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WO2024026089A2 - Procédé d'identification d'altérations spécifiques chez des sujets ayant des maladies définies analysant des motifs oculomoteurs lors de l'utilisation de stimuli visuels spécifiques, un médicament ou un traitement spécifiques améliorant le traitement visuel, les performances cognitives et les activités cérébrales associées - Google Patents

Procédé d'identification d'altérations spécifiques chez des sujets ayant des maladies définies analysant des motifs oculomoteurs lors de l'utilisation de stimuli visuels spécifiques, un médicament ou un traitement spécifiques améliorant le traitement visuel, les performances cognitives et les activités cérébrales associées Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2024026089A2
WO2024026089A2 PCT/US2023/028970 US2023028970W WO2024026089A2 WO 2024026089 A2 WO2024026089 A2 WO 2024026089A2 US 2023028970 W US2023028970 W US 2023028970W WO 2024026089 A2 WO2024026089 A2 WO 2024026089A2
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Prior art keywords
subject
eye
compromise
targets
report
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WO2024026089A3 (fr
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Gerardo ABEL FERNANDEZ
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Viewmind Inc
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Viewmind Inc
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Priority to JP2025504815A priority Critical patent/JP2025526449A/ja
Priority to CA3262795A priority patent/CA3262795A1/fr
Priority to CN202380065397.XA priority patent/CN119997878A/zh
Priority to EP23847389.6A priority patent/EP4561443A2/fr
Publication of WO2024026089A2 publication Critical patent/WO2024026089A2/fr
Publication of WO2024026089A3 publication Critical patent/WO2024026089A3/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2887—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD20
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A61K31/137—Arylalkylamines, e.g. amphetamine, epinephrine, salbutamol, ephedrine or methadone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7052—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides
    • A61K31/706—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/7064—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines
    • A61K31/7076—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. nucleosides, nucleotides containing six-membered rings with nitrogen as a ring hetero atom containing condensed or non-condensed pyrimidines containing purines, e.g. adenosine, adenylic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H15/00—ICT specially adapted for medical reports, e.g. generation or transmission thereof
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
    • G16H20/10—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H40/00—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices
    • G16H40/60—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices for the operation of medical equipment or devices
    • G16H40/63—ICT specially adapted for the management or administration of healthcare resources or facilities; ICT specially adapted for the management or operation of medical equipment or devices for the operation of medical equipment or devices for local operation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
    • G16H50/20—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics for computer-aided diagnosis, e.g. based on medical expert systems
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H50/00—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics
    • G16H50/30—ICT specially adapted for medical diagnosis, medical simulation or medical data mining; ICT specially adapted for detecting, monitoring or modelling epidemics or pandemics for calculating health indices; for individual health risk assessment

Definitions

  • U.S. Appl. Serial No.18/217,688 shows a system for detecting one or more neurological disorders in a subject by measuring eye movements.
  • neurological disorders that may be detected include Multiple sclerosis (MS), attention deficit-hyperactive disorder (ADHD), Parkinson disorder (PD), Alzheimer disease (AD), etc.
  • MS Multiple sclerosis
  • ADHD attention deficit-hyperactive disorder
  • PD Parkinson disorder
  • AD Alzheimer disease
  • a display means [40] configured to display a test report [50] received from the processor [20]; wherein the processor [20] is further configured to analyze the eye-tracking data for evidence of one or more neurological disorders or general cognitive performance and to report, in the test report [50], a detection of one or more neurological disorders or a measure of cognitive performance of the subject [5],
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. count a total number of ocular fixations of a subject while reading the text; and b. if the total number of ocular fixations of a subject when reading is higher than for a control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in attentional processes is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. count a number of forward ocular fixations of the subject while reading the text; and b. if the number of forward ocular fixations of the subject is lower than for the control group; and the number of ocular fixations of a subject when reading is higher than for the control group, then report in the test report [50] that a compromise in working memory is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. count a number of words that the subject fixated on only once while reading the text; and b. if the number of words that the subject fixated on only once is lower than for the control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in retrieval memory is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. count a number of multiple ocular fixations of the subject while reading the text; and b. if the number of multiple ocular fixations is higher than for the control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in executive processes is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to a. compute an average saccade amplitude from one ocular fixation to a next ocular fixation; and b. if the average saccade amplitude is lower than for the control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in executive processes is detected.
  • a display means [40] configured to display the output of the intelligent algorithm on a test report [50] received from the processor [20]; wherein the processor [20] is further configured to analyze and modeling the eye-tracking data for evidence of one or more neurological disorders and from cognitive performance and to report, in the test report [50], a detection and classification of the one or more neurological disorders of the subject [5] both, between and within pathologies.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to identify and classifying eye movement features and pupil behavior during reading the text providing an output of the classifier for reporting in the test report a subject’s cognitive performance and/or pathological classification (i.e, the pathology that correspond to the subject because his/her eye movement features); and a value within the pathology (i.e., the level of cognitive, behavioral and biological compromise that the subject shows within a particular pathology).
  • a subject s cognitive performance and/or pathological classification (i.e, the pathology that correspond to the subject because his/her eye movement features); and a value within the pathology (i.e., the level of cognitive, behavioral and biological compromise that the subject shows within a particular pathology).
  • the intelligent algorithm is configured to read at least one input, the input selected from a group consisting of: a. Index of total number of ocular fixations of a subject while reading the text. b. Index of forw ard ocular fixations of the subject while reading the text. c. Index of words that the subject fixated on only once while reading the text d. Index of multiple ocular fixations of the subject while reading the text e. Average saccade amplitude from one ocular fixation to a next ocular fixation f. Pupil diameter of the subject reading the text g. Index of blinks coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes. h.
  • Microsaccades' Factors of Form i. HEWI: shows the micro-saccade's height/width relationship.
  • ii. AREA shows the area of the rectangle in which the micro-saccade is inscribed.
  • iv. ANG is the sum of all the angles in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the micro saccade.
  • v. AANG is the sum of all the absolute values of angles in radians in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the micro-saccade.
  • MOD and THETA are the modulus and the angle of the polar coordinates of the sum of the cartesian coordinates. They give a spatial orientation of the microsaccade relative to the median of the fixation.
  • TIME is the time duration in milliseconds of the micro-saccade.
  • VMIN and VMAX are the minimum and maximum velocities of the microsaccades in degrees per second.
  • Micro-saccade rate is the instantaneous rate in each time bin.
  • Directional congruency is the congruency between the micro-saccade direction and the location of the stimulus. i.
  • Eye position coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes i.e., abscissa and ordinate coordinate
  • Fixation sequence i.e., ocular behavior
  • the sequence will be available from images, from matrices, etc.
  • l. Filia information of the subject i.e., age; years of education; sex; ethnic group; occupation; hours per week of physical activity).
  • m Total reading time (i.e., the time that the subject spent when reading the text).
  • a saccade of the subject [325] in response to the step of presenting a cue; the subject is requested to look at the zone in which the stimulus image was the presented corresponding to the cue; f. repeating steps of presenting a cue and measunng a saccade [330]; g. repeating steps b-f for a number of trials [335] ; h calculating one or more of: i. a WM effect [340] (i.e. WM effect is a measure that increases when WM demand increases. For each cue number, the WM effect is represented by the ratio between the number of errors reported by the subject through all the trials, and the number of trials); and ii.
  • the additional steps further comprising calculating and reporting one or more of i. a degree of compromise of subcortical processes [375], with increased the amplitude of pupillary dilatation; ii. a degree of compromise of executive processes [380], with increased the number of fixations; and iii. a degree of compromise of executive processes and working memory [385], with increased the gaze duration.
  • a subj ect to fixate sequentially on targets that are part of a group of targets (e.g., point) presented together in the same picture (i.e., labyrinth or maze) [605]; c. requesting a subject to fixate only one target each time until finishing visualizing all the targets through the picture following the labyrinth or maze direction (i.e., entering from the bottom and exiting through the top of said labyrinth or maze) [610], d. a processor [20], configured to receive data from the eye tracker [10] while the subject [5] is carrying out the visual test [15]; and e.
  • a display means [40] configured to display a test report [50] received from the processor [20]; wherein the processor [20] is further configured to analyze the eye-tracking data for evidence of neurological and attentional disorders and to report, in the test report [50], a detection of the one or more neurological and attentional disorder of the subject [5],
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker while the subject is visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, inhibiting and sequencing targets, to: a. count a total number of ocular fixations of a subject [615] while performing the visual test; and b. if the total number of ocular fixations of a subject when visualizing targets is higher than for a control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in attentional processes is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. measure the saccade average speed [620] while the subject is shifting from one target to the other; and b. if the saccade average speed [620] of the subject is lower than for the control group; then report in the test report [50] that a compromise in executive functions is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. count a number of correct target recognitions [625] ; and b. if the number of correct target recognitions [625] that the subject is lower than for the control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in working memory is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. compute an average saccade amplitude [630]; and b. if the average saccade amplitude [630] is lower than for the control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in executive processes is detected.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker, to: a. the total time spent to perform the visual test [635]; and b. if the total time spent to perform the visual test [635] is higher than for the control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in attentional processes is detected.
  • a system [100] for detecting a disorder of memory binding function of a subject comprising: a. an eye tracker [10]; b. a means for measuring pupil diameters; c. a processor [20], configured to: i. receive eye-tracking data of a subject [5] from the eye tracker [10]; ii. receive pupil diameter data of the subject [5] from the means for measuring pupil diameters; and d.
  • a display means [40] configured to display a test report [50] received from the processor [20]; wherein the processor [20] is further configured to analyze the eye-tracking and pupil diameter data and to report, in the test report [50], a detection of one or more disorders of memory binding function of the subject [5],
  • the processor [20] is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker [10], to: a. measure one or more gaze durations of the subject [5] on each of one or more targets viewed by the subject [5] ; b. calculate an average gaze duration of the targets by the subject [5]; and c. report in the test report [50] that a compromise in encoding and recognition of targets is detected in the subject [5], if the average gaze duration of the subject [5] is longer than the average gaze duration of a control group.
  • the processor [20] is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker [10], to: a. count a number of ocular fixations performed by the subject [5] while viewing one or more targets; and b. report in the test report [50] that a compromise in attend onal processes is detected in the subject [5], if the number of ocular fixations performed by the subject [5] while viewing the targets is higher than for a control group.
  • the processor [20] is further configured to applying an intelligent algorithm and to: a. receive a pupil diameter of the subject [5] from the means for measunng pupil diameter, while the subject [5] performs activities requiring lower cognitive effort; b. receive a pupil diameter of the subj ect [5] from the means for measuring pupil diameter, while the subject [5] performs activities requiring a stronger cognitive effort; and c.
  • a compromise in a target encoding and recognition process is detected in the subject, if the average gaze duration of the subject is longer than an average gaze duration of a control group [565]; ii. reporting that a compromise in cognitive resources is detected in the subject, if the pupil diameter of the subject while performing the activities requiring a stronger cognitive effort does not show an increase over the pupil diameter of the subject while performing the activities requiring lower cognitive effort [570]; and iii. reporting that a compromise in attentional processes is detected in the subject, if the number of ocular fixations performed by the subject while viewing the targets is higher than for a control group [575],
  • the intelligent algorithm is configured to read at least one input, the input selected from a group consisting of: a. Total number of ocular fixations of a subject while performing each Binding Task. b. Binding Evaluation Task, i.e. “Bound Colors” of “Unbound Colors”. c. Identification Number of Binding Trial. d. The Correct Behavioral Answer of the trial (i.e., if "same” or “different”). e. Subject's Behavioral response. f. Part of the Trial i.e., encoding or retrieval. g. Pupil diameter of the subject while performing while performing the Binding Evaluation.
  • h Number of blinks coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes i.
  • v. AANG is the sum of all the absolute values of angles in radians in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the microsaccade. These las two FF give an estimation of the microsaccadic trajectory regularity.
  • MOD and THETA are the modulus and the angle of the polar coordinates of the sum of the cartesian coordinates. They give an spatial orientation of the microsaccade relative to the median of the fixation.
  • TIME is the time duration in milliseconds of the microsaccade.
  • VMIN and VMAX are the minimum and maximum velocities of the microsaccades in degrees per second. ix.
  • Microsaccade rate is the instantaneous rate in each time bin.
  • Directional congruency is the congruency between the microsaccade direction and the location of the stimulus.
  • Filia information of the subject i.e., age; years of education; sex; ethnic group; occupation; hours per week of physical activity.
  • the processor [20] is further configured to analyze the eye-tracking and pupil diameter data and to report, in the test report [50], a detection of one or more neurological and attentional disorders of the subject [5], [43] It is another object of the present invention as described above, wherein the processor [20] is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker [10], to: a. measure one or more fixation durations of the subject [5] on each of one or more targets viewed by the subject [5]; b.
  • the processor [20] is further configured, upon receiving the eye-tracking data from the eye tracker [10], to: a. count a number of ocular fixations performed by the subject [5] while viewing one or more targets; and b. report in the test report [50] that a compromise in attend onal processes is detected in the subject [5], if the number of ocular fixations performed by the subject [5] while viewing the targets is higher than for a control group.
  • the processor [20] is further configured to: a. receive a pupil diameter of the subject [5] from the means for measuring pupil diameter, while the subject [5] performs activities requiring major attention resources; b. receive a pupil diameter of the subj ect [5] from the means for measunng pupil diameter, while the subject [5] performs activities requiring a major attention; and c. report in the test report [50] that a compromise in cognitive resources is detected in the subject [5], if the pupil diameter of the subject [5], while performing the activities requiring the major attention, does not show an increase over the pupil diameter of the subject [5] while performing the activities requiring minor attention.
  • reporting that a compromise in a target visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, inhibiting and sequencing process is detected in the subject, if the average saccade amplitude of the subject is shorter than an average saccade amplitude of a control group; ii. reporting that a compromise in cognitive and functional resources is detected in the subject, if the pupil diameter of the subject while performing the activities requiring a major attention does not show an increase over the pupil diameter of the subject while performing the activities requiring minor attention; and iii. reporting that a compromise in attend onal processes is detected in the subject, if the number of ocular fixations performed by the subject while viewing the targets is higher than for a control group. iv. reporting that a compromise in executive process is detected in the subject, if the average saccade latency (speed) of the subject is shorter than an average saccade latency of a control group;
  • the neurological disorder is selected from the group consisting of Parkinson Disease or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.
  • Figure 1 shows and Figure 2 system for detecting one or more neurological disorders of a subject, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Figures 3A and 3B show a method for evaluating compromises in neurological functions associated with MS, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Figures 4A and 4B show a method for detecting one or more neurological disorders of a reading subject, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Figures 5 shows a method for detecting a disorder of memory binding function, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Figure 5C shows the test results as per the evaluation method of 5A: Effect of binding task on gaze duration in control and in Alzheimer Disease (AD) patients during Encoding and Recognition moments.
  • the panel shows the partial effects of LMM (i.e., after removal of other fixed effects and variance components). Shaded areas denote 95% confidence intervals. Gaze duration is plotted on a log scale for correspondence with the LMM.
  • Figure 6A and 6B shows a method for detecting Parkinson Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder.
  • Figure 7 shows the impact of Dimethyl Fumarate on Saccade Amplitude, on a Multiple Sclerosis patient that has been taking the drug for 4 years.
  • Figure 8 is a flowchart showing a method for identifying specific alterations in subjects with defined disease analyzing oculomotor patterns when using specific visual stimuli, where a specific drug or treatment would enhance visual processing, cognitive performance and related brain activities.
  • cognitive effort reflects the total amount of mental effort that a subject needs to perform a task.
  • lower cognitive effort refers to a reduction on working memory demands when performing a task.
  • the term “Microsaccades”, also known as “flicks”, are small saccades performed during the fixation periods. They are the largest and fastest of the fixational eye movements.
  • saccades are small saccades performed during the fixation periods. They are the largest and fastest of the fixational eye movements.
  • sacades relate to quick, simultaneous movement of both eyes between two or more phases of a fixation.
  • optical drift is the fixational eye movement characterized by a smoother, slower, roaming motion of the eye when fixed on an object.
  • OMTs optical microtremors
  • stimulation image refers to a specific visual pattern or targets presented to the subject in the display.
  • visual task or “visual test” refers to the activity that performs the subject while processing each stimulus image. N on-limiting embodiments of the invention are now described in detail.
  • System [100] comprises an eye tracker [10], a means for measuring a pupil diameter [17], a processor [20], and a display means [40],
  • Eye tracker [10] can be of any type known in the art; for example, an eye-attached tracker, an optical eye tracker, or an electrooculographic eye tracker.
  • Means for measuring pupil diameter [17] may comprise, for example, a camera configured to acquire an image of the eye and a processing unit for measuring the pupil diameter from the image.
  • means for measuring a pupil diameter [17] can comprise a display of the image with manual measurement made while viewing the display.
  • Eye tracker [10] and means for measuring a pupil diameter [17] are in communicative connection with processor [20],
  • the communicative connections can be of any form(s) known in the art, and can be either wired (e.g., USB, parallel port, or similar) or wireless (e.g. WiFi, Bluetooth, or similar).
  • Processor [20] receives and executes instructions stored in one or more memory media [60], such as RAM, CD/DVD, HDD, flash memory, and/or any suitable medium.
  • the instructions command processor [20] to: 1) receive eye-tracking data from eye tracker [10]; 2) receive pupil diameter data from means [17] of measuring pupil diameter; 3) analyze the eye-tracking and pupil diameter data (further explained herein); 4) report in a test report 50, for display on display means [40], of a detection or non-detection of one or more disorders of memory binding function in subject [5], Display means [40] can be a monitor, a screen of a mobile device such as a smartphone, a printout, or any suitable means of displaying test report [50],
  • Processor [20] may store in memory' medium [60] any of the received eyetracking data, intermediate results at any stage(s) of the analysis, and/or test report [50],
  • Neurological disorders detected by system [100] can include reading function, such as a compromise in encoding and recognition of targets, a compromise in attentional processes, a compromise in cognitive resources, or any combination thereof.
  • the disorders detected can include Multiple sclerosis (MS), Attention deficit- hyperactive disorder (ADHD), Parkinson disorder (PD), Alzheimer disease (AD), etc.
  • MS Multiple sclerosis
  • ADHD Attention deficit- hyperactive disorder
  • PD Parkinson disorder
  • AD Alzheimer disease
  • processor [20] receives eye-tracking data from eye-tracker
  • processor [20] measures gaze durations of subject [5] on each target [30] viewed by subject [5]
  • Processor [20] calculates an average gaze duration on each of the targets [30] by subject [5]
  • processor [20] reports in test report [50] that a compromise in a target encoding and recognition process is detected in subject [5]
  • processor [20] additionally, or alternatively, counts a number of ocular fixations performed by subject [5] while viewing each of the targets [30], If the number of ocular fixations performed by subject [5] while viewing the targets [30] is higher than for a control group, then processor [20] reports in test report [50] that a compromise in the attentional processes is detected in subject [5],
  • processor [20] receives pupil diameter data from means [17] of measuring pupil diameter while subject [5] performs activities requiring lower cognitive effort. Processor [20] further receives pupil diameter data from means [17] of measuring pupil diameter while subject [5] performs activities requiring a stronger cognitive effort than for the activities requiring lower cognitive effort. If an average pupil diameter of subject 5 while performing the activities requiring the stronger cognitive effort does not show an increase over an average pupil diameter of subject [5] while performing the activities requiring lower cognitive effort, then processor [20] reports in test report [50] that a compromise in cognitive resources is detected in subject [5],
  • the control group may comprise a statistically representative cross-section in the same demographic sector as subject [5] (e g., the same gender, race, national culture, age group, and/or other demographic features of subject [5]). Eye-tracking data for the control group may be obtained by system [100] or otherwise gathered from previous research studies and/or clinical studies. Where the average gaze duration or number of ocular fixations of subject [5] is within a selected margin — about one standard deviation of a distribution of the corresponding figure for the control group — of the average figure for the control group, system [100] may treat the average gaze duration or number of ocular fixations of subject [5] as equal to the average corresponding figure for the control group.
  • eye tracking data received by processor [20] may be a series of eyeball positions measured by eye tracker [10], which processor [20] analyzes to find gaze durations and ocular fixations of subject [5], Alternatively, processor [20] may receive a series of pre-processed signals from eye tracker [10], each signaling a gaze duration or that an ocular fixation has occurred.
  • the signals may optionally be accompanied with metadata (e.g., eyeball position, time, and/or length of the ocular fixation).
  • Method [300] comprises steps of: a. providing a system for evaluating compromises in neurological functions associated with MS [305]; b. requesting a subject to fixate on a reference target of a chart [310]; c. for a number of repetitions, presenting a stimulus image in one of a plurality of zones on the chart to the subject [315]; the subject is requested to remember which zone each stimulus image appeared and in what order; d presenting to the subject a cue corresponding to one of the presented stimulus images [320]; e.
  • WM effect is a measure that increases when WM demand increases. For each cue number, the WM effect is represented by the ratio between the number of errors reported by the subject through all the trials, and the number of trials); and ii.
  • the additional steps comprising measuring one or more of: i.an amplitude of pupillary dilatation of the subject [360]; ii.a number of fixations made by the subject on the stimulus image [365]; and iii.a gaze duration by the subject on the stimulus image [370], k. the additional steps further comprising calculating and reporting one or more of: i.a degree of compromise of subcortical processes, with an unchanged amplitude on pupil dilatation [375]; ii.a degree of compromise of executive processes, with increased number of fixations [380]; and iii.a degree of compromise of executive processes and working memory, with increased gaze duration [385],
  • the method employs an intelligent algorithm to analyze the subject, utilizing the following variables: a. Total number of ocular fixations of a subject while performing the n-Back Task. b Identification Number of n-Back Task Trial (i.e. if there are 20 n-Back Tasks Trials, the 5th trial is identified with the number 5. The 20th trial is identified with the number 20 etc.) c. Trial Part i.e., 1, 2 and 3. d. Part of the Trial i.e., encoding; retrieval. e. Pupil diameter of the subject while performing n-Back Task. f. Number of blinks coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes. g.
  • ii.AREA shows the area of the rectangle in which the microsaccade is inscribed.
  • hi. LONG is the longitude of the horizontal-vertical plane trajectory of the microsaccade.
  • iv. ANG is the sum of all the angles in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the microsaccade.
  • v. AANG is the sum of all the absolute values of angles in radians in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the microsaccade.
  • MOD and THETA are the modulus and the angle of the polar coordinates of the sum of the cartesian coordinates. They give a spatial orientation of the microsaccade relative to the median of the fixation.
  • vii.TIME is the time duration in milliseconds of the microsaccade.
  • VMIN and VMAX are the minimum and maximum velocities of the microsaccades in degrees per second.
  • Microsaccade rate is the instantaneous rate in each time bin.
  • Directional congruency is the congruency between the microsaccade direction and the location of the stimulus. h.
  • the measurements made while presenting the stimulus image provides information during encoding, which occurs while the subject identifies the location of the visual stimulus for the first time.
  • subjects with MS were found to be impaired when encoding visual information (e.g., subjects made many fixations on the display).
  • Measurements during encoding are in addition to the measurements taken during recognition, when presented with cues after the visual stimuli are presented as in the study of Fielding et al. (steps a-i in method [300]).
  • performance of the subject during both encoding and recognition can help identify additional deficiencies (namely, degrees of compromise of subcortical processes, executive processes, and/or executive processes) and provide greater insight into the condition of the subject than performance during recognition alone.
  • FIG. 4A and 4B showing a method for measuring general cognitive performance and for detecting one or more neurological disorders of a subject, by measuring eye movements and/or pupil diameter of the subject while the subject is reading, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Method [400] comprises steps of providing a system for measuring general cognitive performance and for detecting the presence of one or more neurological disorders by measuring eye movements and/or pupil diameter; receiving eye-tracking data and/or pupil diameter data of a subject reading a text; analyzing the eye-tracking data for evidence of one or more neurological disorders; and displaying a report of detection of the neurological disorder(s).
  • method [400] comprises steps of counting a total number of ocular fixations of the subject while the subject is reading the text [405]; and reporting that a compromise in attentional processes is detected, if the total number of ocular fixations of the subject when reading the text is higher than for a control group [460],
  • method [400] further comprises steps of counting a total number of ocular fixations of the subject while reading the text [405]; counting a number of forward ocular fixations of the subject while reading the text [430]; and reporting that a compromise in working memory is detected, if the number of forward ocular fixations of the subject is higher than for the control group and the number of total ocular fixations of the subject when reading is higher than for the control group [470],
  • a compromise in working memory is correlated with deterioration in the frontal lobe. In some embodiments, reporting of a compromise in working memory
  • [470] may be used in additional treatment. For example, if neurosurgery is indicated, method [400] may be followed by studying brain imagery of the subject’s frontal lobe.
  • method [400] comprises steps of counting numbers of ocular fixations by the subject on each word in the text while the subject is reading the text [440]; counting a number of words that the subject fixated on only once [445]; and reporting that a compromise in retrieval memory is detected, if the number of words that subject fixated on only once is lower than for the control group [480],
  • a compromise in retrieval memory is correlated with deterioration in the temporal lobe. In some embodiments, reporting of a compromise in retrieval memory'
  • [480] may be used in additional treatment. For example, if neurosurgery is indicated, method [400] may be followed by studying brain imagery of the subject’s frontal lobe.
  • method [400] comprises steps of counting a number of multiple ocular fixations of subject while reading the text [450]; and reporting that a compromise in executive processes is detected, if the number of multiple ocular fixations is higher than for the control group [490] .
  • method [400] comprises steps of computing an average saccade amplitude of the subject from one ocular fixation to a next ocular fixation while reading the text [454]; and reporting that a compromise in executive processes is detected, if the average saccade amplitude is lower than for the control group [491],
  • method [400] comprises steps of tracking a pupil diameter of the subject while reading the text [456]; and reporting that a compromise in executive processes is detected, if the pupil diameter of the subject does not show a reduction as advancing in reading the text [492],
  • a compromise in executive processes is correlated with deterioration in the frontal, temporal, and/or parietal lobes.
  • reporting of a compromise in executive processes [490-491-492] may be used in additional treatment. For example, if neurosurgery is indicated, method [400] may be followed by studying brain imagery of the subject’s frontal, temporal, and/or parietal lobes.
  • Method comprises a step [505] of providing a system for detecting a disorder of memory binding function in a subject.
  • method [500] comprises a step [510-535] of viewing by a subject of one or more targets; a step [545] of measuring a gaze duration of the subject on each of said targets; a step [550] of calculating an average gaze duration of the targets by the subject; and a step [565] of reporting that a compromise in a target encoding and recognition process is detected in the subject, if an average of the gaze durations of the subject is longer than an average gaze duration for a control group.
  • method [500] comprises a step [555] of measuring one or more pupil diameters of the subject while performing activities requiring lower cognitive effort (e.g., recognizing three targets or distinguishing between targets; and a step [570] of reporting that a compromise in cognitive resources is detected in subject [5], if an average pupil diameter of subject [5] while performing the activities requiring a stronger cognitive effort does not show an increase over an average pupil diameter of subject [5] while performing activities requiring lower cognitive effort.
  • a step [555] of measuring one or more pupil diameters of the subject while performing activities requiring lower cognitive effort e.g., recognizing three targets or distinguishing between targets
  • a step [570] of reporting that a compromise in cognitive resources is detected in subject [5], if an average pupil diameter of subject [5] while performing the activities requiring a stronger cognitive effort does not show an increase over an average pupil diameter of subject [5] while performing activities requiring lower cognitive effort.
  • method [500] comprises a step [560] of counting a number of ocular fixations by subject [5] while viewing the targets [30]; and a step [575] of reporting that a compromise in attentional processes is detected in subject [5], if the number of ocular fixations performed by subject [5] while viewing the targets [30] is higher than for the control group.
  • FIG. 6 A and 6B showing a method for detecting one or more cognitive, neurological and behavioral impairments of a person, by measuring eye movements and/or pupil diameter of the person while the person is performing the visual test, according to some embodiments of the invention.
  • Method [600] comprises steps of providing a system for detecting the presence of one or more cognitive impairments and neurological disorders by measuring eye movements while a person is visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, inhibiting and sequencing targets; receiving eye-tracking data of a person visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, inhibiting and sequencing targets; analyzing the eye-tracking data for evidence of one or more cognitive impairments and neurological disorders; and displaying a report of detection of the cognitive impairments and neurological disorder(s).
  • method [600] comprises steps of counting a total number of ocular fixations [615] of the person while the person is performing the visual test; and reporting that a compromise in attentional, executive and inhibitory processes is detected, if the number of ocular fixations of the person is higher than for a control group.
  • method [600] comprises steps for calculating the saccade average speed [620] of the subject [5] from one target to the other one, while the subject
  • [5] is performing the visual test; reporting that a compromise in executive functions is detected, if the saccade average speed that person did is lower than for the control group.
  • a slower saccade speed is correlated with deterioration in frontal eye fields, basal ganglia and superior colliculus.
  • reporting of a compromise in saccade speed may be used in additional treatment.
  • method [600] comprises steps of counting a number of correct target recognitions of person while performing the visual test [625] ; and reporting that a compromise in w orking memory is detected, if the number of correct target recognitions is low er than for the control group.
  • method [600] comprises steps of computing an average saccade amplitude from one ocular fixation to a next ocular fixation [630]; and reporting that a compromise in executive processes is detected, if the average saccade amplitude is lower than for the control group.
  • method [600] comprises steps of tracking a pupil diameter of the person while performing the visual test [640]; and reporting that a compromise in attentional processes is detected, if the pupil diameter of the subject does not show an increase as advancing in performing the visual test.
  • a compromise in attentional processes is correlated with deterioration in the locus coeruleus, the noradrenergic system and in the superior colliculus.
  • reporting of a compromise in the executive processes may be used in additional treatment.
  • method [600] comprises steps of computing the total time spent by the person while performing the visual trial [635]; and reporting that a compromise in attentional processes is detected, if the total time needed for performing the trial is major that the reported for the control group.
  • Physiologically a compromise in attentional and inhibitory processes and in mental flexibility is correlated with deterioration in the prefrontal cortex, the posterior parietal cortex, the prefrontal striatal cerebellar and prefrontal striatal thalamic circuits.
  • reporting of a compromise in executive processes may be used in additional treatment.
  • method [600] comprises steps of calculating fixation durations on targets of person while performing the visual test [645]; and reporting that a compromise in working memory is detected, if the fixation duration on targets is lower than for the control group.
  • Physiologically a compromise in attentional and inhibitory processes and in mental flexibility is correlated with deterioration in the prefrontal cortex, the frontal eye fields and in the dorso-parietal cortex.
  • reporting of a compromise in executive processes may be used in additional treatment.
  • the method employs an intelligent algorithm to analyze the subject, utilizing the following variables: a. Total number of ocular fixations of a subject while performing the Visual Test. b. Identification Number of each target depending of its place in the labyrinth or maze. c. Pupil diameter of the subject while performing the visual Test. d. Number of blinks coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes. e. Microsaccades; Factors of Form (FF): i. HEWI: shows the microsacade’s height/width relationship. ii. AREA: shows the area of the rectangle in which the microsaccade is inscribed. iii.
  • LONG is the longitude of the horizontal-vertical plane trajectory of the microsaccade.
  • iv. ANG is the sum of all the angles in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the microsaccade.
  • v. AANG is the sum of all the absolute values of angles in radians in the plane horizontal - vertical plane of the microsaccade.
  • VMIN and VMAX are the minimum and maximum velocities of the microsaccades in degrees per second.
  • Microsaccade rate is the instantaneous rate in each time bin.
  • Directional congruency is the congruency between the microsaccade direction and the location of the stimulus.
  • f. Eye position coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes (i.e., abscissa and ordinate coordinate) while performing the visual Task.
  • Fixation sequence i.e., ocular behavior
  • the sequence will be available from images, from matrices, etc. j .
  • k Filia information of the subject (i.e., age; years of education; sex; ethnic group; occupation; hours per week of physical activity).
  • l Fixation duration while processing targets.
  • m Number of fixations on each target.
  • n Number of fixations outside each target.
  • o Total visual Task time (i.e., how much time spent the subject for performing the entire trial).
  • the medical practitioner and/or a pharmaceutical manufacturer can better track the effectiveness of the treatment regimen on the patient and alter or supplement the regimen as necessary based on that evaluation throughout the course of the disease.
  • drugs or other medicaments that may be evaluated include neurological and/or psychiatric drugs that have a neurological and/or psychiatric effect.
  • Some embodiments of the methods described herein may perform one or more of the following: calculating, modelling and reporting one or more effects of drugs (e.g., Dimethyl fumarate, Fingohmod, Cladribine, Ofatumumab, Interferon-Beta) or treatments in order to test if there is (a) a decrease on the inflammation and nen e damage that can cause sy mptoms of multiple sclerosis; (b) a damage on the receptor of the Sphingosine-l-phosphate modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in the lymphocytes nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction; (c) a damage on the Inmune suppressor agent that works on the lymphocyte’s pathway and/or (d) a therapeutic effect of Monoclonal Antibodies for inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte B on some well-defined neurological processes and related cognitive activities.
  • drugs e.g., Dimethyl fumarate, Fingohmod, Cladribine, Ofatumumab
  • the considered dependent variable could be, for example, saccade amplitude, fixation duration, pupil behavior; and predictors could be motor scales, cognitive scales, years of diagnosis of the disease and treatments (i.e., drugs), among others.
  • predictors could be motor scales, cognitive scales, years of diagnosis of the disease and treatments (i.e., drugs), among others.
  • saccade amplitude depends on the strategy developed by the person evaluated to scan figures while performing a particular test. If the test is the n-back task, because of the nature of the test, a person performing better will do longer saccades. Longer saccades suggest that working memory is performing well, while shorted saccades imply a poor performance (as shown previously in this patent). For the saccade amplitude to be longer, in this case, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia and superior colliculus must be preserved.
  • the size of the pupil increases when a task is more demanding (as explained previously in this patent).
  • the pupil size must increase. This particular behavior suggests that the noradrenergic system and also the locus coeruleus are responding properly as the cognitive load increase. This statement is pupil size and cognitive load (Fernandez et al, 2021).
  • Figure 8 is a flowchart showing a method for identifying specific alterations in subjects with defined disease analyzing oculomotor patterns when using specific visual stimuli, where a specific drug or treatment would enhance visual processing, cognitive performance and related brain activities.
  • a method is presented to evaluate compromises in neurological disorders, fine-motor skills, executive processes, decision making, processing speed and cognitive capabilities associated with Multiple Sclerosis [MS], the method compnsing a. providing a system for evaluating compromises in neurological disorders, fine-motor skills, executive processes, decision making, fine motor skills and cognitive capabilities associated with MS; b. requesting a subject to fixate on a reference target of a chart, where the chart includes multiple regions (e.g., rectangles) placed in different zones; c.
  • MS Multiple Sclerosis
  • presenting a stimulus image in one of the zones to the subject the subject being requested to remember which zone each stimulus image appeared and in what order; d. presenting to the subject the chart without including the stimulus image presented in step c, where the subject is requested to fixate in a zone that is where the stimulus image of step c appeared; e. measuring a saccade of the subject in response to the presenting of step d who is requested to look at the zone in which was presented the stimulus image presented in step c; f. repeating steps d and e of presenting a chart and measuring a saccade; g. repeating steps b-f for a number of trials modifying a time in which the stimulus images are shown; h.
  • a WM effect wherein the WM effect is a measure that increases when WM demand increases.
  • the WM effect is represented by the ratio between the number of errors reported by the subject through all the trials, and a number of trials); and ii. an average saccadic latency, saccadic latency defined as an amount of time for the subject to initiate a saccade to the zone; and reporting one or more of iii. a degree of compromise in working memory, with increased the WM effect; and i. a degree of compromise in executive processes, with increased saccadic latency; j.
  • the method further comprises additional steps comprising measurements performed during the step of presenting a stimulus image, during which the subject is further requested to look at the stimulus image; the measurements comprising measuring one or more of a. an amplitude of pupillary dilatation of the subject; b. a number of fixations made by the subject on the stimulus image; c. a gaze duration by the subject on the stimulus image; d. binocular disparity by the while visual exploring and target visualization; e. target hit by the subject fixate where the visual stimulus was present previously; f. number of consecutive target hits by the subject when considering a trial; g. Number of blinks coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes; h.
  • step h may be omitted.
  • step i may be omitted.
  • the additional steps may further comprise calculating, modelling and reporting one or more effects of drugs (e.g., Dimethyl fumarate, Fingolimod, Cladribine, Ofatumumab, Interferon-Beta) or treatments that (a) decrease inflammation and prevent nerve damage that can cause symptoms of multiple sclerosis); (b) test the Sphingosine-l-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in the lymphocytes nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction); (c) check an inmune suppressor agent that works on the lymphocyte’s pathway) and/or (d) analyze the effect of Monoclonal Antibodies for inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte B.
  • drugs e.g., Dimethyl fumarate, Fingolimod, Cladribine, Ofatumumab, Interferon-Beta
  • treatments that (a) decrease inflammation and prevent nerve damage that can cause symptoms of multiple sclerosis)
  • a system and method for detecting one or more neurological disorders and/or measuring, fine-motor skills, processing speed, decision making, and cognitive processes in a subject by measuring eye movements, oculomotor features or pupil behaviour, the measuring of eye movements being performed while the subject is visualizing (i.e., to form a picture of something in the mind, in order to imagine or remember it), recognizing (i.e., to identify something from having encountered it before), maintaining (i.e., to keep in an existing memory), controlling (i.e., to exercise restraint or direction over), inhibiting (i.e., to prevent or hold back from doing something), fixating (i.e., to focus the eyes on something) and analyzing targets.
  • the system may comprise: a.
  • an eye tracker configured to monitor eye movements of a subject while the subject is visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, fixating and analyzing targets; b. a processor configured to receive data from the eye tracker while the subject is visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, fixating and analyzing the targets; and c. a display configured to display a test report received from the processor, wherein the processor is further configured to analyze the eye-tracking data for evidence of one or more neurological disorders or general cognitive performance and to report, in the test report, a detection of the one or more neurological disorders or a measure of cognitive performance of the subj ect.
  • the processor is further configured, upon receiving the eye- tracking data from the eye tracker, to perform one or more (or all) of the following: a. count a total number of ocular fixations of a subject while visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, fixating and analyzing targets; and b. if the total number of ocular fixations of a subject when visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, fixating and analyzing targets is higher than for a control group, then report in the test report that a compromise in attentional processes is detected; c. count a number of correct landing positions of the subject while visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, fixating and analyzing the targets; and d.
  • FF microsaccades' Factors of Form
  • LONG is the longitude of the horizontal-vertical plane trajectory of the micro-saccade
  • iv. ANG is the sum of all the angles in the plane horizontal - vertical planeof the micro-saccade
  • v. AANG is the sum of all the absolute values of angles in radians in the plane horizontal - verticalplane of the micro-saccade
  • vi. FF gives an estimation of the micro-saccadic trajectory regularity
  • MOD and THETA are the modulus and the angle of the polar coordinates of the sum of the cartesian coordinates. They give a spatial orientation of the microsaccade relative to the median of the fixation; viii.
  • TIME is the time duration in milliseconds of the micro-saccade
  • ix. VMIN and VMAX are the minimum and maximum velocities of the microsaccades in degrees per second
  • Micro-saccade rate is the instantaneous rate in each time bin
  • Directional congruency is the congruency between the micro-saccade direction ant the location of the stimulus
  • w. Measure eye position coming from the left eye, the right eye or from both eyes (i.e., abscissa and ordinate coordinate) during visualizing, recognizing, maintaining, controlling, sequencing and analyzing targets; x.
  • the processor may be further configured to perform additional steps that include calculating, modelling and reporting one or more effects of drugs (e.g., Dimethyl fumarate, Fingolimod, Cladribine, Ofatumumab, Interferon-Beta) or treatments that (a) decrease inflammation and prevent nerve damage that can cause symptoms of multiple sclerosis); (b) test Sphingosine-l-phosphate receptor modulator, which sequesters lymphocytes in the lymphocytes nodes, preventing them from contributing to an autoimmune reaction); (c) check an immune suppressor agent that works on the lymphocyte’s pathway); and/or (d) analyze the effect of Monoclonal Antibodies for inhibiting the activation of lymphocyte B.
  • drugs e.g., Dimethyl fumarate, Fingolimod, Cladribine, Ofatumumab, Interferon-Beta
  • treatments that (a) decrease inflammation and prevent nerve damage that can cause symptoms of multiple sclerosis)

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Abstract

Des systèmes et des procédés évaluent les mouvements oculaires dans des patients atteints de sclérose en plaques (MS) qui reçoivent différents médicaments (par exemple, le fumarate de diméthyle, le Fingolimod, la Cladribine, l'Ofatumumab) ou des traitements qui (a) diminuent l'inflammation et empêchent une lésion nerveuse qui peut provoquer des symptômes de sclérose en plaques) ; (b) testent un modulateur du récepteur de Sphingosine-l-phosphate, qui séquestre les lymphocytes dans les nœuds de lymphocytes, les empêchant de contribuer à une réaction auto-immune) ; (c) vérifient un agent suppresseur d'inmélodie qui fonctionne sur la voie des lymphocytes) et (d) analysent l'effet d'anticorps monoclonaux pour inhiber l'activation du lymphocyte B.
PCT/US2023/028970 2022-07-28 2023-07-28 Procédé d'identification d'altérations spécifiques chez des sujets ayant des maladies définies analysant des motifs oculomoteurs lors de l'utilisation de stimuli visuels spécifiques, un médicament ou un traitement spécifiques améliorant le traitement visuel, les performances cognitives et les activités cérébrales associées Ceased WO2024026089A2 (fr)

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