meat and Meat-Contact Surfaces", FOODS, M D P I AG, CH, vol. 5, no. 2, CH , pages 42, XP093196737, ISSN: 2304-8158, DOI: 10.3390/foods5020042 *

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