WO2024009922A1 - 糖液の製造方法 - Google Patents
糖液の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024009922A1 WO2024009922A1 PCT/JP2023/024541 JP2023024541W WO2024009922A1 WO 2024009922 A1 WO2024009922 A1 WO 2024009922A1 JP 2023024541 W JP2023024541 W JP 2023024541W WO 2024009922 A1 WO2024009922 A1 WO 2024009922A1
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- membrane
- sugar solution
- molecular weight
- cassava
- saccharified
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13B—PRODUCTION OF SUCROSE; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- C13B10/00—Production of sugar juices
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C13—SUGAR INDUSTRY
- C13B—PRODUCTION OF SUCROSE; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- C13B20/00—Purification of sugar juices
- C13B20/16—Purification of sugar juices by physical means, e.g. osmosis or filtration
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing a sugar solution by hydrolyzing cassava meal.
- cassava meal is attracting attention as a raw material that is easier to handle than the inedible parts of plant biomass and does not compete with food.
- Cassava rhizomes contain a lot of starch, so they have been used as a raw material for starch production for a long time, and cassava meal is the residue left after starch is extracted from cassava rhizomes.
- Cassava meal contains a large amount of starch in addition to cellulose fibers, and is sometimes used as feed, but its value is low and most of it is currently discarded.
- Patent Document 1 discloses that a saccharified solution obtained by hydrolyzing cellulose-containing biomass is filtered through a microfiltration membrane with an average pore diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m to 5 mm. And/or pass through an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 1,000 to 200,000 to remove fine particles and polymer components, and filter through a nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane to A method is disclosed in which purified and concentrated sugar solution is recovered from the permeate side and fermentation inhibitors are removed from the permeate side.
- Patent Document 2 describes a conventional technique using cassava meal as a raw material, in which cassava meal is processed so that the solid content concentration of the cassava meal becomes 10% by weight or less. Hydrolyze the hot water-treated product obtained by treating the lees with hot water, and further separate the hydrolyzate into solid-liquid. The liquid fraction obtained is passed through an ultrafiltration membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 300 to 200,000 Da.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a method of producing a glucose sugar solution by filtering the cassava meal through a filter, collecting the saccharifying enzyme from the non-permeated liquid side, and recovering the saccharified liquid from the permeated liquid side.
- the saccharified solution obtained by hydrolysis with a saccharifying enzyme having a Collect the saccharified solution from the saccharified solution, and then filter the collected saccharified solution through a separation membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 150 to 1,000 Da to separate and remove galacturonic acid, which is a fermentation inhibitor, from the non-permeate side.
- a method for producing a sugar solution is disclosed in which purified sugar solution is recovered from the permeate side.
- the present inventor discovered that when attempting to concentrate sugar derived from cassava meal by filtering the saccharified liquid obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava meal through a nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane, the membrane was clogged.
- a new problem we have discovered that when attempting to concentrate sugar derived from cassava meal by filtering the saccharified liquid obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava meal through a nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane, the membrane was clogged.
- the saccharified liquid obtained by enzymatically hydrolyzing cassava meal contains high molecular components (weight average molecular weight 10,000 to 20,000 Da) derived from cassava meal.
- the saccharified solution may be used as a membrane clogging component in the filtration process using nanofiltration membranes and/or reverse osmosis membranes for concentrating sugars.
- the present invention was completed by discovering that the polymer components derived from cassava meal can be blocked to the non-permeate side by filtering through the following separation membrane.
- Step (1) a step of enzymatically hydrolyzing cassava meal to obtain a saccharified liquid
- Step (2) The saccharified liquid obtained in step (1) is filtered through a separation membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of more than 100,000 Da and less than 300,000 Da, and the weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20, 000 Da of blocking a polymer component derived from cassava meal
- Step (3) Step of filtering the filtrate obtained in step (2) through a nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane and recovering the sugar solution from the non-permeate side
- Step (2) The method for producing a sugar solution according to [1], wherein the separation membrane has a molecular weight cut-off of more than 100,000 Da and less than 200,000 Da.
- [3] The method for producing a sugar solution according to [1] or [2], wherein the separation membrane in step (2) is a hollow fiber membrane.
- [4] The method for producing a sugar solution according to any one of [1] to [3], wherein the enzyme in step (1) has at least cellulase activity and/or amylase activity.
- [5] The method for producing a sugar solution according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the step (1) is a step of solid-liquid separation of a saccharified solution obtained by enzymatically hydrolyzing cassava meal.
- [9] Furthermore, it contains components derived from cassava meal with a weight average molecular weight of less than 10,000, and has a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 in the area of all peaks in gel filtration chromatography analysis using pullulan as a standard substance using a differential refraction detector.
- the sugar solution according to [8] or [9] which has a glucose concentration of 80 g/L or more.
- the polymer components derived from cassava meal Since the weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da can be removed, membrane clogging does not occur during the subsequent filtration process through a nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane, resulting in an efficiently concentrated sugar solution. It becomes possible to manufacture
- the sugar solution obtained by the present invention can not only be used as a fermentation raw material for producing chemical products, but also can improve the productivity of chemical products.
- Cassava meal is a byproduct of producing starch from cassava rhizomes (cassava potatoes), and is the residue that is discharged after the starch is extracted. More specifically, when producing starch from cassava potatoes, the cassava potatoes are washed and peeled, then coarsely crushed, and then ground and dispersed to be separated into starch and fibers. The first one is cassava meal.
- Cassava meal can be produced by purchasing cassava potatoes and using the method described above, or can be purchased from a cassava meal producer, or commercially available for feed.
- cassava meal There are two types of cassava meal: wet products with residual moisture and dry products obtained by drying wet products, both of which can be used in the present invention. Further, either one of them may be used alone or they may be mixed. Further, when used in the present invention, the particle size may be adjusted by performing a pulverization treatment or the like.
- Step (1) is a step of hydrolyzing cassava meal with an enzyme to obtain a saccharified liquid containing a hydrolyzate containing sugar.
- cassava meal is a residue containing fibers that is discharged after starch is removed, so it contains cellulose as the fibers, and in addition, starch remains. Therefore, as the enzyme in this step, an enzyme that can hydrolyze cellulose and/or starch is used.
- Cellulase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze cellulose contained in cassava meal.
- Cellulase is an enzyme composition containing enzyme components such as cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, exoglucanase, ⁇ -glucosidase, endoxylanase, and xylosidase, and has the activity of hydrolyzing and saccharifying cellulose.
- cellulase a commercially available cellulase preparation may be used, a culture solution of a cellulase-producing microorganism may be used directly, or cellulase may be purified from the culture solution. Moreover, you may use these as a mixture.
- Examples of commercially available cellulase preparations include Cellulase, enzyme blend (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Japan LLC), Cellulosin TP25 (manufactured by HBI Co., Ltd.), Acremonium Cellulase (manufactured by Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.), and Meicelase (manufactured by Meiji Seika Pharma Co., Ltd.). (manufactured by).
- Cellulase-producing microorganisms include Trichoderma, Acremonium, Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Cellulomonas, Clostridium, and St. Genus Ptomyces (Streptomyces) , Humicola, Irpex, Mucor, Phanerochaete, white rot fungi, brown rot fungi, and the like.
- the cellulase may be derived from a mutant strain with improved cellulase productivity by subjecting these microorganisms to mutation treatment using a mutagen or ultraviolet irradiation.
- cellulases derived from filamentous fungi it is preferable to use cellulases derived from the genus Trichoderma and/or cellulases derived from the genus Acremonium, which produce large amounts of enzyme components with high specific activity in cellulose hydrolysis in the culture solution.
- the amount of cellulase added to hydrolyze cellulose contained in cassava meal may be appropriately set within a reasonable range that allows cellulose hydrolysis to be carried out effectively and economically. It is preferably 0.001 U to 10 U, more preferably 0.01 to 5 U per 1 g.
- the dry weight of the cassava lees is the weight of the cassava lees (Wa (g)) minus the weight of water contained in the cassava lees.
- the moisture ratio Rw (weight %) is measured using an infrared moisture meter, and the value calculated from the following (Formula 1) is used.
- the infrared moisture meter used was FD-720 (manufactured by Kett Scientific Research Institute Co., Ltd.), and was set to an automatic stop mode that stops measurement when the moisture change in 30 seconds becomes 0.05% or less at a drying temperature of 105°C. Use the measured value.
- Dry weight (g) Wa - Wa x Rw (Formula 1).
- the enzymatic activity of cellulase was determined by the Measurement of Cellulase Activities, Laboratory Analysis by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL).
- Filter paper units (FPU) measured by the method described below in accordance with the AL Procedure (LAP) are used.
- a filter paper cut into 1 cm long and 6 cm wide pieces and 1.0 ml of 50 mM citrate buffer (pH 4.8) are placed in a test tube and heated at 50° C. for 5 minutes.
- the reaction is stopped by adding 3 ml of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent and boiled for 5 minutes. 0.2 ml of the colored reaction solution is mixed with 2.5 ml of water, and the absorbance at 540 nm is measured. For the calibration curve, a similar procedure was performed using a 2 to 6.7 g/L glucose standard solution instead of filter paper and enzyme solution to develop color.
- As a reagent blank use is made by performing the same operation using only the citrate buffer.
- the enzyme blank used is one obtained by performing the same operation using the citrate buffer and the diluted cellulase.
- the activity per enzyme solution is calculated using the following (Formula 2).
- the activity per mg of protein is calculated using the following (Formula 2) and (Formula 3).
- Protein concentration can be measured using existing methods such as the Bradford method.
- Amylase is an enzyme that can hydrolyze starch contained in cassava meal.
- Amylase is an enzyme composition containing enzyme components such as ⁇ -amylase, ⁇ -amylase, glucoamylase, and ⁇ -glucosidase, and has the activity of hydrolyzing and saccharifying starch (amylose).
- enzyme activities in this step, it is preferable to use amylase containing at least ⁇ -amylase and/or glucoamylase activity.
- it is preferable to accelerate the hydration reaction of starch by heating the cassava meal to 60° C. or higher in advance.
- the amount of amylase added to hydrolyze the starch contained in cassava meal may be appropriately set within a reasonable range that enables starch hydrolysis to be carried out effectively and economically.
- the enzyme activity is preferably 0.01 U or more, more preferably 0.1 U or more, and even more preferably 0.2 U or more. Although there is no upper limit, from the viewpoint of economy, it can be set to, for example, 100 U or less.
- an appropriately diluted enzyme solution is added to a mixed solution of N3-G5- ⁇ -CNP solution and glucoamylase and ⁇ -glucosidase solutions, and the mixture is reacted at 37° C. for 10 minutes.
- a sodium carbonate solution is added, and the absorbance is measured at 400 nm.
- the blank used was one reacted in the same manner except that the enzyme solution was added after the addition of the sodium carbonate solution.
- One unit (1 U) of enzyme is the amount that produces 1 ⁇ mol of CNP per minute under the above reaction conditions, and is calculated using the following (Equation 4).
- the activity per 1 mg of protein is calculated using the following (Formula 4) and (Formula 5).
- Es represents the absorbance of the measurement sample
- Eb represents the absorbance of the blank
- Df represents the dilution factor of the measurement sample.
- the enzymatic activity of glucoamylase is measured as the degrading activity of 4-nitrophenyl- ⁇ -maltoside (G2- ⁇ -PNP). Specifically, an appropriately diluted enzyme solution is added to a mixed solution of a G2- ⁇ -PNP solution and a ⁇ -glucosidase solution, and the mixture is reacted at 37° C. for 10 minutes. A sodium carbonate solution is added to stop the reaction and to develop color of liberated 4-nitrophenol (PNP), and the absorbance is measured at 400 nm. The blank used was one reacted in the same manner except that the enzyme solution was added after the addition of the sodium carbonate solution.
- One unit (1 U) of enzyme is the amount that produces 1 ⁇ mol of PNP per minute under the above reaction conditions, and is calculated using the following (Equation 6). The activity per mg of protein is calculated using the following (Formula 6) and (Formula 7).
- Es represents the absorbance of the measurement sample
- Eb represents the absorbance of the blank
- Df represents the dilution factor of the measurement sample.
- amylase a commercially available amylase preparation may be used, a culture solution of an amylase-producing microorganism may be used directly, or amylase may be purified from the culture solution. Further, a mixture of these plural enzymes may be used.
- amylase preparations examples include glucoamylase preparations such as Amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger (manufactured by Sigma-Aldrich Japan LLC), Gluczyme AF6 (manufactured by Amano Enzyme Co., Ltd.), Gluczyme NL4.2 (manufactured by Amano Enzyme Co., Ltd.), Examples include AMYLOGLUCOSIDASE (manufactured by MEGAZYME).
- Pectinase is a general term for enzymes that hydrolyze pectin, and is an enzyme composition that has the activity of hydrolyzing pectin and contains enzyme components such as pectin esterase, pectin lyase, polygalacturonase, and pectin methylesterase. . These enzyme treatments may be performed separately or simultaneously if the enzyme treatment conditions are suitable.
- the temperature conditions for the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction are not particularly limited as long as they are within the optimum temperature range of the enzyme used, but are preferably 30 to 60°C, for example.
- the pH during the hydrolysis reaction by the enzyme is not particularly limited as long as it is within the optimal pH range of the enzyme used, but is preferably pH 4 to 7, for example.
- Existing acids or alkalis can be used as the pH adjuster.
- the acid include hydrochloric acid and sulfuric acid
- examples of the alkali include sodium hydroxide and ammonia. .
- the treatment time for the enzymatic hydrolysis reaction may be set within a range in which the enzymatic decomposition reaction is sufficiently carried out; for example, 1 to 24 hours is preferred, 2 to 22 hours is more preferred, and 4 to 20 hours is even more preferred. . If the treatment time is less than 1 hour, the reaction will not proceed sufficiently, and if the treatment time is longer than 24 hours, it will cause contamination.
- pretreatment Prior to the hydrolysis reaction of the cassava meal with the enzyme, pretreatment may be performed to increase the reactivity of the enzyme to the cassava meal.
- the pretreatment method may be any known pretreatment method, and examples thereof include acid treatment with sulfuric acid, acetic acid, etc., alkali treatment with caustic soda, ammonia, etc., hydrothermal treatment, subcritical water treatment, steaming treatment, and the like. These processing methods may be implemented alone, or a plurality of processing methods may be combined.
- the saccharified liquid obtained in step (1) contains sugar produced by hydrolyzing cellulose and/or starch contained in the cassava meal and insoluble solids.
- the saccharified liquid containing sugar and insoluble solids may be directly subjected to the subsequent step (2), but the saccharified liquid may be subjected to solid-liquid separation to reduce the amount of insoluble solids, and the saccharified liquid may be subjected to the subsequent step (2). is preferred.
- the solid-liquid separation method is not particularly limited, and may include centrifugation using a screw decanter, separation plate centrifuge, cyclone, sedimentation separation, compression separation using a screw press, filter press, belt press, belt filter, precoat filter, etc. Examples include filtration and separation, and they may be combined.
- the solid-liquid separation method may be either a continuous method or a batch method.
- the saccharified solution of cassava meal contains fibers that float in water and fibers that settle in water, and press filtration such as a filter press or belt press is preferred because both can be removed in one step, and filter press is more preferred.
- the type of filter press may be vertical or horizontal.
- the liquid feeding method in the case of performing filter press may be carried out by a pump or may be force fed by compressed gas.
- the compression pressure is not particularly limited as long as the filtrate can be recovered, but is preferably 0.01 to 3 MPa, more preferably 0.05 to 1 MPa.
- the solid-liquid separation temperature is not particularly limited as long as it is within the applicable temperature range of the equipment used, but is preferably 20 to 50°C, for example.
- the saccharified liquid recovery rate by solid-liquid separation measured by the following (Equation 8) is preferably 50% or more.
- Recovery rate % (weight of saccharified liquid recovered after solid-liquid separation)/(weight of saccharified liquid before solid-liquid separation) x 100 (Formula 8).
- Turbidity refers to the degree of turbidity in water, and is divided into visual turbidity, transmitted light turbidity, scattered light turbidity, and integrating sphere turbidity.
- Kaolin standard solution When measuring in comparison with a formazin standard solution, the unit is ⁇ degrees (kaolin)'', and when measuring in comparison with a formazin standard solution, the unit is ⁇ degrees (formazin)''.'' It is defined in ⁇ Usage Water Test Method''.
- NTU refers to "Nephelometric Tubidity Unit”.
- the insoluble solid content in the saccharified liquid can be reduced by solid-liquid separation of the saccharified liquid containing insoluble solids obtained in step (1), but adding an acidic substance to the saccharified liquid before solid-liquid separation
- the insoluble solid content can be reduced without using a well-known solid-liquid separation device by those skilled in the art, and the burden of solid-liquid separation can be reduced.
- the insoluble solid content in the saccharified liquid after solid-liquid separation can be further reduced.
- the insoluble solids contained in the saccharified liquid obtained in step (1) are insoluble solids that have not undergone the hydrolysis reaction by the enzyme in step (1), and include components such as polysaccharides, pectin, and lignin. However, it is not limited to these.
- Whether the insoluble solid content has been reduced can be evaluated by comparing the amount of insoluble solid content before and after addition of the acidic substance.
- a method for quantifying the insoluble solid content it can be determined according to the method specified in the standard of JIS K0102 14.1 Suspended solids (MLSS) (2019).
- the acidic substance is not particularly limited as long as it is an acidic substance that can reduce the insoluble solid content contained in the saccharification solution, but monovalent acidic substances are preferable, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, or formic acid. is more preferred, and hydrochloric acid is even more preferred.
- the pH of the saccharified solution after addition of the acidic substance is not particularly limited, but preferably 3.0 or more and less than 4.5, more preferably 3.0 or more and 4.0 or less. If the pH is less than 3.0, it may have an adverse effect on the growth of microorganisms when the produced sugar solution is used for fermentation.On the other hand, if the pH is less than 4.5, the insoluble solid content is reduced, which is a technical feature of the present invention. be able to.
- a separation membrane having a molecular weight cut-off of more than 100,000 Da and less than 300,000 Da is used.
- the molecular weight cutoff is defined as the molecular weight at which the solute rejection rate is 90% in a molecular weight cutoff curve in which data is plotted with the solute molecular weight on the horizontal axis and the rejection rate on the vertical axis.
- the method for determining the molecular weight fraction is to filter various dextran standard samples and protein standard samples with known molecular weight through a separation membrane, evaluate the rejection rate, and draw a separation curve to determine the molecular weight fraction. can be determined.
- a separation membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 100,000 Da refers to a separation membrane that blocks 90% of molecules with a molecular weight of 100,000 Da.
- the saccharified liquid obtained in step (1) of the present invention contains a polymer component (hereinafter simply referred to as "polymer component”) having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da derived from cassava meal. ) and that the polymer components cause membrane clogging in the subsequent filtration process of nanofiltration membranes and/or reverse osmosis membranes.
- the polymer component is a byproduct of enzymatic hydrolysis of cassava meal, and is estimated to be mainly composed of polysaccharides.
- the saccharified liquid containing a polymer component has a molecular weight cut-off of more than 100,000 Da and less than 300,000 Da, preferably a molecular weight cut-off of more than 100,000 Da and less than 200,000 Da, or more than 120,000 Da and not more than 300,000 Da, more preferably 120,
- a separation membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 100,000 Da or more and 200,000 Da or less, it is expected that polymer components will also pass through the separation membrane.
- a separation membrane having a strength of more than 1,000 Da and less than 300,000 Da can block the polymer components on the non-permeate side.
- step (3) If the molecular weight cutoff of the separation membrane exceeds 300,000 Da, the amount of polymer components that can be blocked in the non-permeate side will decrease, and the amount of polymer components in the permeate side will increase, so in step (3) This is not preferable because the nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane become clogged. Furthermore, it is not preferable to use a separation membrane with a molecular weight cut-off of 100,000 Da or less because the separation membrane will immediately become clogged in step (2).
- the separation characteristics of the separation membrane in step (2) are determined by the dense layer called the functional layer.
- Materials for the functional layer of the separation membrane used in step (2) include polyethersulfone (PES), polysulfone (PS), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyvinyldene fluoride (PVDF), regenerated cellulose, cellulose, and cellulose ester.
- Materials such as sulfonated polysulfone, sulfonated polyether sulfone, polyolefins, polyvinyl alcohol, polymethyl methacrylate, and polytetrafluoroethylene can be used, but regenerated cellulose, cellulose, and cellulose esters cannot be degraded by cellulases. Therefore, it is preferable to use a separation membrane whose functional layer is made of a synthetic polymer compound such as PES or PVDF.
- the flux in the filtration using the separation membrane in step (2) may be determined by taking membrane fouling into consideration, but for example, it is preferably 0.01 to 2.0 m/day, and 0.05 to 2.0 m/day. It is more preferable that it is 0.0 m/day, and even more preferable that it is 0.1 to 2.0 m/day. If the flux exceeds 2.0 m/day, a significant increase in the transmembrane pressure of the separation membrane and rapid fouling of the membrane may occur. If the flux is less than 0.01 m/day, the number of membranes required for membrane separation increases, which increases equipment costs.
- Flux refers to the amount of membrane filtration water per unit membrane area/unit time, and can be calculated using the following formula (Formula 9).
- the separation membrane in step (2) can be of any suitable form, such as a hollow fiber type, tubular type, flat membrane type, or spiral type, but since the saccharification liquid contains insoluble solids, A separation membrane that is resistant to membrane fouling is preferred, specifically a hollow fiber type or tubular type is preferred, and a hollow fiber type (namely, a hollow fiber membrane) is more preferred.
- a hollow fiber membrane refers to a separation membrane that is hollow inside and has a functional layer inside or outside.
- Hollow fiber membranes are divided into internal pressure hollow fiber membranes that allow the filtered raw water to permeate from the inside of the hollow fiber membrane and obtain the filtrate on the outside of the hollow fiber membrane, and internal pressure type hollow fiber membranes that allow the filtered raw water to permeate from the outside of the hollow fiber membrane and obtain the filtrate on the outside of the hollow fiber membrane. It can be roughly divided into external pressure type hollow fiber membranes that collect filtrate on the inside.External pressure type hollow fiber membranes are more resistant to membrane fouling due to solids than internal pressure type membranes, and are also easier to clean. Therefore, it is preferably applied in this step (2).
- the separation membrane in step (2) include Synder's SPE200, SPE300, LV, BX, and V5, Asahi Kasei Corporation's "Microza” (registered trademark) UF series, NADIR's UV200, and Toray Industries, Inc.
- Examples include the "Toray UF” HFU series, the HSU series “Toray UF” HFU series, and the HSU series.
- the membrane separation method in step (2) may be total filtration or cross-flow filtration, but cross-flow filtration is preferable. Further, the membrane separation method in step (2) may be constant pressure filtration or constant flow filtration. If the separation membrane becomes clogged, backwashing is performed by passing cleaning liquid from the permeate side to the non-permeate side of the membrane, or by supplying gas to the non-permeate side of the membrane to peel off the cake formed on the membrane surface. You may also perform air cleaning. Examples of the cleaning liquid for backwashing include separation membrane filtrate, water, and chemical solutions.
- Step (3) The filtrate obtained in step (2) has a reduced content of polymer components that can clog the membranes of nanofiltration membranes and reverse osmosis membranes. By filtering, it becomes possible to recover a sugar solution in which sugar derived from cassava meal is concentrated from the non-permeate side of each separation membrane.
- a nanofiltration membrane is also called a nanofiltration membrane (NF membrane), and is generally defined as a membrane that allows monovalent ions to pass through and blocks divalent ions.
- NF membrane nanofiltration membrane
- Polymer materials such as cellulose acetate polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyimides, and vinyl polymers can be used as materials for nanofiltration membranes, but if cellulose acetate membranes are used for a long time, they may be used in step (1).
- a nanofiltration membrane having a polyamide-based material is preferable because a part of the enzyme, especially the cellulase component, may permeate in step (2) and decompose the cellulose that is the membrane material.
- the material of the nanofiltration membrane is not limited to a membrane made of the one type of material, but may be a membrane containing a plurality of membrane materials.
- nanofiltration membrane examples include, but are not limited to, a hollow fiber type, a tubular type, a flat membrane type, a spiral type, etc.
- the filtration method may be total filtration, cross flow filtration, constant pressure filtration, or constant flow filtration.
- a reverse osmosis membrane is also called an RO membrane, and is generally defined as a "membrane that has a desalting function including monovalent ions.” It is a membrane that is thought to have ultra-micro voids ranging from several angstroms to several nanometers, and is mainly used to remove ionic components in seawater desalination and ultrapure water production.
- Polymer materials such as cellulose acetate polymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyimides, and vinyl polymers can be used as materials for reverse osmosis membranes, but if cellulose acetate membranes are used for a long time, they may be used in step (1).
- a nanofiltration membrane having a polyamide-based material is preferable because a part of the enzyme, particularly the cellulase component, may permeate in step (2) and decompose the cellulose that is the membrane material.
- the material of the reverse osmosis membrane is not limited to a membrane made of the one type of material, but may be a membrane containing a plurality of membrane materials.
- the form of the reverse osmosis membrane includes, but is not limited to, a hollow fiber type, a tubular type, a flat membrane type, a spiral type, etc.
- the filtration method may be total filtration, cross flow filtration, constant pressure filtration, or constant flow filtration.
- Filtration treatment using a nanofiltration membrane and/or a reverse osmosis membrane can be carried out according to the method described in WO2010/067785.
- the sugar solution collected from the non-permeate side through the nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane may be further concentrated in order to further increase the sugar concentration.
- the concentration method is not particularly limited, and may be membrane concentration, evaporation concentration, or a combination thereof.
- the sugar solution obtained in step (3) (hereinafter, the sugar solution recovered from the non-permeate side of the nanofiltration membrane and/or reverse osmosis membrane, and the sugar solution obtained by further concentrating the sugar solution are collectively referred to as "concentrated”).
- the sugar solution has a high concentration of monosaccharides derived from cassava meal, especially glucose, and can be preferably used as a raw material for microbial fermentation.
- the glucose concentration of the concentrated sugar solution is preferably 80 g/L or more, more preferably 100 g/L or more, and still more preferably 120 g/L or more.
- the upper limit of the glucose concentration of the concentrated sugar solution is not particularly limited, but since glucose tends to precipitate at high concentrations, it is preferably 700 g/L or less, more preferably 650 g/L or less.
- the concentrated sugar solution can be characterized by the molecular weight distribution measured by gel filtration chromatography analysis using pullulan as a standard substance using a differential refraction detector.
- the concentrated sugar solution was analyzed for molecular weight distribution by gel filtration chromatography using pullulan as a standard substance using the above-mentioned differential refraction detector.
- the area ratio of the peak of a polymer component derived from cassava meal having a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da in the total peak area is 0.1 to 2%, It is preferably 0.2 to 1.5%, even more preferably 0.2 to 1%, even more preferably 0.2 to 0.6%, and even more preferably 0.2 to 1.5%. Particularly preferred is 3 to 0.6%.
- This technical feature contributes to reducing membrane clogging in the filtration process of nanofiltration membranes and/or reverse osmosis membranes in step (3), and also uses concentrated sugar solution as a fermentation raw material for producing chemical products. It also contributes to improving the productivity of chemical products when used as a chemical.
- the concentrated sugar solution contains components derived from cassava meal whose molecular weight distribution analysis results using pullulan as a standard substance using the above-mentioned differential refraction detector have a weight average molecular weight of less than 10,000.
- the area ratio of the peak of the cassava meal-derived component having a weight average molecular weight of less than 10,000 in the peak area is preferably 98 to 99.9%, more preferably 98 to 99.8%, and 98.5%. It is more preferably 99.8%, even more preferably 99-99.8%, particularly preferably 99.4-99.8%, and 99.4-99.7%. Most preferably.
- the concentrated sugar solution can be used as a raw material for fermentation to produce chemical products.
- Microorganisms used when producing chemical products using concentrated sugar solution as a fermentation raw material include yeast such as baker's yeast, bacteria such as Escherichia coli and coryneform bacteria, filamentous fungi, and actinobacteria. Microorganisms may be isolated from the natural environment, or may have partially modified properties through mutation or genetic recombination.
- alcohols include ethanol, butanol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, and glycerol
- organic acids include acetic acid, lactic acid, succinic acid, and malic acid
- amino acids include lysine and glutamic acid
- nucleic acids include inosinic acid, guanylic acid, inosine, and guanosine. It can also be applied to the production of substances such as proteins such as enzymes and antibiotics. Therefore, it is possible to produce various chemical products according to the present invention.
- the obtained saccharified liquid was subjected to solid-liquid separation using a filter press to remove the residue, and a filter press filtrate, which is a saccharified liquid with a reduced insoluble solid content, was obtained.
- the turbidity of the filter press filtrate was analyzed using a portable turbidimeter 2100P (manufactured by HACH) and found to be 150 NTU. Moreover, when the glucose concentration of the filter press filtrate was measured by the method of Reference Example 1, it was 60 g/L.
- the dry weight of cassava lees was 12% by weight, glucoamylase was amyloglucosidase from Aspergillus niger (Sigma-Aldrich Japan LLC), 0.2 U per 1 g of cassava lees dry weight, and cellulase was Acremonium cellulase (Meiji Seika Pharma). ) was added in an amount of 1 U per 1 g of dry weight of cassava lees, and enzymatic reaction was carried out at 50° C. for 24 hours while mixing and stirring to obtain a saccharified cassava lees liquid.
- the obtained saccharified cassava lees was subjected to centrifugation (1,500 ⁇ G, 3 minutes) or filter press filtration under the conditions of no addition of acidic substances and with addition of acidic substances, and the saccharified cassava lees and centrifuged liquid were The amounts of insoluble solids in the fractions and filter press filtrate were compared.
- the pH of the saccharified solution of cassava lees was adjusted to 3.5 by adding 10N hydrochloric acid, and the pH of the saccharified solution without addition of acidic substances was 4.5 (cassava lees contains galacturon during hydrolysis).
- the obtained bagasse saccharified liquid was subjected to centrifugation or filter press filtration under the conditions of no addition of acidic substances and with addition of acidic substances in the same manner as in Reference Example 3, and the saccharified bagasse liquid, centrifuged liquid fraction, and filter press were The amounts of insoluble solids in the filtrates were compared.
- 10N hydrochloric acid was added to the bagasse saccharification liquid to adjust the pH to 3.5.
- the pH of the saccharified solution without the addition of acidic substances was 4.5 (pH 4.5 after hydrolysis.
- some sugars were converted to lactic acid by microorganisms, and the pH decreased from the start of hydrolysis.
- the insoluble solid content was measured in the same manner as in Reference Example 3. The results are shown in Table 1, and the insoluble solid content was reduced by adding acidic substances in the saccharified cassava residue, the centrifuged liquid fraction of the saccharified cassava residue, and the filter press filtrate of the saccharified cassava residue, but the insoluble solid content was reduced in the saccharified cassava residue. In the centrifuged liquid fraction of bagasse saccharified liquid and the filter press filtrate of bagasse saccharified liquid, the insoluble solid content increased due to the addition of acidic substances.
- Example 1 Production of concentrated sugar solution of saccharified cassava meal using a hollow fiber membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 150,000 Da and a reverse osmosis membrane Used in the ultrafiltration membrane module "Toray UF" HFU (manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.)
- a hollow fiber membrane made of polyvinylidene fluoride with a nominal pore diameter of 0.01 ⁇ m and a nominal molecular weight cut-off of 150,000 Da was cut out to create a miniature module (hereinafter referred to as membrane A) consisting of 22 hollow fiber membranes with an inner diameter of 10 mm and a length of 320 mm. It was created.
- a second membrane was added using UTC-70 (molecular weight cutoff, Toray Industries, Inc.) (hereinafter referred to as Membrane B) as a reverse osmosis membrane to double the concentration. Separation was performed.
- the membrane separator uses “SEPA” (registered trademark) CF-II (effective membrane area 140 cm 2 , GE W&PT), the operating temperature is 35°C, the membrane surface linear velocity is 20 cm/sec, and the filtration pressure is 4 MPa.
- SEPA registered trademark
- CF-II effective membrane area 140 cm 2 , GE W&PT
- the operating temperature is 35°C
- the membrane surface linear velocity is 20 cm/sec
- the filtration pressure is 4 MPa.
- Example 2 Production of concentrated sugar solution of saccharified cassava meal using a hollow fiber membrane with a molecular weight cutoff of 150,000 Da and a nanofiltration membrane Membrane obtained by the same method as the first membrane separation in Example 1
- a second membrane was prepared under the same conditions as in Example 1 using NFS (molecular weight cutoff 100-250 Da, Synder) (hereinafter referred to as membrane C) as a nanofiltration membrane.
- NFS molecular weight cutoff 100-250 Da, Synder
- membrane C nanofiltration membrane
- Comparative Example 2 Membrane separation of saccharified cassava meal using a flat membrane with a molecular weight cut off of 50,000 Da. , 1.5 L of filter press filtrate prepared by the method described in Reference Example 2 was filtered.
- the membrane separator used was "SEPA" (registered trademark) CF-II (effective membrane area 140 cm 2 , GE W&PT), the operating temperature was 35°C, the membrane surface linear velocity was 20 cm/sec, and the filtration pressure was as specified in the catalog. The filtration process was performed until the operating pressure reached the upper limit of 0.8 MPa and no filtrate came out, but only 0.5 L of filtrate was obtained due to clogging of the membrane.
- Example 3 Evaporative concentration of concentrated sugar solution
- the concentrated sugar solution obtained in Example 1 was concentrated using an evaporator to prepare an evaporative concentrated sugar solution with a glucose concentration of 500 g/L.
- the saccharified cassava lees (filter press filtrate) obtained in Reference Example 2 was analyzed for molecular weight distribution using the method described in Reference Example 5. Table 3 shows the results. Shown below.
- the saccharified cassava meal liquid contained a monosaccharide component with a weight average molecular weight of 250 Da and a polymer component whose main component was a polysaccharide with a weight average molecular weight of 14,000 Da.
- Example 4 Molecular weight analysis of saccharified cassava lees, non-permeated liquid, permeated liquid and concentrated sugar solution obtained by membrane separation of saccharified cassava lees, and evaporated concentrated sugar solution Saccharified cassava lees obtained in Reference Example 2 (filter press filtrate), non-permeated liquid and permeated liquid obtained by membrane separation using membrane A in Example 1, concentrated sugar solution which is the non-permeated liquid obtained from membrane separation using membrane B in Example 1 , and the evaporated concentrated sugar solution obtained in Example 3, the molecular weight distribution was analyzed by the method described in Reference Example 5.
- the evaporated concentrated sugar solution was diluted 5 times with water and then diluted with the 0.2M aqueous sodium nitrate solution described in Reference Example 5, and then the molecular weight distribution was analyzed. Furthermore, for comparison, the molecular weight distribution of the non-permeated liquid and permeated liquid obtained by membrane separation using membrane D in Comparative Example 1 was also analyzed. Results of calculating the ratio (%) of the peak area of a polymer component with a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da to the total peak area and the ratio (%) of the peak area of a weight average molecular weight of less than 10,000 to the total peak area are shown in Table 5.
- the polymer components with a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da were blocked by Membrane A.
- the polymer component was concentrated, and the amount of the polymer component was significantly reduced in the permeate.
- the molecular weight analysis results of the concentrated sugar solution obtained by membrane separation of the permeate obtained by membrane separation by membrane A and the evaporation concentrate of the concentrated sugar solution are as follows. The result was the same as that of the obtained permeate.
- Example 5 Membrane separation of saccharified cassava meal using a flat membrane with a molecular weight cut off of 200,000 Da.
- a total circulation operation was performed in which the permeated liquid was returned to the supply tank using a membrane manufactured by Co., Ltd. with a molecular weight cut off of 200,000 Da) (hereinafter referred to as membrane F).
- the membrane separator used was "SEPA" (registered trademark) CF-II (effective membrane area 140 cm 2 , GE W&PT), the operating temperature was 35° C., and the membrane surface linear velocity was 20 cm/sec.
- the ratio (%) of the peak area of a polymer component with a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da in the permeate to the total peak area is calculated as By dividing the peak area by the ratio (%) of the total peak area, the amount of polymer components with a weight average molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da that passed through the separation membrane was calculated, and the result was 0.08, which was the weight average It was confirmed that a polymer component having a molecular weight of 10,000 to 20,000 Da was blocked on the non-permeate side of the membrane F. Furthermore, the turbidity of the permeated liquid was 50 NTU or less, and it was confirmed that suspended solids were also blocked on the non-permeated liquid side.
- Example 6 Ethanol fermentation using concentrated sugar solution
- the concentrated sugar solution obtained in Example 1 was used as a fermentation raw material to produce ethanol by microbial fermentation, and the ethanol fermentation rate was evaluated.
- Ethanol fermentation microorganism Sacharomyces cerevisiae (OC-2 strain) was inoculated into 5 mL of YPD medium and cultured at 30° C. for 16 hours (preculture).
- a preculture solution was added to each test tube so that the turbidity was 0.5.
- Culture was carried out at 30°C, and the ethanol concentration after 24 hours was measured by the method of Reference Example 8. The results of the ethanol fermentation rate are shown in Table 6.
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Abstract
Description
[1]以下の工程(1)~(3)を含む、糖液の製造方法。
工程(1):キャッサバ粕を酵素加水分解して糖化液を得る工程、
工程(2):工程(1)で得られる糖化液を分画分子量100,000Da超300,000Da以下の分離膜に通じてろ過して、非透過液側に重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daのキャッサバ粕由来高分子成分を阻止する工程、および、
工程(3):工程(2)で得られたろ液をナノろ過膜および/または逆浸透膜に通じてろ過して、非透過液側から糖液を回収する工程
[2]前記工程(2)の分離膜が分画分子量100,000Da超200,000Da以下である[1]に記載の糖液の製造方法。
[3]前記工程(2)の分離膜が中空糸膜である、[1]または[2]に記載の糖液の製造方法。
[4]前記工程(1)の酵素が少なくともセルラーゼ活性および/またはアミラーゼ活性を有する、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
[5]前記工程(1)が、キャッサバ粕を酵素加水分解して得られる糖化液を固液分離する工程である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の糖液の製造方法。
[6]前記固液分離がプレスろ過である、[5]に記載の糖液の製造方法。
[7]前記工程(1)の固液分離で得られる糖化液の濁度が300NTU以下である、[5]または[6]に記載の糖液の製造方法。
[8]キャッサバ粕由来グルコースおよび重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daのキャッサバ粕由来高分子成分を含み、示差屈折検出器を用いたプルランを標準物質とするゲルろ過クロマトグラフ分析での全ピークの面積における重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daのキャッサバ粕由来高分子成分のピークの面積比率が0.1~2%である、糖液。
[9]さらに重量平均分子量10,000未満のキャッサバ粕由来成分を含み、示差屈折検出器を用いたプルランを標準物質とするゲルろ過クロマトグラフ分析での全ピークの面積における重量平均分子量10,000未満のキャッサバ粕由来成分のピークの面積比率が98~99.9%である、[8]に記載の糖液。
[10]グルコース濃度が80g/L以上である、[8]または[9]に記載の糖液。
工程(1)は、キャッサバ粕を酵素で加水分解し、糖を含む加水分解物を含む糖化液を得る工程である。キャッサバ粕は前述の通り、デンプンを取り出した後に排出される繊維分を含む残渣であることから、繊維分としてセルロースが含まれており、さらに、デンプンも残っている。従って、本工程での酵素としては、セルロースおよび/またはデンプンを加水分解することができる酵素が用いられる。
素液のタンパク濃度(mg/ml)・・・(式7)。
本発明では、工程(2)において、分画分子量が100,000Da超300,000Da以下の分離膜を使用する。本発明での分画分子量とは、溶質の分子量を横軸に、阻止率を縦軸にとってデータをプロットした分画分子量曲線において溶質の阻止率が90%となる分子量を膜の分画分子量とよぶ。分画分子量を決定する手法としては、分子量が明らかな種々のデキストラン標準試料やタンパク質標準試料を分離膜に通じてろ過し、その阻止率を評価し、その分離曲線を描くことにより分画分子量を決定することができる。具体的には、分画分子量100,000Daの分離膜とは、分子量100,000Daの分子を90%阻止する分離膜のことを指す。
工程(2)で得られるろ液は、ナノろ過膜および逆浸透膜の膜詰まり成分となる高分子成分の含有量が低減しているため、さらにナノろ過膜および/または逆浸透膜に通じてろ過することで、それぞれの分離膜の非透過液側からキャッサバ粕由来の糖が濃縮された糖液を回収することが可能になる。
工程(3)で得られる糖液(以下、ナノろ過膜および/または逆浸透膜の非透過液側から回収された糖液、および、当該糖液をさらに濃縮した糖液を総称して「濃縮糖液」という。)は、キャッサバ粕由来の単糖、特にグルコースの濃度が高く、微生物の発酵用原料として好ましく用いることができる。濃縮糖液のグルコース濃度は、好ましくは80g/L以上、より好ましくは100g/L以上、さらに好ましくは120g/L以上である。濃縮糖液のグルコース濃度の上限は特に制限はないが、高濃度ではグルコースが析出しやすくなるため、700g/L以下であることが好ましく、650g/L以下がより好ましい。
糖液に含まれるグルコースの濃度は、下記に示す高速液体クロマトグラフィー(High performance liquid chromatography:HPLC)条件で、標品との比較により定量した。
(HPLC条件)
カラム:Shodex Sugarシリーズ SH1011(株式会社レゾナック製)
移動相:硫酸5mM(流速0.6mL/分)
反応液:なし
検出方法:RI(示差屈折率)
温度:65℃。
キャッサバ粕(含水率83%)8.5kgに対し、RO水3.5L、α-アミラーゼとして熱安定型アミラーゼ(シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社製)を0.02U加えて混合し、4N 水酸化ナトリウム(ナカライテスク株式会社製)を添加してpHを5.0に調整した後、90℃、2時間オートクレーブした。グルコアミラーゼとしてアミログルコシダーゼfrom Aspergillus niger(シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社)を0.2U、セルラーゼとしてとしてアクレモニウムセルラーゼ(MeijiSeikaファルマ社製)をキャッサバ粕乾燥重量1gあたり0.2U加え、撹拌しつつ50℃で8時間酵素反応し、糖化液を得た。
キャッサバ粕(含水率が83%)8.5kgに対し、RO水3.5L、α-アミラーゼとして熱安定型アミラーゼ(シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社製)を0.02U加えて混合し、4N 水酸化ナトリウム(ナカライテスク株式会社製)を添加してpHを5.0に調整した後、90℃、2時間オートクレーブした。キャッサバ粕乾燥重量として12重量%となるように仕込み、グルコアミラーゼとしてアミログルコシダーゼfrom Aspergillus niger(シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社)をキャッサバ粕乾燥重量1gあたり0.2U、セルラーゼとしてアクレモニウムセルラーゼ(MeijiSeikaファルマ社製)をキャッサバ粕乾燥重量1gあたり1U加え、混合・撹拌しつつ50℃で24時間酵素反応し、キャッサバ粕糖化液を得た。
バガス(含水率45%)1.82kgに対し、RO水6.5L、4N 水酸化ナトリウム(ナカライテスク株式会社製)562mLを添加し、90℃、2時間反応させた。その後、10N塩酸を添加して糖化開始時のpHを5.0に調整した後、バガス乾燥重量として12重量%となるように仕込み、グルコアミラーゼとしてアミログルコシダーゼfrom Aspergillus niger(シグマアルドリッチジャパン合同会社)をバガス乾燥重量1gあたり0.2U、セルラーゼとしてとしてアクレモニウムセルラーゼ(MeijiSeikaファルマ社製)をバガス乾燥重量1gあたり1U加え、混合・撹拌しつつ50℃で24時間酵素反応し、バガス糖化液を得た。
限外ろ過膜モジュール“Toray UF”HFU(東レ株式会社製)に使用されている公称細孔径0.01μm、公称分画分子量150,000Daのポリフッ化ビニリデン製中空糸膜を切り出し、中空糸膜22本からなる内径10mm、長さ320mmのミニチュアモジュール(以下、膜A)を作成した。参考例2で得られたフィルタープレスろ液1.5Lを、温度35℃、膜面線速度20cm/secで、膜Aにチューブポンプを用いて供給し、クロスフローろ過で第1の膜分離を行った結果、膜が目詰まりすることなく1.4Lのろ液を得た。
実施例1の第1の膜分離と同様の方法で得られた膜Aによるろ液1Lを2倍濃縮するため、ナノろ過膜としてNFS(分画分子量100~250Da、Synder社)(以下、膜C)を使用して、実施例1と同じ条件で第2の膜分離を行った結果、膜が目詰まりすることなく非透過液側に2倍濃縮された0.5Lの濃縮糖液を得た。濃縮糖液のグルコース濃度を参考例1の方法で測定したところ、120g/Lであった。
東レ株式会社製の精密ろ過膜モジュール“トレフィル”(登録商標)HFSに使用されている公称細孔径0.05μmのポリフッ化ビニリデン製中空糸膜を切り出し、中空糸膜22本からなる内径10mm、長さ320mmのミニチュアモジュール(以下、膜D)を作成した。参考例2で得られたフィルタープレスろ液1.5Lを、温度35℃、膜面線速度20cm/secで、膜Dにチューブポンプを用いて供給し、クロスフローろ過で第1の膜分離を行った結果、膜が目詰まりすることなく1.4Lのろ液を得た。
平膜であるSPE50(Synder社製、分画分子量50,000Da)(以下、膜E)を用いて、参考例2に記載の方法で調製した1.5Lのフィルタープレスろ液をろ過した。膜分離装置は“SEPA”(登録商標)CF-II(有効膜面積140cm2、GE W&PT)を使用し、操作温度は35℃、膜面線速度は20cm/secとし、ろ過圧がカタログ上の操作圧力上限である0.8MPaになり、ろ液が出なくなるまでろ過処理を行った結果、膜の目詰まりにより0.5Lのろ液を得るに留まった。
実施例1で得られた濃縮糖液をエバポレータで濃縮してグルコース濃度500g/Lの蒸発濃縮糖液を調製した。
糖化液、ならびに、膜分離による非透過液および透過液を、0.2M 硝酸ナトリウム水溶液にて10倍希釈し、孔径0.45μmのディスクフィルターでろ過して、測定用の試料溶液を調製した。試料溶液中の分子量を以下の方法で測定し、標準品(プルラン)換算の平均分子量として、分子量を算出した。標準品での測定範囲から外れた場合は、校正曲線の外挿により平均分子量を算出した。各ピークの分離が不十分な場合は、ピーク谷部分で縦分割処理を行った。
装置:“Prominence”(株式会社島津製作所製)
カラム:OHpakSB-G+SB-805HQ+SB-804HQ(株式会社レゾナック)
カラム温度:40℃
移動相:0.2M 硝酸ナトリウム水溶液
流速:0.5mL/min
検出器:示差屈折検出器(RI)
注入量:100μL
標準品:プルラン。
参考例2で得られたキャッサバ粕糖化液(フィルタープレスろ液)について、参考例5に記載の手法で分子量分布を分析した結果を表3に示す。キャッサバ粕糖化液には重量平均分子量250Daの単糖成分と、重量平均分子量14,000Daの多糖が主成分とみられる高分子成分が含まれていた。
実施例1での膜Aによる膜分離で得られた非透過液および透過液、ならびに、比較例1での膜Dによる膜分離で得られた非透過液および透過液について、濁度と分子量分布の分析を行った。濁度はポータブル濁度計2100P(HACH社製)を用いて測定し、分子量分布は参考例5の方法で分析し、重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daの高分子成分のピーク面積の全ピーク面積に対する比率(%)を求めた。結果は表4のとおりであり、膜Aによる膜分離では、濁質および重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daの高分子成分が非透過側に阻止され、一方で、膜Dによる膜分離では、濁質は非透過側に阻止されるが、重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daの高分子成分は阻止されずに透過することを確認した。
参考例2で得られたキャッサバ粕糖化液(フィルタープレスろ液)、実施例1での膜Aによる膜分離で得られた非透過液および透過液、実施例1での膜Bによる膜分離で得られた非透過液である濃縮糖液、ならびに、実施例3で得られた蒸発濃縮糖液について、参考例5に記載の方法により分子量分布を分析した。蒸発濃縮糖液に関しては水で5倍希釈後に参考例5に記載の0.2M 硝酸ナトリウム水溶液で希釈してから分子量分布を分析した。また、比較対象として比較例1での膜Dによる膜分離で得られた非透過液および透過液についても分子量分布を分析した。重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daの高分子成分のピーク面積の全ピーク面積に対する比率(%)と重量平均分子量10,000未満のピーク面積の全ピーク面積に対する比率(%)を算出した結果を表5に示す。
参考例2で得られたフィルタープレスろ液1.5Lを、分離膜として平膜であるLV(Synder社製、分画分子量200,000Da)(以下、膜F)を使用して透過液を供給槽へ戻す全循環運転を行った。膜分離装置は“SEPA”(登録商標)CF-II(有効膜面積140cm2、GE W&PT)を使用し、操作温度は35℃、膜面線速度は20cm/secとした。非透過液と透過液をサンプリングして参考例5の方法で分子量分布を分析し、重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daの高分子成分のピーク面積の全ピーク面積に対する比率(%)を求めた。また、透過液の濁度をポータブル濁度計2100P(HACH社製)で分析した。
培養液中のエタノールを下記に示すHPLC条件で標品との比較により定量した。
カラム:Shodex Sugarシリーズ SH1011(株式会社レゾナック製)
カラム温度:65℃
検出法:示唆屈折検出器
検出器温度:40℃
移動相:0.005M H2SO4
流速:0.6mL/min。
実施例1で得られた濃縮糖液を発酵原料として利用して、微生物の発酵によるエタノール製造を行い、エタノールの発酵速度を評価した。
濃縮糖液の代わりにグルコース(和光純薬株式会社製、D(+)グルコース)を120g/L(濃縮糖液と同じグルコース濃度)になるように、純水に溶解させた試薬グルコース液を使用すること以外は、実施例6と同様にして試薬グルコース液を用いたエタノール発酵を行い、24時間後のエタノール濃度を参考例8の方法で測定した。エタノールの発酵速度の結果は表6のとおりであり、試薬グルコース液を用いた場合に比較して濃縮糖液を用いたエタノール発酵ではエタノール発酵速度が向上した。
Claims (10)
- 以下の工程(1)~(3)を含む、糖液の製造方法。
工程(1):キャッサバ粕を酵素加水分解して糖化液を得る工程、
工程(2):工程(1)で得られる糖化液を分画分子量100,000Da超300,000Da以下の分離膜に通じてろ過して、非透過液側に重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daのキャッサバ粕由来高分子成分を阻止する工程、および、
工程(3):工程(2)で得られたろ液をナノろ過膜および/または逆浸透膜に通じてろ過して、非透過液側から糖液を回収する工程 - 前記工程(2)の分離膜が分画分子量100,000Da超200,000Da以下である請求項1に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(2)の分離膜が中空糸膜である、請求項1または2に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(1)の酵素が少なくともセルラーゼ活性および/またはアミラーゼ活性を有する、請求項1または2に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(1)が、キャッサバ粕を酵素加水分解して得られる糖化液を固液分離する工程である、請求項1または2に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記固液分離がプレスろ過である、請求項5に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- 前記工程(1)の固液分離で得られる糖化液の濁度が300NTU以下である、請求項5に記載の糖液の製造方法。
- キャッサバ粕由来グルコースおよび重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daのキャッサバ粕由来高分子成分を含み、示差屈折検出器を用いたプルランを標準物質とするゲルろ過クロマトグラフ分析での全ピークの面積における重量平均分子量10,000~20,000Daのキャッサバ粕由来高分子成分のピークの面積比率が0.1~2%である、糖液。
- さらに重量平均分子量10,000未満のキャッサバ粕由来成分を含み、示差屈折検出器を用いたプルランを標準物質とするゲルろ過クロマトグラフ分析での全ピークの面積における重量平均分子量10,000未満のキャッサバ粕由来成分のピークの面積比率が98~99.9%である、請求項8に記載の糖液。
- グルコース濃度が80g/L以上である、請求項8または9に記載の糖液。
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| WO2012111794A1 (ja) * | 2011-02-18 | 2012-08-23 | 東レ株式会社 | 糖液の製造方法 |
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| WO2019189651A1 (ja) * | 2018-03-29 | 2019-10-03 | 東レ株式会社 | 精製糖液の製造方法 |
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| WO2010034220A1 (en) * | 2008-09-25 | 2010-04-01 | Cofco Limited | Method for producing ethanol from raw material containing cassava residues |
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