WO2024150864A1 - Reconfigurable physical resource block using new gm-c beamforming filter circuit for lte-based cell edge terminal - Google Patents

Abstract

A reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource block (PRB) using a Gm-C beamforming filter circuit for a Long-Term Evolution (LTE)- or 5G-based cell edge terminal is characterized in that the physical resource block (PRB) is composed of an embedded control logic (CL) chip that regulates signal transmission and reception, a PRB circuitry sets error bits, and a structural error injection technology is emulated to propagate the error bits along an RF channel chain.

Description

Reconfigurable physical resource block using new GM-C beamforming filter circuit for LTE-based cell edge terminals

The present invention relates to a reconfigurable physical resource block, and more specifically, to the joint use of a Gm-C time-frequency physical resource block in a hybrid beamforming circuit, where uplink and downlink signals are independently processed and interfaced. .

The Long Term Evolution (LTE)-based cooperative non-orthogonal multiple access (C-NOMA) model is a derived cell-edge enabler and downlink (DL) section of ground user elements (GUEs). Ensure spectrum sharing and interoperability of all mobility devices within

Recently, promising but limited research on multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for uplink-downlink (UL-DL) has received attention. For example, all possible stationary stochastic theorems for optimal UAV height were studied using the coverage area as a strength. Additionally, UAV-assisted distributed continuous interference cancellation-free NOMA (DSF-NOMA) was presented.

Additionally, we demonstrate the Jointly Coordinated Multipoint (JT-CoMP) method in the C-NOMA network. Additionally, the integration of C-NOMA and JTCoMP for cell edge communication with improved communication between GUEs based on proximity to existing signal transmitters and base stations (BS) was confirmed.

However, the history of using physical resource block (PRB)-based beamforming models for high-density UAV and JT-CoMP cell edges has not been investigated.

Additionally, a CoMP approach was achieved to improve the spectral efficiency of multicell NOMA systems. However, although the focus was on higher spectral efficiency, there was no such thing as mitigating interference in various network scenarios. Additionally, fifth generation (5G) signal interference mitigation and strong spectral efficiency for base station (BS) antenna terminals are other major research challenges.

The present invention was proposed to solve the above technical problems, and uses a low-power tunable secondary Gm-C filter beam forming circuit to interface Long Term Evolution (LTE)/5G and mobile cell edge terminals to provide UL-DL (UL-DL) It provides reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource blocks (PRBs) to achieve uplink-downlink cellular systems.

According to an embodiment of the present invention to solve the above problem, in a reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource block (PRB) using a Gm-C beamforming filter circuit for a long-term evolution (LTE) or 5G-based cell edge terminal, The physical resource block (PRB) is composed of an embedded control logic (CL) chip that controls signal transmission and reception, sets the error bit in the physical resource block (PRB) circuit, and the structural error injection technology is emulated so that the error bit is transmitted through the RF channel chain. A reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource block is provided, characterized in that it is propagated according to the present invention.

Additionally, in the present invention, when the cell's error bit is tuned to 1 (+1) when the cell is in read-only mode, the same error is connected and propagated along with the error output, and when the cell is in the active state, the error bit is tuned to 1 (+1). When tuned, an error bit is attached to the error output value, and when in an idle state, the error bit is no longer propagated and is masked.

In addition, the present invention includes a tracebuffer controller (TBC) to maintain modular blocks of buffer signals generated by the cell edge terminal, and 128-bit (or 4flit) flit information is used for temporary writing. It is stored in a holding buffer and transmitted to the trace buffer controller (TBC) when the flit reaches its maximum value.

In addition, the embedded control logic (CL) in the present invention includes a Gm-C beamforming filter circuit, and is characterized in that a loop gain cross-coupling approach is processed when a negative feedback loop must be transmitted.

This invention A new reconfigurable physical interface where Long Term Evolution (LTE)/5G and mobile cell edge terminals (terminals) are interfaced using a low-power tunable secondary Gm-C filter beamforming circuit to achieve an Uplink-Downlink (UL-DL) cellular system. Presents a resource block (PRB).

A total of 10 wireless multipoint (MP) terminals were structured and investigated. BS-UAV (Baseband-Unmanned aerial vehicle) support terminals are propagated by line-of-sight (LoS) and non-line-of-sight (NLoS) beamforming.

Sub-terminals are processed using derived Rayleigh signal distribution equations.

To ensure higher frequency movement, the embedded control logic (CL) circuit is modeled based on an NMOS low dropout (LDO) regulator configuration with a center frequency of 9.2 MHz and a passband of 1.4 MHz.

The quality factors of the first and second poles are stable at 4.1 and 6.5, respectively. A probabilistic analysis of the expected signal impact is demonstrated by further estimating the inherent variation problem within a limited spectrum sharing area.

The work is verified using the introduced direct and relay network density variations. The performance evaluation of the model complements a≥45.3dB gain, optimal transmission power, and robust network summation in both LoS and NLoS conditions.

The main contributions of the present invention are as follows.

- Design a jointly coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) spectrum sharing system for both ground user elements (GUEs) -underlay- and UAV terminals (UT) -overlay-. These radio components are a unique and important part of the time-frequency physical resource block (PRB) in an LTE network or 5G network.

- The physical resource block (PRB) for ground user elements (GUEs) is coordinated using installed CoMP and non-CoMP GUEs and then split into modular buffering blocks. Similar measures are performed in PRBs for UAV terminals (UT) using non-CoMP-GUE.

- PRB blocks are accessed together, forming a UL-DL network of components, so that UAV terminals (UT) can be interfaced with CoMP-GUE. All PRBs essentially consist of an embedded control logic (CL) chip that controls signal transmission and reception. Loop gain for CL is improved using a new cross-coupling approach.

- To check the robustness, the proposed model is deployed on high-density direct and high-density relay connected LTE networks, which are the main high points of this transaction.

Figure 1 is a diagram showing an autonomous drone-based jointly-coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) architecture in an LTE cell edge network.

Figure 2 is a diagram showing a hybrid beamforming precoder model proposed for a common physical resource block-based uplink (UL) - downlink (DL) transceiver.

Figure 3 is an illustration of the proposed Gm-C complex filter showing improved gain.

4A to 4B are diagrams of antenna gain and transmission power.

Figure 5 is a diagram of a recent beamforming supply voltage (V) vs. gain comparison.

Hereinafter, in order to explain in detail enough to enable those skilled in the art of the present invention to easily implement the technical idea of the present invention, embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings.

- Uplink-downlink communication model

A. 10 structured multipoint (MP) access terminals

Figure 1 is a diagram showing an autonomous drone-based jointly-coordinated multipoint (JT-CoMP) architecture in an LTE cell edge network.

A detailed UL-DL model of the end-to-end BS1 and BS2 distributions uniformly distributed with a Poisson Point Process (PPP) Φ _b ∈R ² with density λ _b is shown in Figure 1. Since UL-DL must be interfaced, CoMP-GUEs and non-CoMP-GUEs are basically utilized. Since the UAV terminal can communicate under both LoS/NLoS conditions, it is a much improved version of the previously proposed method.

A total of 10 wireless links are distributed as follows. BS ₁ (1)-> GUE _A , BS ₁ (2)-> GUE _Z , GUE _A (3)-> GUE _Z , BS ₂ (4)-> GUE _B , BS ₂ (5)-> GUE _Z , GUE _B (6)-> GUE _Z , BS ₁ (7)->UAV ₁ , UAV ₁ (8)->UAV ₂ , BS ₂ (9)->UAV ₂ , &jointly-UTs(10)->GUE _Z.

The PRB backbone is suitable for linking ground user elements (GUEs) and UAV terminals (UT) to DL and UL respectively. The linkup of all ground user elements (GUEs) with BaseStation (BS) height remains h _b . When more ground user elements (GUEs) are introduced compared to the number of BaseStations (BS), the interdependent Poisson Point Process (PPP) of Φ _g ∈R ² becomes λ _g = λ _b . This is achieved through density.

. 그러나, GUE가 BS에 의해 공급될 때, 비균질 푸아송 포인트 프로세스(Poisson Point Process, PPP)가 관찰된다. PPP는 사용되지 않지만 간섭하는 GUE에서 발생하며 밀도는 다음과 같다.

, 여기서 BS와의 간섭 GUE 거리는 r이다. 강도가 λ_u인 PPP Φ_b의 모든 UAV-UAV(U2U) 송신기 및 R_u 근접 및 fR_u(r_u) 분포의 송신기 범위 내에서 U2U 수신기의 임의 배치를 추정한다. 본 발명에서 UAV 터미널은 확률론적 LoS/NLoS 빔포밍 모델에 의해 처리되고 나머지 터미널은 Rayleigh 분포 빔포밍 표현으로 파생된다.Since the GUE is very close to the BS, the three-dimensional proximity of the GUE to the BS observes a Rayleigh distribution with coordinates expressed as follows.

. However, when GUE is supplied by BS, a non-homogeneous Poisson Point Process (PPP) is observed. PPP is not used, but arises from interfering GUEs, and the density is:

, where the interference GUE distance with the BS is r. We estimate all UAV-UAV(U2U) transmitters of PPP Φ _b with strength λ _u and the random placement of U2U receivers within the proximity of R _u and the transmitter range of fR _u (r _u ) distribution. In the present invention, UAV terminals are processed by a stochastic LoS/NLoS beamforming model, and the remaining terminals are derived by a Rayleigh distributed beamforming representation.

B. Introduction of network density

At any given time in a drone deployment, it is assumed that it will not experience the jamming limitations required by the C-NOMA network. A pair of UAVs is then selected based on the data they process. The remaining UAVs deployed between the pairs are classified as relay nodes and clustered tasks R _i , i=1, ... ,N-1. form a series.

a) Proposed Dense-Direct Network (DDN):

This reflects direct communication between deployed drones and BSs (BS1 and BS2) coordinated by the UT-CoMP terminal. Since the longest distance of a UAV's terminal (UT) is denoted by l _SD for both clusters of UTs, the respective cumulative distribution function (CDF) for l _SD is derived here using a first-order linear differential equation.

where x is a real vector expressed as n × 1 columns, r _s is the radial proximity between nodes, and Pr{l _SD } is the integration coefficient of the distance. However, the probabilistic expectation of obtaining l _SD is as follows.

Here, the BS1 and BS2 terminal nodes are denoted as S1 and S2, respectively, and (a) is obtained when t = 2r _s - x. Then, to further extend S1 and S2, we place the rigidly clamped model as follows:

(c) is v = (3/4)N ² t ³ . It is also obtained when working.

가 적용된다. 감마 함수는 다음과 같이 추론된다.

.Now to get (d), identity integration method

applies. The gamma function is deduced as follows:

.

In equation (1), due to the large communication proximity ratio between clusters of GUE and BS, the system is prone to limitations such as poor bandwidth coverage, interference, jamming, etc.

The need to partition/separate proximity to achieve optimal communication is inevitable and is known as the ergodic capacity of the system. For this purpose, equation (1) is further decomposed into smaller, more direct expressions as follows:

where E[L _SD ] is the proximal ergodic capacity of the system. However, to reach the lower boundary ergodic capacity for the two far end UTs, Jensen's inequality is applied.

b) Proposed Dense-Relay Network (DRN):

. 이를 통해 l_min의 누적분포함수(cumulative distribution function, CDF)에 대한 순서 기반 통계는 다음과 같다.In the present invention, communication between BS and UL is achieved using the deployed GUE terminal as a kind of relay link. Here L _i is a sequence of (i = 1, ..., N-1) that acts like a collector of Euclidean distances for all randomly selected UTs (N - 1). However, since L _i is assumed to be a random variable, L _min represents the fastest distance as follows:

. Through this, the order-based statistics for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) of l _min are as follows.

와

를 고려하면, l_min의 확률론적 기대치(E)는 다음과 같이 추론된다.

and

Considering , the probabilistic expectation (E) of l _min is inferred as follows.

- Proposed Gm-C based PRB beamforming design

A. Hybrid beamforming architecture with hardware support

In the present invention, joint use of G _m -C power physical resource blocks (PRBs) is designed where all UL-DL signals are processed independently and later interfaced in a hybrid beamforming circuit model. These signals are distributed independently to modular buffering blocks.

Figure 2 is a diagram showing a hybrid beamforming precoder model proposed for a common physical resource block-based uplink (UL) - downlink (DL) transceiver, and the uplink (UL) part is transmitted using a UAV terminal (UT). The downlink (DL) portion is depicted using a base station (BS).

As shown in Figure 2, the PRB logic architecture consists of circuit logic (CL) that modulates and demodulates all signals using flit operations.

This allows packet exchange to occur between the router and the CL through the router ports.

A physical resource block (PRB) is a physical resource block (PRB) that the processor operates in an online and real-time format containing storage (integer arithmetic logic units (ALUs), register files, instruction queues, etc.) and logical structures, and the overhead architecture vulnerability factor of the circuit processor. This indicates that architecture vulnerability factor (AVF) can also be obtained. An error bit attachment is required for each storage item, such as a register file or issue query item. An error bit is required for each logical structure, such as embedded point functional units (FXU) or floating point units (FPU).

To tune the entire PRB circuit (set error bits) and clear each error bit in the PRB circuit, additional hardware knobs and logic support are powered from both the ground station cell edge and the mobile UT cell edge system gating system. .

Structural error injection techniques are emulated so that error bits can propagate along the RF channel chain. For example, if the cell's error bit is tuned to 1 (+1) when the cell is in read-only mode, the same error is chained and propagated with the error output. Similar observations are recorded for errors when overwriting the error output. However, if the error bit is tuned to 1 (+1) when the structure is active, the error bit is appended to the error output value. When the same structure is idle, error bits are no longer propagated, but are strategically masked/hidden.

In addition to adjusting the error bits, the proposed PRB also needs a basic hardware counter to track the average total error injection and the exact number of processor errors that can cause it. During program execution, errors are propagated along with the output values to prevent unexpected slowdown of the system processor. Considering that the circuit's processor computes the AVF once every M*N instructions, the overhead of converting to one in millions of instructions is negligible. A tracebuffer controller (TBC) is implemented to drive and/or maintain modular blocks of buffer signals generated by cell edge terminals. In order to make full use of the existing space in the TBC, 128 bits (or 4 flits) of flit information are stored in a temporary write holding buffer and then sent to the trace buffer controller (TBC) when the flit reaches its maximum value. .

For beamforming, a NOMA mm-wave based m-MIMO system is considered. The deployed DL/BS terminal is the same as N _BS , and N _RF is a chain number that broadcasts UL/UT information using N _UT as the number of terminals, as shown in Figure 2. N _UT is a packet shared between DL/BS and UAV terminals (UT).

In order to maintain a normal antenna user ratio, the number of DL/BS transmission terminals (UEs) is considered to be less than that of UL/UT, and then the RF broadcast chain in UT is reduced to N _S ≤N _RFM ≤N _UT & N _S ≤N Proceed with _RF ≤N _BS .

To check the results, consider N _RFM = N _RFB = N _RF . Where Np is the number of phase shifters. Additionally, BS is first applied to the precoded baseband value F _BB = N _RF * N _S and later to the RF precoded value F _RF = N _BS * N _RF . When F _t = F _BB * F _RF is digressed into the combined BS precoding matrix, signal transmission in the BS is inferred as follows. X _t = f _t * s, where the total transmission symbol S is defined as n _S * 1, which is obtained with E [s * s ^hsu , where pδ represents the total transmission power of the system.

For the precoder part, the signal received at the UT (N _UT ) antenna is inferred as follows. _{Y = H}

The clustering Saleh-Valenzuela (SV) channel model is adopted when the GUE observes the received information as follows. r = HF _t S + n ₂ , where H of the matrix N _UT * N _BS is η≡n(0,δ ² ) with zero mean and variance δ ² with additional NOMA mm-Wave channels introduced between UL-DL. indicates. In UAV terminals (UT), η≡n(0,δ ² )W _t = W _RF * W _BB consists of RF and baseband combiner. Therefore, the signal received at Y is further processed and expressed as: Y = W _t HF _t S + W ^H _t n ₃ , where W _t represents a combination of precoding matrices.

The signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) of the system received at k _th is calculated as follows.

Here, FBn refers to the nth column term of FBB. The average spectral efficiency of the model is determined as follows:

B. Gm - C filter circuit arrangement with improved gain

To enable the interface, a beam model that accommodates the PRB along with control logic (CL) circuitry is required. Conventional Active-RC based and Gm-C composite filter models essentially consist of real and imaginary composite pole parts controlled by the transconductance (gn) array of transistors M9 - M12 and M13 - M16. The bandwidth is determined by the current flow through the transistor.

The bandwidth is determined by the current flow through the transistor. The transistors in turn are managed by the current-catchment of CL. This causes network instability and leads to low gains. However, to achieve stability, the loop gain must be less than 1. For example, (gmIM=gmRE) is ⁴ . To maintain stability (gmIM < gmRE), the complex pole positions are therefore limited and introduce distortions in the system design.

In the present invention, a loop gain cross-coupling approach is implemented when the CL circuit must transmit a negative feedback loop. This in turn creates and maintains the necessary stability. To create stability, the loop gain is calculated as follows:

[(gmIM=gmRE) ² - (1/gmNEGr0 )] × [(gmIM/gmRE) ² - (gmNEGr0 )] < 1

Here, gmNEG and r0 represent the transconductance and specific resistance of the cross-coupled transistor, respectively. To maintain stability, complex pole positions ensure that the system design meets mid-frequency shifts as follows: gmIM ≤ gmRE + gmNEG

Here, the structural design of gmIM, gmRE and gmNEG must be carefully decided. This is clearly shown in Figure 3. Figure 3 is an example diagram of the proposed Gm-C complex filter showing improved gain.

The negative feedback methodology is compensated by first deriving the transfer function for the in-phase input signal as follows:

Here, the comparative analysis of VQP and VIP expressions is solved by denoting VOQ as jVOP. However, the filter circuit placement is performed using a preferred NMOS low-dropout (LDO) regulator configuration with a center frequency of 9.2MHz and a passband of 1.4MHz to ensure higher frequency shifting. The quality factors of the first and second poles are 4.1 and 6.5, respectively. However, differences in measurements can be achieved when adjusting/tuning the bias current.

- Measurement results and discussion

<Table 1>

Table 1 is a table showing system and simulation parameters.

Communication between nodes is generally limited by fading constraints ζ _xy (antenna gain g _xy and path loss τ _xy ) and fading ψ _xy (low fading ψ _xy ). The propagation conditions for LoS and NLoS in Table 1 are described as P ^L _xy and P ^N _xy , respectively. In LoS/NLoS, L and N represent system parameters. Since the value of P ^L _xy can be approximated using a step function, P ^L _xy is divided into the interval = [ri; ri + 1] (where i = 1, 2, 3 and 0 = r1 < r2 < r3)).

To achieve antenna gain, all GUEs and UTs are equipped with multiple omni-directional antennas of unitary gain and a verifiable BS radiation pattern to capture sidelobe effects. This is essential for smooth BS-UAV connectivity.

4A-4D are plots of antenna gain and transmission power. <(a) antenna gain, (b) network sum rate performance versus UAV transmission power, (c)-(d) respective spectral efficiency under LoS and NLoS conditions. Calculation of optimal transmission power for >

The operational results of this work are shown in Figure 4a, where better antenna gains were recorded even at low spectral efficiency compared to the existing C-NOMA model. Additionally, the arrangement coefficient of radiation is proven as follows.

Here t is the angle formed by tilting the electricity downward. The antenna gain for x and y is the product of the antenna gains.

.여기서

는 경로손실이고,

는 그것이 지수이다.

는 x와 y의 높이 차이이다.In Figure 4b, the system's transmission power (dBm) is displayed against the network total speed (Mbps) under LoS/NLoS conditions. The higher the UAV transmit power (dBm), the higher the system's sum rate threshold. In LoS/NLoS, the proposed JT-CoMP + C-NOMA registered the minimum required sum rate with low UAV transmission power. As more user cells consume more energy, higher network aggregate rates are detrimental, resulting in near-optimal performance. The distance dependent path loss for end nodes x and y is:

.here

is the path loss,

That's the exponent.

is the height difference between x and y.

이다.All UAV-to-UAV (U2U) distance in 3D is

am.

The small-scale Nakagamim is recovered to relax the fading constraints with the CDF of ψ _xy as follows:

Here, m _xy ∈ Z ⁺ in Figure 4 c is a line-of-sight (LoS) link indicating a larger value of m _xy than the non-line-of-sight (NLoS) link in Figure 4 d.

However, these different values show the optimal transmission function compared to the existing C-NOMA model.

<Table 2>

Table 2 is a table showing the comparative performance analysis of the proposed filter and other existing technologies.

As discussed in Table 2, a performance comparison of the main schemes is illustrated. Detailed features such as topology/order, technology (nm), gain (dB), RF-transmitter, cost, energy dissipation (W), bandwidth (MHz), and frequency (MHz) ratio were analyzed.

Figure 5 is a diagram of a recent beamforming supply voltage (V) vs. gain comparison. Further analysis in Figure 5 shows a gain of 45.3 (dB) versus supply voltage band (1.0 V) for this scheme, thus confirming the results.

- conclusion

As described above, the transaction in the present invention summarizes the beamforming interfacing model proposed for PRB-based LTE cell edge using 10 wireless multipoint (MP) terminals.

The embedded control logic (CL) circuit modeled an NMOS-LDO regulator configuration with a center frequency of 9.2 MHz and a passband of 1.4 MHz to ensure higher frequency shifting.

The quality factors for the first and second poles are 4.1 and 6.5, respectively. As shown, the antenna outage probability recorded a higher threshold of 10 ^-2.8 . The total signal speed of 4.1dBm was stabilized at 10 ^-4.0 Mbps in LoS and 10 ^-2.9 Mbps in NLoS conditions.

Within the same spectral space, the transmit power is largely optimized with a gain of 45.3 dB at a maximum supply voltage of 1.0 V. A reliable energy harvesting model with detailed signal-to-interference-plus-noise (SINR) for this system will be investigated in future studies.

As such, a person skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains will understand that the present invention can be implemented in other specific forms without changing its technical idea or essential features. Therefore, the embodiments described above should be understood in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention is indicated by the claims described below rather than the detailed description above, and all changes or modified forms derived from the meaning and scope of the claims and their equivalent concepts should be interpreted as being included in the scope of the present invention. do.

Claims (4)

In a reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource block (PRB) using a Gm-C beamforming filter circuit for Long Term Evolution (LTE) or 5G-based cell edge terminals, The physical resource block (PRB) consists of an embedded control logic (CL) chip that controls signal transmission and reception. A reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource block, wherein an error bit is set in the physical resource block (PRB) circuit, and a structured error injection technique is emulated to propagate the error bit along the RF channel chain. According to paragraph 1, When a cell's error bit is tuned to 1 (+1) when the cell is in read-only mode, the same error is chained and propagated with the error output; when the cell is in read-only mode, when the error bit is tuned to 1 (+1), the error bit is A reconfigurable time-frequency physical resource block attached to an error output value, wherein when in an idle state, the error bit is masked and no longer propagated. According to paragraph 1, A tracebuffer controller (TBC) is included to maintain modular blocks of buffer signals generated by the cell edge terminal, A reconfigurable time frequency characterized in that 128 bits (or 4 flits) of flit information is stored in a temporary write holding buffer and then transmitted to the trace buffer controller (TBC) when the flit reaches its maximum value. Physical resource block. According to paragraph 1, The embedded control logic (CL) includes a Gm-C beamforming filter circuit, and a loop gain cross-coupling approach is processed when a negative feedback loop must be transmitted.

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