WO2024024356A1 - 二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024024356A1 WO2024024356A1 PCT/JP2023/023514 JP2023023514W WO2024024356A1 WO 2024024356 A1 WO2024024356 A1 WO 2024024356A1 JP 2023023514 W JP2023023514 W JP 2023023514W WO 2024024356 A1 WO2024024356 A1 WO 2024024356A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Complex oxides containing manganese and at least one other metal element
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1228—Manganates or manganites with trivalent manganese, tetravalent manganese or mixtures thereof of the type (MnO2)-, e.g. LiMnO2 or Li(MxMn1-x)O2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G51/00—Compounds of cobalt
- C01G51/40—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element
- C01G51/42—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2
- C01G51/44—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese
- C01G51/50—Complex oxides containing cobalt and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiCoO2 containing manganese of the type (MnO2)n-, e.g. Li(CoxMn1-x)O2 or Li(MyCoxMn1-x-y)O2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/139—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/1391—Processes of manufacture of electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/60—Compounds characterised by their crystallite size
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery and a secondary battery.
- Secondary batteries especially lithium ion secondary batteries, have high output and high energy density, and are therefore expected to be used as power sources for small consumer applications, power storage devices, and electric vehicles.
- a composite oxide of lithium and a transition metal eg, cobalt
- cobalt transition metal
- Patent Document 1 describes that it has a crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m, and has a composition formula Li 1+x Nb y Me z A p O 2 (Me is a transition metal containing Fe and/or Mn, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.5, 0.25 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, A is an element other than Nb and Me, 0 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.2, provided that Li 1+p Fe 1-q Nb q O 2 is 0.
- a positive electrode active material containing a lithium-transition metal composite oxide represented by the formula (excluding those where 15 ⁇ p ⁇ 0.3 and 0 ⁇ q ⁇ 0.3) is disclosed.
- Patent Document 1 high capacity is made possible by controlling the composition (that is, adding Nb). However, the capacity improvement effect is insufficient and there is still room for improvement.
- one aspect of the present disclosure includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure that can be assigned to the space group Fm-3m, the lithium metal composite oxide containing at least Li and Mn, and the lithium metal composite oxide containing at least Li and Mn.
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for secondary batteries, in which the crystallite size of the composite oxide is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm.
- Another aspect of the present disclosure includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure that can be assigned to a space group Fm-3m, the lithium metal composite oxide containing at least Li and Mn, and the lithium metal composite oxide containing at least Li and Mn.
- the half-width of the diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane is in the range of 0.1° to 1.8° based on 2 ⁇ .
- Yet another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a secondary battery comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the positive electrode containing the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery.
- a secondary battery with high energy density can be realized.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway schematic perspective view of a secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the term “contains” or “includes” is an expression that includes “contains (or includes),” “substantially consists of,” and “consists of.” It is.
- Secondary batteries include at least nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries such as lithium ion batteries and lithium metal secondary batteries.
- a positive electrode active material for a secondary battery includes a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure that can be assigned to space group Fm-3m.
- the lithium metal composite oxide contains at least Li and Mn, and the crystallite size of the lithium metal composite oxide is in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm.
- the crystallite size of the lithium metal composite oxide is preferably 80 nm or less, more preferably 60 nm or less.
- the crystallite size of the lithium metal composite oxide is preferably 4 nm or more, more preferably 5 nm or more, or 6 nm or more. The above upper and lower limits of crystallite size can be arbitrarily combined.
- the crystallite size is calculated based on the Scherrer formula from the half-width of the diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile using CuK ⁇ rays of the lithium metal composite oxide. .
- the half-width of a diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane is, for example, 0.1 on a 2 ⁇ basis. It may be in the range of 1.8° to 1.8°.
- General lithium metal composite oxides often have a large crystallite size and a sufficiently developed crystal structure to improve capacity.
- a lithium metal composite oxide with a small crystallite size of 100 nm or less the effect of promoting release and occlusion of lithium ions by increasing the surface area of the grain boundaries becomes significantly large, and it is thought that the capacity improves.
- the lithium metal composite oxide has a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m. That is, this lithium metal composite oxide has a crystal structure similar to a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m.
- a lithium metal composite oxide has a crystal structure based on a rock salt structure, for example, represented by NaCl, in which oxygen atoms are arranged at anion sites, and Li atoms and metal atoms other than Li are disposed at cation sites. It may have a regularly arranged structure.
- the lithium metal composite oxide preferably contains Mn as a transition metal element.
- the molar ratio of Mn in the lithium metal composite oxide may be larger than the total molar ratio of transition metal elements or metal elements other than Mn.
- the ratio b/c of the number b of Mn atoms to the number c of metal elements M other than Li and Mn in the lithium metal composite oxide may be 1 or more and 12 or less.
- the lithium metal composite oxide may be based on a composite oxide of Li and Mn.
- a composite oxide of Li and Mn include Li 1+x Mn 1-x O 2 or Li 1+x Mn 1-x-y M y O 2 with excess Li.
- the effect of increasing capacity by reducing the crystallite size to 100 nm or less is greater than that of a crystal structure clearly belonging to the space group Fm-3m. is expected to become larger.
- the lithium metal composite oxide may contain fluorine (F). Fluorine can replace oxygen atoms at anion sites in the above crystal structure. This stabilizes the excessive Li state and provides higher capacity. Furthermore, the average discharge potential increases due to the substitution of fluorine atoms. Note that the Li excess state refers to a state in which the number of Li atoms occupying the composite oxide is greater than the number of transition metal atoms.
- the arrangement of Li at the cation site is irregular and the binding state of Li is various, so the voltage distribution associated with Li release has a wide range. For this reason, it may be difficult to use the tail portion on the low potential side of the voltage distribution as a capacitor.
- the introduction of fluorine atoms shifts the voltage distribution associated with Li release to the higher potential side, making it easier to use the tail portion as a capacitor. This further increases available capacity.
- Li a Mn b Mc O d Fe (however, 1 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.4, 0.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4 , 1.33 ⁇ d ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.67, 1.7 ⁇ d+e ⁇ 2).
- M includes at least one element other than Li and Mn.
- d+e may be 1.94 or less, 1.9 or less, or 1.8 or less.
- some of the oxygen atoms at the anion sites may be substituted with fluorine atoms. This stabilizes the state where Li is in excess (a>1) and provides high capacity. Additionally, as described above, the average discharge potential increases and the available capacity further increases.
- the lithium metal composite oxide may contain an element M other than Li and Mn.
- Element M is Fe, Ge, Si, Ga, Ni, Co, Sn, Cu, Nb, Mo, Bi, V, Cr, Y, Ti, Zr, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au, It may contain at least one selected from the group consisting of Ag, Ru, Ta, W, La, Ce, Pr, Gd, Sm, Eu, Yb, Dy, and Er.
- the lithium metal composite oxide preferably contains at least one metal element M selected from the group consisting of Ni, Sn, Mo, W, Ta, and Zn.
- the lithium metal composite oxide may contain Ti as an element M other than Li and Mn.
- Ti has the effect of increasing the capacity of the lithium metal composite oxide having the above crystal structure. The reason for this is not clear, but one reason is that in the lithium metal composite oxide, Ti exists in the form of Ti 4+ with an empty d orbital, so the highly symmetrical rock salt structure tends to become stable and filled. This is thought to be because the rock salt structure can be stabilized even after repeated discharges.
- the ratio of the number of Mn atoms to the number of Ti atoms in the lithium metal composite oxide: Mn/Ti is preferably 7 or more.
- a lithium metal composite oxide may be obtained by firing a mixture of raw materials of elements constituting the lithium metal composite oxide.
- the calcination promotes the growth of crystals similar to a rock salt structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m, thereby obtaining a lithium metal composite oxide with a large crystallite size.
- the crystallite size can be controlled within the range of 1 nm to 100 nm.
- raw materials for the elements constituting the lithium metal composite oxide lithium manganate (LiMnO 2 ) and an oxide of element M can be used.
- Li 2 O and Mn 2 O 3 may be used as raw materials.
- Lithium fluoride (LiF) can be used as a fluorine source.
- a secondary battery includes, for example, the following positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, and separator.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the surface of the positive electrode current collector and containing a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode the above-mentioned positive electrode for secondary batteries is used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer can be formed, for example, by applying a positive electrode slurry in which a positive electrode mixture containing a positive electrode active material, a binder, etc. is dispersed in a dispersion medium onto the surface of a positive electrode current collector, and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary.
- the positive electrode mixture layer may be formed on one surface or both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode mixture layer contains a positive electrode active material as an essential component, and can also contain a binder, a thickener, a conductive agent, a positive electrode additive, etc. as optional components.
- a binder e.g., a binder, a thickener, a conductive agent, a positive electrode additive, etc.
- Known materials can be used as the binder, thickener, and conductive agent.
- the positive electrode active material includes the above-mentioned lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure similar to a rock salt structure belonging to space group Fm-3m.
- a composite oxide is, for example, a secondary particle formed by agglomerating a plurality of primary particles.
- the particle size of the primary particles is generally 0.01 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the composite oxide is, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 50 ⁇ m, preferably 2 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the composite oxide means the median diameter (D50) at which the cumulative frequency is 50% in the volume-based particle size distribution, and is measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution measuring device.
- the D10 diameter (the diameter at which the cumulative frequency is 10% in the volume-based particle size distribution) of the composite oxide may be 0.6 ⁇ m or less.
- the BET surface area of the composite oxide is preferably in the range of 0.01 m 2 /g to 15 m 2 /g.
- the content of the elements constituting the composite oxide is measured using an inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), an electron beam microanalyzer (EPMA), an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (EDX), etc. be able to.
- ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer
- EPMA electron beam microanalyzer
- EDX energy dispersive X-ray analyzer
- the above-mentioned lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure similar to the above-mentioned rock salt structure may be mixed with other known lithium metal oxides other than the above-mentioned lithium metal composite oxide.
- Other lithium metal oxides include, for example, Li a CoO 2 , Li a NiO 2 , Li a MnO 2 , Li a Co b Ni 1-b O 2 , Li a Co b M 1-b O c , Li a Examples include lithium transition metal composite oxides such as Ni 1-b M b O c , Li a Mn 2 O 4 , Li a Mn 2-b M b O 4 , LiMePO 4 and Li 2 MePO 4 F.
- M is at least one selected from the group consisting of Na, Mg, Sc, Y, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Al, Cr, Pb, Sb, and B.
- Me contains at least a transition element (for example, contains at least one selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni).
- 0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.2, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, and 2.0 ⁇ c ⁇ 2.3 Note that the a value indicating the molar ratio of lithium increases or decreases due to charging and discharging.
- the shape and thickness of the positive electrode current collector can be selected from a shape and range similar to those of the negative electrode current collector.
- Examples of the material for the positive electrode current collector include stainless steel, aluminum, aluminum alloy, and titanium.
- the negative electrode includes, for example, a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer formed on the surface of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer can be formed, for example, by applying a negative electrode slurry in which a negative electrode mixture containing a negative electrode active material, a binder, and the like is dispersed in a dispersion medium onto the surface of a negative electrode current collector, and drying the slurry. The dried coating film may be rolled if necessary. That is, the negative electrode active material may be a mixture layer. Alternatively, lithium metal foil or lithium alloy foil may be attached to the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be formed on one surface or both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material layer contains the negative electrode active material as an essential component, and can contain a binder, a conductive agent, a thickener, etc. as optional components. Known materials can be used as the binder, conductive agent, and thickener.
- the negative electrode active material includes a material that electrochemically inserts and releases lithium ions, lithium metal, and/or a lithium alloy.
- Carbon materials, alloy materials, and the like are used as materials that electrochemically absorb and release lithium ions.
- Examples of the carbon material include graphite, graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), and non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon). Among these, graphite is preferable because it has excellent charging/discharging stability and low irreversible capacity.
- the alloy material include materials containing at least one metal that can form an alloy with lithium, such as silicon, tin, silicon alloys, tin alloys, and silicon compounds. Silicon oxide, tin oxide, etc. in which these are combined with oxygen may also be used.
- the alloy material containing silicon for example, a lithium ion conductive phase and a silicon composite material in which silicon particles are dispersed in the lithium ion conductive phase can be used.
- a lithium ion conductive phase for example, a silicon oxide phase, a silicate phase, and/or a carbon phase can be used.
- the main component (eg 95-100% by weight) of the silicon oxide phase can be silicon dioxide.
- a composite material composed of a silicate phase and silicon particles dispersed in the silicate phase is preferable because it has a high capacity and a small irreversible capacity.
- the silicate phase may include, for example, at least one element selected from the group consisting of Group 1 elements and Group 2 elements of the long-period table.
- Group 1 elements of the long periodic table and Group 2 elements of the long periodic table include lithium (Li), potassium (K), sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca).
- strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc. can be used.
- Other elements may include aluminum (Al), boron (B), lanthanum (La), phosphorus (P), zirconium (Zr), titanium (Ti), and the like.
- a silicate phase containing lithium hereinafter also referred to as lithium silicate phase
- it has a small irreversible capacity and high initial charge/discharge efficiency.
- the lithium silicate phase may be an oxide phase containing lithium (Li), silicon (Si), and oxygen (O), and may also contain other elements.
- the atomic ratio of O to Si in the lithium silicate phase: O/Si is, for example, greater than 2 and less than 4.
- O/Si is greater than 2 and less than 3.
- the atomic ratio of Li to Si in the lithium silicate phase: Li/Si is, for example, greater than 0 and less than 4.
- the lithium silicate phase may have a composition represented by the formula: Li 2z SiO 2+z (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2).
- Examples of elements other than Li, Si and O that may be included in the lithium silicate phase include iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), Examples include zinc (Zn) and aluminum (Al).
- the carbon phase may be composed of, for example, amorphous carbon with low crystallinity (i.e., amorphous carbon).
- amorphous carbon may be, for example, hard carbon, soft carbon, or other materials.
- a non-porous conductive substrate metal foil, etc.
- a porous conductive substrate meh body, net body, punched sheet, etc.
- the material of the negative electrode current collector include stainless steel, nickel, nickel alloy, copper, and copper alloy.
- the electrolyte includes a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent.
- a solute is an electrolyte salt that ionically dissociates in the electrolyte.
- the solute may include, for example, a lithium salt.
- Components of the electrolyte other than the solvent and solute are additives.
- the electrolyte may include various additives.
- the electrolyte is usually used in a liquid state, but it may be in a state where its fluidity is restricted by a gelling agent or the like.
- an aqueous solvent or a non-aqueous solvent is used.
- a non-aqueous solvent for example, cyclic carbonate, chain carbonate, cyclic carboxylic acid ester, chain carboxylic ester, etc. are used.
- the cyclic carbonate include propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), vinylene carbonate (VC), and the like.
- chain carbonate esters include diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethylmethyl carbonate (EMC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), and the like.
- examples of the cyclic carboxylic acid ester include ⁇ -butyrolactone (GBL) and ⁇ -valerolactone (GVL).
- chain carboxylic acid esters examples include methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, methyl propionate (MP), and ethyl propionate (EP).
- the non-aqueous solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more.
- non-aqueous solvents include cyclic ethers, chain ethers, nitriles such as acetonitrile, and amides such as dimethylformamide.
- cyclic ethers examples include 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4- Examples include dioxane, 1,3,5-trioxane, furan, 2-methylfuran, 1,8-cineole, crown ether, and the like.
- chain ethers examples include 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dihexyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, butyl vinyl ether, methyl phenyl ether, ethylphenyl ether, butylphenyl ether.
- pentylphenyl ether methoxytoluene, benzylethyl ether, diphenyl ether, dibenzyl ether, o-dimethoxybenzene, 1,2-diethoxyethane, 1,2-dibutoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, Examples include 1,1-dimethoxymethane, 1,1-diethoxyethane, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
- These solvents may be fluorinated solvents in which some of the hydrogen atoms are replaced with fluorine atoms.
- Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) may be used as the fluorinated solvent.
- lithium salts include lithium salts of chlorine-containing acids (LiClO 4 , LiAlCl 4 , LiB 10 Cl 10 , etc.), lithium salts of fluorine-containing acids (LiPF 6 , LiPF 2 O 2 , LiBF 4 , LiSbF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiCF 3 SO 3 , LiCF 3 CO 2 etc.), lithium salts of fluorine-containing acid imides (LiN(FSO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 , LiN(CF 3 SO 2 )(C 4 F 9 SO 2 ), LiN (C 2 F 5 SO 2 ) 2 , etc.), lithium halide (LiCl, LiBr, LiI, etc.), etc. can be used.
- One type of lithium salt may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- the concentration of the lithium salt in the electrolyte may be 1 mol/liter or more and 2 mol/liter or less, or 1 mol/liter or more and 1.5 mol/liter or less.
- the lithium salt concentration is not limited to the above.
- the electrolyte may contain other known additives.
- additives include 1,3-propanesultone, methylbenzenesulfonate, cyclohexylbenzene, biphenyl, diphenyl ether, and fluorobenzene.
- a separator is interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode.
- the separator has high ion permeability, appropriate mechanical strength, and insulation properties.
- a microporous thin film, woven fabric, nonwoven fabric, etc. can be used.
- polyolefins such as polypropylene and polyethylene are preferred.
- An example of the structure of a secondary battery is a structure in which an electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are wound with a separator in between, and a non-aqueous electrolyte are housed in an exterior body.
- the wound type electrode group other types of electrode groups may be applied, such as a stacked type electrode group in which a positive electrode and a negative electrode are stacked with a separator in between.
- the secondary battery may have any form, such as a cylindrical shape, a square shape, a coin shape, a button shape, a laminate shape, etc., for example.
- FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway schematic perspective view of a prismatic secondary battery according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.
- the battery includes a rectangular battery case 4 with a bottom, an electrode group 1 housed in the battery case 4, and a non-aqueous electrolyte (not shown).
- the electrode group 1 includes a long strip-shaped negative electrode, a long strip-shaped positive electrode, and a separator interposed between them.
- the negative electrode current collector of the negative electrode is electrically connected to a negative electrode terminal 6 provided on the sealing plate 5 via the negative electrode lead 3 .
- the negative electrode terminal 6 is insulated from the sealing plate 5 by a resin gasket 7.
- the positive current collector of the positive electrode is electrically connected to the back surface of the sealing plate 5 via the positive electrode lead 2 .
- the positive electrode is electrically connected to the battery case 4 which also serves as a positive electrode terminal.
- the peripheral edge of the sealing plate 5 fits into the open end of the battery case 4, and the fitting portion is laser welded.
- the sealing plate 5 has an injection hole for non-aqueous electrolyte, which is closed with a sealing plug 8 after injection.
- the structure of the secondary battery may be cylindrical, coin-shaped, button-shaped, etc. with a metal battery case, or a laminate battery with a battery case made of a laminate sheet that is a laminate of a barrier layer and a resin sheet.
- a type battery may also be used.
- the type, shape, etc. of the secondary battery are not particularly limited.
- (Technology 1) Contains a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure that can be assigned to space group Fm-3m, The lithium metal composite oxide contains at least Li and Mn, A positive electrode active material for a secondary battery, wherein the lithium metal composite oxide has a crystallite size in a range of 1 nm to 100 nm.
- (Technology 2) The positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to technology 1, wherein the lithium metal composite oxide has a crystallite size of 80 nm or less.
- (Technology 3) The positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to technique 1, wherein the lithium metal composite oxide has a crystallite size of 60 nm or less.
- (Technology 4) Contains a lithium metal composite oxide having a crystal structure that can be assigned to space group Fm-3m, The lithium metal composite oxide contains at least Li and Mn, In the X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile of the lithium metal composite oxide using CuK ⁇ rays, the half-width of the diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane is in the range of 0.1° to 1.8° based on 2 ⁇ . , positive electrode active material for secondary batteries. (Technique 5) Any one of techniques 1 to 4, wherein the ratio b/c of the number of atoms of Mn b in the lithium metal composite oxide to the number of atoms c of metal elements M other than Li and Mn is 1 or more and 12 or less.
- the positive electrode active material for secondary batteries described above. (Technology 6) The positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to any one of Techniques 1 to 5, wherein the lithium metal composite oxide contains fluorine.
- the lithium metal composite oxide has a composition formula Li a Mn b M c O d Fe (where M includes at least one element other than Li and Mn, and 1 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.4, 0.5 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.9, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.4, 1.33 ⁇ d ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ e ⁇ 0.67, 1.7 ⁇ d+e ⁇ 2)
- the element M is Fe, Ge, Si, Ga, Ni, Co, Sn, Cu, Nb, Mo, Bi, V, Cr, Y, Ti, Zr, Zn, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Pt, Au. , Ag, Ru, Ta, W, La, Ce, Pr, Gd, Sm, Eu, Yb, Dy, and Er. material.
- (Technology 9) comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, and a separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, A secondary battery, wherein the positive electrode includes the positive electrode active material for a secondary battery according to any one of Techniques 1 to 8.
- the composition of the sintered lithium metal composite oxide was identified by ICP emission spectrometry. Further, the oxygen content was evaluated using an oxygen/nitrogen analyzer (manufactured by HORIBA, EMGA-920). As a result, the composition of the lithium metal composite oxide after sintering was Li 1.22 Mn 0.61 Ti 0.175 O 1.78 , and the oxygen content had decreased from the time of preparation.
- the sintered lithium metal composite oxide was placed in a planetary ball mill (Premium-Line P7 manufactured by Fritsch, rotation speed: 300 rpm, container: 45 mL, ball: ⁇ 3 mm Zr ball) and heated for 12 hours at room temperature in an Ar atmosphere.
- a lithium metal composite oxide having a predetermined composition was obtained by processing for hours (12 cycles of 1 hour of operation followed by 10 minutes of rest).
- the X-ray diffraction pattern of the obtained lithium metal composite oxide was measured and analyzed using a powder X-ray diffractometer using CuK ⁇ rays. From the number and peak position of the XRD peaks, It was confirmed that the composite oxide has a rock salt-based crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m. Furthermore, the half-value width of the diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane of the composite oxide was determined. From the half width, the crystallite size was determined based on the Scherrer equation.
- the obtained lithium metal composite oxide, acetylene black, and polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed at a solid content mass ratio of 7:2:1, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was used as a dispersion medium.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- a positive electrode composite slurry was prepared.
- a positive electrode composite slurry was applied onto a positive electrode core made of aluminum foil, the coating film was dried and compressed, and then cut into a predetermined electrode size to obtain a positive electrode.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte was prepared by adding LiPF 6 as a lithium salt to a mixed solvent in which ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) were mixed at a predetermined volume ratio.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- DMC dimethyl carbonate
- test cell A test cell was produced using the above positive electrode and a negative counter electrode made of lithium metal foil.
- An electrode body was constructed by arranging the positive electrode and the negative counter electrode to face each other with a separator in between, and the electrode body was housed in a coin-shaped exterior can. After injecting the electrolyte into the outer can, the outer can was sealed to obtain a coin-shaped secondary battery A1 for testing.
- Example 1 the conditions (rotation speed and processing time) for pulverizing the sintered lithium metal composite oxide in a planetary ball mill were changed as shown in Table 1. Except for this, test cells were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, and secondary batteries A1 to A8 according to Examples 2 to 8 were obtained.
- a test cell was prepared using a sintered lithium metal composite oxide that was ground in a mortar without performing planetary ball milling, and a secondary battery B1 according to Comparative Example 1 was obtained.
- a test cell was prepared using a sintered lithium metal composite oxide that was ground in a mortar without performing planetary ball milling, and a secondary battery B2 according to Comparative Example 2 was obtained.
- Examples 9 to 23 Raw materials for each element constituting the lithium metal composite oxide were mixed at a predetermined mass ratio so as to have the composition shown in Table 2. Regarding the raw materials for each element, oxides of each element (CoO, NiO, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, respectively) were used as the Co raw material, Ni raw material, Fe raw material, Ti raw material, and Mg raw material. . Moreover, lithium fluoride (LiF) was used as the F raw material.
- LiF lithium fluoride
- the sintered lithium metal composite oxide was placed in a planetary ball mill (Premium-Line P7 manufactured by Fritsch, rotation speed: 300 rpm, container: 45 mL, ball: ⁇ 3 mm Zr ball) and heated for 12 hours at room temperature in an Ar atmosphere.
- a lithium metal composite oxide having a predetermined composition was obtained by processing for hours (12 cycles of 1 hour of operation followed by 10 minutes of rest).
- test cells were prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, and secondary batteries A9 to A23 according to Examples 9 to 23 were obtained.
- Example 2 to 23 and Comparative Examples 1 and 2 the composite oxide after sintering (and after ball milling if necessary) was measured using a powder X-ray diffractometer using CuK ⁇ rays. The X-ray diffraction pattern was measured and analyzed. From the number and peak positions of the XRD peaks, it was confirmed that the composite oxide had a rock salt-based crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm-3m. Furthermore, the half-value width of the diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane of the composite oxide was determined. From the half width, the crystallite size was determined based on the Scherrer equation.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results of initial discharge capacity C0 for Batteries A1 to A8 of Examples 1 to 8 and B1 and B2 of Comparative Examples.
- the composition, firing conditions, ball milling conditions, half width (FWHM) of the XRD diffraction peak attributed to the (200) plane, and crystallite size are also shown.
- Table 2 shows the evaluation results of initial discharge capacity C 0 for batteries A9 to A23 of Examples 9 to 23, which are assigned to the charged composition of the lithium metal composite oxide used as the positive electrode active material in each battery and the (200) plane.
- the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD diffraction peak and the crystallite size are also shown.
- batteries A1 to A23 in which the crystallite size of the lithium metal composite oxide was in the range of 1 nm to 100 nm had improved initial discharge capacity compared to batteries B1 and B2.
- the secondary battery according to the present disclosure it is possible to provide a secondary battery with high capacity and excellent cycle characteristics.
- the secondary battery according to the present disclosure is useful as a main power source for mobile communication devices, portable electronic devices, and the like.
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Abstract
Description
正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体の表面に形成され、かつ正極活物質を含む正極合剤層とを具備する。正極としては、上記の二次電池用正極が用いられる。正極合剤層は、例えば、正極活物質、結着剤等を含む正極合剤を分散媒に分散させた正極スラリーを、正極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。正極合剤層は、正極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。
負極は、例えば、負極集電体と、負極集電体の表面に形成された負極活物質層とを具備する。負極活物質層は、例えば、負極活物質、結着剤等を含む負極合剤を分散媒に分散させた負極スラリーを、負極集電体の表面に塗布し、乾燥させることにより形成できる。乾燥後の塗膜を、必要により圧延してもよい。つまり、負極活物質は、合剤層であってもよい。また、リチウム金属箔あるいはリチウム合金箔を負極集電体に貼り付けてもよい。負極活物質層は、負極集電体の一方の表面に形成してもよく、両方の表面に形成してもよい。
電解質は、溶媒と、溶媒に溶解した溶質とを含む。溶質は、電解質中でイオン解離する電解質塩である。溶質は、例えば、リチウム塩を含み得る。溶媒および溶質以外の電解質の成分は添加剤である。電解質には、様々な添加剤が含まれ得る。電解質は、通常、液状のまま用いられるが、ゲル化剤などで流動性が制限された状態であってもよい。
正極と負極との間には、セパレータが介在している。セパレータは、イオン透過度が高く、適度な機械的強度および絶縁性を備えている。セパレータとしては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布などを用いることができる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリプロピレン、ポリエチレンなどのポリオレフィンが好ましい。
電池は、有底角形の電池ケース4と、電池ケース4内に収容された電極群1および非水電解質(図示せず)とを備えている。電極群1は、長尺帯状の負極と、長尺帯状の正極と、これらの間に介在するセパレータとを有する。負極の負極集電体は、負極リード3を介して、封口板5に設けられた負極端子6に電気的に接続されている。負極端子6は、樹脂製ガスケット7により封口板5から絶縁されている。正極の正極集電体は、正極リード2を介して、封口板5の裏面に電気的に接続されている。すなわち、正極は、正極端子を兼ねる電池ケース4に電気的に接続されている。封口板5の周縁は、電池ケース4の開口端部に嵌合し、嵌合部はレーザー溶接されている。封口板5には非水電解質の注入孔があり、注液後に封栓8により塞がれる。
以上の実施形態の記載により、下記の技術が開示される。
(技術1)
空間群Fm-3mに帰属可能な結晶構造を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、LiおよびMnを少なくとも含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の結晶子サイズが1nm~100nmの範囲にある、二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術2)
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の結晶子サイズが80nm以下である、技術1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術3)
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の結晶子サイズが60nm以下である、技術1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術4)
空間群Fm-3mに帰属可能な結晶構造を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、LiおよびMnを少なくとも含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物のCuKα線を用いたX線回折(XRD)プロファイルにおいて、(200)面に帰属する回折ピークの半値幅が2θ基準で0.1°~1.8°の範囲にある、二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術5)
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物におけるMnの原子数bの、LiおよびMn以外の金属元素Mの原子数cに対する比b/cが、1以上12以下である、技術1~4のいずれか1つに記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術6)
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、フッ素を含む、技術1~5のいずれか1つに記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術7)
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、組成式LiaMnbMcOdFe(ただし、MはLiおよびMnを除く少なくとも1種の元素を含み、1≦a≦1.4、0.5≦b≦0.9、0≦c≦0.4、1.33≦d≦2、0≦e≦0.67、1.7≦d+e≦2を満たす)で表される、技術1~6のいずれか1つに記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術8)
前記元素Mは、Fe、Ge、Si、Ga、Ni、Co、Sn、Cu、Nb、Mo、Bi、V、Cr、Y、Ti、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、Ag、Ru、Ta、W、La、Ce、Pr、Gd、Sm、Eu、Yb、DyおよびErからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、技術7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
(技術9)
正極、負極、電解質および前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータを備え、
前記正極は、技術1~8のいずれか1つに記載の二次電池用正極活物質を含む、二次電池。
[正極の作製]
酸化マンガン(Mn2O3)、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)、および酸化チタン(TiO2)を、リチウム金属複合酸化物の仕込み組成がLi1.22Mn0.61Ti0.175O1.87となる所定の質量比で混合した。混合物を950℃で、10時間焼成し、リチウム金属複合酸化物を得た。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、および、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)を所定の体積比で混合した混合溶媒に、リチウム塩としてLiPF6を加え、非水電解質を調製した。
上記の正極と、リチウム金属箔からなる負極対極を用いて、試験セルを作製した。セパレータを介して上記正極と負極対極を対向配置して電極体を構成し、コイン形の外装缶に電極体を収容した。外装缶に電解質を注入した後、外装缶を封止してコイン形の試験用の二次電池A1を得た。
実施例1において、焼結後のリチウム金属複合酸化物を遊星ボールミルにて粉砕処理する際の条件(回転数および処理時間)を表1に示す通り変更した。これ以外については、実施例1と同様にして、試験セルを作製し、実施例2~8に係る二次電池A1~A8を得た。
酸化マンガン(Mn2O3)、炭酸リチウム(Li2CO3)、および酸化チタン(TiO2)を、リチウム金属複合酸化物の仕込み組成がLi1.07Mn0.8Ti0.133O2となる所定の質量比で混合した。混合物を1050℃で、10時間焼成し、リチウム金属複合酸化物を得た。
リチウム金属複合酸化物を構成する各元素の原料を、それぞれ表2に示す仕込み組成となるように、所定の質量比で混合した。各元素の原料について、Co原料、Ni原料、Fe原料、Ti原料、Mg原料としては、それぞれ、各元素の酸化物(それぞれ、CoO、NiO、Fe2O3、TiO2、MgO)を用いた。また、F原料としては、フッ化リチウム(LiF)を用いた。
(初期放電容量)
二次電池を、常温環境下で、0.1Cの定電流で電池電圧4.95Vまで定電流充電を行った後、4.95Vの定電圧で電流が0.01Cになるまで定電圧充電を行った。その後、20分間休止し、0.1Cの定電流で電池電圧2.5Vまで定電流放電を行い、放電容量を測定した。正極活物質(リチウム金属複合酸化物)の質量当たりの放電容量を求め、初期放電容量C0とした。
Claims (9)
- 空間群Fm-3mに帰属可能な結晶構造を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、LiおよびMnを少なくとも含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の結晶子サイズが1nm~100nmの範囲にある、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の結晶子サイズが80nm以下である、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物の結晶子サイズが60nm以下である、請求項1に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 空間群Fm-3mに帰属可能な結晶構造を有するリチウム金属複合酸化物を含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、LiおよびMnを少なくとも含み、
前記リチウム金属複合酸化物のCuKα線を用いたX線回折(XRD)プロファイルにおいて、(200)面に帰属する回折ピークの半値幅が2θ基準で0.1°~1.8°の範囲にある、二次電池用正極活物質。 - 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物におけるMnの原子数bの、LiおよびMn以外の金属元素Mの原子数cに対する比b/cが、1以上12以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、フッ素を含む、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記リチウム金属複合酸化物は、組成式LiaMnbMcOdFe(ただし、MはLiおよびMnを除く少なくとも1種の元素を含み、1≦a≦1.4、0.5≦b≦0.9、0≦c≦0.4、1.33≦d≦2、0≦e≦0.67、1.7≦d+e≦2を満たす)で表される、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 前記元素Mは、Fe、Ge、Si、Ga、Ni、Co、Sn、Cu、Nb、Mo、Bi、V、Cr、Y、Ti、Zr、Zn、Na、K、Ca、Mg、Pt、Au、Ag、Ru、Ta、W、La、Ce、Pr、Gd、Sm、Eu、Yb、DyおよびErからなる群より選択される少なくとも1種を含む、請求項7に記載の二次電池用正極活物質。
- 正極、負極、電解質および前記正極と前記負極との間に介在するセパレータを備え、
前記正極は、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の二次電池用正極活物質を含む、二次電池。
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| JP2009117369A (ja) * | 2007-03-05 | 2009-05-28 | Toda Kogyo Corp | 非水電解質二次電池用Li−Ni複合酸化物粒子粉末及びその製造方法、並びに非水電解質二次電池 |
| JP6197029B2 (ja) | 2013-03-27 | 2017-09-13 | 株式会社Gsユアサ | 非水電解質蓄電素子用活物質 |
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| JP2020158335A (ja) * | 2019-03-26 | 2020-10-01 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | リチウム金属複合酸化物粉末の製造方法 |
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| WO2024225150A1 (ja) * | 2023-04-28 | 2024-10-31 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 二次電池用正極活物質および二次電池 |
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