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WO2024149375A1 - Synbiotic compositions for improving immunity and for treating atopic dermatitis - Google Patents

Synbiotic compositions for improving immunity and for treating atopic dermatitis Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024149375A1
WO2024149375A1 PCT/CN2024/072002 CN2024072002W WO2024149375A1 WO 2024149375 A1 WO2024149375 A1 WO 2024149375A1 CN 2024072002 W CN2024072002 W CN 2024072002W WO 2024149375 A1 WO2024149375 A1 WO 2024149375A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
composition
maltodextrin
subject
fructooligosaccharide
xylitol
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/CN2024/072002
Other languages
French (fr)
Inventor
Siew Chien NG
Ka Leung Francis CHAN
Zhilu XU
Jielun HU
Wing Yan Tang
Sze Leung Rachel FAN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Geniebiome Ltd
Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK
Original Assignee
Geniebiome Ltd
Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Geniebiome Ltd, Chinese University of Hong Kong CUHK filed Critical Geniebiome Ltd
Priority to CN202480007744.8A priority Critical patent/CN120583954A/en
Publication of WO2024149375A1 publication Critical patent/WO2024149375A1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74Bacteria
    • A61K35/741Probiotics
    • A61K35/744Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/745Bifidobacteria
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/141Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
    • A61K9/145Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic compounds
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/20Bacteria; Culture media therefor

Definitions

  • Coronavirus-2019 COVID-19
  • SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
  • SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
  • Several promising therapeutic agents are currently undergoing active investigation and development for prophylactic or therapeutic use in the treatment for COVID-19 to prevent or ameliorate its damaging effects to the afflicted patients, while in the meantime experimental vaccines are widely distributed to the general population.
  • the present invention fulfills this and other related needs by identifying beneficial gut microorganisms and their metabolites in an effort to formulate new compositions and devise new methods that are effective for improving natural immunity of individuals, especially young children including infants, against various infectious diseases, as well as for treating inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis that may begin from childhood.
  • the present inventors discovered in their studies the certain gut microbial species and their metabolites can enhance the natural immunity in individuals, especially among young children, including infants, against infectious pathogens (e.g., viral or bacterial pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2) , thus provide an important utility in the prevention and eradication of infectious diseases caused by such pathogens.
  • infectious pathogens e.g., viral or bacterial pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2
  • microorganisms and metabolites have also been discovered as capable to provide notable therapeutic and prophylactic benefits for inflammatory conditions, especially those that may begin during childhood (such as atopic eczema) .
  • the microorganisms and metabolites so identified now serve to provide new methods and compositions for enhancing or improving a young child’s natural immunity and protection against infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
  • the present invention provides a composition that is useful for improving or enhancing immunity or for treating eczema in a human subject, especially a human child or infant, and especially one at increased risk of suffering from an infection by an infectious agent, e.g., at risk for COVID-19.
  • the composition contains an effective amount of (1) Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum; and (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients.
  • the composition consists essentially of the specified components and does not contain any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, the composition does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B.
  • B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the colony-forming unit (CFU) ratio of about (0.3-9.6) to about 1. In some embodiments, B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the CFU ratio of about (1-3) to about 1. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 10 6 to about 10 12 CFU of all species of Bifidobacteria. In some embodiments, the composition also contains fructooligosaccharide and/or maltodextrin.
  • CFU colony-forming unit
  • fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1.
  • the composition may further include xylitol.
  • fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1 to about (0-2) .
  • the composition contains a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol, or a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol.
  • the composition may further include zinc acetate and/or calcium acetate.
  • the composition may be formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate or calcium acetate in the amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 2 to about 10 mg/kg bodyweight of the subject.
  • the composition is formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate in the amount of about 0.2-2 mg, about 0.5-1 mg, or about 1-2 mg, and calcium acetate in the amount of about 20-250 mg, about 30-200 mg, or about 50-100 mg, for each subject per day, especially for a child about 1 to 5 years of age.
  • the zinc or calcium content in the zinc acetate or calcium acetate is about 10%-30%.
  • the composition is formulated for oral ingestion, for example, in the form of a food or beverage item, or in the form of an additive to food or beverage.
  • the composition may further includes one or more agents known to enhance immunity, for example, effective in suppressing an infectious agent, such as SARS-CoV-2, and reducing disease severity (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, nattokinase, or any combination thereof) .
  • an infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2
  • reducing disease severity e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, nattokinase, or any combination thereof.
  • the present invention provides a method for improving or enhancing immunity or for treating eczema in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition described above and herein, namely containing an effective amount of (1) B. breve and B. bifidum; and (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients.
  • the subject is a human child or an infant.
  • the method does not administer to the subject any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount or in an amount that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status.
  • the administering step of the method includes administering to the subject one composition comprising B. breve, B. bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, optionally with xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  • the administering step includes administering to the subject a first composition comprising an effective amount of B. breve and B. bifidum, and administering to the subject a second composition comprising an effective amount of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, optionally with xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  • the administering step includes administering to the subject two or more compositions each containing one or more of B. breve, B. bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate in an effective amount.
  • the administering step comprises oral ingestion of the composition or compositions, which may be before or after food intake, or with food intake, for example, the composition (s) may be taken before, after, or with a meal.
  • the subject is at increased risk of suffering from an infection by an infectious agent, e.g., at risk for COVID-19.
  • the present invention provides a novel use of a composition for improving immunity or for treating eczema in a subject.
  • the composition contains an effective amount of (1) Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum; and (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients.
  • the composition consists essentially of the specified components and does not contain any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, the composition does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount or in an amount that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status.
  • the composition in the CFU ratio of about (0.3-9.6) to about 1, or about (1-3) to about 1.
  • the composition includes about 10 6 to about 10 12 CFU of total Bifidobacteria present in the composition.
  • the composition also contains fructooligosaccharide and/or maltodextrin.
  • fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1.
  • the composition contains a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol or a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol.
  • the composition may further include zinc acetate and/or calcium acetate.
  • the composition may be formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate or calcium acetate in the amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 2 to about 10 mg/kg of the subject.
  • the composition is formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate in the amount of about 0.2-2 mg, about 0.5-1 mg, or about 1-2 mg, and calcium acetate in the amount of about 20-250 mg, about 30-200 mg, or about 50-100 mg, for each subject per day, especially for a child about 1 to 5 years of age.
  • the zinc or calcium content in the zinc acetate or calcium acetate is about 10%-30%.
  • the composition is formulated for oral ingestion, for example, in the form of a food or beverage item, or in the form of an additive to food or beverage.
  • the composition may further includes one or more agents known to enhance immunity, for example, effective in suppressing an infectious agent, such as SARS-CoV-2, and reducing disease severity (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, antihistamines H1/H2, steroids (especially oral steroids) , nattokinase, or any combination thereof) .
  • an infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2
  • reducing disease severity e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, antihistamines H1/H2, steroids (especially oral steroids) , nattokinase, or any combination thereof.
  • the present invention provides a kit for improving or enhancing immunity or for treating eczema in a subject comprising a plurality of compositions each comprising an effective amount of one or more of the following: Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  • the kit includes two compositions each comprising an effective amount of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum, optionally further comprising one or more compositions each comprising at least one of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, or a combination thereof.
  • these compositions are in the form of a powder, liquid, paste, cream, tablet, or capsule.
  • the kit does not include any composition including any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, the kit does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B.
  • the kit may further include one or more additional containers, each containing one or more agents known to effectively suppress an infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2 and/or to reduce disease severity or facilitate patient recovery from COVID-19 (e.g., ivermectin, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, Zinc, azithromycin, doxycycline, hydroxychloroquine, fluvoxamine, steroids (especially oral steroids) , antihistamines H1/H2, nattokinase, or any combination thereof) .
  • a user instruction manual may be included in the kit for the proper use of the kit, providing information such as suitable subjects for treatment and time, dosing etc.
  • Figure 1 Bacteria prevalence and abundance in healthy children within 4 years old. Metagenomic data from 101 stool samples collected from 48 children were analyzed.
  • FIG. 4 Bacterial species with significantly different abundance after one month of treatment with the synbiotic composition.
  • B Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum were the only differentially abundant bacterial species (baseline vs month 1) identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) using the p-value (Wilcoxon rank sum test) cutoff of 0.05 and the effective size cutoff of 2.0.
  • LDA scores can be interpreted as the degree of consistent difference in relative abundance between features in the two classes of analyzed microbial communities.
  • SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 refers to the virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) . It is also referred to as “COVID-19 virus. ”
  • atopic dermatitis is used interchangeably with “eczema. ”
  • Eczema is a general term for long-term inflammatory rash-like skin conditions. The most common type of eczema is called atopic dermatitis, also referred to as “atopic eczema. ”
  • FOS oligosaccharide fructans
  • oligofructose oligosaccharide fructans
  • FOS oligosaccharide fructans
  • One class of FOS can be produced by degradation of inulin, or polyfructose, by enzymatic or chemical means to a mixture of oligosaccharides with the general structure Glucose–Fructose n (GF n ) and Fructose m (F m ) with n and m ranging from 1 to 7.
  • Another class of FOS can be prepared by way of the transfructosylation action of a ⁇ -fructosidase on sucrose. The resulting mixture has the general formula of GF n , with n ranging from 1 to 5.
  • Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide that consists of D-glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with ⁇ (1 ⁇ 4) glycosidic bonds. Typically, maltodextrin is composed of a mixture of chains that vary from 3 to 17 glucose units long.
  • Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sweetener. It is a natural carbohydrate, known as one of the so-called pentitols, it consists of a skeleton of five carbon atoms and comprises a total of five hydroxyl groups.
  • inhibitors refers to any detectable negative effect on a target biological process, such as RNA/protein expression of a target gene, the biological activity of a target protein, cellular signal transduction, cell proliferation, presence/level of an organism especially a micro-organism, any measurable biomarker, bio-parameter, or symptom in a subject, and the like.
  • an inhibition is reflected in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater in the target process (e.g., a subject’s bodyweight, or blood glucose/cholesterol level, or any measurable symptom or biomarker in a subject, such as an infection rate among subjects by a pathogenic infectious agent) , or any one of the downstream parameters mentioned above, when compared to a control.
  • the target process e.g., a subject’s bodyweight, or blood glucose/cholesterol level, or any measurable symptom or biomarker in a subject, such as an infection rate among subjects by a pathogenic infectious agent
  • “Inhibition” further includes a 100%reduction, i.e., a complete elimination, prevention, or abolition of a target biological process or signal.
  • terms such as “activate, ” “activating, ” “activation, ” “increase, ” “increasing, ” “promote, ” “promoting, ” “enhance, ” “enhancing, ” or “enhancement” are used in this disclosure to encompass positive changes at different levels (e.g., at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, or greater such as 3, 5, 8, 10, 20-fold increase compared to a control level in a target process, signal, or parameter.
  • treatment includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition.
  • a preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100% elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
  • severity of a disease refers to the level and extent to which a disease progresses to cause detrimental effects on the well-being and health of a patient suffering from the disease, such as short-term and long-term physical, mental, and psychological disability, up to and including death of the patient. Severity of a disease can be reflected in the nature and quantity of the necessary therapeutic and maintenance measures, the time duration required for patient recovery, the extent of possible recovery, the percentage of patient full recovery, the percentage of patients in need of long-term care, and mortality rate.
  • a “patient” or “subject” receiving the composition or treatment method of this invention is a human, including both adult and juvenile human, of any age, gender, and ethnic background, who may or may not have been diagnosed with any particular disease or disorder (e.g., may or may not have a positive nucleic acid and/or antibody test result for COVID-19, or may or may not have been given a diagnosis of eczema) but is in need of enhancing immunity (e.g., to reduce or eliminate risk for a viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19) or to reduce risk of developing of eczema or worsening of eczema symptoms.
  • enhancing immunity e.g., to reduce or eliminate risk for a viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19
  • the patient or subject receiving treatment according to the method of this invention to improve immunity is not otherwise in need of treatment by the same therapeutic agents.
  • the subject is not suffering from any disease that is known to be treated by the same therapeutic agents.
  • a patient may be of any age, in some cases the patient is under age of 18; in some cases, a patient may be between 1 and 5 years old.
  • a “child” subject is one under the age of 18 years, e.g., about 5-17, 9 or 10-17, or 12-17 years old, including an “infant, ” who is younger than about 12 months old, e.g., younger than about 10, 8, 6, 4, or 2 months old, whereas an “adult” subject is one who is 18 years or older.
  • the term “effective amount, ” as used herein, refers to an amount that produces intended (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic) effects for which a substance is administered.
  • the effects include the prevention, correction, or inhibition of progression of the symptoms of a particular disease/condition and related complications to any detectable extent, e.g., incidence of disease, infection rate, one or more of the symptoms of a viral or bacterial infection and related disorder (e.g., COVID-19) or that of an inflammatory condition such as eczema.
  • the exact amount will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992) ; Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999) ; and Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999) ) .
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable” or “pharmacologically acceptable” excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
  • excipient refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention.
  • excipient includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks.
  • compositions containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition.
  • active agents for instance, a combination of B. breve and B.
  • bifidum effective for enhancing or improving immunity or for treating eczema in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process (e.g., immunity against an infectious illness such as COVID-19, or inflammatory condition such as eczema) or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of the disease severity among the receiving subjects.
  • This invention describes a specific combination of bacteria (B. breve and B. bifidum) , optionally in further combination with certain prebiotics and other ingredients (e.g., fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, Zn acetate, and Ca acetate) , for enhancing immunity or for treating/preventing atopic dermatitis in a subject, especially when the subject is a human child or human infant.
  • prebiotics and other ingredients e.g., fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, Zn acetate, and Ca acetate
  • the practical use of the invention includes development and manufacturing of commercial food products or health supplements, for example in the form of a powder, tablet, capsule, or liquid, which can be taken alone or added to food or beverages, especially in connection with other infection-reduction efforts at or around the same time.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally in further combination with one or more ingredients such as fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate for enhancing immunity in a person to reduce the risk of a disease involving viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19, or for treating inflammatory conditions such as eczema.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
  • compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., systemic administration via oral ingestion or local delivery using a rectal suppository.
  • the preferred route of administering the pharmaceutical compositions is oral administration at daily doses of about 10 6 to about 10 12 CFU for the combination of all species of Bifidobacteria such as B. breve and B. bifidum, at a CFU ratio of about 0.3-9.6 to about 1, or about 1-3 to about 1.
  • the composition does not contain any other Bifidobacteria species (e.g., the composition does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B.
  • fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, and xylitol, plus zinc acetate and calcium acetate is further administered to the subject, either in one single composition or in multiple compositions.
  • fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about 0.45-6 to about 1.
  • fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams, e.g., about 0.6 to about 3 grams.
  • the composition consists essentially of the specified components and does not contain any other components that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status.
  • the composition may be formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate and/or calcium acetate in the total amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 2 to about 10 mg/kg of the subject.
  • the appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day.
  • the duration of administration may range from about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, e.g., about 1 week to about 2 weeks, prior to or after any potential exposure to an infectious pathogen, e.g., SARS-CoV2, or following the onset or worsening of symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition such as eczema.
  • an infectious pathogen e.g., SARS-CoV2
  • an inflammatory skin condition such as eczema.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid.
  • Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories.
  • a solid carrier can be one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component, e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination of one or more of fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
  • Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5%to about 100%by weight of the active ingredient (s) (e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with one or more of fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) .
  • suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions can include the formulation of the active ingredient (s) e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active ingredient (s) (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the active ingredient (s) .
  • sachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, sachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
  • Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral administration or local delivery, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration.
  • Sterile water solutions of the active component e.g., B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate
  • sterile solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid or semi-liquid compositions suitable for oral administration or local delivery such as by rectal suppository.
  • the compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
  • Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component (e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving or suspending the active components in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions.
  • the resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration.
  • the pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
  • compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of active agents sufficient to effectively enhance the immunity of a recipient against an infectious pathogen (e.g., SARS-CoV2) and/or reduce or eliminate symptoms or effects of an inflammatory condition such as eczema.
  • an infectious pathogen e.g., SARS-CoV2
  • an inflammatory condition such as eczema
  • Additional known therapeutic agent or agents may be used in combination with an active agent such as B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with one or more of prebiotics fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, and xylitol, plus zinc acetate and calcium acetate, in the practice of the present invention for the purpose of enhancing the safety and efficacy of a vaccine for the prevention or risk reduction of an infectious disease or associated disorder caused by a viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19, or for the purpose of treating inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, especially among children or infants.
  • an active agent such as B. breve and B. bifidum
  • prebiotics fructooligosaccharides maltodextrin, and xylitol
  • zinc acetate and calcium acetate zinc acetate and calcium acetate
  • one or more of these previously known effective prophylactic/therapeutic agents can be administered to patients concurrently with an effective amount
  • drugs and supplements that are known to be effective for use to prevent or treat COVID-19 include ivermectin, vitamin C, vitamin D, melatonin, quercetin, Zinc, hydroxychloroquine, fluvoxamine, doxycycline, and azithromycin, as well as steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, and nattokinase. They may be used in combination with the active agents (such as the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum in an appropriate ratio) of the present invention to enhance a COVID-19 vaccine’s effectiveness and safety so as to reduce an individual’s risk of SARS-CoV2 infection, reduce potential disease severity (including morbidity and mortality) , facilitate recovery from the disease.
  • active agents such as the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum in an appropriate ratio
  • the combination of Zinc, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin, and the combination of one or more of ivermectin, fluvoxamine, doxycycline, vitamin C, vitamin D, melatonin, and quercetin have demonstrated high efficacy in both COVID prophylaxis and therapy, as well as the combination of steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, and nattokinase for treating the hyper-inflammatory disease stage of COVID-19.
  • known therapeutic agents useful for treating inflammatory conditions such as eczema, including oral steroids (e.g., abrocitinib or CIBINQO)
  • oral steroids e.g., abrocitinib or CIBINQO
  • these known drug/supplement or nutritheutical combinations can be used in the method of this invention along with the active components of the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further with one or more prebiotics fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, and xylitol, plus zinc acetate and calcium acetate.
  • kits for improving immunity in an individual e.g., for preventing an infectious disease/reducing severity of an infectious disease such as COVID-19) or for treating an inflammatory condition (such as long-term inflammatory skin condition eczema) according to the method disclosed herein.
  • the kits typically include a plurality of containers, each containing a composition comprising one or more of the bifidobacterium species B. breve and B. bifidum.
  • additional container (s) may be included in the kit providing composition (s) comprising one or more of ingredients selected from fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  • kits may contain a different active agent/drug or a distinct combination of two or more of the active agents or drugs.
  • the kit may further include informational material providing instructions on how to dispense the pharmaceutical composition (s) , including description of the type of patients who may be treated (e.g., human patients who have been deemed as with high risk of contracting the disease, for example, due to being in a high-risk environment such as a daycare, kindergarten, or school, but have not received a diagnosis of an infectious disease (e.g., COVID-19) or an inflammatory condition (e.g., eczema) and are therefore seeking to improve natural immunity against the infectious disease or to reduce the symptoms or severity of the inflammatory condition.
  • an infectious disease e.g., COVID-19
  • an inflammatory condition e.g., eczema
  • the instructions may identify the type of patients to be excluded from receiving the claimed treatment method (e.g., those who have been diagnosed with a pre-existing condition that already requires administration of the active components such as the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally along with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) .
  • Information such as the dosage, frequency, and manner of administration of the compositions provided in the kit is also provided.
  • Fecal DNA was extracted by using RSC PureFood GMO and Authentication Kit (Promega) with modifications to increase the yield of fungal DNA.
  • Approximately 100 mg from each stool sample was prewashed with 1 ml ddH2O and pelleted by centrifugation at 13, 000 ⁇ g for 1 min.
  • the pellet was resuspended in 800 ⁇ L TE buffer (pH 7.5) , supplemented with 1.6 ⁇ l 2-mercaptoethanol and 500 U lyticase (Sigma) , and incubated at 37 °C for 60 min.
  • the sample was then centrifuged at 13, 000 ⁇ g for 2 min and the supernatant was discarded.
  • DNA was subsequently extracted from the pellet using a RSC PureFood GMO and Authentication Kit (Promega) following manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 1 ml of CTAB buffer was added to the pellet and vortexed for 30 s, then the solution heated at 95°C for 5 min. After that, samples were vortexed thoroughly with beads (Biospec, 0.5mm for fungi and 0.1mm for bacteria, 1: 1) at maximum speed for 15 min. Following this, 40 ⁇ l proteinase K and 20 ⁇ l RNase A were added and the mixture incubated at 70°C for 10 min. The supernatant was then obtained by centrifuging at 13, 000 ⁇ g for 5 min and placed in a RSC instrument for DNA extraction. The extracted fecal DNA was used for ultra-deep metagenomics sequencing via Ilumina Novoseq 6000 (Novogen, Beijing, China) . An average of 52 ⁇ 6.3 million reads (12G clean data) per sample were obtained.
  • Sequencing libraries were prepared from extracted DNA using the Nextera DNA Flex Library Prep Kit (Illumina, California USA) , and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System at the Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Chinese University of Hong Kong. An average of 26 ⁇ 3.3 million reads (6G data) per sample were obtained.
  • Raw sequence reads were filtered and quality-trimmed using Trimmomatic v0.36 1 as follows: 1. Trimming low quality base (quality score ⁇ 20) ; 2. Removing reads shorter than 50bp; 3. Tracing and cutting off sequencing adapters. Contaminating human reads were filtering using Kneaddata v0.7.3 (website: bitbucket. org/biobakery/kneaddata/wiki/Home, Reference database: GRCh38 p12) with default parameters.
  • Profiling of bacterial taxonomy and functional composition was extracted using humann2 v0.11.1 2 from metagenomes of fungi-enriched DNA, which included taxonomic identification via MetaPhlAn2 by mapping reads to clade-specific markers 3 , annotation of species pangenomes through Bowtie2 v2.3.5 4 with reference to the ChocoPhlAn database, translated search of unmapped reads with DIAMOND v2.0.4 5 against the UniRef90 universal protein reference database 6 and pathway collection from the generated gene list with reference to the Metacyc database 7 .
  • Acetate was detected by GC-MS/MS.
  • Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph coupled to a 7000D mass spectrometer with a DB-5MS column (30 m length ⁇ 0.25 mm i.d. ⁇ 0.25 ⁇ m film thickness, J&W Scientific, USA) was used.
  • Helium was used as carrier gas, at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Injections were made in the splitless mode and the injection volume was 2 ⁇ L.
  • the oven temperature was held at 90°C for 1 min, raised to 100°C at a rate of 25°C/min, raised to 150°C at a rate of 20°C/min and held at 150°C 0.6 min, further raised to 200°C at a rate of 25°C/min, held at 200°C 0.5 min. After running for 3 minutes, all samples were analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The temperature of injector inlet and transfer line were held at 200 °C and 230 °C, respectively.
  • composition for use according to the present invention comprises at least one bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) and
  • Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) , which are commercially available or can be directly isolated from feces, identified, characterized, and produced.
  • B. breve and B. bifidum were selected due to their high relative abundance and prevalence in healthy children under 4 years old (study cohort 1) among common probiotic bacteria. Their relative abundance and prevalence are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.
  • the ratio of B. breve and B. bifidum in the composition should be in a ratio of (0.3-9.6) : 1, calculated based on colony forming units (CFU) .
  • the composition should comprise at least 1.0x10 6 CFU of B. breve and B. bifidum combined, preferably between 1.0x10 6 and 1.0x10 12 CFU per daily use.
  • FOSs fructooligosaccharides
  • DP degree of polymerization
  • Maltodextrin is hydrolysated starch by means of less than 20 dextrose equivalence (DE) .
  • the composition in the present invention should comprise FOS and maltodextrin in the weight ratio of (0.45-6) : 1 by dry mass, or FOS, maltodextrin and xylitol in the weight ratio of (0.45-6) : 1: (0-2) by dry mass.
  • FOS a weight ratio of (0.45-6) : 1 by dry mass
  • FOS, maltodextrin and xylitol in the weight ratio of (0.45-6) : 1: (0-2) by dry mass.
  • the amount of FOS maybe within the range of about 0.03 to 3.9 g per day and the amount of maltodextrin maybe within the range of about 0.05 to 6.2 g per day.
  • metabolite target analysis show that fecal concentrations of acetate were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 than in controls ( Figure 3, p ⁇ 0.05) , further supporting that SARS-CoV-2 infection may influence acetate-producing capacity of the gut microbiome.
  • Microbiota-derived SCFAs including acetate, can exert anti-inflammatory effects through activating anti-inflammatory immune cells and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways 8, 9 .
  • acetate has been reported to protect against respiratory syncytial virus infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response 10 .
  • one or more acetates can be added to the synbiotic composition of the present invention.
  • the acetates are a combination of calcium acetates and zinc acetates.
  • Calcium acetates and zinc acetates could provide calcium and zinc in addition to acetate, which confer beneficial effects for the growth of the children.
  • the amount of zinc acetate is about 0.01-50 mg/kg of body weight per day and the amount of calcium acetate is about 0.01-50 mg/kg of body weight per day.
  • the zinc and calcium content in zinc acetate and calcium acetate is about 10-30%.
  • the suggested amount per daily dose by a subject of the synbiotic composition in the present invention is presented here as an example.
  • the synbiotic composition can comprise of the following with suggested dosage in Table 2. This composition can be manufactured in the pure form of powder, sachet, tablets, capsule or drops.
  • the synbiotic composition comprises:
  • Table 2 Suggested amount per daily dose by a subject CFU: colony forming unit
  • This synbiotic composition can be incorporated into a food composition, for instance, by dry mixing the components of the synbiotic composition successively, together or as a premix, into a food composition, following regular processing techniques.
  • the food product can be infant formula, powdered beverage, milk-based product, yoghurt, yoghurt melts, ice-cream, dry cereal mix, or porridge.
  • the synbiotic composition, and the food composition comprising such a synbiotic composition may be for use in the prevention, and/or treatment of pathogen infection including COVID-19, and improve immunity.
  • Atopic dermatitis (synonymous with atopic eczema [1] ) is a common chronic skin disease that affects a substantial part of population. The associated economic burden was estimated to cost more than $5 billion per year with the rising prevalence of this disease worldwide [2] . A 2016 nation-wide study in China reported that 12.9%of children (1-7 years) were diagnosed with eczema [3] . Growing evidence has shown that atopic dermatitis and/or eczema would increase the risk of several diseases’ development, including stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, atrial fibrillation, and cardiovascular death [4] .
  • gastrointestinal microflora can serve as the disease indicator of eczema.
  • gut microbiota starts at birth [14] .
  • Gut microbiome in early life can impact on human health in later life [15] .
  • the gut microbiota of children is more malleable than that of adults. Therefore, childhood is the golden period for the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome.
  • Growing evidence has suggested an aberrant immune response is one of the key drivers of atopic dermatitis. Modulation of the gut microbiome, particularly in childhood, is therefore a potentially effective means to prevent and treat atopic dermatitis by counteracting dysbiosis and immune dysfunction.
  • topical corticosteroids remain the standard anti-inflammatory treatment against AD [1]
  • long-term use of topical corticosteroids, especially high-or super high-potency preparations, on large body areas may lead to adrenal suppression.
  • Other adverse effects include skin thinning, telangiectasias, folliculitis, and contact dermatitis.
  • This invention provides a synbiotic composition for preventing or alleviating eczema-related symptoms in small children by modulating their gut microbiota.
  • the effect and safety of a synbiotic composition on eczema severity, gut microbiome and GI symptoms of the children with eczema is evaluated.
  • SCORAD index [17] .
  • the overall SCORAD assessment outcome was determined by two objective components and one subjective component. The two objective components are the extent of eczematous areas (Part A: Extent) and the intensity of dermatological lesions (Part B: Intensity) .
  • Subjective components of SCORAD were assessed by evaluation of subjective symptoms of pruritus and sleep loss on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 20 (Part C: Pruritus+Sleep Loss) [17, 18] .
  • the validated Chinese version of Infant dermatitis quality of life (IDQOL) and Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) tool was also used to evaluate the quality of life among children with eczema aged 1 to 3 years and aged 4 to 5 years respectively [20-22] . A higher score indicated a poorer quality of life.
  • the synbiotic composition comprises B. breve, B. bfidum, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) , maltodextrin, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, wherein B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the CFU ratio of about (1-3) to about 1.
  • the total CFU of B. breve and B. bifidum in one sachet of the synbiotic composition is 1 billion. Other antibiotics or probiotic-containing products were avoided during this period.
  • Fecal bacterial DNA was extracted by DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Approximately 100 mg from each stool sample was added with 800 ⁇ l of Solution CD1 and heated at 65 °C for 10 min after briefly vortex. After heating, nucleic acid was released from the samples by vortexing with PowerBead (offered in Dneasy PowerSoil Pro Kit) at 25 Hz for 10 minutes with a TissueLyser II. After homogenization, samples were centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min. Supernatant was transferred to a clean 2 ml Microcentrifuge and added with 200 ⁇ l of Solution CD2 to precipitate non-DNA organic and inorganic material.
  • PowerBead offered in Dneasy PowerSoil Pro Kit
  • Raw sequence reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic [23] (v0.38) first and then separation of non-human reads from contaminant host reads. There were several steps to acquire clean reads: 1) Remove adapters; 2) Scan the read with a 4-base wide sliding window, removing reads when the average quality per base drop below 20; 3) Drop reads below the 50 bases long. Trimmed sequence reads were mapped to human genome (Reference database: GRCh38 p12) by KneadData (v0.7.2) to remove reads originated from the host. Pair-end two reads were concatenated together.
  • Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis the SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 186, 23-31 (1993) .
  • McMurdie, P.J. &Holmes, S. phyloseq an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data.

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Abstract

The present invention provides for compositions and methods for improving immunity among individuals, especially among children and infants, to reduce the risk of developing an infectious disease. Also provided are compositions and methods for treating inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis.

Description

SYNBIOTIC COMPOSITIONS FOR IMPROVING IMMUNITY AND FOR TREATING ATOPIC DERMATITIS
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to US Provisional Patent Application No. 63/439,010, filed January 13, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
In recent years, viral and bacterial infection is becoming more prevalent worldwide and presents a serious public health threat. For example, the Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) global pandemic of a respiratory disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected over 650 million people worldwide, including over 6.5 million deaths, and is exacerbated by a large burden of asymptomatic carriers as well as a lack of thoroughly tested, proven safe and effective vaccines. Several promising therapeutic agents are currently undergoing active investigation and development for prophylactic or therapeutic use in the treatment for COVID-19 to prevent or ameliorate its damaging effects to the afflicted patients, while in the meantime experimental vaccines are widely distributed to the general population.
Accordingly, there exists an urgent need for new and meaningful methods to facilitate therapeutic and vaccination efforts by way of enhancing natural immunity among the general population, including children and infants, to achieve reduction or elimination of viral and bacterial infections as well as to lessen or eliminate their associated effects. The purpose of this study is to identify gut microbial species and microbial metabolites that can potentially provide the beneficial effects of boosting natural immunity, especially among children and infants. Direct supplementation of these beneficial gut microbial species and/or direct supplementation of the beneficial microbial metabolites is a potentially effective means to improve a person’s immunity, especially a young child’s immunity, against an infectious pathogen such as viruses capable of causing respiratory infection including COVID-19, thus preventing the development of such infectious diseases and/or reducing the severity of such diseases. The present invention fulfills this and other related needs by identifying beneficial gut microorganisms and their metabolites in an effort to formulate new compositions and devise new methods that are effective for improving natural immunity of individuals,  especially young children including infants, against various infectious diseases, as well as for treating inflammatory conditions such as atopic dermatitis that may begin from childhood.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present inventors discovered in their studies the certain gut microbial species and their metabolites can enhance the natural immunity in individuals, especially among young children, including infants, against infectious pathogens (e.g., viral or bacterial pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2) , thus provide an important utility in the prevention and eradication of infectious diseases caused by such pathogens. Meanwhile, microorganisms and metabolites have also been discovered as capable to provide notable therapeutic and prophylactic benefits for inflammatory conditions, especially those that may begin during childhood (such as atopic eczema) . The microorganisms and metabolites so identified now serve to provide new methods and compositions for enhancing or improving a young child’s natural immunity and protection against infectious diseases such as COVID-19.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a composition that is useful for improving or enhancing immunity or for treating eczema in a human subject, especially a human child or infant, and especially one at increased risk of suffering from an infection by an infectious agent, e.g., at risk for COVID-19. The composition contains an effective amount of (1) Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum; and (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of the specified components and does not contain any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, the composition does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount or in an amount that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status. In some embodiments, B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the colony-forming unit (CFU) ratio of about (0.3-9.6) to about 1. In some embodiments, B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the CFU ratio of about (1-3) to about 1. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 106 to about 1012 CFU of all species of Bifidobacteria. In some embodiments, the composition also contains fructooligosaccharide and/or maltodextrin. For example, fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1. In some embodiments, the composition may further include xylitol. For example,  fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1 to about (0-2) . In some cases, the composition contains a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol, or a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol. In some embodiments, the composition may further include zinc acetate and/or calcium acetate. For example, the composition may be formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate or calcium acetate in the amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 2 to about 10 mg/kg bodyweight of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate in the amount of about 0.2-2 mg, about 0.5-1 mg, or about 1-2 mg, and calcium acetate in the amount of about 20-250 mg, about 30-200 mg, or about 50-100 mg, for each subject per day, especially for a child about 1 to 5 years of age. In some embodiments, the zinc or calcium content in the zinc acetate or calcium acetate is about 10%-30%. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral ingestion, for example, in the form of a food or beverage item, or in the form of an additive to food or beverage. Optionally, the composition may further includes one or more agents known to enhance immunity, for example, effective in suppressing an infectious agent, such as SARS-CoV-2, and reducing disease severity (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, nattokinase, or any combination thereof) .
In the second aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving or enhancing immunity or for treating eczema in a subject by administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition described above and herein, namely containing an effective amount of (1) B. breve and B. bifidum; and (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the subject is a human child or an infant. In some embodiments, the method does not administer to the subject any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount or in an amount that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status. In some embodiments, the administering step of the method includes administering to the subject one composition comprising B. breve, B. bifidum,  fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, optionally with xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate. In some embodiments, the administering step includes administering to the subject a first composition comprising an effective amount of B. breve and B. bifidum, and administering to the subject a second composition comprising an effective amount of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, optionally with xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate. In some cases, the administering step includes administering to the subject two or more compositions each containing one or more of B. breve, B. bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate in an effective amount. In some embodiments, the administering step comprises oral ingestion of the composition or compositions, which may be before or after food intake, or with food intake, for example, the composition (s) may be taken before, after, or with a meal. In some embodiments, the subject is at increased risk of suffering from an infection by an infectious agent, e.g., at risk for COVID-19. Optionally, the method also includes administering to the subject, either in the same composition may further includes one or more agents known to enhance immunity, for example, effective in suppressing an infectious agent, such as SARS-CoV-2, and reducing disease severity (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, steroids (especially oral steroids) , antihistamines H1/H2, nattokinase, or any combination thereof) .
In a related aspect, the present invention provides a novel use of a composition for improving immunity or for treating eczema in a subject. The composition contains an effective amount of (1) Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum; and (2) one or more physiologically acceptable excipients. In some embodiments, the composition consists essentially of the specified components and does not contain any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, the composition does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount or in an amount that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status. In some embodiments, B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the CFU ratio of about (0.3-9.6) to about 1, or about (1-3) to about 1. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 106 to about 1012 CFU of total Bifidobacteria present in the composition. In some embodiments, the composition also contains fructooligosaccharide and/or maltodextrin. For example, fructooligosaccharide and  maltodextrin may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1. In some cases, the composition contains a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin, or a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin. In some embodiments, the composition also contains fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin and/or xylitol. For example, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) to about 1 to about (0-2) . In some cases, the composition contains a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol or a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol. In some embodiments, the composition may further include zinc acetate and/or calcium acetate. For example, the composition may be formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate or calcium acetate in the amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 2 to about 10 mg/kg of the subject. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate in the amount of about 0.2-2 mg, about 0.5-1 mg, or about 1-2 mg, and calcium acetate in the amount of about 20-250 mg, about 30-200 mg, or about 50-100 mg, for each subject per day, especially for a child about 1 to 5 years of age. In some embodiments, the zinc or calcium content in the zinc acetate or calcium acetate is about 10%-30%. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral ingestion, for example, in the form of a food or beverage item, or in the form of an additive to food or beverage. Optionally, the composition may further includes one or more agents known to enhance immunity, for example, effective in suppressing an infectious agent, such as SARS-CoV-2, and reducing disease severity (e.g., ivermectin, hydroxychloroquine, Zinc, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, fluvoxamine, azithromycin, doxycycline, antihistamines H1/H2, steroids (especially oral steroids) , nattokinase, or any combination thereof) .
In a third aspect, the present invention provides a kit for improving or enhancing immunity or for treating eczema in a subject comprising a plurality of compositions each comprising an effective amount of one or more of the following: Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate. In some embodiments, the kit includes two compositions each comprising  an effective amount of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum, optionally further comprising one or more compositions each comprising at least one of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, these compositions are in the form of a powder, liquid, paste, cream, tablet, or capsule. In some embodiments, the kit does not include any composition including any other Bifidobacteria species (or in the alternative, the kit does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount or in an amount that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status. The kit may further include one or more additional containers, each containing one or more agents known to effectively suppress an infectious agent such as SARS-CoV-2 and/or to reduce disease severity or facilitate patient recovery from COVID-19 (e.g., ivermectin, vitamin C, vitamin D, quercetin, melatonin, Zinc, azithromycin, doxycycline, hydroxychloroquine, fluvoxamine, steroids (especially oral steroids) , antihistamines H1/H2, nattokinase, or any combination thereof) . Moreover, a user instruction manual may be included in the kit for the proper use of the kit, providing information such as suitable subjects for treatment and time, dosing etc.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figure 1. Bacteria prevalence and abundance in healthy children within 4 years old. Metagenomic data from 101 stool samples collected from 48 children were analyzed.
Figure 2. The abundance of Bifidobacterium shunt pathways in patients (n=55) with COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 controls (n=70) . Statistical significance was determined by Mann Whitney test, and is indicated as p <0.0001. The abundance of Bifidobacterium shunt pathways in all samples was normalized based on relative log expression (RLE) by Deseq2 (v 1.26.0) .
Figure 3. The fecal concentration of acetate in patients with COVID-19 (n= 32) and Non-COVID-19 controls (n= 55) . Only subjects with acetate detected are included. Statistical significance was determined by Mann Whitney test, and is indicated as *p<0.05.
Figure 4. Bacterial species with significantly different abundance after one month of treatment with the synbiotic composition. Fig. 4 (A) Difference in the relative  abundance of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum at month 1 (M1) and baseline compared by the Skillings-Mack test following with Wilcoxon signed-rank test as post hoc tests. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium breve significantly increased (p=0.0014) and the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium bifidum showed a trend of increase (p=0.08) . Fig. 4 (B) Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum were the only differentially abundant bacterial species (baseline vs month 1) identified by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) using the p-value (Wilcoxon rank sum test) cutoff of 0.05 and the effective size cutoff of 2.0. LDA scores can be interpreted as the degree of consistent difference in relative abundance between features in the two classes of analyzed microbial communities.
DEFINITIONS
As used herein, the term “SARS-CoV-2 or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, ” refers to the virus that causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) . It is also referred to as “COVID-19 virus. ”
The term “atopic dermatitis” is used interchangeably with “eczema. ” Eczema is a general term for long-term inflammatory rash-like skin conditions. The most common type of eczema is called atopic dermatitis, also referred to as “atopic eczema. ”
The term “fructooligosaccharides” or FOS is used to refer to oligosaccharide fructans, also known as oligofructose or oligofructan. One class of FOS can be produced by degradation of inulin, or polyfructose, by enzymatic or chemical means to a mixture of oligosaccharides with the general structure Glucose–Fructosen (GFn) and Fructosem (Fm) with n and m ranging from 1 to 7. Another class of FOS can be prepared by way of the transfructosylation action of a β-fructosidase on sucrose. The resulting mixture has the general formula of GFn, with n ranging from 1 to 5.
“Maltodextrin” is a polysaccharide that consists of D-glucose units connected in chains of variable length. The glucose units are primarily linked with α (1→4) glycosidic bonds. Typically, maltodextrin is composed of a mixture of chains that vary from 3 to 17 glucose units long.
“Xylitol” is a sugar alcohol that is commonly used as a sweetener. It is a natural carbohydrate, known as one of the so-called pentitols, it consists of a skeleton of five carbon atoms and comprises a total of five hydroxyl groups.
The term "inhibiting" or "inhibition, " as used herein, refers to any detectable negative effect on a target biological process, such as RNA/protein expression of a target gene, the biological activity of a target protein, cellular signal transduction, cell proliferation, presence/level of an organism especially a micro-organism, any measurable biomarker, bio-parameter, or symptom in a subject, and the like. Typically, an inhibition is reflected in a decrease of at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater in the target process (e.g., a subject’s bodyweight, or blood glucose/cholesterol level, or any measurable symptom or biomarker in a subject, such as an infection rate among subjects by a pathogenic infectious agent) , or any one of the downstream parameters mentioned above, when compared to a control. “Inhibition” further includes a 100%reduction, i.e., a complete elimination, prevention, or abolition of a target biological process or signal. The other relative terms such as “suppressing, ” “suppression, ” “reducing, ” and “reduction” are used in a similar fashion in this disclosure to refer to decreases to different levels (e.g., at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%or greater decrease compared to a control level) up to complete elimination of a target biological process or signal. On the other hand, terms such as “activate, ” “activating, ” “activation, ” “increase, ” “increasing, ” “promote, ” “promoting, ” “enhance, ” “enhancing, ” or “enhancement” are used in this disclosure to encompass positive changes at different levels (e.g., at least about 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 200%, or greater such as 3, 5, 8, 10, 20-fold increase compared to a control level in a target process, signal, or parameter.
As used herein, the term "treatment" or "treating" includes both therapeutic and preventative measures taken to address the presence of a disease or condition or the risk of developing such disease or condition at a later time. It encompasses therapeutic or preventive measures for alleviating ongoing symptoms, inhibiting or slowing disease progression, delaying onset of symptoms, or eliminating or reducing side-effects caused by such disease or condition. A preventive measure in this context and its variations do not require 100% elimination of the occurrence of an event; rather, they refer to a suppression or reduction in the likelihood or severity of such occurrence or a delay in such occurrence.
The term “severity” of a disease refers to the level and extent to which a disease progresses to cause detrimental effects on the well-being and health of a patient suffering from the disease, such as short-term and long-term physical, mental, and psychological disability, up to and including death of the patient. Severity of a disease can be reflected in the nature and quantity of the necessary therapeutic and maintenance measures, the time duration required for patient recovery, the extent of possible recovery, the percentage of patient full recovery, the percentage of patients in need of long-term care, and mortality rate.
A “patient” or “subject” receiving the composition or treatment method of this invention is a human, including both adult and juvenile human, of any age, gender, and ethnic background, who may or may not have been diagnosed with any particular disease or disorder (e.g., may or may not have a positive nucleic acid and/or antibody test result for COVID-19, or may or may not have been given a diagnosis of eczema) but is in need of enhancing immunity (e.g., to reduce or eliminate risk for a viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19) or to reduce risk of developing of eczema or worsening of eczema symptoms. Typically, the patient or subject receiving treatment according to the method of this invention to improve immunity is not otherwise in need of treatment by the same therapeutic agents. For example, if a subject is receiving the synbiotic composition according to the claimed method, the subject is not suffering from any disease that is known to be treated by the same therapeutic agents. Although a patient may be of any age, in some cases the patient is under age of 18; in some cases, a patient may be between 1 and 5 years old. A “child” subject is one under the age of 18 years, e.g., about 5-17, 9 or 10-17, or 12-17 years old, including an “infant, ” who is younger than about 12 months old, e.g., younger than about 10, 8, 6, 4, or 2 months old, whereas an “adult” subject is one who is 18 years or older.
The term “effective amount, ” as used herein, refers to an amount that produces intended (e.g., therapeutic or prophylactic) effects for which a substance is administered. The effects include the prevention, correction, or inhibition of progression of the symptoms of a particular disease/condition and related complications to any detectable extent, e.g., incidence of disease, infection rate, one or more of the symptoms of a viral or bacterial infection and  related disorder (e.g., COVID-19) or that of an inflammatory condition such as eczema. The exact amount will depend on the purpose of the treatment, and will be ascertainable by one skilled in the art using known techniques (see, e.g., Lieberman, Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms (vols. 1-3, 1992) ; Lloyd, The Art, Science and Technology of Pharmaceutical Compounding (1999) ; and Pickar, Dosage Calculations (1999) ) .
The term “about” when used in reference to a given value denotes a range encompassing ±10%of the value.
A "pharmaceutically acceptable" or "pharmacologically acceptable" excipient is a substance that is not biologically harmful or otherwise undesirable, i.e., the excipient may be administered to an individual along with a bioactive agent without causing any undesirable biological effects. Neither would the excipient interact in a deleterious manner with any of the components of the composition in which it is contained.
The term "excipient" refers to any essentially accessory substance that may be present in the finished dosage form of the composition of this invention. For example, the term "excipient" includes vehicles, binders, disintegrants, fillers (diluents) , lubricants, glidants (flow enhancers) , compression aids, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, suspending/dispersing agents, film formers/coatings, flavors and printing inks.
The term “consisting essentially of, ” when used in the context of describing a composition containing an active ingredient or multiple active ingredients, refer to the fact that the composition does not contain other ingredients possessing any similar or relevant biological activity of the active ingredient (s) or capable of enhancing or suppressing the activity, whereas one or more inactive ingredients such as physiological or pharmaceutically acceptable excipients may be present in the composition. For example, a composition consisting essentially of active agents (for instance, a combination of B. breve and B. bifidum) effective for enhancing or improving immunity or for treating eczema in a subject is a composition that does not contain any other agents that may have any detectable positive or negative effect on the same target process (e.g., immunity against an infectious illness such as COVID-19, or inflammatory condition such as eczema) or that may increase or decrease to any measurable extent of the disease severity among the receiving subjects.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
I. Introduction
This invention describes a specific combination of bacteria (B. breve and B. bifidum) , optionally in further combination with certain prebiotics and other ingredients (e.g., fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, Zn acetate, and Ca acetate) , for enhancing immunity or for treating/preventing atopic dermatitis in a subject, especially when the subject is a human child or human infant. The practical use of the invention includes development and manufacturing of commercial food products or health supplements, for example in the form of a powder, tablet, capsule, or liquid, which can be taken alone or added to food or beverages, especially in connection with other infection-reduction efforts at or around the same time.
II. Pharmaceutical Compositions and Administration
The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising an effective amount of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally in further combination with one or more ingredients such as fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate for enhancing immunity in a person to reduce the risk of a disease involving viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19, or for treating inflammatory conditions such as eczema. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. Suitable formulations for use in the present invention are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Philadelphia, PA, 17th ed. (1985) . For a brief review of methods for drug delivery, see, Langer, Science 249: 1527-1533 (1990) .
The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be administered by various routes, e.g., systemic administration via oral ingestion or local delivery using a rectal suppository. The preferred route of administering the pharmaceutical compositions is oral administration at daily doses of about 106 to about 1012 CFU for the combination of all species of Bifidobacteria such as B. breve and B. bifidum, at a CFU ratio of about 0.3-9.6 to about 1, or about 1-3 to about 1. In some embodiments, the composition does not contain any other Bifidobacteria species (e.g., the composition does not contain one or both of B. adolescentis and B. longum) in a detectable amount, for example, by a polymerase chain  reaction (PCR) -based detection method utilizing up to 35 cycles of amplification. Optionally, the prebiotic combination of one or more of fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, and xylitol, plus zinc acetate and calcium acetate is further administered to the subject, either in one single composition or in multiple compositions. Typically, fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in the composition in the weight ratio of about 0.45-6 to about 1. For example, fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin may be present in total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams, e.g., about 0.6 to about 3 grams. In some cases, the composition consists essentially of the specified components and does not contain any other components that would produce any detectable effects relevant to the subject’s immunity status. Additionally, the composition may be formulated in a daily dosage format comprising zinc acetate and/or calcium acetate in the total amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg, about 0.1 to about 25 mg/kg, about 1 to about 20 mg/kg, or about 2 to about 10 mg/kg of the subject. The appropriate dose may be administered in a single daily dose or as divided doses presented at appropriate intervals, for example as two, three, four, or more subdoses per day. The duration of administration may range from about 2 weeks to about 4 weeks, e.g., about 1 week to about 2 weeks, prior to or after any potential exposure to an infectious pathogen, e.g., SARS-CoV2, or following the onset or worsening of symptoms of an inflammatory skin condition such as eczema.
For preparing pharmaceutical compositions containing the bifidobacteria combination and/or the prebiotics combination, one or more inert and pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are used. The pharmaceutical carrier can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include, for example, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories. A solid carrier can be one or more substances that can also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents; it can also be an encapsulating material.
In powders, the carrier is generally a finely divided solid that is in a mixture with the finely divided active component, e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination of one or more of fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate. In tablets, the active ingredient is mixed with the  carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
For preparing pharmaceutical compositions in the form of suppositories, a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient-sized molds and allowed to cool and solidify.
Powders and tablets preferably contain between about 5%to about 100%by weight of the active ingredient (s) (e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with one or more of fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) . Suitable carriers include, for example, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, a low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
The pharmaceutical compositions can include the formulation of the active ingredient (s) e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active ingredient (s) (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by the carrier, such that the carrier is thus in association with the active ingredient (s) . In a similar manner, sachets can also be included. Tablets, powders, sachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
Liquid pharmaceutical compositions include, for example, solutions suitable for oral administration or local delivery, suspensions, and emulsions suitable for oral administration. Sterile water solutions of the active component (e.g., B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) or sterile solutions of the active component in solvents comprising water, buffered water, saline, PBS, ethanol, or propylene glycol are examples of liquid or semi-liquid compositions suitable for oral administration or local delivery such as by rectal suppository. The compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliary  substances as required to approximate physiological conditions, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicity adjusting agents, wetting agents, detergents, and the like.
Sterile solutions can be prepared by dissolving the active component (e.g., the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) in the desired solvent system, and then passing the resulting solution through a membrane filter to sterilize it or, alternatively, by dissolving or suspending the active components in a previously sterilized solvent under sterile conditions. The resulting aqueous solutions may be packaged for use as is, or lyophilized, the lyophilized preparation being combined with a sterile aqueous carrier prior to administration. The pH of the preparations typically will be between 3 and 11, more preferably from 5 to 9, and most preferably from 7 to 8.
Single or multiple administrations of the compositions can be carried out with dose levels and pattern being selected by the treating physician. In any event, the pharmaceutical formulations should provide a quantity of active agents sufficient to effectively enhance the immunity of a recipient against an infectious pathogen (e.g., SARS-CoV2) and/or reduce or eliminate symptoms or effects of an inflammatory condition such as eczema.
III. Additional Therapeutic Agents
Additional known therapeutic agent or agents may be used in combination with an active agent such as B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further in combination with one or more of prebiotics fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, and xylitol, plus zinc acetate and calcium acetate, in the practice of the present invention for the purpose of enhancing the safety and efficacy of a vaccine for the prevention or risk reduction of an infectious disease or associated disorder caused by a viral or bacterial infection such as COVID-19, or for the purpose of treating inflammatory skin conditions such as eczema, especially among children or infants. In such applications, one or more of these previously known effective prophylactic/therapeutic agents can be administered to patients concurrently with an effective amount of the active agent (s) either together in a single composition or separately in two or more different compositions.
For example, drugs and supplements that are known to be effective for use to prevent or treat COVID-19 include ivermectin, vitamin C, vitamin D, melatonin, quercetin, Zinc, hydroxychloroquine, fluvoxamine, doxycycline, and azithromycin, as well as steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, and nattokinase. They may be used in combination with the active agents (such as the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum in an appropriate ratio) of the present invention to enhance a COVID-19 vaccine’s effectiveness and safety so as to reduce an individual’s risk of SARS-CoV2 infection, reduce potential disease severity (including morbidity and mortality) , facilitate recovery from the disease. In particular, the combination of Zinc, hydroxychloroquine, and azithromycin, and the combination of one or more of ivermectin, fluvoxamine, doxycycline, vitamin C, vitamin D, melatonin, and quercetin have demonstrated high efficacy in both COVID prophylaxis and therapy, as well as the combination of steroids, antihistamines H1/H2, and nattokinase for treating the hyper-inflammatory disease stage of COVID-19. Similarly, known therapeutic agents useful for treating inflammatory conditions such as eczema, including oral steroids (e.g., abrocitinib or CIBINQO) , may be administered concurrently with the composition of this invention, either in the same composition or in two or more separate compositions, to a subject in need thereof, e.g., a person suffering from or susceptible to eczema. Thus, these known drug/supplement or nutritheutical combinations can be used in the method of this invention along with the active components of the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally further with one or more prebiotics fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, and xylitol, plus zinc acetate and calcium acetate.
IV. Kits
The invention also provides kits for improving immunity in an individual (e.g., for preventing an infectious disease/reducing severity of an infectious disease such as COVID-19) or for treating an inflammatory condition (such as long-term inflammatory skin condition eczema) according to the method disclosed herein. The kits typically include a plurality of containers, each containing a composition comprising one or more of the bifidobacterium species B. breve and B. bifidum. Optionally, additional container (s) may be included in the kit providing composition (s) comprising one or more of ingredients selected from fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate. Further,  additional agents or drugs that are known to be therapeutically effective for prevention and/or treatment of the disease, including for ameliorating the symptoms and reducing the severity of the disease, as well as for facilitating recovery from the disease (such as those described in the last section or otherwise known in the pertinent technical field) may be included in the kit. The plurality of containers of the kit each may contain a different active agent/drug or a distinct combination of two or more of the active agents or drugs. The kit may further include informational material providing instructions on how to dispense the pharmaceutical composition (s) , including description of the type of patients who may be treated (e.g., human patients who have been deemed as with high risk of contracting the disease, for example, due to being in a high-risk environment such as a daycare, kindergarten, or school, but have not received a diagnosis of an infectious disease (e.g., COVID-19) or an inflammatory condition (e.g., eczema) and are therefore seeking to improve natural immunity against the infectious disease or to reduce the symptoms or severity of the inflammatory condition. Furthermore, the instructions may identify the type of patients to be excluded from receiving the claimed treatment method (e.g., those who have been diagnosed with a pre-existing condition that already requires administration of the active components such as the combination of B. breve and B. bifidum, optionally along with fructooligosaccharides, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate) . Information such as the dosage, frequency, and manner of administration of the compositions provided in the kit is also provided.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially the same or similar results.
EXAMPLE I: SYNBIOTIC COMPOSITION FOR IMMUNITY
METHODS
Study Cohort 1
A total of 101 stool samples were collected from 48 healthey children aged 0-3 years old. These children were recruited from the Hong Kong public through hospital or clinic recruitment, public announcement, and convenient sampling. Studies were approved  by The Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee.
Study Cohort 2
55patients with COVID-19 were recruited from the Prince of Wales and United Christian Hospitals in Hong Kong between February and May 2020.70 non-COVID-19 controls were recruited from the Hong Kong public. This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee (reference number 2020.076) , and all patients provided written informed consent. Stools from hospitalized patients and non-COVID-19 controls were collected by hospital staff. Samples were stored at -80 ℃ until processing.
Fecal DNA extraction and DNA sequencing for Study Cohort 1
Fecal DNA was extracted by usingRSC PureFood GMO and Authentication Kit (Promega) with modifications to increase the yield of fungal DNA. Approximately 100 mg from each stool sample was prewashed with 1 ml ddH2O and pelleted by centrifugation at 13, 000×g for 1 min. The pellet was resuspended in 800 μL TE buffer (pH 7.5) , supplemented with 1.6 μl 2-mercaptoethanol and 500 U lyticase (Sigma) , and incubated at 37 ℃ for 60 min. The sample was then centrifuged at 13, 000×g for 2 min and the supernatant was discarded. After this pretreatment, DNA was subsequently extracted from the pellet using aRSC PureFood GMO and Authentication Kit (Promega) following manufacturer’s instructions. Briefly, 1 ml of CTAB buffer was added to the pellet and vortexed for 30 s, then the solution heated at 95℃ for 5 min. After that, samples were vortexed thoroughly with beads (Biospec, 0.5mm for fungi and 0.1mm for bacteria, 1: 1) at maximum speed for 15 min. Following this, 40 μl proteinase K and 20 μl RNase A were added and the mixture incubated at 70℃ for 10 min. The supernatant was then obtained by centrifuging at 13, 000×g for 5 min and placed in aRSC instrument for DNA extraction. The extracted fecal DNA was used for ultra-deep metagenomics sequencing via Ilumina Novoseq 6000 (Novogen, Beijing, China) . An average of 52 ± 6.3 million reads (12G clean data) per sample were obtained.
Shotgun metagenomics sequencing and profiling for Study Cohort 2
Sequencing libraries were prepared from extracted DNA using the Nextera DNA Flex Library Prep Kit (Illumina, California USA) , and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System at the Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Chinese University of Hong Kong. An average of 26 ± 3.3 million reads (6G data) per sample were obtained.
Raw sequence reads were filtered and quality-trimmed using Trimmomatic v0.36 1 as follows: 1. Trimming low quality base (quality score < 20) ; 2. Removing reads shorter than 50bp; 3. Tracing and cutting off sequencing adapters. Contaminating human reads were filtering using Kneaddata v0.7.3 (website: bitbucket. org/biobakery/kneaddata/wiki/Home, Reference database: GRCh38 p12) with default parameters.
Profiling of bacterial taxonomy and functional composition was extracted using humann2 v0.11.12 from metagenomes of fungi-enriched DNA, which included taxonomic identification via MetaPhlAn2 by mapping reads to clade-specific markers3, annotation of species pangenomes through Bowtie2 v2.3.54 with reference to the ChocoPhlAn database, translated search of unmapped reads with DIAMOND v2.0.45 against the UniRef90 universal protein reference database6 and pathway collection from the generated gene list with reference to the Metacyc database7.
Quantification of fecal metabolites for Study Cohort 2
Acetate was detected by GC-MS/MS. Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph coupled to a 7000D mass spectrometer with a DB-5MS column (30 m length × 0.25 mm i.d. × 0.25 μm film thickness, J&W Scientific, USA) was used. Helium was used as carrier gas, at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. Injections were made in the splitless mode and the injection volume was 2 μL. The oven temperature was held at 90℃ for 1 min, raised to 100℃ at a rate of 25℃/min, raised to 150℃ at a rate of 20℃/min and held at 150℃ 0.6 min, further raised to 200℃ at a rate of 25℃/min, held at 200℃ 0.5 min. After running for 3 minutes, all samples were analyzed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. The temperature of injector inlet and transfer line were held at 200 ℃ and 230 ℃, respectively.
RESULTS
Probiotic microorganisms
The composition for use according to the present invention comprises at least one bacteria selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacterium breve (B. breve) and
Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) , which are commercially available or can be directly isolated from feces, identified, characterized, and produced.
B. breve and B. bifidum were selected due to their high relative abundance and prevalence in healthy children under 4 years old (study cohort 1) among common probiotic bacteria. Their relative abundance and prevalence are shown in Table 1 and Figure 1.
Table 1 Relative abundance and prevalence of common probiotic bacteria in healthy children under 4 years old
1 Percentage of samples with the species detected (total number of samples=101) .
The ratio of B. breve and B. bifidum in the composition should be in a ratio of (0.3-9.6) : 1, calculated based on colony forming units (CFU) . The composition should comprise at least 1.0x106 CFU of B. breve and B. bifidum combined, preferably between 1.0x106 and 1.0x1012 CFU per daily use.
Prebiotics
Prebiotics are non-digestible polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, which are fermented selectively by beneficial bacteria in the colon and can promote their growth. They are beneficial for the growth of the probiotic microorganism and help to provide a favorable environment for the probiotic microorganism to survive during transit in the gastrointestinal tract, so to improve their delivery to the gut. The synbiotic composition may contain one or more prebiotics, which may include oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and other prebiotics  that contain fructose, xylose, soya, galactose, glucose, and mannose. The total amount of prebiotics to be added to the composition may be from about 0.1g to about 9g per day, preferably from about 0.6g to about 3g per day.
Preferably but optionally, a combination of at least 2 prebiotics selected from fructooligosaccharides (FOSs) , maltodextrin and xylitol can be added into the synbiotic composition in the present invention. FOSs are oligosaccharide that comprises 3-10 fructose units with β- (2-1) or β- (2-6) fructosyl-fructose linkages. The degree of polymerization (DP) of FOSs is 2–10. Maltodextrin is hydrolysated starch by means of less than 20 dextrose equivalence (DE) . Starches from botanical sources like corn, potato, wheat, rice, tapioca, sago palm, barley, and sorghum can be used as raw material. Preferably, the composition in the present invention should comprise FOS and maltodextrin in the weight ratio of (0.45-6) : 1 by dry mass, or FOS, maltodextrin and xylitol in the weight ratio of (0.45-6) : 1: (0-2) by dry mass. Specifically, the amount of FOS maybe within the range of about 0.03 to 3.9 g per day and the amount of maltodextrin maybe within the range of about 0.05 to 6.2 g per day.
Acetates
Shotgun metagenomic sequencing and metabolite target analysis were performed on fecal samples from 55 patients with COVID-19 and 70 non-COVID-19 controls (Study Cohort 2) . Gut microbiome functional analysis based on fecal metagenomes showed the abundance of Bifidobacterium shunt pathways involved in biosynthesis of acetate were significantly reduced in COVID-19 patients compared with non-COVID-19 controls (Figure 2, p <0.0001) . These data indicate that gut microbiota of COVID-19 patients had an attenuated capacity for production of acetic acid. In addition, metabolite target analysis show that fecal concentrations of acetate were significantly lower in patients with COVID-19 than in controls (Figure 3, p <0.05) , further supporting that SARS-CoV-2 infection may influence acetate-producing capacity of the gut microbiome. Microbiota-derived SCFAs, including acetate, can exert anti-inflammatory effects through activating anti-inflammatory immune cells and inhibiting inflammatory signaling pathways8, 9. In addition, acetate has been reported to protect against respiratory syncytial virus infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response10. These data highlight that acetate produced by gut microbiota plays an important role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and disease severity through modulating the  immune response of the host to SARS-COV-2 infection. Supplementation with acetate or acetate-producing probiotic microorganism such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus have the potential for boosting immunity.
Optionally, one or more acetates can be added to the synbiotic composition of the present invention. Preferably, the acetates are a combination of calcium acetates and zinc acetates. Calcium acetates and zinc acetates could provide calcium and zinc in addition to acetate, which confer beneficial effects for the growth of the children. In some embodiments of the present invention, the amount of zinc acetate is about 0.01-50 mg/kg of body weight per day and the amount of calcium acetate is about 0.01-50 mg/kg of body weight per day. In some embodiments, the zinc and calcium content in zinc acetate and calcium acetate is about 10-30%.
Suggested amount per daily dose of the synbiotic composition
The suggested amount per daily dose by a subject of the synbiotic composition in the present invention is presented here as an example. The synbiotic composition can comprise of the following with suggested dosage in Table 2. This composition can be manufactured in the pure form of powder, sachet, tablets, capsule or drops.
The synbiotic composition comprises:
i. 2 Probiotic microorganisms: B. breve and B. bifidum, and optionally
ii. At least 2 Prebiotics: Selected from Fructooligosaccharide, Maltodextrin and Xylitol (optional) and
iii. 2 Acetates: Zinc acetate and Calcium acetate (optional)
Table 2 Suggested amount per daily dose by a subject


CFU: colony forming unit
This synbiotic composition can be incorporated into a food composition, for instance, by dry mixing the components of the synbiotic composition successively, together or as a premix, into a food composition, following regular processing techniques. In some embodiments, the food product can be infant formula, powdered beverage, milk-based product, yoghurt, yoghurt melts, ice-cream, dry cereal mix, or porridge.
The synbiotic composition, and the food composition comprising such a synbiotic composition, may be for use in the prevention, and/or treatment of pathogen infection including COVID-19, and improve immunity.
List of references
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8. Yao Y, Cai X, Fei W, et al. The role of short-chain fatty acids in immunity, inflammation and metabolism. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2020: 1-12.
9. Wu W, Sun M, Chen F, et al. Microbiota metabolite short-chain fatty acid acetate promotes intestinal IgA response to microbiota which is mediated by GPR43. Mucosal immunology 2017; 10: 946-956.
10. Antunes KH, Fachi JL, de Paula R, et al. Microbiota-derived acetate protects against respiratory syncytial virus infection through a GPR43-type 1 interferon response. Nature communications 2019; 10: 1-17.
EXAMPLE II: SYNBIOTIC COMPOSITION FOR ATOPIC DERMATITIS
BACKGROUND
Atopic dermatitis (synonymous with atopic eczema [1] ) is a common chronic skin disease that affects a substantial part of population. The associated economic burden was estimated to cost more than $5 billion per year with the rising prevalence of this disease worldwide [2] . A 2016 nation-wide study in China reported that 12.9%of children (1-7 years) were diagnosed with eczema [3] . Growing evidence has shown that atopic dermatitis and/or eczema would increase the risk of several diseases’ development, including stroke, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, atrial fibrillation, and cardiovascular death [4] .
Except variation of clinical symptoms including dryness and itchy skin in eczema patients [5] , gastrointestinal symptoms were also reported by children with atopic eczema, such as abdominal pain, abdominal distension, diarrhoea, constipation, vomiting and regurgitation [6] . Unique gastrointestinal microflora pattern has also been observed in atopic dermatitis/eczema patients when compared with healthy controls: decreased Bifidobacterium [7-12] and Enterococci [8, 9] , especially Bifidobacterium bifidum [10, 11] and Bifidobacterium longum [10, 12] , and increased Faecalibacterium [12, 13] have been observed. Therefore, gastrointestinal microflora can serve as the disease indicator of eczema.
The development of gut microbiota starts at birth [14] . Gut microbiome in early life can impact on human health in later life [15] . The gut microbiota of children is more malleable than that of adults. Therefore, childhood is the golden period for the establishment of a healthy gut microbiome. Growing evidence has suggested an aberrant immune response  is one of the key drivers of atopic dermatitis. Modulation of the gut microbiome, particularly in childhood, is therefore a potentially effective means to prevent and treat atopic dermatitis by counteracting dysbiosis and immune dysfunction.
While topical corticosteroids remain the standard anti-inflammatory treatment against AD [1] , long-term use of topical corticosteroids, especially high-or super high-potency preparations, on large body areas may lead to adrenal suppression. Other adverse effects include skin thinning, telangiectasias, folliculitis, and contact dermatitis. This invention provides a synbiotic composition for preventing or alleviating eczema-related symptoms in small children by modulating their gut microbiota. In a pilot study, the effect and safety of a synbiotic composition on eczema severity, gut microbiome and GI symptoms of the children with eczema is evaluated.
METHODS
Study Design and participants
This is a pilot study of children aged 1-5 years old to receive synbiotic composition for 3 months. Eligible patients were children (aged 1-5 years old) ; diagnosed with atopic dermatitis by physician according to Hanifin and Rakja criteria [16] ; with informed consent obtained from parents or legal guardian. Patients were excluded if they had other documented chronic and clinically significant dermatologic diseases, such as erythra, that may interfere with evaluation of cutaneous microbiome, while common transient conditions such as acne are permissible; had taken antibiotics or probiotics in the supplement within one months prior to recruitment; required systemic immunosuppressive treatments (e.g., corticosteroid, azathioprine, biologics) within six months prior to recruitment.
Recruitment and Follow Up
All subjects were assessed at baseline, month 1 and month 2. At each visit, stool specimen were collected and eczema was assessed by clinicians using the SCORAD index [17] . The overall SCORAD assessment outcome was determined by two objective components and one subjective component. The two objective components are the extent of eczematous areas (Part A: Extent) and the intensity of dermatological lesions (Part B: Intensity) . Subjective components of SCORAD were assessed by evaluation of subjective  symptoms of pruritus and sleep loss on a visual analogue scale ranging from 0 to 20 (Part C: Pruritus+Sleep Loss) [17, 18] . Objective SCORAD scores <15, 15-40, and >40 were classified as mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively; overall SCORAD scores <25, 25-50, and >50 were classified as mild, moderate, and severe disease, respectively. Both objective and overall SCORAD scores were used in this study to determine the severity of eczema [17-19] .
The validated Chinese version of Infant dermatitis quality of life (IDQOL) and Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) tool was also used to evaluate the quality of life among children with eczema aged 1 to 3 years and aged 4 to 5 years respectively [20-22] . A higher score indicated a poorer quality of life.
Interventions
All recruited subjects received one sachet of the synbiotic composition twice daily for 3 months. The synbiotic composition comprises B. breve, B. bfidum, fructooligosaccharide (FOS) , maltodextrin, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, wherein B. breve and B. bifidum are present in the composition in the CFU ratio of about (1-3) to about 1. The total CFU of B. breve and B. bifidum in one sachet of the synbiotic composition is 1 billion. Other antibiotics or probiotic-containing products were avoided during this period.
Fecal DNA extraction and DNA sequencing
Fecal bacterial DNA was extracted by DNeasy PowerSoil Pro Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Approximately 100 mg from each stool sample was added with 800 μl of Solution CD1 and heated at 65 ℃ for 10 min after briefly vortex. After heating, nucleic acid was released from the samples by vortexing with PowerBead (offered in Dneasy PowerSoil Pro Kit) at 25 Hz for 10 minutes with a TissueLyser II. After homogenization, samples were centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min. Supernatant was transferred to a clean 2 ml Microcentrifuge and added with 200 μl of Solution CD2 to precipitate non-DNA organic and inorganic material. Samples were vortexed to mix and centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min. Then supernatant was transferred to another new Microcentrifuge and added with 600 μl of Solution CD3. After vortex, lysate was loaded onto an MB Spin Column and centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min. After that, 500 μl of Solution EA was added to the MB  Spin Column and centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min. Then 500 μl of solution C5 was added to the MB Spin Column and centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min followed by centrifuged at 16, 000 x g for another 2 min with a new collection tube to remove residual Solution. Lastly, 50 μl of Solution C6 was added to the spin column and centrifuged at 15, 000 x g for 1 min to elute DNA. The extracted fecal DNA was used for ultra-deep metagenomics sequencing via Ilumina Novaseq 6000.
Quality control of raw sequences
Raw sequence reads were trimmed by Trimmomatic [23] (v0.38) first and then separation of non-human reads from contaminant host reads. There were several steps to acquire clean reads: 1) Remove adapters; 2) Scan the read with a 4-base wide sliding window, removing reads when the average quality per base drop below 20; 3) Drop reads below the 50 bases long. Trimmed sequence reads were mapped to human genome (Reference database: GRCh38 p12) by KneadData (v0.7.2) to remove reads originated from the host. Pair-end two reads were concatenated together.
Analysis of the gut microbiota
Profiling of the composition of bacterial communities was performed on metagenomic trimmed reads via MetaPhlAn3 (v7.5) [24] . Mapping reads to clade-specific markers gene and annotation of species pangenomes was done through Bowtie2 (v2.3.4.3) [25] . The output table contained bacterial species and its relative abundance in different levels, from kingdom to strain level. The resulting data were analyzed in R v3.6.1 using tidyverse (v1.2.1) [26] , ggplot2 (v3.3.5) , phyloseq (v1.24.2) [27] , microbial (v0.0.20) and vegan (v2.6-4) .
Statistical analysis
Difference in gut microbiota alpha diversity and two Bifidobacteria species among different timepoints were compared by the Skillings-Mack test followed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test as post hoc tests. Differentially abundant bacteria between 1 month post SIM03 treatment and baseline were identified by Liner discriminant analysis effect size (LEFSe) analysis.
RESULTS
Study population
In total, 20 children aged 1 to 5 years (median age: 3 years old; 40%male) with eczema were recruited during the period from May 2022 to October 2022. Among the 20 children, 18 (80%) had food allergies and 8 (40%) were suffering from allergic rhinitis. There were 6 children (30%) using oral and/or topical medication for eczema and 8 children (40%) were only using the topical ointment for eczema when necessary (Table 3) .
Table 3 Baseline characteristics of children with eczema receiving SIM03
Improvement of SCORAD after taking SIM03 for 2 months
After taking SIM03 for 2 months, significant improvement in sleep loss was observed as assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) in SCORAD (p=0.005 vs baseline, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test; median 5.5 to 2) . At month 2, SCORAD subjective score (p=0.012 vs baseline, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test; median 10 to 5) and SCORAD overall score (p=0.007 vs baseline, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test; median 25.55 to 16.2) were also improved significantly (Table 4) .
Table 4 SCORAD Index at Baseline and Month 2

Compared to baseline, taking SIM03 for 2 months reduced relative risk of objective severe disease (Objective SCORAD >40) by 60% (25%to 10%, Table 3) , while reduced relative risk of overall severe disease (Overall SCORAD >50) by 50% (30%to 15%, Table 5) .
Table 5 Proportion of Subjects with Severe Disease at Baseline and Month 2
Improvement of Quality of Life
Quality of life in subjects aged 1 to 3 and subjects aged 4 to 5 were assessed by IDQOL and CDLQI respectively. Treatment of SIM03 improved quality of life in both age groups at month 1 and month 2.
In subjects aged 1 to 3 (n=11) , the total median score of IDQOL decreased from 8 to 3 (p=0.020, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) at month 2. When analyzing individual questions, significant improvement in itching and scratching (p=0.025, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) ; dressing problems (p=0.046, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) ; and problem at bath time (p=0.025, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) were observed (Table 6) .
Table 6 Individual Questions of the Infants'Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQOL)

In subjects aged 4 to 5, the total median score of CDLQI reduced from 15 to 11 (p=0.05, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) at month 2. For individual questions, disturbance in sport activities (p=0.053, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) and treatment problems (p=0.025, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test) were significantly improved (Table 7) .
Table 7 Individual Questions of the Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI)
B. breve and B. bifidum were significantly increased after SIM03 treatment
Compared to baseline, relative abundance of B. breve was significantly increased after one month of SIM03 treatment (Figure 4A; p=0.0014, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) . Relative abundance of B. bifidum was also increased, although it was not statistically significant (Figure 4A; p=0.08, Wilcoxon signed-rank test) . LEFSe analysis comparing relative abundance of fecal bacteria at baseline and after one month of SIM03 treatment revealed B. breve and B. bifidum as the only 2 bacterial taxa with differential abundant between the 2 timepoints using the p-value (Wilcoxon rank sum test) cutoff of 0.05 and the effective size cutoff of 2.0 (Figure 4B) .
List of references
1. Eichenfield, L.F., et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 2. Management and treatment of atopic dermatitis with topical therapies. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 71, 116-132 (2014) .
2. Adamson, A.S. The Economics Burden of Atopic Dermatitis. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1027, 79-92 (2017) .
3. Guo, Y., et al. Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Chinese Children aged 1-7 ys. Sci. Rep. 6, 29751 (2016) .
4. Silverwood, R.J., et al. Severe and predominantly active atopic eczema in adulthood and long term risk of cardiovascular disease: population based cohort study. BMJ 361, k1786 (2018) .
5. Cheng, N.S., et al. Effects of a self-efficacy theory-based parental education program on eczema control and parental outcomes. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 32, 535-543 (2021) .
6. Caffarelli, C., Cavagni, G., Deriu, F.M., Zanotti, P. &Atherton, D. J. Gastrointestinal symptoms in atopic eczema. Arch. Dis. Child. 78, 230-234 (1998) .
7. Kimata, H. Modulation of fecal polyamines by viewing humorous films in patients with atopic dermatitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 22, 724-728 (2010) .
8. Kirjavainen, P.V., et al. Characterizing the composition of intestinal microflora as a prospective treatment target in infant allergic disease. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 32, 1-7 (2001) .
9. Bjorksten, B., Sepp, E., Julge, K., Voor, T. &Mikelsaar, M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 108, 516-520 (2001) .
10. Hong, P.Y., et al. Comparative analysis of fecal microbiota in infants with and without eczema. PLoS One 5, e9964 (2010) .
11. Watanabe, S., et al. Differences in fecal microflora between patients with atopic dermatitis and healthy control subjects. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 111, 587-591 (2003) .
12. Zheng, H., et al. Altered Gut Microbiota Composition Associated with Eczema in Infants. PLoS One 11, e0166026 (2016) .
13. Song, H., Yoo, Y., Hwang, J., Na, Y.C. &Kim, H.S. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii subspecies-level dysbiosis in the human gut microbiome underlying atopic dermatitis. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 137, 852-860 (2016) .
14. Chu, D.M., et al. Maturation of the infant microbiome community structure and function across multiple body sites and in relation to mode of delivery. Nat. Med. 23, 314-326 (2017) .
15. Quince, C., Walker, A.W., Simpson, J.T., Loman, N.J. &Segata, N. Shotgun metagenomics, from sampling to analysis. Nat. Biotechnol. 35, 833-844 (2017) .
16. HanifIn, J.M. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm. Venereol. 92, 44-47 (1980) .
17. Severity scoring of atopic dermatitis: the SCORAD index. Consensus Report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 186, 23-31 (1993) .
18. Kunz, B., et al. Clinical validation and guidelines for the SCORAD index: consensus report of the European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology 195, 10-19 (1997) .
19. Chopra, R., et al. Severity strata for Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) , modified EASI, Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) , objective SCORAD, Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index and body surface area in adolescents and adults with atopic dermatitis. Br. J. Dermatol. 177, 1316-1321 (2017) .
20. Lewis-Jones, M.S. &Finlay, A.Y. The Children's Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI) : initial validation and practical use. Br. J. Dermatol. 132, 942-949 (1995) .
21. Waters, A., Sandhu, D., Beattie, P., Ezughah, F. &Lewis-Jones, S. Severity stratification of Children's dermatology life quality index (CDLQI) scores. in Br. J. Dermatol., Vol. 163 121-121 (WILEY-BLACKWELL PUBLISHING, INC COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148 …, 2010) .
22. Lewis-Jones, M.S., Finlay, A.Y. &Dykes, P.J. The Infants'Dermatitis Quality of Life Index. Br. J. Dermatol. 144, 104-110 (2001) .
23. Bolger, A.M., Lohse, M. &Usadel, B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114-2120 (2014) .
24. Truong, D.T., et al. MetaPhlAn2 for enhanced metagenomic taxonomic profiling. Nat Methods 12, 902-903 (2015) .
25. Langmead, B. &Salzberg, S.L. Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2. Nat Methods 9, 357-359 (2012) .
26. Hadley, W., et al. Welcome to the Tidyverse. Journal of Open Source Software 4, 1686 (2019) .
27. McMurdie, P.J. &Holmes, S. phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS One 8, e61217 (2013) .
All patents, patent applications, and other publications, including GenBank Accession Numbers and equivalents, cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety for all purposes.

Claims (29)

  1. A composition for use in enhancing immunity or in treating atopic dermatitis in a subject comprising an effective amount of (1) Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum; and (2) a physiologically acceptable excipient.
  2. The composition of claim 1, wherein Bifidobacteriun breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum are present in the composition in the colony-forming unit (CFU) ratio of about (0.3-9.6) : 1.
  3. The composition of claim 1, wherein Bifidobacteriun breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum are present in the composition in the CFU ratio of about (1-3) : 1.
  4. The composition of any one of claims 1-3, comprising a total of about 106 to about 1012 CFU of Bifidobacteria.
  5. The composition of any one of claims 1-4, further comprising fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin.
  6. The composition of claim 5, wherein fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin are present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) : 1.
  7. The composition of claim 6, comprising a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin.
  8. The composition of claim 7, comprising a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide and maltodextrin.
  9. The composition of claim 5, further comprising xylitol.
  10. The composition of claim 9, wherein fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol are present in the composition in the weight ratio of about (0.45-6) : 1: (0-2) .
  11. The composition of claim 10, comprising a total amount of about 0.1 to about 9 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol.
  12. The composition of claim 11, comprising a total amount of about 0.6 to about 3 grams of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, and xylitol.
  13. The composition of any one of claims 1-12, further comprising zinc acetate and calcium acetate.
  14. The composition of claim 13, which is formulated for oral ingestion.
  15. The composition of claim 14, which is in the form of a food or beverage item.
  16. The composition of claim 13, which is formulated in a daily dosage comprising zinc acetate or calcium acetate in the amount of about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg of the subject.
  17. The composition of claim 13, which is formulated in a daily dosage comprising about 0.2-2 mg zinc acetate and about 20-250 mg calcium acetate, wherein the subject is a child aged 1-5 years.
  18. The composition of claim 13, which is formulated in subdoses for administration two, three, four, or more times per day with one subdose each time.
  19. A method for enhancing immunity or for treating atopic dermatitis in a subject, comprising administering to the subject an effective amount of the composition of any one of claims 1-18.
  20. The method of claim 19, wherein the subject is a child or an infant.
  21. The method of claim 19 or 20, wherein the administering step comprises administering to the subject one composition comprising Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  22. The method of claim 19, wherein the administering step comprises administering to the subject a first composition comprising Bifidobacterium breve and  Bifidobacterium bifidum, and administering to the subject a second composition comprising fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  23. The method of any one of claims 19-22, wherein the administering step comprises oral ingestion of the composition (s) .
  24. The method of claim 23, wherein the administering step comprises oral ingestion prior to or with food intake.
  25. The method of claim 19, wherein the subject is at risk for COVID-19.
  26. The method of claim 19, wherein the subject is at risk for or has atopic dermatitis.
  27. A kit for enhancing immunity or for treating atopic dermatitis in a subject comprising a plurality of compositions each comprising an effective amount of one or more of the following: Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium bifidum, fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate.
  28. The kit of claim 27, comprising two compositions each comprising an effective amount of Bifidobacterium breve and Bifidobacterium bifidum, optionally further comprising one or more compositions each comprising at least one of fructooligosaccharide, maltodextrin, xylitol, zinc acetate, and calcium acetate, or a combination thereof.
  29. The kit of claim 27 or 28, wherein the compositions are in the form of a powder, liquid, paste, cream, tablet, or capsule.
PCT/CN2024/072002 2023-01-13 2024-01-12 Synbiotic compositions for improving immunity and for treating atopic dermatitis Ceased WO2024149375A1 (en)

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Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20160136210A1 (en) * 2013-06-14 2016-05-19 N.V. Nutricia Synbiotic composition for treatment of infections in allergic patients
EP3222281A1 (en) * 2014-11-19 2017-09-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Preventive and therapeutic agent for celiac disease
CN110616167A (en) * 2019-08-22 2019-12-27 江南大学 Bifidobacterium capable of relieving atopic dermatitis and application thereof
CN111417398A (en) * 2017-11-03 2020-07-14 卡莱多生物科技有限公司 Glycan formulations for treating infections
CN114728027A (en) * 2019-09-20 2022-07-08 索法尔公司 Bacterial strains, compositions thereof and use thereof for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
CN115279397A (en) * 2020-03-09 2022-11-01 索法尔公司 Orally administered composition with antiviral effect comprising lactoferrin and a probiotic bacterial strain

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20160136210A1 (en) * 2013-06-14 2016-05-19 N.V. Nutricia Synbiotic composition for treatment of infections in allergic patients
EP3222281A1 (en) * 2014-11-19 2017-09-27 Kabushiki Kaisha Yakult Honsha Preventive and therapeutic agent for celiac disease
CN111417398A (en) * 2017-11-03 2020-07-14 卡莱多生物科技有限公司 Glycan formulations for treating infections
CN110616167A (en) * 2019-08-22 2019-12-27 江南大学 Bifidobacterium capable of relieving atopic dermatitis and application thereof
CN114728027A (en) * 2019-09-20 2022-07-08 索法尔公司 Bacterial strains, compositions thereof and use thereof for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders
CN115279397A (en) * 2020-03-09 2022-11-01 索法尔公司 Orally administered composition with antiviral effect comprising lactoferrin and a probiotic bacterial strain

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