WO2024140737A1 - Modified guide rna and uses thereof - Google Patents
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- WO2024140737A1 WO2024140737A1 PCT/CN2023/142117 CN2023142117W WO2024140737A1 WO 2024140737 A1 WO2024140737 A1 WO 2024140737A1 CN 2023142117 W CN2023142117 W CN 2023142117W WO 2024140737 A1 WO2024140737 A1 WO 2024140737A1
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
- C12N15/113—Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/88—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation using microencapsulation, e.g. using amphiphile liposome vesicle
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- C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
- C12N15/87—Introduction of foreign genetic material using processes not otherwise provided for, e.g. co-transformation
- C12N15/90—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome
- C12N15/902—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination
- C12N15/907—Stable introduction of foreign DNA into chromosome using homologous recombination in mammalian cells
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- C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
- C12N2310/31—Chemical structure of the backbone
- C12N2310/315—Phosphorothioates
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- C12N2310/00—Structure or type of the nucleic acid
- C12N2310/30—Chemical structure
- C12N2310/34—Spatial arrangement of the modifications
- C12N2310/344—Position-specific modifications, e.g. on every purine, at the 3'-end
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- C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
- C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
- C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
- C12N9/22—Ribonucleases [RNase]; Deoxyribonucleases [DNase]
Definitions
- the disclosure provides a modified guide RNA comprising: (1) a direct repeat (DR) sequence capable of forming a complex with a Cas12 polypeptide; and (2) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence of a target DNA, thereby guiding the complex to the target DNA; wherein the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide (e.g., carrying a modification at the 2’ position of the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide and/or at the inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide) .
- DR direct repeat
- the disclosure provides a system comprising: (i) a Cas12 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
- the disclosure provides a s lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising (i) an mRNA encoding a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
- LNP s lipid nanoparticle
- the disclosure provides a s method of modifying a target DNA comprising contacting the target DNA with the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure.
- the disclosure provides a s cell comprising the modified guide RNA, the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the secondary structures of representative direct repeat sequences of the guide RNAs of the disclosure.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the modifications of an embodiment of the modified guide RNA of the disclosure, carrying a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of the three 5’ end nucleotides AGA, and a modified 3’ poly U tail consisting of 4 uracil with a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of the first three 5’ end uracil.
- “- (S) -” denotes a phosphorothioate inter-nucleotide linkage.
- “-O-Methyl” denotes a 2’-O-Methyl modification on ribose of the nucleotide.
- an exemplary target dsDNA is depicted to comprise a 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand and a 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand.
- target sequence That part of the target strand based on which the spacer sequence is designed and to which the spacer sequence may hybridize is referred to as a “target sequence”
- protospacer sequence the opposite part on the nontarget strand corresponding to that part is referred to as the “protospacer sequence” , which is 100%(fully) reversely complementary to the target sequence.
- the dsDNA may be simply represented as 5’-ATGC-3’.
- either the 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand or the 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand of a dsDNA can be a nontarget strand from which a protospacer sequence is selected.
- the guide sequence of a guide nucleic acid is designed to have a sequence of 5’-AUGC-3’ that is fully reversely complementary to the 3’ to 5’ strand of the target dsRNA, which would be set forth in ATGC in the electric sequence listing but marked as an RNA sequence; and in another embodiment, the guide sequence of a guide nucleic acid is designed to have a sequence of 5’-GCAU-3’ that is fully reversely complementary to the 5’ to 3’ strand of the target RNA, which would be set forth in GCAT in the electric sequence listing but marked as an RNA sequence.
- the guide sequence of a guide nucleic acid is fully reversely complementary to the target sequence and the target sequence is fully reversely complementary to the protospacer sequence
- the guide sequence is identical to the protospacer sequence except for the U in the guide sequence due to its RNA nature and correspondingly the T in the protospacer sequence due to its DNA nature.
- symbol “t” is used to denote both T in DNA and U in RNA (See “Table 1: List of nucleotides symbols” , the definition of symbol “t” is “thymine in DNA/uracil in RNA (t/u) ” ) .
- nucleic acid programmable binding protein napBP
- nucleic acid programmable binding domain napBD
- a protein that can associate (e.g., bind) with a programmable nucleic acid e.g., DNA or RNA
- a guide nucleic acid e.g., gRNA
- gRNA guide nucleic acid
- the napBP may be indirectly associated with (e.g., bound to) the target nucleic acid via the interaction between the programmable nucleic acid and the target nucleic acid.
- the napBP is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) .
- the napBP is a nucleic acid programmable RNA binding protein (napRNAbp) .
- Cas12i is used interchangeably with “Cas12i protein” , “Cas12i polypeptide” , “Cas12i effector” , “Cas12i effector protein” , “Cas12i enzyme” , “Cas12i nuclease” , or similar terms.
- the term “complex” refers to a grouping of two or more molecules.
- the complex comprises a polypeptide and a nucleic acid interacting with (e.g., binding to, coming into contact with, adhering to) one another.
- the term “complex” can refer to a grouping of a guide nucleic acid and a polypeptide (e.g., a napBP, such as, a Cas12 polypeptide) .
- the term “complex” can refer to a grouping of a guide nucleic acid, a polypeptide, and a target nucleic acid.
- the term “complex” can refer to a grouping of a guide nucleic acid, a napBP, and optionally, a target nucleic acid.
- adjacent includes instances wherein there is no nucleotide between the protospacer sequence and the PAM and also instances wherein there are a small number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) of nucleotides between the protospacer sequence and the PAM.
- a “immediately adjacent (to) ” B, A “immediately 5’ to” B, and A “immediately 3’ to” B mean that there is no nucleotide between A and B.
- the guide sequence is reversely complementary to a target sequence.
- reverse complementary refers to the ability of nucleobases of a first polynucleotide sequence, such as a guide sequence, to base pair with nucleobases of a second polynucleotide sequence, such as a target sequence, by traditional Watson-Crick base-pairing. Two reverse complementary polynucleotide sequences are able to non-covalently bind under appropriate temperature and solution ionic strength conditions.
- BLAST and FASTA are available for offline and online searching (see Ausubel et al., 1999 ibid, pages 7-58 to 7-60) .
- Percentage (%) sequence homology may be calculated over contiguous sequences, i.e., one sequence is aligned with the other sequence and each amino acid or nucleotide in one sequence is directly compared with the corresponding amino acid or nucleotide in the other sequence, one residue at a time. This is called an “ungapped” alignment. Typically, such ungapped alignments are performed only over a relatively short number of residues.
- the hydroxy substitute at the 2’ position of the ribose may be replaced with another substitute, e.g., 2’-fluoro (a2’-fluoro (2’-F) modification) , or 2’-H (2’-deoxy modification) .
- the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide carrying a modification at the 2’ position of the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide.
- polyU tail is shown in the gRNA of SEQ ID NO: 10, where the poly U tail is composed of UUUU and attached to the 3’ end of the guide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 comprised in the gRNA of SEQ ID NO: 10.
- the poly U tail is designated as 3’ poly U tail because it is located at the 3’ end of the guide RNA of the disclosure.
- the 3’ poly U tail may be modified to a modified 3’ poly U tail.
- the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on an uracil of the modified 3’ poly U tail.
- the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more uracils.
- the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more (consecutive or non-consecutive) uracils of the modified 3’ poly U tail.
- a DR sequence comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: AmsGmsAmsAATGTGTCCCCAGTTGACAC;
- the modified guide RNA has increased stability compared with an otherwise identical control guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., an increase by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, or more.
- the disclosure provides a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) comprising (i) a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
- RNP ribonucleoprotein
- the Cas12 polypeptide does not comprise a Zinc finger. In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide comprises a Zinc finger. In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide is Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12c, Cas12d, Cas12e, Cas12f, Cas12g, Cas12h, Cas12i, Cas12j, Cas12k, Cas12l, Cas12m, or Cas12n. In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide is a Cas12i polypeptide.
- the Cas12i polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 60% (e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100%) to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 or the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 but lacking N-terminal starting Methionine (M) (coded by start codon ATG) .
- M N-terminal starting Methionine
- SEQ ID NO: 3 may be removed.
- RNA e.g., a guide RNA, a DR sequence, a guide sequence
- T thymidine
- U uridine
- a CRISPR-Cas12i system comprising hfCas12Max (SEQ ID NO: 3) and a modified guide RNA targeting human TTR gene as indicated hereinafter was used in this Example to evaluate the effect of the modification on the modified guide RNA on the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease activity ( “endonuclease activity” for short hereinafter) of the CRISPR-Cas12i system.
- Lipofectamine TM RNAiMAX transfection Transfection of hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and modified guide RNA (Table 1) into N2a host cells was conducted by using commercially available RNAiMAX Reagent (ThermoFisher) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. N2a cells were seeded onto a 24-well plate and grew to about 70 to 90%confluence. 1.5 ⁇ L lipofectamine RNAiMAX was diluted into 25 ⁇ L opti-MEM medium. 1 ⁇ g hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and 1 ⁇ g modified guide RNA were diluted into another 25 ⁇ L opti-MEM medium, which was then combined with the diluted lipofectamine RNAiMAX. The resulting 50 ⁇ L mRNA-lipid complex was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature and then added into each well of the plate. The plate was placed in an incubator at 37 °Cfor 48 hours.
- N2a cells were seeded onto a 24-well plate and grew to about 70 to 90%confluence.
- Lipid nanoparticles (LNP, with DOPE) packaging the hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and the modified guide RNA in a mass ratio of 1: 1 were transferred into 50 ⁇ L opti-MEM medium, and the mixture was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The mRNA-lipid complex was added into each well of the plate. The plate was placed in an incubator at 37 °C for 48 hours.
- the sequences of the unmodified and modified gRNAs tested with hfCas12Max (SEQ ID NO: 3; a highly efficient RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas12i developed by the Applicant) are provided in Table 1 below.
- Those gRNAs comprised a direct repeat (DR) sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 capable of forming a complex with the hfCas12Max.
- Those gRNAs are designed to target human TTR gene and comprised a guide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 (boxed) 3’ to the DR sequence capable of hybridizing to human TTR gene, thereby guiding the complex to the human TTR gene.
- the unmodified gRNA S129 did not carry any modification.
- the modified gRNA S133 carried a 2’-fluoro modification on each of the first two 3’ end nucleotides T and A ( “fTfA” ) of the guide sequence compared to S129.
- Both the modified gRNA S132 and S131 comprised a 3’ poly U tail composed of four uracil immediately 3’ to the guide sequence compared to S129, and each of the first three 5’ end uracil of the 3’ poly U tail carried 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification thereon ( “TmsTmsTmsT” ) .
- modified gRNA S131 carried a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of the first three 5’ end nucleotides AGA of the DR sequence ( “AmsGmsAms” ) .
- a clear dose-dependent endonuclease activity was observed between 300 ng and 30 ng, and comparable endonuclease activity was observed at 1000 ng and 300 ng, indicating that 300 ng may be a peak dose value suitable for practical use.
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Abstract
Provided herein is modified guide RNA and uses thereof, including use in LNP and RNP.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The instant application claims the priority to and the benefit of the filing date of PCT/CN2022/141773, filed on December 26, 2022, the entire contents of which, including any drawings and sequence listing, are incorporated herein by reference.
REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
The disclosure contains a Sequence Listing XML file which has been submitted electronically in XML format and is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Said XML copy, created on December 24, 2023, by software “WIPO Sequence” according to WIPO Standard ST. 26, is named HEP012PCT. xml, and is 13,113 bytes in size.
According to WIPO Standard ST. 26, symbol “t” is used to denote both T in DNA and U in RNA. Thus, in the instant sequence listing prepared according to ST. 26, wherever a sequence is an RNA, the T in the sequence shall be deemed as U.
Class 2, Type V CRISPR-associated protein (Cas12) , as a class of RNA-guided DNA endonuclease including multiple subtypes, e.g., Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12f, Cas12i, has been explored for DNA editing application, e.g., dsDNA cleavage, epigenomic modification. It would be desired to improved DNA editing efficiency of Cas12.
Citation or identification of any document in the disclosure is not an admission that such a document is available as prior art to the disclosure. Each of the references mentioned or cited in the disclosure is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
The disclosure provides modified guide RNAs that lead to improved DNA editing efficiency of CRISPR-Cas12 system comprising such modified guide RNAs.
Thus, in one aspect, the disclosure provides a modified guide RNA comprising: (1) a direct repeat (DR) sequence capable of forming a complex with a Cas12 polypeptide; and (2) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence of a target DNA, thereby guiding the complex to the target DNA; wherein the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide (e.g., carrying a modification at the 2’ position of the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide and/or at the inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide) .
In another aspect, the disclosure provides a system comprising: (i) a Cas12 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a s lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising (i) an mRNA encoding a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a s ribonucleoprotein (RNP) comprising (i) a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a s method of modifying a target DNA comprising contacting the target DNA with the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a s cell comprising the modified guide RNA, the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure.
These and other aspects, objects, features, and advantages of the example embodiments will become apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art upon consideration of the following detailed description of illustrated example embodiments.
It should be understood that any one embodiment of the disclosure described herein, including those described only in the examples or claims, or only in one aspects /sections below, can be combined with any other one or more embodiments of the disclosure, unless explicitly disclaimed or improper.
An understanding of the features and advantages of the disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure may be utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:
FIG. 1 shows an exemplary guide RNA and an exemplary target dsDNA, where the target dsDNA comprises a protospacer sequence 3’ to a PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) .
FIG. 2 shows an exemplary RNA ( “RNA” ) ; an exemplary modified RNA carrying a 2’-O-methyl ( “2’-OMe” or “M”) modification on the ribose of a modified nucleotide of the modified RNA; an exemplary modified
RNA carrying a 2’-O-methyl modification on the ribose of a modified nucleotide of the modified RNA plus a 3’ phosphorothioate ( “PS” ) inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the modified nucleotide (collectively, “2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification” or “MS” ) (wherein the modified ribonucleotide is denoted with Nms (N = A, U, G, or C) throughout the disclosure) ; an exemplary modified RNA carrying a 2’-O-methyl modification on the ribose of a modified nucleotide of the modified RNA plus a 3’ thioPACE inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the modified nucleotide (collectively, “MCP” ) ; and an exemplary modified RNA carrying a 2’-fluoro (2’-F) modification on the ribose of a modified nucleotide (wherein the modified ribonucleotide is denoted with fN (N = A, U, G, or C) throughout the disclosure) of the modified RNA.
FIG. 3 illustrates the secondary structures of representative direct repeat sequences of the guide RNAs of the disclosure.
FIG. 4 illustrates the modifications of an embodiment of the modified guide RNA of the disclosure, carrying a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of the three 5’ end nucleotides AGA, and a modified 3’ poly U tail consisting of 4 uracil with a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of the first three 5’ end uracil. “- (S) -” denotes a phosphorothioate inter-nucleotide linkage. “-O-Methyl” denotes a 2’-O-Methyl modification on ribose of the nucleotide.
The figures herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not necessarily drawn to scale.
The disclosure will be described with respect to particular embodiments, but the disclosure is not limited thereto in any respect. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. Terms as set forth hereinafter are generally to be understood in their plain and ordinary meaning or common sense unless indicated otherwise.
Definitions
Nucleic acid programmable binding protein (napBP) , for example, Cas9, Cas12, IscB, Cas13, is capable of binding to a target nucleic acid (e.g., dsDNA, mRNA) as guided by a guide nucleic acid (e.g., a guide RNA) comprising a guide sequence targeting the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the target nucleic acid is eukaryotic.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, in some embodiments, the guide nucleic acid comprises a scaffold sequence responsible for forming a complex with the napBP, and a guide sequence that is intentionally designed (programmed) to be responsible for hybridizing to a target sequence of the target nucleic acid, thereby guiding the complex comprising the napBP and the guide nucleic acid to the target nucleic acid such that the napBD is indirectly bound to the target nucleic acid.
Referring to FIG. 1, an exemplary target dsDNA is depicted to comprise a 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand and a 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand.
An exemplary guide RNA is depicted to comprise a spacer sequence (interchangeable with “guide sequence” in the disclosure) and a DR sequence (interchangeable with “scaffold sequence” in the disclosure) . The spacer sequence is designed to hybridize to a part of the 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand, and so the spacer sequence “targets” that part. And thus, the 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand is referred to as a “target strand (TS) ” of the dsDNA, while the opposite 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand is referred to as a “nontarget strand (NTS) ” of the dsDNA. That part of the target strand based on which the spacer sequence is designed and to which the spacer sequence may hybridize is referred to as a “target sequence” , while the opposite part on the nontarget strand corresponding to that part is referred to as the “protospacer sequence” , which is 100%(fully) reversely complementary to the target sequence.
Generally, as is conventional in the art, a nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a DNA sequence, an RNA sequence) is written in 5’ to 3’ direction /orientation unless explicitly indicated otherwise.
For example, for a DNA sequence of ATGC, it is usually understood as 5’-ATGC-3’ unless otherwise indicated. Its reverse sequence is 5’-CGTA-3’. Its fully complementary sequence is 5’-TACG-3’. Its fully reverse complementary sequence is 5’-GCAT-3’. Note that the fully complementary sequence usually does not have the ability to base-pair /hybridize with the original sequence.
Generally, the double-strand sequence of a dsDNA may be represented with the sequence of its 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand conventionally written in 5’ to 3’ direction /orientation unless otherwise indicated.
For example, for a dsDNA having a 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand of 5’-ATGC-3’a nd a 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand of 3’-TACG-5’, the dsDNA may be simply represented as 5’-ATGC-3’.
5’-----ATGC -----3’
3’-----TACG -----5’
It should be noted that either the 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand or the 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand of a dsDNA can be a nontarget strand from which a protospacer sequence is selected.
Generally, for a gene as a dsDNA, the 5’ to 3’ single DNA strand is the sense strand of the gene, and the 3’ to 5’ single DNA strand is the antisense strand of the gene. But it should be noted that either the sense strand or the antisense strand of a gene can be a nontarget strand from which a protospacer sequence is selected.
To hybridize to a dsDNA, in one embodiment, the guide sequence of a guide nucleic acid is designed to have a sequence of 5’-AUGC-3’ that is fully reversely complementary to the 3’ to 5’ strand of the target dsRNA, which would be set forth in ATGC in the electric sequence listing but marked as an RNA sequence; and in another embodiment, the guide sequence of a guide nucleic acid is designed to have a sequence of 5’-GCAU-3’ that is fully reversely complementary to the 5’ to 3’ strand of the target RNA, which would be set forth in GCAT in the electric sequence listing but marked as an RNA sequence.
In the case that the guide sequence of a guide nucleic acid is fully reversely complementary to the target sequence and the target sequence is fully reversely complementary to the protospacer sequence, the guide sequence is identical to the protospacer sequence except for the U in the guide sequence due to its RNA nature and correspondingly the T in the protospacer sequence due to its DNA nature. According to WIPO standard ST.26, symbol “t” is used to denote both T in DNA and U in RNA (See “Table 1: List of nucleotides symbols” , the definition of symbol “t” is “thymine in DNA/uracil in RNA (t/u) ” ) . Thus, in the sequence listing of the disclosure prepared according to ST. 26, such a guide sequence could be set forth in the same sequence as a corresponding protospacer sequence. For convenience, a single SEQ ID NO in the sequence listing can be used to denote both such guide sequence and protospacer sequence, although such a single SEQ ID NO may be marked as either DNA or RNA in the sequence listing. When a reference is made to such a SEQ ID NO that sets forth a protospacer /guide sequence, it refers to either a protospacer sequence that is a DNA sequence or a guide sequence that is an RNA sequence depending on the context, no matter whether it is marked as a DNA or an RNA in the sequence listing.
As used herein, if a DNA sequence, for example, 5’-ATGC-3’ is transcribed to an RNA sequence, with each dT (deoxythymidine, or “T” for short) in the primary sequence replaced with a U (uridine) and other dA (deoxyadenosine, or “A” for short) , dG (deoxyguanosine, or “G” for short) , and dC (deoxycytidine, or “C” for short) replaced with A (adenosine) , G (guanosine) , and C (cytidine) , respectively, for example, 5’-AUGC-3’ , it is said in the disclosure that the DNA sequence “_encodes_” the RNA sequence.
As used herein, the term “nucleic acid programmable binding protein (napBP) ” may be used interchangeably with “nucleic acid programmable binding domain (napBD) ” to refer to a protein that can associate (e.g., bind) with a programmable nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) , such as a guide nucleic acid (e.g., gRNA) , that is programmed to guide the protein to a specific sequence of a target nucleic acid via the interaction (e.g., hybridization) between the programmable nucleic acid and the target nucleic acid. The napBP may be indirectly associated with (e.g., bound to) the target nucleic acid via the interaction between the programmable nucleic acid and the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the napBP is a nucleic acid programmable DNA binding protein (napDNAbp) . In some embodiments, the napBP is a nucleic acid programmable RNA binding protein (napRNAbp) .
As used herein, the term “Cas12” is used interchangeably with “Cas12 protein” , “Cas12 polypeptide” , “Cas12 effector” , “Cas12 effector protein” , “Cas12 enzyme” , “Cas12 nuclease” , or similar terms.
As used herein, the term “Cas12i” is used interchangeably with “Cas12i protein” , “Cas12i polypeptide” , “Cas12i effector” , “Cas12i effector protein” , “Cas12i enzyme” , “Cas12i nuclease” , or similar terms.
As used herein, the term “complex” refers to a grouping of two or more molecules. In some embodiments, the complex comprises a polypeptide and a nucleic acid interacting with (e.g., binding to, coming into contact with, adhering to) one another. As used herein, the term “complex” can refer to a grouping of a guide nucleic acid and a polypeptide (e.g., a napBP, such as, a Cas12 polypeptide) . As used herein, the term “complex” can refer to a grouping of a guide nucleic acid, a polypeptide, and a target nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “complex” can refer to a grouping of a guide nucleic acid, a napBP, and optionally, a target nucleic acid.
As used herein, the term “protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) " refers to a short DNA sequence (or a DNA motif) adjacent to a protospacer sequence on the nontarget strand of a dsDNA.
As used herein, the term “adjacent” includes instances wherein there is no nucleotide between the protospacer sequence and the PAM and also instances wherein there are a small number (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5) of nucleotides between the protospacer sequence and the PAM. As used herein, A “immediately adjacent (to) ” B, A “immediately 5’ to” B, and A “immediately 3’ to” B mean that there is no nucleotide between A and B.
As used herein, the term “guide nucleic acid” refers to any nucleic acid that facilitates the targeting of a napBP (e.g., a Cas12 polypeptide) to a target sequence (e.g., a sequence of a target nucleic acid) . A guide nucleic acid may be designed to include a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a specific sequence of a target nucleic acid (e.g., a specific sequence of a target gene) . A guide nucleic acid may also comprise a scaffold sequence facilitating the guiding of a napBP to the target nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the guide
nucleic acid is a guide RNA.
As used herein, the terms “nucleic acid” , “polynucleotide” , and "nucleotide sequence" are used interchangeably to refer to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, including deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, combinations thereof, and analogs or modifications thereof.
As used in the context of CRISPR-Cas techniques (e.g., CRISPR-Cas12 techniques) , the term “guide RNA” is used interchangeably with the term “CRISPR RNA (crRNA) ” , “single guide RNA (sgRNA) ” , or “RNA guide” , the term “guide sequence” is used interchangeably with the term “spacer sequence” , and the term “scaffold sequence” is used interchangeably with the term “direct repeat sequence” .
As described herein, the guide sequence is so designed to be capable of hybridizing to a target sequence. As used herein, the term “hybridize” , “hybridizing” , or “hybridization” refers to a reaction in which one or more polynucleotide sequences react to form a complex that is stabilized via hydrogen bonding between the bases of the polynucleotide sequences. The hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson Crick base pairing, Hoogstein binding, or in any other sequence specific manner. A polynucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing to a given polynucleotide sequence is referred to as the “complement” of the given polynucleotide sequence. As used herein, the hybridization of a guide sequence and a target sequence is so stabilized to permit an effector polypeptide (e.g., a napBP) that is complexed with a nucleic acid comprising the guide sequence or a function domain associated (e.g., fused) with the effector polypeptide to act (e.g., cleave, deaminize) on the target sequence or its complement (e.g., a sequence of a target RNA or its complement) .
For the purpose of hybridization, in some embodiments, the guide sequence is reversely complementary to a target sequence. As used herein, the term “reverse complementary” refers to the ability of nucleobases of a first polynucleotide sequence, such as a guide sequence, to base pair with nucleobases of a second polynucleotide sequence, such as a target sequence, by traditional Watson-Crick base-pairing. Two reverse complementary polynucleotide sequences are able to non-covalently bind under appropriate temperature and solution ionic strength conditions. In some embodiments, a first polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a guide sequence) comprises 100% (fully) reverse complementarity to a second nucleic acid (e.g., a target sequence) . In some embodiments, a first polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a guide sequence) is reverse complementary to a second polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a target sequence) if the first polynucleotide sequence comprises at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%complementarity to the second nucleic acid (_i.e. _, at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the nucleotides of the first polynucleotide sequence can base-pair with the nucleotides of the second polynucleotide sequence) . As used herein, the term “substantially complementary” refers to a polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a guide sequence) that has a certain level of complementarity to a second polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a target sequence) (_e.g. _, at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%of the guide sequence can base-pair with the polynucleotide sequence of the target sequence, or at most 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotides of the guide sequence mismatch the nucleotides of the target sequence) . In some embodiments, the level of complementarity is such that the first polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a guide sequence) can hybridize to the second polynucleotide sequence (e.g., a target sequence) with sufficient affinity to permit an effector polypeptide (e.g., a napBP) that is complexed with the first polynucleotide sequence or a nucleic acid comprising the first polynucleotide sequence or a function domain associated (e.g., fused) with the effector polypeptide to act (e.g., cleave, deaminize) on the target sequence or its complement (e.g., a sequence of a target RNA or its complement) . In some embodiments, a guide sequence that is substantially complementary to a target sequence has less than 100%complementarity to the target sequence. In some embodiments, a guide sequence that is substantially complementary to a target sequence has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99%complementarity to the target sequence, and/or has at most 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 contiguous or non-contiguous nucleotide mismatches from the target sequence.
As used herein, the term “sequence identity” is related to sequence homology. Homology comparisons may be conducted by eye, or more usually, with the aid of readily available sequence comparison programs. These commercially available computer programs may calculate percent (%) homology between two or more sequences and may also calculate the sequence identity shared by two or more amino acid or nucleic acid sequences.
Sequence homologies may be generated by any of a number of computer programs known in the art, for example BLAST or FASTA, etc. A suitable computer program for carrying out such an alignment is the GCG Wisconsin Bestfit package (University of Wisconsin, U.S.A; Devereux et al., 1984, Nucleic Acids Research 12: 387) . Examples of other software than may perform sequence comparisons include, but are
not limited to, the BLAST package (see Ausubel et al., 1999 ibid-Chapter 18) , FASTA (Atschul et al., 1990, J. Mol. Biol., 403-410) and the GENEWORKS suite of comparison tools. Both BLAST and FASTA are available for offline and online searching (see Ausubel et al., 1999 ibid, pages 7-58 to 7-60) . Percentage (%) sequence homology may be calculated over contiguous sequences, i.e., one sequence is aligned with the other sequence and each amino acid or nucleotide in one sequence is directly compared with the corresponding amino acid or nucleotide in the other sequence, one residue at a time. This is called an “ungapped” alignment. Typically, such ungapped alignments are performed only over a relatively short number of residues. Although this is a very simple and consistent method, it fails to take into consideration that, for example, in an otherwise identical pair of sequences, one insertion or deletion may cause the following amino acid residues to be put out of alignment, thus potentially resulting in a large reduction in %homology when a global alignment is performed. Consequently, most sequence comparison methods are designed to produce optimal alignments that take into consideration possible insertions and deletions without unduly penalizing the overall homology or identity score. This is achieved by inserting “gaps” in the sequence alignment to try to maximize local homology or identity. However, these more complex methods assign “gap penalties” to each gap that occurs in the alignment so that, for the same number of identical amino acids, a sequence alignment with as few gaps as possible-reflecting higher relatedness between the two compared sequences-may achieve a higher score than one with many gaps. “Affinity gap costs” are typically used that charge a relatively high cost for the existence of a gap and a smaller penalty for each subsequent residue in the gap. This is the most commonly used gap scoring system. High gap penalties may, of course, produce optimized alignments with fewer gaps. Most alignment programs allow the gap penalties to be modified. However, it is preferred to use the default values when using such software for sequence comparisons. For example, when using the GCG Wisconsin Bestfit package the default gap penalty for amino acid sequences is -12 for a gap and -4 for each extension. Calculation of maximum %homology therefore first requires the production of an optimal alignment, taking into consideration gap penalties. A new tool, called BLAST 2 Sequences is also available for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences (see _FEMS Microbiol Lett. _1999 174 (2) : 247-50_; FEMS Microbiol Lett. _1999 177 (1) : 187-8 and the website of the National Center for Biotechnology information at the website of the National Institutes for Health) . Although the final %homology may be measured in terms of identity, the alignment process itself is typically not based on an all-or-nothing pair comparison. Instead, a scaled similarity score matrix is generally used that assigns scores to each pair-wise comparison based on chemical similarity or evolutionary distance. An example of such a matrix commonly used is the BLOSUM62 matrix-the default matrix for the BLAST suite of programs. GCG Wisconsin programs generally use either the public default values or a custom symbol comparison table, if supplied (see user manual for further details) . For some applications, it is preferred to use the public default values for the GCG package, or in the case of other software, the default matrix, such as BLOSUM62. Alternatively, percentage homologies may be calculated using the multiple alignment feature in DNASISTM (Hitachi Software) , based on an algorithm, analogous to CLUSTAL (Higgins D G &Sharp P M (1988) , _Gene_73 (1) , 237-244) . Once the software has produced an optimal alignment, it is possible to calculate %homology, preferably %sequence identity. The software typically does this as part of the sequence comparison and generates a numerical result. The sequences may also have deletions, insertions or substitutions of amino acid residues which produce a silent change and result in a functionally equivalent substance. Deliberate amino acid substitutions may be made on the basis of similarity in amino acid properties (such as polarity, charge, solubility, hydrophobicity, hydrophilicity, and/or the amphipathic nature of the residues) and it is therefore useful to group amino acids together in functional groups. Amino acids may be grouped together based on the properties of their side chains alone. However, it is more useful to include mutation data as well. The sets of amino acids thus derived are likely to be conserved for structural reasons. These sets may be described in the form of a Venn diagram (Livingstone C. D. and Barton G.J. (1993) “Protein sequence alignments: a strategy for the hierarchical analysis of residue conservation” _Comput. Appl. Biosci. _9: 745-756) (Taylor W. R. (1986) “The classification of amino acid conservation” _J. Theor. Biol. _119; 205-218) . Conservative substitutions may be made, for example according to the table below which describes a generally accepted Venn diagram grouping of amino acids.
As used herein, the “cell” is understood to refer not only to a particular individual cell, but to the progeny or potential progeny of the cell. Because certain modifications may occur in succeeding generations due to either mutation or environmental influences, such progeny may not, in fact, be identical to the parent cell, but are still included within the scope of the term.
As used herein, the term “in vivo” refers to inside the body of an organism, and the terms “ex vivo” or “in vitro” means outside the body of an organism.
As used herein, reference to “not” a value or parameter generally means and describes “other than” a value or parameter. For example, the method is not used to treat cancer of type X means the method may be used
to treat cancer of types other than X.
As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
As used herein, the term “and/or” in a phrase such as “A and/or B” is intended to include both A and B; A or B; A (alone) ; and B (alone) . Likewise, the term “and/or” in a phrase such as “A, B, and/or C” is intended to encompass each of the following embodiments: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
As used herein, when the term “about” is ahead of a serious of numbers (for example, about 1, 2, 3) , it is understood that each of the serious of numbers is modified by the term “about” (that is, about 1, about 2, about 3) . The term “about X-Y” used herein has the same meaning as “about X to about Y. ”
It is understood that embodiments of the disclosure described herein include “consisting” and/or “consisting essentially of” embodiments.
It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as “solely” , “only” , and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a “negative” limitation.
Overview
The disclosure provides modified guide RNAs that lead to improved DNA editing efficiency of CRISPR-Cas12 system comprising such modified guide RNAs. CRISPR-Cas12 system may be used for various DNA editing application, e.g., dsDNA cleavage, epigenomic modification, such as, gene activation, gene inhibition /suppression. The DNA editing efficiency then may be DNA endonuclease activity (may also be termed as “dsDNA cleavage activity” ) , epigenomic modification efficiency, such as, gene activation efficiency, gene inhibition /suppression efficiency.
Modified gRNA
In an aspect, the disclosure provides a modified guide RNA. The modified guide RNA comprises (1) a direct repeat (DR) sequence capable of forming a complex with a Cas12 polypeptide; and (2) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence of a target DNA, thereby guiding the complex to the target DNA; wherein the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide (e.g., carrying a modification at the 2’ position of the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide and/or at the inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide) .
An exemplary nucleotide of an exemplary RNA is shown in FIG. 2 (the upper nucleotide) . The nucleotide comprises a base (B) , a ribose, and a phosphate linkage (an inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the nucleotide that links a next 3’ nucleotide) . The ribose carries a hydroxy (-OH) substitute at the 2’ position close to the base.
As a type of nucleotide modification, the hydroxy substitute at the 2’ position of the ribose may be replaced with another substitute, e.g., 2’-fluoro (a2’-fluoro (2’-F) modification) , or 2’-H (2’-deoxy modification) . In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide carrying a modification at the 2’ position of the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide.
As another type of nucleotide modification, the phosphate 3’ to the ribose of the nucleotide may be replaced with another inter-nucleotide linkage, e.g., a phosphorothioate linkage (a3’ phosphorothioate modification) , a thioPACE linkage (a3’ thioPACE modification) . In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide carrying a modification at the inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide.
In some embodiments, the chemically modified nucleotide comprises an alkylated 2’-OH modification (such as 2’-O-Me modification, 2’-O-2-methoxyethyl (2’-O-MOE) ) , a 2’-F modification, or a 2’-deoxy modification.
For the alkylated 2’-OH modification, the original 2’-OH at the 2’ position of the ribose is alkylated, e.g., methylated. For example, the original 2’-OH is alkylated to 2’-O-Methyl, and hence the chemically modified nucleotide comprises 2’-O-Methyl ( “2’-OMe” or “M” ) at the 2’ position in place of the original 2’-OH.
For the 2’-F modification, the original 2’-OH is replaced with 2’-F, and hence the chemically modified nucleotide comprises 2’-F at the 2’ position in place of the original 2’-OH.
For the 2’-deoxy modification, the original 2’-OH is deoxidized, and hence the chemically modified nucleotide comprises 2’-H at the 2’ position in place of the original 2’-OH.
In some embodiments, the chemically modified nucleotide comprises a 3’ phosphorothioate ( “PS” ) linkage or 3’ thioPACE linkage This means that the linkage replaces the original phosphate linkage.
In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA comprises a string of 2-6 consecutive chemically modified nucleotides.
In some embodiments, the chemically modified nucleotide is at or near the 5’ end of the modified guide RNA, the 3’ end of the modified guide RNA, internal to the modified guide RNA, the 5’ end of the guide sequence,
the 3’ end of the guide sequence, internal to the guide sequence, the 5’ end of the DR sequence, the 3’ end of the DR sequence, internal to the DR sequence, or a combination thereof.
The chemically modified nucleotide being at or near the 5’ end of the modified guide RNA, the guide sequence, or the DR sequence means that the chemically modified nucleotide is the first, the second, the third, the fourth, or the fifth 5’ end nucleotide of the modified guide RNA, the guide sequence, or the DR sequence. The 5’ end nucleotide refers to a nucleotide at or near the 5’ end but not necessary the most 5’ end nucleotide. The first 5’ end nucleotide refers to the most 5’ end nucleotide. Taking modified gRNA S131 in Example 1 as an example, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth 5’ end nucleotide of the modified gRNA or the DR sequence are A, G, A, A, and A, respectively, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth 5’ end nucleotide of the guide sequence are T, A, G, A, and A, respectively.
The chemically modified nucleotide being at or near the 3’ end of the modified guide RNA, the guide sequence, or the DR sequence means that the chemically modified nucleotide is the first, the second, the third, the fourth, or the fifth 3’ end nucleotide of the modified guide RNA, the guide sequence, or the DR sequence. The 3’ end nucleotide refers to a nucleotide at or near the 3’ end but not necessary the most 3’ end nucleotide. The first 3’ end nucleotide refers to the most 3’ end nucleotide. Taking modified gRNA S131 in Example 1 as an example, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth 3’ end nucleotide of the modified gRNA or the guide sequence are A, T, G, A, and G, respectively, and the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth 3’ end nucleotide of the DR sequence are C, A, C, A, and G, respectively.
The chemically modified nucleotide being internal to the modified guide RNA, the guide sequence, or the DR sequence means that the chemically modified nucleotide is not at or near the 5’ or 3’ end of the modified guide RNA, the guide sequence, or the DR sequence.
In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA does not comprise a tracrRNA or a tracr sequence. In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA comprises a tracrRNA or a tracr sequence.
In some embodiments, the guide sequence is 5’ or 3’ to the DR sequence. In some embodiments, the guide sequence is 3’ to the DR sequence.
Modified 3’ poly U tail
In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises, at the 3’ end of the guide RNA, a 3’ poly U tail comprising more than one uracil. In other words, a poly U tail comprising more than one uracil is added /attached to the 3’ end of the guide RNA. In the case that guide sequence of the guide RNA is 3’ to the DR sequence, then the guide RNA comprises, at the 3’ end of the guide sequence, a 3’ poly U tail comprising more than one uracil. In other words, a poly U tail comprising more than one uracil is added /attached to the 3’ end of the guide sequence. In some embodiments, the modified 3’ poly U tail is 3’ to the guide sequence. One example of the addition of polyU tail is shown in the gRNA of SEQ ID NO: 10, where the poly U tail is composed of UUUU and attached to the 3’ end of the guide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8 comprised in the gRNA of SEQ ID NO: 10. The poly U tail is designated as 3’ poly U tail because it is located at the 3’ end of the guide RNA of the disclosure.
The 3’ poly U tail may be modified to a modified 3’ poly U tail. In some embodiments, the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on an uracil of the modified 3’ poly U tail. In some embodiments, the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more uracils. In some embodiments, the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more (consecutive or non-consecutive) uracils of the modified 3’ poly U tail. In some embodiments, the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on its first two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more 5’ end uracils. In some embodiments, the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of four uracils with 2’-O-methyl 5’ phosphorothioate modifications on its first three 5’ end uracils. For example, the modified 3’ poly U tail is composed of 5’-TmsTmsTmsT-3’.
By “2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification” it means, referring to FIG. 2, a 2’-O-methyl modification on the ribose of a modified nucleotide plus a 3’ phosphorothioate ( “PS” ) inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the modified nucleotide (collectively, “2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification” or “MS” ) , wherein the modified ribonucleotide is denoted with Nms (N = A, U, G, or C) throughout the disclosure.
Modified DR sequence
The DR sequence of the modified gRNA of the disclosure may be modified as desired. In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is 5’ to the guide sequence. In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’phosphorothioate modification on one, two, or three nucleotides of its first three, four, five, or six 5’ end nucleotides. In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of its first three 5’ end nucleotides.
In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises motif 5’-AGA-3’a s its first three 5’ end nucleotides. In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each nucleotide of the motif 5’-AGA-3’a s its first three 5’ end nucleotides. That is, the DR sequence comprise modified motif 5’-AmsGmsAms-3’a s its first three 5’ end nucleotides.
In some embodiments, the DR sequence has substantially the same secondary structure as the secondary structure of any one of SEQ ID NO: 4-7. In some embodiments, the DR sequence is a N-terminal truncation of SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the N-terminal truncation eliminates a length of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotides. In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises a polynucleotide sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 60% (e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) to the polynucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4-7, or wherein the DR sequence comprises a polynucleotide sequence having at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotide sequence changes compared to the polynucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4-7. In some embodiments, the DR sequence comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of AmsGmsAmsAATGTGTCCCCAGTTGACAC, wherein Nms represents a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) with a 2’-O-methyl 5’ phosphorothioate modification.
Modified Guide Sequence
The guide sequence of the modified gRNA of the disclosure may be modified as desired. In some embodiments, the guide sequence comprises a 2’-fluoro modification. In some embodiments, the guide sequence is 3’ to the DR sequence. In some embodiments, the guide sequence comprises a 2’-fluoro modification on one or two nucleotides of its first two 3’ end nucleotides. In some embodiments, the guide sequence comprises a 2’-fluoro modification on each nucleotide of its first two 3’ end nucleotides.
In some embodiments, the guide sequence is in a length of 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, or 25 nucleotides, and optionally about 20 nucleotides.
Characterization of Modified gRNA
In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises, from 5’ to 3’ :
(i) a modified DR sequence as described in the disclosure;
(ii) a guide sequence; and
(iii) a modified 3’ poly U tail as described in the disclosure.
In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises, from 5’ to 3’ :
(i) a modified DR sequence comprising a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of its first three 5’ end nucleotides.;
(ii) a guide sequence; and
(iii) a modified 3’ poly U tail comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of four uracils with 2’-O-methyl 5’ phosphorothioate modifications on its first three 5’ end uracils.
In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises, from 5’ to 3’ :
(i) a DR sequence comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of: AmsGmsAmsAATGTGTCCCCAGTTGACAC;
(ii) a guide sequence; and
(iii) a modified 3’ poly U tail of TmsTmsTmsT;
wherein Nms represents a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) with a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification.
In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA has increased stability compared with an otherwise identical control guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., an increase by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, or more.
In some embodiments, the modified guide RNA has decreased immunogenicity compared with an otherwise identical control guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., a decrease by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
Applications of Modified gRNA
In another aspect, the disclosure provides a system or composition comprising: (i) a Cas12 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure. In some embodiments, (1) the system has an increased on-target DNA editing efficiency (e.g., DNA cleavage activity, gene activating or inhibiting efficiency) as compared with an otherwise identical control system comprising a guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., an increase by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%,
90%, 95%, 100%, or more; or (2) the system has a decreased off-target DNA editing efficiency (e.g., DNA cleavage activity, gene activating or inhibiting efficiency) as compared with an otherwise identical control system comprising a guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., a decrease by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising (i) an mRNA encoding a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a ribonucleoprotein (RNP) comprising (i) a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of the disclosure.
In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide does not comprise a Zinc finger. In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide comprises a Zinc finger. In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide is Cas12a, Cas12b, Cas12c, Cas12d, Cas12e, Cas12f, Cas12g, Cas12h, Cas12i, Cas12j, Cas12k, Cas12l, Cas12m, or Cas12n. In some embodiments, the Cas12 polypeptide is a Cas12i polypeptide. In some embodiments, the Cas12i polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 60% (e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100%) to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 or the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 but lacking N-terminal starting Methionine (M) (coded by start codon ATG) . For example, the N-terminal starting Methionine (M) (coded by start codon ATG) at position 1 of SEQ ID NO: 3 may be removed.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a method of modifying a target DNA comprising contacting the target DNA with the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the method is ex vivo, in vivo, or in vitro. In some embodiments, the method is non-therapeutical.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides use of the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure in the manufacture of an agent for the modification of a target DNA. In some embodiments, the modification is ex vivo, in vivo, or in vitro. In some embodiments, the modification is non-therapeutical.
In yet another aspect, the disclosure provides a cell comprising the modified guide RNA, the system, the LNP, or the RNP of the disclosure. In some embodiments, the cell is not a human germ cell (i.e., an embryonic cell, an egg cell, a sperm cell) . In some embodiments, the cell is not a human embryonic stem cell.
The invention of the disclosure is not and shall not be used to edit any human germ cell (i.e., an embryonic cell, an egg cell, a sperm cell) containing any genetic material in any jurisdiction unless it is allowed by applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction.
Further embodiments are illustrated in the following Examples which are given for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.
EXAMPLES
The following examples are provided to further illustrate some embodiments of the disclosure but are not intended to limit the scope of the invention; it will be understood by their exemplary nature that other procedures, methodologies, or techniques known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be used.
It is noted that in the context of an RNA (e.g., a guide RNA, a DR sequence, a guide sequence) throughout the specification, any T (thymidine) in the sequence stands for U (uridine) .
Example 1 Modification on the guide sequence of Cas12i gRNA.
Design
A CRISPR-Cas12i system comprising hfCas12Max (SEQ ID NO: 3) and a modified guide RNA targeting human TTR gene as indicated hereinafter was used in this Example to evaluate the effect of the modification on the modified guide RNA on the RNA-guided DNA endonuclease activity ( “endonuclease activity” for short hereinafter) of the CRISPR-Cas12i system.
Detection
LipofectamineTM RNAiMAX transfection. Transfection of hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and modified guide RNA (Table 1) into N2a host cells was conducted by using commercially availableRNAiMAX Reagent (ThermoFisher) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. N2a cells were seeded onto a 24-well plate and grew to about 70 to 90%confluence. 1.5 μL lipofectamine RNAiMAX was diluted into 25 μL opti-MEM medium. 1 μg hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and 1 μg modified guide RNA were diluted into another 25 μL opti-MEM medium, which was then combined with the diluted lipofectamine RNAiMAX. The resulting 50 μL mRNA-lipid complex was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature and then added into each well of the plate. The plate was placed in an incubator at 37 ℃for 48 hours.
LNP delivery. N2a cells were seeded onto a 24-well plate and grew to about 70 to 90%confluence. Lipid
nanoparticles (LNP, with DOPE) packaging the hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and the modified guide RNA in a mass ratio of 1: 1 were transferred into 50 μL opti-MEM medium, and the mixture was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. The mRNA-lipid complex was added into each well of the plate. The plate was placed in an incubator at 37 ℃ for 48 hours.
Detection of endonuclease activity. After 48 hours, DNA was extracted from the cultured cells for PCR and sequencing to evaluate the endonuclease activity of the CRISPR-Cas12i system as represented by indel%at the target TTR gene. The results are listed in Table 1 below.
Result
The sequences of the unmodified and modified gRNAs tested with hfCas12Max (SEQ ID NO: 3; a highly efficient RNA-guided DNA endonuclease Cas12i developed by the Applicant) are provided in Table 1 below. Those gRNAs comprised a direct repeat (DR) sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7 capable of forming a complex with the hfCas12Max. Those gRNAs are designed to target human TTR gene and comprised a guide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 (boxed) 3’ to the DR sequence capable of hybridizing to human TTR gene, thereby guiding the complex to the human TTR gene.
The unmodified gRNA S129 (SEQ ID NO: 9) did not carry any modification. The modified gRNA S133 carried a 2’-fluoro modification on each of the first two 3’ end nucleotides T and A ( “fTfA” ) of the guide sequence compared to S129. Both the modified gRNA S132 and S131 comprised a 3’ poly U tail composed of four uracil immediately 3’ to the guide sequence compared to S129, and each of the first three 5’ end uracil of the 3’ poly U tail carried 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification thereon ( “TmsTmsTmsT” ) . In addition, the modified gRNA S131 carried a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of the first three 5’ end nucleotides AGA of the DR sequence ( “AmsGmsAms” ) .
Table 1
fN denotes a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) carrying a 2'-fluoro modification (as shown in FIG. 2) . doN represents a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) carrying a 2'-deoxy modification.
Nms denotes a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) carrying a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification (as shown in FIG. 2; “MS” ) .
As shown from the comparison of S129 (68.57%) and S133 (72.22%) , the addition of 2’-fluro modifications onto the first two 3’ end nucleotides T and A of the guide sequence of the gRNA increased the endonuclease activity of the CRISPR-Cas12i system, suggesting that the addition of a 2’-fluro modification onto a 3’ end nucleotide of the guide sequence of a gRNA may improve the endonuclease activity of a CRISPR-Cas12i system comprising the modified gRNA.
As shown from the comparison of S129 (68.57%) and S132 (72.16%) , the addition of the modified 3’ poly U tail (TmsTmsTmsT) to the 3’ end of the guide sequence of the gRNA increased the endonuclease activity of the CRISPR-Cas12i system, suggesting that the addition of a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate-modified 3’poly U tail to the 3’ end of the guide sequence of a gRNA may improve the endonuclease activity of a CRISPR-Cas12i system comprising the modified gRNA.
As shown from the comparison of S132 (72.16%) and S131 (90.18%) , the addition of a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification onto each of the first three 5’ end nucleotides A, G, and A of the DR sequence of the gRNA led to an remarkably increased endonuclease activity of the CRISPR-Cas12i system, suggesting that that the addition of a 2’-O-methyl and phosphorothioate modification onto a 5’ end nucleotide of the DR sequence of a gRNA may improve the endonuclease activity of a CRISPR-Cas12i system comprising the modified gRNA.
Additional experiments were conducted by in vitro LNP delivery of hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and modified guide RNA S131 to N2a cells to assess the endonuclease activity of the CRISPR-Cas12i system at various doses (Table 2) .
Table 2
The 1000 ng, 300 ng, 100 ng, and 30 ng indicate the overall mass of hfCas12Max-encoding mRNA and modified guide RNA S131 in a mass ratio of 1: 1.
A clear dose-dependent endonuclease activity was observed between 300 ng and 30 ng, and comparable endonuclease activity was observed at 1000 ng and 300 ng, indicating that 300 ng may be a peak dose value suitable for practical use.
***
Various modifications and variations of the described products, methods, and uses of the disclosure will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the disclosure. Although the disclosure has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and that the disclosure as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the disclosure that are obvious to those skilled in the art are intended to be within the scope of the disclosure. This application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the disclosure following, in general, the principles of the disclosure and including such departures from the present disclosure come within known customary practice within the art to which the disclosure pertains and may be applied to the essential features herein before set forth.
Exemplary sequences
Claims (29)
- A modified guide RNA comprising:(1) a direct repeat (DR) sequence capable of forming a complex with a Cas12 polypeptide; and(2) a guide sequence capable of hybridizing to a target sequence of a target DNA, thereby guiding the complex to the target DNA;wherein the modified guide RNA comprises a chemically modified nucleotide (e.g., carrying a modification at the 2’ position of the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide and/or at the inter-nucleotide linkage 3’ to the ribose of the chemically modified nucleotide) .
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the chemically modified nucleotide comprises an alkylated 2’-OH modification (such as 2’-O-Me, 2’-O-2-methoxyethyl (2’-O-MOE) ) , a 2’-F modification, or a 2’-deoxy modification.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the chemically modified nucleotide comprises a 3’-to-5’ phosphorothioate linkage or 3’-thioPACE linkage.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, comprising a string of 2-6 consecutive chemically modified nucleotides.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claims, wherein the chemically modified nucleotide is at or near the 5’ end of the modified guide RNA, the 3’ end of the modified guide RNA, internal to the modified guide RNA, the 5’ end of the guide sequence, the 3’ end of the guide sequence, internal to the guide sequence, the 5’ end of the DR sequence, the 3’ end of the DR sequence, internal to the DR sequence, or a combination thereof.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the modified guide RNA does not comprise a tracrRNA or a tracr sequence.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the guide sequence is 3’ to the DR sequence.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the guide RNA comprises, at the 3’ end of the guide RNA (or at the 3’ end of the guide sequence) , a modified 3’ poly U tail comprising more than one uracil, and wherein the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on an uracil of the modified 3’ poly U tail;optionally, wherein the modified 3’ poly U tail is 3’ to the guide sequence;optionally, wherein the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more uracils;optionally, wherein the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more (consecutive or non-consecutive) uracils of the modified 3’ poly U tail;optionally, wherein the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on its first two, three, four, five, six, seven, or more 5’ end uracils; and/oroptionally, wherein the modified 3’ poly U tail comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of four uracils with 2’-O-methyl 5’ phosphorothioate modifications on its first three 5’ end uracils.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification; optionally, the DR sequence is 5’ to the guide sequence;optionally, wherein the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on one, two, or three nucleotides of its first three, four, five, or six 5’ end nucleotides;optionally, wherein the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of its first three 5’ end nucleotides.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence comprises motif 5’-AGA-3’ as its first three 5’ end nucleotides.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence comprises a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each nucleotide of the motif 5’-AGA-3’ as its first three 5’ end nucleotides.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence has substantially the same secondary structure as the secondary structure of any one of SEQ ID NO: 4-7.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence is a N-terminal truncation of SEQ ID NO: 4, and wherein the N-terminal truncation eliminates a length of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, or 15 nucleotides.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence comprises a polynucleotide sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 60% (e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) to the polynucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4-7, or wherein the DR sequence comprises a polynucleotide sequence having at most 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 nucleotide sequence changes compared to the polynucleotide sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 4-7.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the guide sequence comprises a 2’-fluoro modification; optionally, the guide sequence is 3’ to the DR sequence;optionally, wherein the guide sequence comprises a 2’-fluoro modification on one or two nucleotides of its first two 3’ end nucleotides;optionally, wherein the guide sequence comprises a 2’-fluoro modification on each nucleotide of its first two 3’ end nucleotides.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the DR sequence comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of AmsGmsAmsAATGTGTCCCCAGTTGACAC, wherein Nms represents a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) with a 2’-O-methyl 5’ phosphorothioate modification.
- In some embodiments, the guide RNA comprises, from 5’ to 3’:(i) a modified DR sequence comprising a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification on each of its first three 5’ end nucleotides.;(ii) a guide sequence; and(iii) a modified 3’ poly U tail comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of four uracils with 2’-O-methyl 5’ phosphorothioate modifications on its first three 5’ end uracils.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the guide RNA comprises, from 5’ to 3’:(i) a DR sequence comprises, consists essentially of, or consists of:
AmsGmsAmsAATGTGTCCCCAGTTGACAC;(ii) a guide sequence; and(iii) a modified 3’ poly U tail of TmsTmsTmsT;wherein Nms represents a ribonucleotide N (N = A, U, G, or C) with a 2’-O-methyl 3’ phosphorothioate modification. - The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the modified guide RNA has increased stability compared with an otherwise identical control guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., an increase by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, or more.
- The modified guide RNA of any preceding claim, wherein the modified guide RNA has decreased immunogenicity compared with an otherwise identical control guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., a decrease by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
- A system comprising:(i) a Cas12 polypeptide or a polynucleotide encoding the Cas12 polypeptide; and(ii) the modified guide RNA of any preceding claim.
- The system of any preceding claim, wherein:(1) the system has an increased on-target DNA editing efficiency (e.g., DNA cleavage activity, gene activating or inhibiting efficiency) as compared with an otherwise identical control system comprising a guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., an increase by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, or more; or(2) the system has a decreased off-target DNA editing efficiency (e.g., DNA cleavage activity, gene activating or inhibiting efficiency) as compared with an otherwise identical control system comprising a guide RNA without the modification of the modified guide RNA, e.g., a decrease by at least about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
- A lipid nanoparticle (LNP) comprising (i) an mRNA encoding a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of any preceding claim.
- A ribonucleoprotein (RNP) comprising (i) a Cas12 polypeptide; and (ii) the modified guide RNA of any preceding claim.
- The system, the LNP, or the RNP of any preceding claim, wherein the Cas12 polypeptide does not comprise a Zinc finger.
- The system, the LNP, or the RNP of any preceding claim, wherein the Cas12 polypeptide is a Cas12i polypeptide.
- The system, the LNP, or the RNP of any preceding claim, wherein the Cas12i polypeptide comprises an amino acid sequence having a sequence identity of at least about 60% (e.g., at least about 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100%) to the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 or the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-3 but lacking N-terminal starting Methionine (M) (coded by start codon ATG) .
- A method of modifying a target DNA comprising contacting the target DNA with the system, the LNP, or the RNP of any preceding claim.
- A cell comprising the modified guide RNA, the system, the LNP, or the RNP of any preceding claim.
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| CN107250148A (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2017-10-13 | 安捷伦科技有限公司 | Guide RNA with chemical modification |
| CN114015674A (en) * | 2021-11-02 | 2022-02-08 | 辉二(上海)生物科技有限公司 | Novel CRISPR-Cas12i system |
| WO2023155924A1 (en) * | 2022-02-21 | 2023-08-24 | Huidagene Therapeutics Co., Ltd. | Guide rna and uses thereof |
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| CN107250148A (en) * | 2014-12-03 | 2017-10-13 | 安捷伦科技有限公司 | Guide RNA with chemical modification |
| CN114015674A (en) * | 2021-11-02 | 2022-02-08 | 辉二(上海)生物科技有限公司 | Novel CRISPR-Cas12i system |
| WO2023155924A1 (en) * | 2022-02-21 | 2023-08-24 | Huidagene Therapeutics Co., Ltd. | Guide rna and uses thereof |
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