WO2024024567A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries and a method for producing the same.
- lithium ion secondary batteries are highly anticipated because they are easy to make small and have high capacity, and can provide higher energy density than lead batteries and nickel cadmium batteries.
- the above-mentioned lithium ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator, and an electrolytic solution, and the negative electrode contains a negative electrode active material involved in charge/discharge reactions.
- the negative electrode active material expands and contracts during charging and discharging, making it easy to crack mainly near the surface layer of the negative electrode active material.
- an ionic substance is generated inside the active material, and the negative electrode active material becomes a material that is easily broken.
- the surface layer of the negative electrode active material is cracked, a new surface is created thereby increasing the reaction area of the active material.
- a decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution occurs on the new surface, and a film that is a decomposition product of the electrolytic solution is formed on the new surface, so that the electrolytic solution is consumed. For this reason, cycle characteristics tend to deteriorate.
- the present invention was made in view of the above-mentioned problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has high capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial efficiency. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing such a negative electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the negative electrode active material particles include silicon compound particles containing a silicon compound (SiO x :0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6). and the silicon compound particles contain a Li compound, the negative electrode active material particles being at least partially covered with a carbon film.
- the coating amount of the carbon coating on the negative electrode active material particles is more than 0% by mass and 1% by mass or less based on the total of the silicon
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention includes negative electrode active material particles containing silicon compound particles, it has a high battery capacity.
- the SiO binary component in the silicon compound which becomes unstable when lithium is inserted and desorbed during charging and discharging of the battery, has been modified into another Li compound in advance, the irreversible capacity that occurs during charging is reduced. can be reduced.
- the negative electrode active material particles include a carbon film, they have appropriate conductivity, and can improve capacity retention and initial efficiency. Further, since the amount of carbon film coated is more than 0% by mass and not more than 1% by mass, a high-capacity negative electrode active material can be obtained without impairing the capacity of the silicon compound particles.
- the binding property of the binder during the preparation of the aqueous slurry is improved.
- battery characteristics are improved.
- Li 2 SiO 3 which is a lithium compound that is stable in water
- gas generation is suppressed even in water-based slurry, and a stable state can be maintained, resulting in improved initial efficiency and capacity retention rate. can be improved.
- negative electrode active material particles containing silicon compound particles are also referred to as silicon-based active material particles.
- the negative electrode active material containing the silicon-based active material particles is also referred to as a silicon-based active material.
- Ia/Ib is within this range, the binding properties of the binder during the preparation of the aqueous slurry will be improved, and as a result, the battery characteristics will be improved. If Ia/Ib is 0 or more, compatibility with slurry will improve, slurry dispersibility will improve, and battery characteristics will improve as a result. On the other hand, if Ia/Ib is 3.0 or less, side reactions on the surface of the active material during charging and discharging are suppressed, and battery characteristics are improved.
- the crystallite size resulting from the Si (220) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction of the negative electrode active material is 5 nm or less.
- crystallite size due to the Si (220) crystal plane is within the above range, better battery characteristics can be obtained.
- the chemical shift values obtained from the 29 Si-MAS-NMR spectrum of the negative electrode active material include a region of -80 ppm or more and less than -70 ppm, a region of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm, and a region of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm. It is preferable that at least one of the regions has at least one peak.
- a peak in the vicinity of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm originates from a low valence silicon oxide, and a peak in the vicinity of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm originates from the Li 6 Si 2 O 7 component, and is -80 ppm or more -
- the peak around less than 70 ppm originates from the three components of Li 2 SiO. Therefore, by having at least one or more peaks in at least one of the above regions, elution of the alkaline component into the aqueous slurry can be suppressed, and better battery characteristics can be obtained.
- a peak derived from the Li 6 Si 2 O 7 component may be a peak near the region of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm, it is more preferable that it is substantially absent. That is, it is more preferable that at least one of the peaks in the vicinity of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm and the peaks in the vicinity of -80 ppm or more and less than -70 ppm exist than the presence of a peak in the vicinity of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm. .
- the peak intensity of the peak obtained from the 29 Si-MAS-NMR spectrum of the negative electrode active material in the region of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm as a chemical shift value is defined as If, and the chemical shift value is -70 ppm or more -
- the peak intensity of the peak obtained in the region of less than 60 ppm is Ih
- the peak intensity of the peak obtained in the region of -80 ppm or more and less than -70 ppm as a chemical shift value is Ii, 0 ⁇ If/Ii ⁇ 0. .23, and 0 ⁇ Ih/Ii ⁇ 1.1.
- Silicon-based compound particles having such NMR peaks can suppress the elution of alkaline components into the aqueous slurry, resulting in better battery characteristics.
- the intensity ratio Id/Ig of the D band and G band according to Raman spectroscopic analysis of the negative electrode active material is 0 ⁇ Id/Ig ⁇ 2.0. It is preferable.
- the intensity ratio ISi/Ig between the Si peak intensity and the G band as determined by Raman spectroscopy of the negative electrode active material is 0 ⁇ ISi/Ig ⁇ 5.0.
- gas generation in the aqueous slurry can be delayed while suppressing surface exposure of silicon-based compound particles, resulting in better battery characteristics. can get.
- the median diameter of the silicon compound particles is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- this median diameter is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, the area where side reactions occur on the surface of the silicon compound particles is small, so Li is not consumed excessively and the cycle maintenance rate of the battery can be maintained at a high level. Further, if the median diameter is 20 ⁇ m or less, the expansion during Li insertion is small, making it difficult to break, and making it difficult for cracks to occur. Furthermore, since the expansion of the silicon compound particles is small, for example, a negative electrode active material layer, which is a commonly used silicon-based active material mixed with a carbon active material, is not easily destroyed.
- the negative electrode active material particles do not contain Li 2 CO 3 , or a part of the outermost layer is coated with crystalline Li 2 CO 3 , and the negative electrode active material particles do not contain Li 2 CO 3 .
- the binding properties of the binder during preparation of the aqueous slurry are improved.
- the pH of the slurry can be kept within an appropriate range, and gas generation and a decrease in the viscosity of the slurry can be suppressed.
- substantially no crystalline Li 2 CO 3 is contained in terms of both improving binder binding properties and increasing pH.
- the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention may be covered with a carbon layer different from the carbon film.
- the negative electrode active material for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is coated with a carbon film having a peak derived from the G band of 1588 cm -1 to 1598 cm -1 according to Raman spectroscopic analysis. It is preferable.
- the present invention provides a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery characterized by containing any of the above-described negative electrode active materials for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Such a secondary battery has a high cycle maintenance rate and initial efficiency, and can be manufactured industrially advantageously.
- the present invention provides a mobile terminal, an electric vehicle, and a power storage system, each of which is equipped with the above-mentioned non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising the negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of the present invention can be used for these applications.
- the present invention provides a method for producing a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing negative electrode active material particles, the method comprising silicon compound (SiO x :0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1 .6), and a step of inserting Li into the silicon compound particles to generate Li 2 SiO 3 as a Li compound, the step of inserting Li into the silicon compound particles.
- the method further includes the step of coating at least a portion of the silicon compound particles with a carbon coating, and the amount of the carbon coating on the negative electrode active material particles is based on the total of the silicon compound particles and the carbon coating.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, which is characterized by coating with a carbon film.
- Such a method for producing a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery can produce a non-aqueous electrolyte that has a high battery capacity and good cycle maintenance rate by taking advantage of the inherent characteristics of silicon oxide modified using Li.
- a negative electrode active material can be obtained.
- the step of inserting Li into the silicon compound particles is performed by an electrochemical method or a method using a redox reaction.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention can improve the stability of the slurry prepared during the manufacture of secondary batteries, and if this slurry is used, it is possible to form an industrially usable coating film, so that it can substantially improve the stability of the slurry produced during the production of secondary batteries. Capacity, cycle characteristics, and initial charge/discharge characteristics can be improved. Moreover, the secondary battery of the present invention containing this negative electrode active material can be industrially produced advantageously, and has good battery capacity, cycle characteristics, and initial charge/discharge characteristics. Further, similar effects can be obtained in electronic devices such as mobile terminals, power tools, electric vehicles, power storage systems, etc., using the secondary battery of the present invention.
- the method for producing a negative electrode active material of the present invention is a negative electrode material that can improve the stability of a slurry produced during the production of a secondary battery, and improve battery capacity, cycle characteristics, and initial charge/discharge characteristics. can be manufactured.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of the structure of a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing the negative electrode active material of the present invention. This is an in-bulk reforming device that can be used when producing the negative electrode active material of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is an exploded view showing a configuration example (laminate film type) of a lithium ion secondary battery containing the negative electrode active material of the present invention.
- Lithium-ion secondary batteries that use silicon-based active materials as the main material are expected to have initial efficiency and cycle characteristics that are close to those of lithium-ion secondary batteries that use carbon materials (carbon-based negative electrode active materials).
- No negative electrode material has been proposed that exhibits cycle stability equivalent to that of non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using carbon materials (carbon-based negative electrode active materials).
- silicon compounds containing oxygen in particular have lower initial efficiency than carbon materials (carbon-based negative electrode active materials), so improvement in battery capacity has been limited accordingly.
- the present inventors have conducted extensive studies in order to obtain a negative electrode active material that can easily produce a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that has high battery capacity and good cycle characteristics and initial efficiency. This led to the present invention.
- the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the invention has negative electrode active material particles. Further, the negative electrode active material particles contain silicon compound particles containing a silicon compound (SiO x :0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6). Furthermore, the silicon compound particles contain a Li compound. In addition, the negative electrode active material particles are at least partially coated with a carbon film, and the amount of carbon film covered in the negative electrode active material particles is 0 mass relative to the total of the silicon compound particles and the carbon film. % and 1% by mass or less, and the carbon film includes a film made of at least one of a compound having an OC ⁇ O bond and a compound having a C—C bond. Moreover, the silicon compound particles contain crystalline Li 2 SiO 3 as the Li compound.
- Such a negative electrode active material has high battery capacity because it contains negative electrode active material particles containing a silicon compound.
- the SiO binary component in the silicon compound which becomes unstable when lithium is inserted and desorbed during charging and discharging of the battery, has been modified into another Li compound in advance, the irreversible capacity that occurs during charging is reduced. can be reduced.
- it includes a carbon coating, and the amount of carbon coating is more than 0% by mass and 1% by mass or less based on the total of the silicon compound and the carbon coating layer, so it has appropriate conductivity and does not impair capacity. The result is high capacity, high capacity retention rate, and initial efficiency.
- the binding property with the binder is improved.
- battery characteristics are improved.
- Li 2 SiO 3 which is a lithium compound that is stable in water, gas generation is suppressed even in water-based slurry, and a stable state can be maintained, resulting in improved initial efficiency and capacity retention rate. can be improved.
- XPS measurement can be performed, for example, under the following conditions.
- XPS ⁇ Equipment X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy device, ⁇ X-ray source: Monochromatic Al K ⁇ ray, ⁇ X-ray spot diameter: 100 ⁇ m, -Ar ion gun sputtering conditions: 0.5kV 2mm x 2mm.
- FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a negative electrode containing the negative electrode active material of the present invention.
- the negative electrode 10 has a negative electrode active material layer 12 on a negative electrode current collector 11.
- This negative electrode active material layer 12 may be provided on both sides of the negative electrode current collector 11 or only on one side. Furthermore, as long as the negative electrode active material for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries of the present invention is used, the negative electrode current collector 11 may not be provided.
- the negative electrode current collector 11 is made of an excellent conductive material and has excellent mechanical strength.
- Examples of conductive materials that can be used for the negative electrode current collector 11 include copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni). This conductive material is preferably a material that does not form an intermetallic compound with lithium (Li).
- the negative electrode current collector 11 contains carbon (C) and sulfur (S) in addition to the main element. This is because the physical strength of the negative electrode current collector is improved.
- the current collector contains the above elements, it has the effect of suppressing deformation of the electrode including the current collector.
- the content of the above-mentioned contained elements is not particularly limited, it is preferably 100 ppm or less. This is because a higher deformation suppressing effect can be obtained.
- the surface of the negative electrode current collector 11 may or may not be roughened.
- the roughened negative electrode current collector is, for example, a metal foil that has been subjected to electrolytic treatment, embossing treatment, or chemical etching treatment.
- the non-roughened negative electrode current collector is, for example, rolled metal foil.
- the negative electrode active material layer 12 may contain multiple types of negative electrode active materials such as carbon-based active materials in addition to silicon-based active material particles. Furthermore, due to battery design, other materials such as a thickener (also referred to as a "binder” or "binder") and a conductive aid may be included. Further, the shape of the negative electrode active material may be particulate.
- the negative electrode active material of the present invention includes silicon-based active material particles made of SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6).
- This silicon-based active material particle is a silicon oxide material (SiO x :0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6), and as for its composition, it is preferable that x is close to 1. This is because high cycle characteristics can be obtained.
- the composition of the silicon oxide material in the present invention does not necessarily mean 100% purity, and may contain trace amounts of impurity elements and Li.
- the lower the crystallinity of the silicon compound (crystallinity of Si crystallites), the better.
- the crystallite size resulting from the Si (220) crystal plane obtained by the X-ray diffraction is 5 nm or less. is preferred.
- the half width of the diffraction peak resulting from the (220) crystal plane obtained by X-ray diffraction is 1.5° or more.
- the diffraction peak be broad and have no clear peak. In this way, the particularly low crystallinity and the small amount of Si crystals present not only improve the battery characteristics but also make it possible to produce stable Li compounds.
- the crystallite size due to this Si (220) crystal plane can be calculated by XRD peak analysis. Calculation of crystallite size by XRD can be performed, for example, under the following conditions. Broad peaks can be analyzed using analysis software TOPAS under the following conditions, for example.
- XRD measurement/device Bruker D2 PHASER ⁇ X-ray source: Cu ⁇ Divergence slit: 0.5° ⁇ Incidence side solar: 4° ⁇ Receiving side solar: 4° Crystallite size calculation/analysis software: DIFFRAC.
- the median diameter of the silicon compound particles is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less (volume basis). This is because within this range, lithium ions are easily intercalated and released during charging and discharging, and the silicon-based active material particles are less likely to break. If this median diameter is 0.5 ⁇ m or more, the surface area is not too large, so side reactions are less likely to occur during charging and discharging, and the irreversible capacity of the battery can be reduced. On the other hand, if the median diameter is 20 ⁇ m or less, it is preferable because the silicon-based active material particles are less likely to break and new surfaces are less likely to appear.
- the silicon-based active material may include Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 6 Si 2 O 7 in addition to Li 2 SiO 3 as Li compounds contained in the silicon compound.
- Li silicates such as Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 6 Si 2 O 7 are relatively more stable than other Li compounds, so silicon-based active materials containing these Li compounds can obtain more stable battery characteristics.
- These Li compounds can be obtained by modifying the silicon compound by selectively changing a part of the SiO 2 component generated inside the silicon compound into a Li compound.
- Li compounds inside the negative electrode active material particles and silicon compound particles can be quantified by NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance). NMR measurements can be performed, for example, under the following conditions. 29 Si MAS NMR (Magic Angle Rotating Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) ⁇ Equipment: Bruker 700NMR spectrometer, ⁇ Probe: 4mmHR-MAS rotor 50 ⁇ L, ⁇ Sample rotation speed: 10kHz, ⁇ Measurement environment temperature: 25°C
- an electrochemical method or a modification method using a redox reaction can be used.
- a silicon compound is modified using an electrochemical method and modification by redox
- the battery characteristics of the negative electrode active material are improved.
- the modification of the silicon compound may be performed in combination with physical methods such as thermal doping.
- the amount of carbon coating on the negative electrode active material particles needs to be more than 0% by mass and 1% by mass or less based on the total of the silicon compound particles and the carbon coating.
- the silicon compound has a chemical shift value obtained from a 29 Si-MAS-NMR spectrum that is in the low valence region of silicon oxide, which is given near the region of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm. It has a peak derived from the Li 6 Si 2 O 7 region given near the region of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm, and has a peak derived from the Li 2 Si 2 O 3 region given near the region of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm. It is preferable to have a peak derived from the In this way, by modifying Li silicate, the stability against slurry is further improved.
- the silicon compound particles in the silicon-based active material particles include a carbon coating on at least a portion of the surface, so that appropriate conductivity can be obtained.
- Ia/Ib is within this range, the binding properties of the binder during the preparation of the aqueous slurry are improved, and as a result, the battery characteristics are improved. If Ia/Ib is 0 or more, compatibility with slurry will improve, slurry dispersibility will improve, and battery characteristics will improve as a result. On the other hand, if Ia/Ib is 3.0 or less, side reactions on the surface of the active material during charging and discharging are suppressed, and battery characteristics are improved.
- chemical shift values obtained from the 29 Si-MAS-NMR spectrum of the negative electrode active material of the present invention there are a region of -80 ppm or more and less than -70 ppm, a region of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm, and a region of -60 ppm or more -30 ppm. It is preferable to have at least one peak in at least one of the regions below.
- a peak in the vicinity of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm originates from a low valence silicon oxide, and a peak in the vicinity of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm originates from the Li 6 Si 2 O 7 component, and is -80 ppm or more -
- the peak around less than 70 ppm originates from the three components of Li 2 SiO. Therefore, by having at least one or more peaks in at least one of the above regions, elution of the alkaline component into the aqueous slurry can be suppressed, and better battery characteristics can be obtained.
- a peak derived from the Li 6 Si 2 O 7 component may be a peak near the region of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm, it is more preferable that it is substantially absent. That is, it is more preferable that at least one of the peaks in the vicinity of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm and the peaks in the vicinity of -80 ppm or more and less than -70 ppm exist than the presence of a peak in the vicinity of -70 ppm or more and less than -60 ppm. .
- the peak intensity of the peak obtained from the 29 Si-MAS-NMR spectrum of the negative electrode active material in the region of -60 ppm or more and less than -30 ppm as a chemical shift value is defined as If, and the chemical shift value is -70 ppm or more -60 ppm.
- 0 ⁇ If/Ii ⁇ 0.Ih is the peak intensity of the peak obtained in the region of less than -80 ppm or more and less than -70 ppm as a chemical shift value. It is preferable that both of 23 and 0 ⁇ Ih/Ii ⁇ 1.1 be satisfied.
- Silicon-based compound particles having such NMR peaks can suppress the elution of alkaline components into the aqueous slurry, resulting in better battery characteristics.
- the intensity ratio Id/Ig of the D band and G band according to Raman spectroscopic analysis of the negative electrode active material is 0 ⁇ Id/Ig ⁇ 2.0. is preferred. In this way, when 0 ⁇ Id/Ig ⁇ 2.0, it is possible to suppress peeling of the carbon film due to expansion and contraction and side reactions on the carbon surface, so that better battery characteristics can be obtained.
- the Si peak intensity to G band intensity ratio ISi/Ig in Raman spectroscopy of the negative electrode active material is 0 ⁇ ISi/Ig ⁇ 5.0. In this way, when 0 ⁇ ISi/Ig ⁇ 5.0, gas generation in the aqueous slurry can be delayed while suppressing surface exposure of silicon-based compound particles, resulting in better battery characteristics. can get.
- the binding properties of the binder during preparation of the aqueous slurry are improved.
- the pH of the slurry can be kept within an appropriate range, and gas generation and a decrease in the viscosity of the slurry can be suppressed.
- substantially no crystalline Li 2 CO 3 be contained in terms of both improving binder binding properties and increasing pH.
- the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention may be covered with a carbon layer different from the carbon film.
- the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention is coated with a carbon film having a peak derived from the G band of 1588 cm -1 to 1598 cm -1 according to Raman spectroscopic analysis. is preferred. In this way, by coating the outermost layer of the silicon compound with a carbon film whose peak derived from the G band according to Raman spectroscopy is 1588 cm -1 to 1598 cm -1 , good conductivity can be ensured, resulting in a better battery. characteristics are obtained.
- silicon compound particles containing a silicon compound (SiO x :0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6) are produced.
- Li is inserted into the silicon compound particles to produce Li 2 SiO 3 as a Li compound.
- the present invention further includes a step of coating at least a portion of the silicon compound particles with a carbon film simultaneously with or after the step of inserting Li into the silicon compound particles.
- the negative electrode active material is manufactured, for example, by the following procedure.
- a raw material that generates silicon oxide gas is heated in the presence of an inert gas or under reduced pressure in a temperature range of 900°C to 1600°C to generate silicon oxide gas.
- the raw material is a mixture of metallic silicon powder and silicon dioxide powder, and considering the presence of surface oxygen of metallic silicon powder and trace oxygen in the reactor, the mixing molar ratio is 0.8 ⁇ metallic silicon powder/ A range of silicon dioxide powder ⁇ 1.3 is desirable.
- the Si crystallites in the particles are controlled by changing the charging range and vaporization temperature, and by heat treatment after generation.
- the generated gas is deposited on an adsorption plate. The deposit is taken out while the temperature inside the reactor is lowered to 100° C. or less, and is pulverized and powdered using a ball mill, jet mill, or the like.
- Li is inserted into the silicon active material particles produced as described above to produce Li 2 SiO 3 as a Li compound.
- Li 2 SiO 3 in addition to Li 2 SiO 3 , one or more of Li 6 Si 2 O 7 and Li 4 SiO 4 may also be contained. Insertion of Li is preferably carried out by an electrochemical method or a redox method.
- the device structure is not particularly limited, but for example, bulk reforming can be performed using the bulk reforming device 20 shown in FIG.
- the bulk reformer 20 includes a bath 27 filled with an organic solvent 23, a positive electrode (lithium source, reforming source) 21 placed in the bath 27 and connected to one side of a power source 26, and a
- the powder storage container 25 has a powder storage container 25 disposed in the main body and connected to the other side of the power source 26, and a separator 24 provided between the positive electrode 21 and the powder storage container 25.
- the powder storage container 25 stores silicon oxide powder 22 .
- a silicon compound (silicon oxide particles) is stored in the powder storage container, and a voltage is applied to the powder storage container storing the silicon oxide particles and the positive electrode (lithium source) using a power source. This allows lithium to be inserted into and removed from the silicon compound particles, so that the silicon oxide powder 22 can be modified.
- the Li compound can be stabilized by heat treating the obtained silicon oxide at 400 to 800°C.
- organic solvent 23 in the bathtub 27 ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, fluoromethylmethyl carbonate, difluoromethylmethyl carbonate, etc. can be used. Further, as the electrolyte salt contained in the organic solvent 23, lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), or the like can be used.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- LiBF 4 lithium tetrafluoroborate
- Li foil may be used, or a Li-containing compound may be used.
- Li-containing compounds include lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, lithium cobalt oxide, olivine iron lithium, lithium nickelate, and vanadium lithium phosphate.
- cleaning may be performed with alkaline water, alcohol, weak acid, pure water, etc. in which lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, or lithium hydroxide is dissolved. By washing, excess alkaline components can be eluted, improving slurry stability.
- lithium can be inserted by first immersing the silicon active material particles in a solution A in which lithium is dissolved in an ether solvent.
- This solution A may further contain a polycyclic aromatic compound or a linear polyphenylene compound.
- the Li compound can be stabilized by heat treating the obtained silicon oxide at 400 to 800°C.
- active lithium may be released from the silicon active material particles by immersing the silicon active material particles in solution B containing a polycyclic group compound or a linear polyphenylene compound or a derivative thereof. .
- an ether solvent, a ketone solvent, an ester solvent, an alcohol solvent, an amine solvent, or a mixed solvent thereof can be used as the solvent for this solution B.
- ether solvent used for solution A diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or a mixed solvent thereof is used. be able to. Among these, it is particularly preferable to use tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. These solvents are preferably dehydrated and preferably deoxygenated.
- polycyclic aromatic compound contained in solution A one or more of naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, pentacene, pyrene, triphenylene, coronene, chrysene, and derivatives thereof can be used.
- linear polyphenylene compound one or more of biphenyl, terphenyl, and derivatives thereof can be used.
- naphthalene anthracene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, pentacene, pyrene, triphenylene, coronene, chrysene, and derivatives thereof can be used.
- ether solvent for solution B diethyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, or a mixed solvent thereof is used. be able to.
- ketone solvent acetone, acetophenine, etc. can be used.
- ester solvent methyl formate, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, etc. can be used.
- alcoholic solvent methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropyl alcoholonol, etc. can be used.
- amine solvent methylamine, ethylamine, ethylenediamine, etc. can be used.
- This coating can be a coating made of at least one of a compound having an OC ⁇ O bond and a compound having a C—C bond.
- Li doping can also be performed by inserting Li into the negative electrode active material particles by a thermal doping method.
- the negative electrode active material particles can be modified by mixing them with LiH powder or Li powder and heating the mixture in a non-oxidizing atmosphere.
- the non-oxidizing atmosphere for example, an Ar atmosphere can be used.
- LiH powder or Li powder and silicon oxide powder are sufficiently mixed in an Ar atmosphere, sealed, and the sealed container is stirred to be homogenized. Thereafter, it is heated in a range of 700°C to 750°C to perform modification.
- the powder after heating is sufficiently cooled and washed with alkaline water, alcohol, weak acid, or pure water in which lithium carbonate, lithium oxide, or lithium hydroxide is dissolved. You may. By washing, excess alkaline components can be eluted, improving slurry stability.
- a carbon layer (also referred to as a "second carbon layer") different from the above-mentioned carbon film may be formed on the surface layer of the powder material obtained after lithium insertion. This carbon layer is effective in further improving the battery characteristics of the negative electrode active material.
- Pyrolysis CVD is desirable as a method for forming a carbon layer (second carbon layer) on the surface layer of the powder material.
- silicon oxide powder is placed in a furnace, the furnace is filled with hydrocarbon gas, and the temperature inside the furnace is raised.
- the decomposition temperature is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1000°C or less. A temperature of 950° C. or lower is more desirable, and it is possible to suppress unintended disproportionation of silicon oxide.
- the hydrocarbon gas is not particularly limited, it is desirable that 2 ⁇ n out of the C n H m composition. This is because the manufacturing cost is low and the physical properties of the decomposition products are good.
- ⁇ Aqueous negative electrode slurry composition If necessary, other materials such as a negative electrode binder and a conductive agent are mixed with the negative electrode active material prepared as described above, and then water is added (an organic solvent, etc. may also be added in addition to water). ) to obtain an aqueous negative electrode slurry composition.
- water an organic solvent, etc. may also be added in addition to water.
- the above water-based negative electrode slurry composition is applied to the surface of the negative electrode current collector and dried to form a negative electrode active material layer. At this time, heating pressing or the like may be performed as necessary.
- a negative electrode can be manufactured in the manner described above.
- Lithium ion secondary battery a laminate film type lithium ion secondary battery will be described as a specific example of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present invention.
- a laminate film type lithium ion secondary battery 30 shown in FIG. 3 mainly has a wound electrode body 31 housed inside a sheet-like exterior member 35.
- This wound electrode body 31 has a separator between a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and is wound.
- a laminate having a separator between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is housed without being wound.
- a positive electrode lead 32 is attached to the positive electrode
- a negative electrode lead 33 is attached to the negative electrode.
- the outermost periphery of the electrode body is protected by a protective tape.
- the positive and negative electrode leads 32 and 33 are led out in one direction from the inside of the exterior member 35 to the outside, for example.
- the positive electrode lead 32 is made of a conductive material such as aluminum
- the negative electrode lead 33 is made of a conductive material such as nickel or copper.
- the exterior member 35 is, for example, a laminate film in which a fusing layer, a metal layer, and a surface protection layer are laminated in this order.
- the outer peripheral edges of the fusion layer are fused together or pasted together with an adhesive or the like.
- the fused portion is, for example, a film made of polyethylene or polypropylene, and the metal portion is aluminum foil or the like.
- the protective layer is, for example, nylon.
- An adhesive film 34 is inserted between the exterior member 35 and the positive and negative electrode leads to prevent outside air from entering.
- This material is, for example, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyolefin resin.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer on both sides or one side of a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode current collector is made of, for example, a conductive material such as aluminum.
- the positive electrode active material layer contains one or more types of positive electrode materials capable of intercalating and deintercalating lithium ions, and may also contain other materials such as a positive electrode binder, a positive electrode conductive agent, and a dispersant depending on the design. May contain.
- the details regarding the positive electrode binder and the positive electrode conductive aid are the same as, for example, the already described negative electrode binder and negative electrode conductive aid.
- a lithium-containing compound is desirable.
- the lithium-containing compound include a composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element, or a phosphoric acid compound containing lithium and a transition metal element.
- compounds containing at least one of nickel, iron, manganese, and cobalt are preferred.
- These chemical formulas are represented by, for example, Li x M 1 O 2 or Li y M 2 PO 4 .
- M 1 and M 2 represent at least one transition metal element.
- the values of x and y vary depending on the charging/discharging state of the battery, but are generally expressed as 0.05 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.10 and 0.05 ⁇ y ⁇ 1.10.
- Examples of the composite oxide containing lithium and a transition metal element include lithium cobalt composite oxide (Li x CoO 2 ), lithium nickel composite oxide (Li x NiO 2 ), lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide, etc. .
- Examples of the lithium nickel cobalt composite oxide include lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide (NCA) and lithium nickel cobalt manganese composite oxide (NCM).
- Examples of the phosphoric acid compound containing lithium and a transition metal element include lithium iron phosphate compound (LiFePO 4 ) or lithium iron manganese phosphate compound (LIfe 1-u Mn u PO 4 (0 ⁇ u ⁇ 1)). can be mentioned.
- lithium iron phosphate compound LiFePO 4
- lithium iron manganese phosphate compound LIfe 1-u Mn u PO 4 (0 ⁇ u ⁇ 1)
- the negative electrode has the same configuration as the above-described negative electrode 10 for lithium ion secondary batteries in FIG. 1, and includes, for example, negative electrode active material layers on both sides of the current collector. It is preferable that the negative electrode has a larger negative electrode charging capacity than the electric capacity (charging capacity as a battery) obtained from the positive electrode active material. Thereby, precipitation of lithium metal on the negative electrode can be suppressed.
- the positive electrode active material layer is provided on a portion of both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode active material layer is similarly provided on a portion of both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer provided on the negative electrode current collector has a region where the opposing positive electrode active material layer does not exist. This is to ensure stable battery design.
- the region where the negative electrode active material layer and the positive electrode active material layer do not face each other is hardly affected by charging and discharging. Therefore, the state of the negative electrode active material layer is maintained as it is immediately after formation, and thereby the composition of the negative electrode active material can be accurately investigated with good reproducibility, regardless of whether or not it is charged or discharged.
- the separator separates the positive and negative electrodes and allows lithium ions to pass through them while preventing current short circuits caused by contact between the two electrodes.
- This separator is formed of a porous membrane made of, for example, synthetic resin or ceramic, and may have a laminated structure in which two or more types of porous membranes are laminated.
- the synthetic resin include polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene.
- Electrode At least a portion of the active material layer or the separator is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte (electrolyte solution).
- electrolytic solution has an electrolyte salt dissolved in a solvent, and may also contain other materials such as additives.
- a non-aqueous solvent can be used as the solvent.
- the nonaqueous solvent include ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, methylpropyl carbonate, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and tetrahydrofuran.
- a high viscosity solvent such as ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate
- a low viscosity solvent such as dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, or diethyl carbonate. This is because the dissociation properties and ion mobility of the electrolyte salt are improved.
- an unsaturated carbon-bonded cyclic carbonate ester is included as a solvent additive. This is because a stable film is formed on the surface of the negative electrode during charging and discharging, and decomposition reactions of the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.
- the unsaturated carbon-bonded cyclic carbonate include vinylene carbonate and vinylethylene carbonate.
- sultone cyclic sulfonic acid ester
- the sultone include propane sultone and propene sultone.
- the solvent contains an acid anhydride.
- acid anhydrides include propane disulfonic anhydride.
- the electrolyte salt can include, for example, one or more types of light metal salts such as lithium salts.
- the lithium salt include lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ), lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF 4 ), and the like.
- the content of the electrolyte salt is preferably 0.5 mol/kg or more and 2.5 mol/kg or less relative to the solvent. This is because high ionic conductivity can be obtained.
- a positive electrode is produced using the above-described positive electrode material.
- a positive electrode active material is mixed with a positive electrode binder, a positive electrode conductive agent, etc. as necessary to form a positive electrode mixture, and then dispersed in an organic solvent to form a positive electrode mixture slurry.
- the mixture slurry is applied to the positive electrode current collector using a coating device such as a die coater having a knife roll or a die head, and the slurry is dried with hot air to obtain a positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode active material layer is compression molded using a roll press or the like. At this time, heating may be performed, and compression may be repeated multiple times.
- a negative electrode active material layer is formed on the negative electrode current collector to produce a negative electrode using the same procedure as in the production of the negative electrode 10 for a lithium ion secondary battery described above.
- active material layers are formed on both sides of the positive electrode and negative electrode current collectors. At this time, the active material coating lengths on both surfaces of both electrodes may be shifted (see FIG. 1).
- the positive electrode lead 32 is attached to the positive electrode current collector, and the negative electrode lead 33 is attached to the negative electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode and the negative electrode are laminated or wound through a separator to produce a wound electrode body 31, and a protective tape is adhered to the outermost portion of the wound electrode body 31.
- the rolled body is molded into a flat shape.
- the insulating parts of the exterior members are adhered to each other using a heat fusion method, and the wound electrode body is left open in only one direction. Enclose.
- the laminate film type secondary battery 30 can be manufactured.
- the negative electrode utilization rate during charging and discharging is 93% or more and 99% or less.
- the negative electrode utilization rate is in the range of 93% or more, the initial charging efficiency does not decrease and the battery capacity can be greatly improved.
- the negative electrode utilization rate is set to 99% or less, Li will not be precipitated and safety can be ensured.
- Example 1-1 A laminate film type secondary battery 30 shown in FIG. 3 was produced by the following procedure.
- the positive electrode active material includes 95 parts by mass of lithium nickel cobalt aluminum composite oxide (LiNi 0.7 Co 0.25 Al 0.05 O), 2.5 parts by mass of a positive electrode conductive agent (acetylene black), and a positive electrode binder. (Polyvinylidene fluoride, PVDF) was mixed with 2.5 parts by mass to prepare a positive electrode mixture. Subsequently, the positive electrode mixture was dispersed in an organic solvent (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, NMP) to form a paste-like slurry. Subsequently, the slurry was applied to both sides of the positive electrode current collector using a coating device having a die head, and dried using a hot air drying device. At this time, the positive electrode current collector used had a thickness of 15 ⁇ m. Finally, compression molding was performed using a roll press.
- a negative electrode was produced.
- a silicon-based active material was produced as follows. A raw material (vaporized starting material) containing a mixture of metallic silicon and silicon dioxide is placed in a reactor, and the vaporized material is deposited on an adsorption plate in a vacuum atmosphere of 10 Pa. After cooling sufficiently, the deposit is removed. It was taken out and ground in a ball mill. Subsequently, the silicon compound was modified by inserting lithium into the silicon compound particles using an oxidation-reduction method. First, negative electrode active material particles were immersed in a solution (solution A) in which lithium pieces and naphthalene, an aromatic compound, were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (hereinafter referred to as THF).
- solution A solution in which lithium pieces and naphthalene, an aromatic compound, were dissolved in tetrahydrofuran
- This solution A was prepared by dissolving naphthalene in a THF solvent at a concentration of 0.2 mol/L, and then adding 12% by mass of lithium pieces to this THF and naphthalene mixture. Further, the temperature of the solution during immersion of the negative electrode active material particles was 20° C., and the immersion time was 20 hours. Thereafter, the negative electrode active material particles were collected by filtration. Through the above treatment, lithium was inserted into the negative electrode active material particles.
- the obtained silicon compound particles were heat-treated at 650° C. or lower for 24 hours in an argon atmosphere to stabilize the Li compound.
- the negative electrode active material particles (silicon-based active material particles) were modified. After modification, it was washed with a solvent. Through the above treatment, negative electrode active material particles were produced.
- the obtained negative electrode active material particles were subjected to XRD measurement, 29 Si-NMR measurement, Raman spectroscopy, and particle size distribution measurement.
- the silicon-based active material produced as described above and the carbon-based active material were blended at a mass ratio of 2:8 to produce a negative electrode active material.
- the carbon-based active material a mixture of natural graphite coated with a pitch layer and artificial graphite at a mass ratio of 5:5 was used.
- the median diameter of the carbon-based active material was 20 ⁇ m.
- the produced negative electrode active material conductive agent 1 (carbon nanotube, CNT), conductive agent 2 (carbon fine particles with a median diameter of about 50 nm), styrene-butadiene rubber (styrene-butadiene copolymer, hereinafter referred to as SBR), After mixing carboxymethyl cellulose (hereinafter referred to as CMC) at a dry mass ratio of 92.5:1:1:2.5:3, the mixture was diluted with pure water to obtain a negative electrode mixture slurry.
- the above-mentioned SBR and CMC are negative electrode binders (negative electrode binders).
- an electrolytic copper foil (thickness: 15 ⁇ m) was used as a negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture slurry was applied to the negative electrode current collector and dried at 100° C. for 1 hour in a vacuum atmosphere. After drying, the amount of negative electrode active material layer deposited per unit area (also referred to as area density) on one side of the negative electrode was 5 mg/cm 2 .
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate: LiPF 6
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- EC ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- an electrolyte salt lithium hexafluorophosphate: LiPF 6
- 1.5% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) was added to the obtained electrolytic solution.
- a secondary battery was assembled as follows. First, an aluminum lead was ultrasonically welded to one end of the positive electrode current collector, and a nickel lead was welded to the negative electrode current collector. Subsequently, a positive electrode, a separator, a negative electrode, and a separator were laminated in this order and wound in the longitudinal direction to obtain a wound electrode body. The end of the roll was fixed with PET protective tape. The separator used was a 12 ⁇ m laminated film sandwiched between two films containing porous polypropylene as the main component and two films containing porous polyethylene as the main component.
- the outer peripheral edges except one side were heat-sealed to each other, and the electrode body was housed inside.
- the exterior member used was an aluminum laminate film in which nylon film, aluminum foil, and polypropylene film were laminated.
- the prepared electrolytic solution was injected through the opening, impregnated in a vacuum atmosphere, and then sealed by heat fusion.
- the cycle characteristics were investigated as follows. First, in order to stabilize the battery, two cycles of charging and discharging were performed at 0.2C in an atmosphere of 25C, and the discharge capacity of the second cycle was measured. Subsequently, charging and discharging were performed until the total number of cycles reached 299 cycles, and the discharge capacity was measured each time. Finally, the discharge capacity at the 300th cycle obtained by charging and discharging at 0.2C was divided by the discharge capacity at the second cycle to calculate the capacity retention rate (hereinafter also simply referred to as maintenance rate). In the normal cycle, that is, from the 3rd cycle to the 299th cycle, charging and discharging were performed at 0.7 C for charging and 0.5 C for discharging.
- initial efficiency (sometimes referred to as initial efficiency) was calculated.
- the ambient temperature was the same as in the case of investigating the cycle characteristics. Further, this initial efficiency was calculated based on the discharge capacity up to 1.2V.
- Examples 1-2, 1-3, Comparative Examples 1-1, 1-2 By adjusting the temperature and time conditions during cleaning with the solvent after modification, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, except that the amount of carbon coating was adjusted, as shown in Table 1. were prepared and various evaluations were performed. As shown in Table 1, in the silicon compound represented by SiOx, good initial efficiency and capacity retention were obtained when the amount of carbon coating was greater than 0% by mass and less than 1% by mass. In Comparative Example 1-1 in which the carbon coating amount was 1.2% by mass, a decrease in initial efficiency and a decrease in capacity retention rate were observed due to side reactions of the carbon film during charging and discharging. In Comparative Example 1-2 with a carbon coating amount of 0% by mass, both initial efficiency and capacity retention rate were poor because conductivity could not be achieved.
- Example 2 As shown in Table 2, the Ia/Ib intensity ratio in the negative electrode active material particles was adjusted. This can be adjusted by the heat treatment conditions (temperature, pressure) after lithium insertion. Further, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 2 particularly good initial efficiency and capacity retention rate were obtained in the range of 0 ⁇ Ia/Ib ⁇ 3.0.
- Ia/Ib is preferably in the range of 0 ⁇ Ia/Ib ⁇ 3.0.
- Examples 3-1 to 3-7 As shown in Table 3, the XRD intensity ratio of Li 2 SiO 3 which is a Li compound was adjusted. Adjustment was performed by adjusting the amount of Li inserted. In addition, a secondary battery was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 3.
- Example 4-1 to 4-6 Next, as shown in Table 4, the half width of Li 2 SiO 3 obtained from the XRD spectrum was adjusted. This can be adjusted by adjusting the Li content.
- a secondary battery was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 4.
- the half width of Li 2 SiO 3 is preferably 0.5° or more and 3.0° or less.
- Example 5-5 Next, as shown in Table 5, the crystallite size of the Si (220) plane was adjusted. This can be adjusted by the heat load on the silicon oxide. Further, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 5.
- the capacity retention ratio was good in the range where the crystallite size was 5 nm or less.
- Example 6-1 to 6-5 Next, as shown in Table 6, If/Ii and Ih/Ii were adjusted. This can be adjusted by the heat treatment conditions of the Li-containing silicon oxide. Further, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 6.
- Example 7-1 to 7-8 the intensity ratio Id/Ig between the D band and the G band and the intensity ratio ISi/Ig between the Si peak intensity and the G band were adjusted by Raman spectroscopy. This can be adjusted by the conditions during thermal CVD (heating conditions, temperature, pressure, gas flow rate). Further, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 7.
- Example 8-7 D10 and D50 (median diameter) of the silicon compound particles were changed. This can be adjusted by the degree of pulverization and classification.
- a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 8.
- Example 9-1 to 9-5 Li 2 CO 3 which is a Li compound was prepared. Li 2 CO 3 can be adjusted by adjusting the atmospheric exposure time. Further, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 2.
- Example 10-1 to 10-8 Next, as shown in Table 10, hydrocarbon gas is introduced during the heat treatment after lithium insertion to form a carbon film on the surface, and the carbon film with different peak positions of the G-band peak in Raman spectroscopy is coated on the outermost surface of the silicon compound. A film was formed. The G-band peak was adjusted by adjusting the treatment temperature. Further, a secondary battery was manufactured under the same conditions as in Example 1-1, and various evaluations were performed, and the results are shown in Table 10.
- the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [5] above, which has at least one or more peaks in at least one of the regions below.
- the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [9] above, wherein the silicon compound particles have a median diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- [12] The negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [11] above, which is covered with a carbon layer different from the carbon film.
- [13] The nonaqueous material according to any one of [1] to [12] above, which is coated with a carbon film having a peak derived from the G band of 1588 cm -1 to 1598 cm -1 according to Raman spectroscopy of the negative electrode active material.
- Negative electrode active material for electrolyte secondary batteries [14]: A non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery comprising the negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of [1] to [13] above.
- [15] A mobile terminal comprising the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of [14] above.
- [16] An electric vehicle comprising the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of [14] above.
- a method for producing a negative electrode active material for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery containing negative electrode active material particles A step of producing silicon compound particles containing a silicon compound (SiO x :0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.6); a step of inserting Li into the silicon compound particles to generate Li 2 SiO 3 as a Li compound; Simultaneously with or after the step of inserting Li into the silicon compound particles, further comprising the step of coating at least a portion of the silicon compound particles with a carbon coating, The coating amount of the carbon coating on the negative electrode active material particles is more than 0% by mass and 1% by mass or less based on the total of the silicon compound particles and the carbon coating, and the carbon coating is coated with O-C.
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Abstract
Description
発明の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質は、負極活物質粒子を有する。また、該負極活物質粒子は、ケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有するケイ素化合物粒子を含有するものである。さらに、ケイ素化合物粒子は、Li化合物を含む。また、この負極活物質粒子は、少なくともその一部が炭素被膜で被覆されているものであり、該負極活物質粒子における炭素被膜の被覆量が、ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素被膜の合計に対し0質量%より多く、1質量%以下であり、かつ、炭素被膜は、O-C=O結合を有する化合物とC-C結合を有する化合物のうち少なくとも1種からなる被膜を含む。また、ケイ素化合物粒子は、前記Li化合物として、結晶性のLi2SiO3を含むものである。
XPS
・装置: X線光電子分光装置、
・X線源: 単色化Al Kα線、
・X線スポット径: 100μm、
・Arイオン銃スパッタ条件: 0.5kV 2mm×2mm。
続いて、このような本発明の負極活物質を含む二次電池の負極の構成について説明する。
負極集電体11は、優れた導電性材料であり、かつ、機械的な強度に長けた物で構成される。負極集電体11に用いることができる導電性材料として、例えば銅(Cu)やニッケル(Ni)があげられる。この導電性材料は、リチウム(Li)と金属間化合物を形成しない材料であることが好ましい。
負極活物質層12は、ケイ素系活物質粒子の他に炭素系活物質などの複数の種類の負極活物質を含んでいてよい。さらに、電池設計上、増粘剤(「結着剤」、「バインダー」とも呼称する)や導電助剤等の他の材料を含んでいてもよい。また、負極活物質の形状は粒子状であってよい。
XRD測定
・装置 :ブルカー社製D2 PHASER
・X線源 :Cu
・発散スリット:0.5°
・入射側ソラー:4°
・受光側ソラー:4°
結晶子サイズの算出
・解析ソフト :DIFFRAC.TOPAS
・解析方法 :ピークフィッテイング法
・Emission Profile:CuKa5.lam
・関数 :FP(First Principle)関数
・Refinement Option:”Caluculate Error”, “Use Extrapolation”を選択
29Si MAS NMR(マジック角回転核磁気共鳴)
・装置: Bruker社製700NMR分光器、
・プローブ: 4mmHR-MASローター 50μL、
・試料回転速度: 10kHz、
・測定環境温度: 25℃
続いて、本発明の非水電解質二次電池の負極の製造方法の一例を説明する。
まず、ケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有するケイ素化合物粒子を作製する。次に、このケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入してLi化合物としてLi2SiO3を生成する。本発明においては、ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入する工程と同時に又はその後に、ケイ素化合物粒子の少なくとも一部を炭素被膜で被覆する工程をさらに含む。このとき、負極活物質粒子における炭素被膜の被覆量が、ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素被膜の合計に対し0質量%より多く、1質量%以下となるように、かつ、炭素被膜を、O-C=O結合を有する化合物とC-C結合を有する化合物のうち少なくとも1種からなる被膜となるように、炭素被膜による被覆を行う。
以上のようにして作製した負極活物質に、必要に応じて、負極結着剤、導電助剤などの他の材料も混合した後に、水を加える(水に加えて有機溶剤等を加えることもできる。)ことで水系負極スラリー組成物を得ることができる。このような水系負極スラリー組成物を用いて負極を作製することで、高容量であるとともに良好な初期充放電特性を有する二次電池とすることができる。
次に、上記した本発明の非水電解質二次電池の具体例として、ラミネートフィルム型のリチウムイオン二次電池について説明する。
図3に示すラミネートフィルム型のリチウムイオン二次電池30は、主にシート状の外装部材35の内部に巻回電極体31が収納されたものである。この巻回電極体31は正極、負極間にセパレータを有し、巻回されたものである。また、巻回はせずに、正極、負極間にセパレータを有した積層体を収納した場合も存在する。どちらの電極体においても、正極に正極リード32が取り付けられ、負極に負極リード33が取り付けられている。電極体の最外周部は保護テープにより保護されている。
負極は、上記した図1のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極10と同様の構成を有し、例えば、集電体の両面に負極活物質層を有している。この負極は、正極活物質剤から得られる電気容量(電池としての充電容量)に対して、負極充電容量が大きくなることが好ましい。これにより、負極上でのリチウム金属の析出を抑制することができる。
セパレータは正極と負極を隔離し、両極接触に伴う電流短絡を防止しつつ、リチウムイオンを通過させるものである。このセパレータは、例えば合成樹脂、あるいはセラミックからなる多孔質膜により形成されており、2種以上の多孔質膜が積層された積層構造を有してもよい。合成樹脂として例えば、ポリテトラフルオロエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどが挙げられる。
活物質層の少なくとも一部、又は、セパレータには、液状の電解質(電解液)が含浸されている。この電解液は、溶媒中に電解質塩が溶解されており、添加剤など他の材料を含んでいてもよい。
最初に上記した正極材を用い正極電極を作製する。まず、正極活物質と、必要に応じて正極結着剤、正極導電助剤などを混合し正極合剤としたのち、有機溶剤に分散させ正極合剤スラリーとする。続いて、ナイフロール又はダイヘッドを有するダイコーターなどのコーティング装置で正極集電体に合剤スラリーを塗布し、熱風乾燥させて正極活物質層を得る。最後に、ロールプレス機などで正極活物質層を圧縮成型する。この時、加熱しても良く、また圧縮を複数回繰り返してもよい。
以下の手順により、図3に示したラミネートフィルム型の二次電池30を作製した。
改質後の溶剤による洗浄時の温度、時間の条件を調整することにより、表1に示すように、炭素被膜の被覆量を調整した以外、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行った。表1に結果を示すように、SiOxで表されるケイ素化合物において炭素被覆量が0質量%より多く、1質量%以下で良好な初回効率、容量維持率が得られた。炭素被覆量が1.2質量%の比較例1-1では、充放電時に炭素被膜の副反応により初回効率の低下、容量維持率の低下がみられた。炭素被覆量0質量%の比較例1-2において、導電性が取れないことから初回効率・容量維持率共に悪い結果となった。
表2に示すように、負極活物質粒子におけるIa/Ib強度比の調整を行った。これはリチウム挿入後の熱処理条件(温度、圧力)により調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表2中に結果を示した。
表3に示すように、Li化合物であるLi2SiO3のXRD強度比の調整を行った。調整はLi挿入量を調整することにより実施した。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表3中に結果を示した。
次に、表4に示すように、XRDスペクトルより得られるLi2SiO3半値幅の調整を行った。これは、Li含有量により調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表4中に結果を示した。
次に、表5に示すように、Si(220)面の結晶子サイズの調整を行った。これは、ケイ素酸化物の熱負荷により調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表5中に結果を示した。
次に、表6に示すように、If/IiとIh/Iiの調整を行った。これはLi含有ケイ素酸化物の熱処理条件により調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表6中に結果を示した。
次に、表7に示すように、ラマン分光分析によるDバンドとGバンドの強度比Id/Ig、およびSiピーク強度とGバンドの強度比ISi/Igの調整を行った。これは、熱CVD時の条件(昇温条件、温度、圧力、ガス流量)により調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表7中に結果を示した。
次に、表8に示すように、ケイ素化合物粒子のD10とD50(メディアン径)を変化させた。これは粉砕の程度や分級により調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表8中に結果を示した。
次に、表9に示すように、Li化合物であるLi2CO3の調整を行った。Li2CO3は大気暴露時間を調整することにより調整することができる。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表2中に結果を示した。
次に、表10に示すように、リチウム挿入後の熱処理時に炭化水素ガスを導入し、表面に炭素皮膜を形成し、ケイ素化合物の最表面にラマン分光分析におけるGバンドピークのピーク位置が異なる炭素皮膜を形成させた。Gバンドピークの調整は処理温度により調整した。また、実施例1-1と同じ条件で二次電池を作製し、各評価を行い、表10中に結果を示した。
[1]: 負極活物質粒子を有し、
該負極活物質粒子が、ケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有するケイ素化合物粒子を含有し、
該ケイ素化合物粒子が、Li化合物を含むものである非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質であって、
該負極活物質粒子は、少なくともその一部が炭素被膜で被覆されているものであり、
該負極活物質粒子における前記炭素被膜の被覆量が、前記ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素被膜の合計に対し0質量%より多く、1質量%以下であり、
前記炭素被膜は、O-C=O結合を有する化合物とC-C結合を有する化合物のうち少なくとも1種からなる被膜を含み、
前記ケイ素化合物粒子は、前記Li化合物として、結晶性のLi2SiO3を含むものであることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[2]: 前記負極活物質は、X線光電子分光により得られるO-C=O結合に起因する290eV付近の強度Iaと、C-C結合に起因する285eV付近の強度Ibの強度比が、0≦Ia/Ib≦3.0である上記[1]の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[3]: 前記負極活物質は、X線回折により得られるSiに起因する2θ=47.5°付近の強度Icに対して、Li2SiO3に起因する2θ=18.7°付近の強度Ieが、1≦Ie/Ic≦18.5を満たす上記[1]又は上記[2]の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[4]: 前記負極活物質のX線回折により得られるLi2SiO3に起因する2θ=18.7°付近のピーク半値幅が0.5°以上3.0°以下である上記[1]~[3]のいずれかの非水二次電池用負極活物質。
[5]: 前記負極活物質のX線回折により得られるSi(220)結晶面に起因する結晶子サイズが5nm以下である上記[1]~[4]のいずれかの非水二次電池用負極活物質。
[6]: 前記負極活物質の29Si-MAS-NMRスペクトルから得られる、ケミカルシフト値として、-80ppm以上-70ppm未満の領域と、-70ppm以上-60ppm未満の領域と、-60ppm以上-30ppm未満の領域のうち少なくも一つの領域に、少なくとも一つ以上のピークを有する上記[1]~[5]のいずれかの非水二次電池用負極活物質。
[7]: 前記負極活物質の29Si-MAS-NMRスペクトルから得られる、
ケミカルシフト値として-60ppm以上-30ppm未満の領域で得られるピークのピーク強度をIfとして、
ケミカルシフト値として-70ppm以上-60ppm未満の領域で得られるピークのピーク強度をIhとして、
ケミカルシフト値として-80ppm以上-70ppm未満の領域の領域で得られるピークのピーク強度をIiとしたときに、
0≦If/Ii≦0.23、
0≦Ih/Ii≦1.1
の両方を満たすものである上記[6]の非水二次電池用負極活物質。
[8]: 前記負極活物質のラマン分光分析によるDバンドとGバンドの強度比Id/Igが0≦Id/Ig≦2.0である上記[1]~[7]のいずれかの非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[9]: 前記負極活物質のラマン分光分析によるSiピーク強度とGバンドの強度比ISi/Igが、0≦ISi/Ig≦5.0である上記[1]~[8]のいずれかの非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[10]: 前記ケイ素化合物粒子のメディアン径が0.5μm以上20μm以下のものである上記[1]~[9]のいずれかの非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[11]: 前記負極活物質粒子は、
Li2CO3を含まないものであるか、
最表層の一部が結晶性のLi2CO3で被覆されており、かつ、前記負極活物質は、X線回折により得られるSiに起因する2θ=47.5°付近の強度Icに対して、Li2CO3に起因する2θ=21°付近のピーク強度Ijが、0≦Ij/Ic≦10を満たす上記[1]~[10]のいずれかの非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[12]: 前記炭素被膜と異なる炭素層で覆われている上記[1]~[11]のいずれか]の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[13]: 前記負極活物質のラマン分光分析によるGバンドに由来するピークが1588cm-1~1598cm-1である炭素被膜に被覆されている上記[1]~[12]のいずれかの非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
[14]: 上記[1]~[13]のいずれかの非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質を含むことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。
[15]: 上記[14]の非水電解質二次電池を備えるものであるモバイル端末。
[16]: 上記[14]の非水電解質二次電池を備えるものである電気自動車。
[17]: 上記[14]の非水電解質二次電池を備えるものである電力貯蔵システム。
[18]: 負極活物質粒子を含む非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法であって、
ケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有するケイ素化合物粒子を作製する工程と、
前記ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入してLi化合物としてLi2SiO3を生成する工程と
を含み、
前記ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入する工程と同時に又はその後に、前記ケイ素化合物粒子の少なくとも一部を炭素被膜で被覆する工程をさらに含み、
該負極活物質粒子における前記炭素被膜の被覆量が、前記ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素被膜の合計に対し0質量%より多く、1質量%以下となるように、かつ、前記炭素被膜を、O-C=O結合を有する化合物とC-C結合を有する化合物のうち少なくとも1種からなる被膜となるように、炭素被膜による被覆を行うことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
[19]: 前記ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入する工程を、電気化学的手法又は酸化還元反応による手法によって行う上記[18]の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
Claims (19)
- 負極活物質粒子を有し、
該負極活物質粒子が、ケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有するケイ素化合物粒子を含有し、
該ケイ素化合物粒子が、Li化合物を含むものである非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質であって、
該負極活物質粒子は、少なくともその一部が炭素被膜で被覆されているものであり、
該負極活物質粒子における前記炭素被膜の被覆量が、前記ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素被膜の合計に対し0質量%より多く、1質量%以下であり、
前記炭素被膜は、O-C=O結合を有する化合物とC-C結合を有する化合物のうち少なくとも1種からなる被膜を含み、
前記ケイ素化合物粒子は、前記Li化合物として、結晶性のLi2SiO3を含むものであることを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記負極活物質は、X線光電子分光により得られるO-C=O結合に起因する290eV付近の強度Iaと、C-C結合に起因する285eV付近の強度Ibの強度比が、0≦Ia/Ib≦3.0であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質は、X線回折により得られるSiに起因する2θ=47.5°付近の強度Icに対して、Li2SiO3に起因する2θ=18.7°付近の強度Ieが、1≦Ie/Ic≦18.5を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質のX線回折により得られるLi2SiO3に起因する2θ=18.7°付近のピーク半値幅が0.5°以上3.0°以下であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の非水二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質のX線回折により得られるSi(220)結晶面に起因する結晶子サイズが5nm以下であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質の29Si-MAS-NMRスペクトルから得られる、ケミカルシフト値として、-80ppm以上-70ppm未満の領域と、-70ppm以上-60ppm未満の領域と、-60ppm以上-30ppm未満の領域のうち少なくも一つの領域に、少なくとも一つ以上のピークを有することを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質の29Si-MAS-NMRスペクトルから得られる、
ケミカルシフト値として-60ppm以上-30ppm未満の領域で得られるピークのピーク強度をIfとして、
ケミカルシフト値として-70ppm以上-60ppm未満の領域で得られるピークのピーク強度をIhとして、
ケミカルシフト値として-80ppm以上-70ppm未満の領域の領域で得られるピークのピーク強度をIiとしたときに、
0≦If/Ii≦0.23、
0≦Ih/Ii≦1.1
の両方を満たすものであることを特徴とする請求項6に記載の非水二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記負極活物質のラマン分光分析によるDバンドとGバンドの強度比Id/Igが0≦Id/Ig≦2.0であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質のラマン分光分析によるSiピーク強度とGバンドの強度比ISi/Igが、0≦ISi/Ig≦5.0であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記ケイ素化合物粒子のメディアン径が0.5μm以上20μm以下のものであることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質粒子は、
Li2CO3を含まないものであるか、
最表層の一部が結晶性のLi2CO3で被覆されており、かつ、前記負極活物質は、X線回折により得られるSiに起因する2θ=47.5°付近の強度Icに対して、Li2CO3に起因する2θ=21°付近のピーク強度Ijが、0≦Ij/Ic≦10を満たすことを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。 - 前記炭素被膜と異なる炭素層で覆われていることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 前記負極活物質のラマン分光分析によるGバンドに由来するピークが1588cm-1~1598cm-1である炭素被膜に被覆されていることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質。
- 請求項1又は請求項2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質を含むことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。
- 請求項14に記載の非水電解質二次電池を備えるものであることを特徴とするモバイル端末。
- 請求項14に記載の非水電解質二次電池を備えるものであることを特徴とする電気自動車。
- 請求項14に記載の非水電解質二次電池を備えるものであることを特徴とする電力貯蔵システム。
- 負極活物質粒子を含む非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法であって、
ケイ素化合物(SiOx:0.5≦x≦1.6)を含有するケイ素化合物粒子を作製する工程と、
前記ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入してLi化合物としてLi2SiO3を生成する工程と
を含み、
前記ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入する工程と同時に又はその後に、前記ケイ素化合物粒子の少なくとも一部を炭素被膜で被覆する工程をさらに含み、
該負極活物質粒子における前記炭素被膜の被覆量が、前記ケイ素化合物粒子と炭素被膜の合計に対し0質量%より多く、1質量%以下となるように、かつ、前記炭素被膜を、O-C=O結合を有する化合物とC-C結合を有する化合物のうち少なくとも1種からなる被膜となるように、炭素被膜による被覆を行うことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。 - 前記ケイ素化合物粒子にLiを挿入する工程を、電気化学的手法又は酸化還元反応による手法によって行うことを特徴とする請求項18に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法。
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| WO2020095558A1 (ja) * | 2018-11-07 | 2020-05-14 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 負極活物質、混合負極活物質、水系負極スラリー組成物、及び、負極活物質の製造方法 |
| WO2020149079A1 (ja) * | 2019-01-15 | 2020-07-23 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 非水電解質二次電池用負極活物質及びその製造方法 |
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| JP2021103691A (ja) * | 2016-05-30 | 2021-07-15 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用混合負極活物質材料、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法、及びリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 |
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- 2023-07-18 KR KR1020257002599A patent/KR20250036149A/ko active Pending
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| JP2011222153A (ja) | 2010-04-05 | 2011-11-04 | Shin Etsu Chem Co Ltd | 非水電解質二次電池用負極材及び非水電解質二次電池用負極材の製造方法並びにリチウムイオン二次電池 |
| JP2017168466A (ja) * | 2013-08-21 | 2017-09-21 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | 負極活物質、負極活物質材料、負極電極、リチウムイオン二次電池、負極電極の製造方法、負極活物質の製造方法、並びに、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 |
| JP2021103691A (ja) * | 2016-05-30 | 2021-07-15 | 信越化学工業株式会社 | リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質、リチウムイオン二次電池用混合負極活物質材料、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極活物質の製造方法、リチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法、及びリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法 |
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