WO2024074794A1 - Procédé de recyclage d'une composition de polyamide usagée - Google Patents
Procédé de recyclage d'une composition de polyamide usagée Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024074794A1 WO2024074794A1 PCT/FR2023/051555 FR2023051555W WO2024074794A1 WO 2024074794 A1 WO2024074794 A1 WO 2024074794A1 FR 2023051555 W FR2023051555 W FR 2023051555W WO 2024074794 A1 WO2024074794 A1 WO 2024074794A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/06—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers without chemical reactions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J11/00—Recovery or working-up of waste materials
- C08J11/04—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers
- C08J11/06—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers without chemical reactions
- C08J11/08—Recovery or working-up of waste materials of polymers without chemical reactions using selective solvents for polymer components
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/141—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials
- B29C64/153—Processes of additive manufacturing using only solid materials using layers of powder being selectively joined, e.g. by selective laser sintering or melting
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
- C08K9/08—Ingredients agglomerated by treatment with a binding agent
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L77/00—Compositions of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L77/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2377/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2377/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2377/06—Polyamides derived from polyamines and polycarboxylic acids
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2477/00—Characterised by the use of polyamides obtained by reactions forming a carboxylic amide link in the main chain; Derivatives of such polymers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
- Y02P20/143—Feedstock the feedstock being recycled material, e.g. plastics
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/62—Plastics recycling; Rubber recycling
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a process for recycling a used polyamide composition into a polyamide powder having an increased gap between the melting temperature and the crystallization temperature (Tfi - T c ) of the polyamide powder.
- a large gap between the Tfi and the T c of a polyamide-based powder is useful in many uses, and in particular in the technology of powder agglomeration by fusion or sintering caused by radiation such as for example a laser beam (laser sintering), infrared radiation or UV radiation or any source of electromagnetic radiation allowing the powder to be melted to make objects.
- radiation such as for example a laser beam (laser sintering), infrared radiation or UV radiation or any source of electromagnetic radiation allowing the powder to be melted to make objects.
- the present invention also relates to the polyamide powders obtained according to this process.
- the technology of agglomeration of polyamide powders under a laser beam is used to manufacture three-dimensional objects such as prototypes and models, in various fields.
- a thin layer of polyamide powder is deposited on a horizontal plate held in an enclosure heated to a temperature located between the crystallization temperature T c and the melting temperature T of the polyamide powder.
- the laser agglomerates powder particles at different points of the powder layer according to a geometry corresponding to the object, for example using a computer having in memory the shape of the object and restoring the latter in the form of slices.
- the powder zones exposed to the laser solidify as soon as their temperature drops below the crystallization temperature Tc.
- we lower the horizontal plate by a distance corresponding to the thickness of a layer of powder then we deposit a new layer of powder and the laser agglomerates powder particles according to a geometry corresponding to this new slice of the object and so on. The procedure is repeated until the entire object has been made. An object surrounded by non-agglomerated powder is obtained inside the enclosure. Then we cool everything slowly.
- the temperature of the exposed zone is higher than the crystallization temperature (T c ) of the powder. But when the temperature drops too quickly below this temperature, for example by adding a new layer of colder powder, this causes deformation of the part being printed (“curling” phenomenon). Likewise, when the temperature of the powder in the machine gets too close to the melting temperature (Tn) of the powder, this causes a caking phenomenon around the parts, which manifests itself by the formation of powder clumps affecting the quality of the print.
- the difference T - T c of the powder determines the working temperature window of the device which serves to agglomerate the powder particles by fusion caused by radiation.
- This working window is defined by its upper temperature limit and its lower temperature limit.
- the upper limit of the working window corresponds to the temperature at which agglomeration or caking takes place.
- the lower limit of the working window corresponds to the temperature at which distortion or deformation or “curling” forms. It is desirable that this working window be greater than the temperature variation within 3D printing machines, which is generally of the order of +/-3°C.
- a high fusion enthalpy is advantageous in order to optimize the geometric definition of the manufactured parts. Indeed, if the latter is too low, the energy provided by the laser risks sintering, through thermal conduction, the powder particles surrounding the part under construction, which limits the geometric precision of the part obtained. It is clear that everything that has just been explained for the agglomeration of polyamide powders under a laser beam is valid whatever the electromagnetic radiation which causes the fusion, whether the fusion process is selective or non-selective.
- Document US 5,932,687 discloses a process for preparing a precipitated polyamide powder having a narrow particle distribution and low porosity. This process comprises a first step of cooling the polyamide previously dissolved in an alcohol solvent to a temperature Ti (higher than the precipitation temperature of the polyamide in the solvent) so as to obtain germination of the polyamide, followed by a second step cooling so as to obtain supersaturation of the medium and thus precipitation of the polyamide at a temperature T2. The suspension obtained is directly cooled and dried to recover the polyamide powder.
- the technology described produces a significant quantity of non-agglomerated but altered powder due to having undergone a temperature close to the Tfi for a substantial duration. It is interesting to recycle these powders in order to limit energy and resource consumption. Processes for recycling polyamides contained in used compositions, particularly from 3D printing waste, have been described.
- document CN 110483986 describes a process for recycling residual polyamide 12 powder after selective laser sintering.
- This process involves the solubilization of the powder to be recycled in an acid solution then the neutralization and atomization of this solution to obtain a recycled polyamide powder.
- This process specific to the treatment of waste in 3D printing, therefore involves treatment in an acidic environment, which is very aggressive with respect to polyamide.
- it does not make it possible to separate the polyamide from the other products present in the composition, and does not make it possible to control the physicochemical characteristics of the recycled polyamide powder, in particular its viscosity, its particle size or its thermal characteristics.
- it requires specific equipment and the management of acid solution flows makes it particularly cumbersome to implement.
- Document CN109810284 describes a process for dissolving polyamide 12 waste from 3D printing, using a composite solvent system comprising a mixture of hydrochloric, formic and acetic acid.
- a solid/liquid separation step is carried out hot before precipitating the polyamide by adding water as a non-solvent.
- this dissolution/precipitation process in an acidic environment is very aggressive with respect to the polyamide and also does not allow control of the physicochemical characteristics of the recycled powder.
- the management of acid solution flows also makes this process cumbersome to implement.
- the inventors have now developed a dissolution/precipitation process making it possible both to recycle used polyamide compositions and to effectively increase the difference T - T c of the recycled polyamides, by obtaining a monomodal fusion endotherm.
- the polyamide powders obtained are thus particularly advantageous for use in a powder agglomeration process by fusion using electromagnetic radiation, in particular in that they make it possible to widen the working window and therefore to improve the quality and/or definition of objects made from these powders.
- the recycling process according to the invention is easy to implement and does not require the use of acidic conditions. It also makes it possible to control the particle size of the powder, in particular its span factor, and to separate, at least partially, the polyamide from other compounds present in the used composition such as additives and fillers.
- the recycling process thus makes it possible to obtain a recycled polyamide powder with a high degree of purity, and whose thermal characteristics are improved compared to those of used polyamide.
- the object of the invention is to provide a process for recycling a used polyamide composition, into a recycled polyamide powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature (Tfi max ) , said method comprising the steps of i. bringing a used polyamide composition into contact with a solvent in order to obtain a mixture; ii. heating the mixture in order to solubilize the polyamide in the solvent; iii. cooling the mixture to the precipitation temperature (T P ) of the polyamide in said solvent, whereby a precipitated polyamide powder is obtained characterized by a non-monomodal melting endotherm and more than one melting temperature, (Tfi max ) being the highest melting temperature; and iv.
- the process according to the invention is a process: in which the solvent which is brought into contact with the polyamide is an alcohol, in particular a C1-C4 aliphatic alcohol, preferably ethanol; in which the heating of the mixture is carried out at a temperature of 100°C to 200°C, and preferably of 120°C to 160°C; and/or in which the heating of the mixture lasts from 1 to 6 hours, and preferably from 1 to 3 hours; in which the cooling of the mixture in step iii) is carried out at a rate of 1°C to 100°C per hour and preferably 10°C to 60°C per hour; in which the polyamide is polyamide 11, polyamide 6, or polyamide 10.10, or polyamide 10.12, or polyamide 6.10; in which the precipitation temperature T P of the polyamide is between 80°C and 130°C, in particular between 100 and 120°C; in which in step iv), the mixture is maintained at a temperature close to the
- the present invention also aims to provide a polyamide powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature (Tfi max ) capable of being obtained by the recycling process according to the invention.
- the powder has one or more of the following characteristics.
- the powder according to the invention is a polyamide powder: characterized in that it has a volume average diameter of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably comprised between 40 and 80 p.m.; characterized in that it has a diameter Dv10 greater than 5 pm, in particular between 10 and 70 pm, and preferably between 20 and 60 pm; characterized in that it has a diameter Dv90 less than 350 pm, in particular between 30 and 200 pm, and preferably between 50 and 150 pm; characterized in that it has a median diameter Dv50 of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably between 30 and 90 pm; characterized in that it has a span factor of between 0.1 and 1.5; preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 and more preferably between 0.5 and 1.0; in which the polyamide is polyamide 11; characterized in that it has a melting temperature (Tfi max ) of between 195 and 205°C; and/or
- the invention relates to a polyamide 11 powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature (Tfi max ) of between 195°C and 205°C furthermore having at least one of the following characteristics: a volume average diameter of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably between 40 and 80 pm; a diameter Dv10 greater than 5 pm, in particular between 10 and 70 pm, and preferably between 20 and 60 pm; a median volume diameter Dv50 of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably between 30 and 90 pm; a diameter Dv90 less than 350 pm, in particular between 30 and 200 pm, and preferably between 50 and 150 pm; a span factor of between 0.1 and 1.5; preferably between 0.1 and 1 and more preferably between 0.5 and 1.0; an enthalpy of fusion greater than 100 J/g; and preferably between 110 and 160 J/g; and/or an inherent viscosity of between 0.8 and 1.8, and preferably
- the subject of the invention is a composition in powder form for 3D printing, in particular by laser sintering, comprising:
- the invention relates to a process for manufacturing polyamide objects by agglomeration of powder by fusion using electromagnetic radiation, the powder being as defined above.
- the invention relates to a manufactured article obtained by fusion using electromagnetic radiation of a powder or a composition according to the invention.
- the subject of the invention is the use of a method according to the invention to increase the difference (Tfi -Te) between the melting temperature (Tfi) and the crystallization temperature (T c ) d 'a polyamide.
- the invention relates to recycled mineral fillers capable of being obtained according to the recycling process according to the invention.
- the recycled mineral fillers are pre-coated with a polyamide powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature, capable of being obtained by the recycling process according to the invention.
- FIG. 1 represents an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (magnification x 120) of glass fibers, pre-coated with PA11, obtained at the end of the process according to inventive example 1.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- FIG. 2 represents an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (magnification x 240) of carbon fibers, pre-coated with PA11, obtained at the end of the process according to inventive example 2.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- used polyamide powder composition is meant a composition in powder form containing a polyamide possibly in association with other constituents, including in particular additives or fillers, resulting from an industrial transformation of a composition based on of polyamide, for example by extrusion, molding, typically by injection, or even 3D printing. It may in particular be a composition derived from used finished products, or from scrap or production waste generated during the process of transforming the polyamide-based composition.
- These used compositions are generally characterized by a partial degradation of the macromolecular chain of the polyamide which can be in a partially oxidized form and therefore include imide, and/or alcohol and/or primary amide functions which did not exist on the virgin polyamide. (before transformation and possibly use).
- polyamides are associated with other constituents such as stabilizers which may themselves have undergone degradation.
- the recycling process according to the invention advantageously makes it possible to separate the polyamide from the used compositions and from the other constituents and to obtain an almost pure polyamide powder.
- powder is intended to designate a solid material in finely divided form, generally in the form of particles of very small size, generally of the order of a few hundred micrometers or less.
- the powders are generally characterized by thermograms obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, English acronym for “Differential Scanning Calorimetry”) according to: a first heating, making it possible to characterize the melting phenomenon of the polyamide powder; cooling making it possible to characterize the phenomenon of crystallization of the polyamide material; a 2nd heating allowing the melting phenomenon of the polyamide material itself to be characterized.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- a “peak” designates the part of the thermogram obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, English acronym for “Differential Scanning”). Calorimetry”) which deviates from the baseline to reach a local maximum or local minimum and then returns to the baseline.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- Such a peak can indicate a first order transition (crystallization exotherm or fusion endotherm); a merger peak, within the meaning of the present description, may in particular comprise several peaks or shoulders before returning the signal to the baseline.
- a “baseline” designates the part of the thermogram recorded without any transition, in particular here without any first-order transition fusion or crystallization type.
- a virtual baseline can be determined: it is an imaginary line drawn across the transition zone, assuming that the heat due to the transition is zero.
- the virtual baseline can be drawn by interpolating the specimen baseline using a straight line; a “peak area” means the area bounded by the peak and the interpolated virtual baseline. It is compared to a transition enthalpy, expressed in J/g.
- the term “enthalpy of fusion” is intended to designate the heat necessary to melt the composition, corresponding to the area under the melting peak(s) on the thermogram, measured according to standard ISO 11357-3: 2018;
- melting temperature is understood to designate the temperature representative of the melting phenomenon during which the polyamide powder or the at least partially crystalline polyamide material passes into the viscous liquid state as measured according to the ISO 11357-3 standard. :2018. Unless otherwise indicated, it is more particularly the temperature corresponding to the maximum intensity of the melting peak measured by DSC. Thus, within the meaning of the present description, a melting peak, which would include several peaks or shoulders, would be associated with several melting temperatures, namely a melting temperature for each peak or shoulder.
- melting temperatures in 1st and 2nd heating we mean melting temperatures, noted respectively Tfi for 1st heating and Tf2, for 2nd heating, measured by DSC, according to standard ISO11357-3: 2018, and corresponding respectively to the maximum intensity of the signal of the melting peak in first heating and in second heating, both carried out with a temperature ramp of 20°C/min.
- Tfi melting temperatures
- Tfi max designates the highest melting temperature (Tfi) and corresponds to the unique melting temperature (Tfi) obtained at the end of step iv).
- crystallization temperature herein referred to as Te
- Te crystallization temperature
- the crystallization temperature corresponds more particularly to that measured during cooling after the first melting of the compound ( 1st heating) and before the second melting ( 2nd heating), the first melting making it possible to erase the thermal history of the compound. Unless otherwise indicated, this is the temperature of the crystallization peak, corresponding to the maximum signal intensity in DSC.
- T c corresponds to the highest crystallization temperature and it is this value which must be used in the calculation of the difference (Tfi - Tc).
- fusion endotherm of the polyamide powder, we mean the part of the thermogram obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) corresponding to the first melting of the polyamide powder, and which is characterized by a single and unique melting temperature. Tfi merger. In other words, the melting peak corresponding to the first heating includes only one peak. Conversely, a multimodal fusion endotherm is characterized by a melting peak in 1st heating having several peaks, i.e. several melting peak temperatures. Likewise, a fusion endotherm whose melting peak in 1st heating presents a shoulder would not be considered a monomodal endotherm within the meaning of the present description.
- precipitation temperature herein referred to as T P
- T P the temperature at which the mixture, formed by the polyamide and the solvent used in the process, goes from a homogeneous state to a heterogeneous state.
- the precipitation temperature is detected by using a temperature probe (PT100 type) coupled with a dynamic thermoregulation system (for example, a “small flower” system sold by the Huber company).
- PT100 type temperature probe
- dynamic thermoregulation system for example, a “small flower” system sold by the Huber company
- the value of this derivative is equal to the cooling speed programmed using the thermoregulation system before and after the precipitation phenomenon: exothermy induces a disturbance of the derivative which makes it possible to detect it.
- the temperature corresponding to the start of the disturbance of the derivative is assimilated to the precipitation temperature (T P ).
- Dv50 is understood to mean the value of the median diameter in volume of the powder particles so that the cumulative function of distribution of particle diameters weighted by their volume, equal to 50%.
- Dv10 and Dv90 are respectively the corresponding diameters so that the cumulative function of particle diameters, weighted by their volume, is equal to 10%, and respectively, to 90%.
- average diameter is understood to mean the value of the volume average diameter of the particles corresponding to the arithmetic average of the diameters of the particles weighted by their volume. This value is measured according to the ISO 13319-1: 2021 standard, for example on a Coulter counter multisizer 3 particle size analyzer.
- viscosity is understood to designate the inherent viscosity as measured in an Ubbelohde type viscometer according to standard ISO 307:2019, except when using m-cresol as a solvent and a temperature of 20°C. Inherent viscosity has the dimension of the reciprocal of a concentration and is equal to the natural logarithm of the relative viscosity, all divided by the concentration of polymer dissolved in the solvent.
- 3D printing is understood to refer to a technique aimed at producing parts by additive manufacturing, by selectively melting a powder using electromagnetic radiation such as a laser or infrared light.
- VOC means a volatile organic compound, that is to say an organic compound having a vapor pressure of 0.01 KPa or more at a temperature of 293.15 K, or having a corresponding volatility in the special conditions of use.
- the best known are butane, toluene, ethanol (90° alcohol), acetone and benzene.
- the invention thus aims to provide a process for recycling a used polyamide composition, into a recycled polyamide powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature (Tfi max ), said process comprising the steps of i. bringing a used polyamide composition into contact with a solvent in order to obtain a mixture; ii. heating the mixture in order to solubilize the polyamide in the solvent; iii. cooling the mixture to the precipitation temperature (T P ) of the polyamide in said solvent, whereby a precipitated polyamide powder is obtained characterized by a non-monomodal melting endotherm and more than one melting temperature, (Tfi max ) being the highest melting temperature; and iv.
- polyamide within the meaning of the invention is meant the condensation products of lactams, amino acids or diamine.diacid couples. It may be a homopolymer, that is to say a polymer resulting from the condensation of the same repeating unit, that is to say the same monomer, or else a copolymer resulting from the condensation of at least two repeating units, that is to say two different monomers, called “co-monomers”, that is to say at least one monomer and at least one co-monomer (different monomer of the first monomer) to form a copolymer such as a copolyamide (abbreviated CoPA), as defined below.
- CoPA copolyamide
- copolyamide By copolyamide (abbreviated CoPA), is meant the polymerization products of at least two different monomers chosen from: monomers of the amino acid or aminocarboxylic acid type, and preferably alpha, omega-aminocarboxylic acids; lactam type monomers; pairs of monomers of the “diamine.diacid” type resulting from the reaction between a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid; And their mixtures, with monomers with different carbon numbers in the case of mixtures between an amino acid type monomer and a lactam type monomer.
- monomers of the amino acid or aminocarboxylic acid type and preferably alpha, omega-aminocarboxylic acids
- lactam type monomers pairs of monomers of the “diamine.diacid” type resulting from the reaction between a diamine and a dicarboxylic acid
- monomers with different carbon numbers in the case of mixtures between an amino acid type monomer and a lactam type monomer.
- These monomers can be linear or branched or substituted where appropriate.
- the polyamide is a homopolymer.
- the polyamide comes from the condensation of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acid, in particular containing from 4 to 36 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 18 carbon atoms, and an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic diamine or aromatic, in particular containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from 6 to 14 carbon atoms.
- dicarboxylic acids mention may be made of 1,4-cyclohexyldicarboxylic acid, butanedioic acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedicarboxylic acid, octadecanedicarboxylic acid, terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid, but also dimerized fatty acids.
- diamines examples include tetramethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, 1,10-decamethylenediamine, dodecamethylenediamine, trimethylhexamethylenediamine, isomers of bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane (BACM), bis(3-methyl-4- aminocyclohexyl)methane (BMACM), 2,2-bis(3-methyl-4-aminocyclohexyl)propane (BMACP), para-aminodicyclohexylmethane (PACM), isophoronediamine (IPDA), 2,6-bis(aminomethyl)norbornane (BAMN) and piperazine (Pip).
- BCM bis(4-aminocyclohexyl)methane
- BMACM bis(3-methyl-4- aminocyclohexyl)methane
- BMACP 2,2-bis(3-methyl-4-aminocyclohexyl)propan
- the polyamide is chosen from PA 4.6, PA 4.10, PA 4.12, PA 4.14, PA 4.18, PA 6.10, PA 6.12, PA 6.14, PA 6.18, PA 9.12, PA 10.10, PA 10.12, PA 10.14 and PA 10.18.
- PA notation X.Y X represents the number of carbon atoms derived from diamine residues and Y represents the number of carbon atoms derived from diacid residues, as is conventional.
- the polyamide is chosen from polyamide 11, polyamide 6, polyamide 10.10, polyamide 10.12, or polyamide 6.10.
- the polyamide is PA 11.
- a used polyamide composition that is to say a used composition comprising “at least one” polyamide, is brought into contact with a solvent in order to obtain a mixture.
- only one polyamide is used in the process.
- such a mixture comprises a majority polyamide, representing in particular more than 80% by weight of the total weight of polyamides used in step i), so as to obtain coprecipitation of the mixture of polyamides.
- the solvent which is brought into contact with the polyamide can be chosen from: ethanol, propanol, butanol, isopropanol, heptanol, formic acid, acetic acid, N- methylpyrrolidone, N-butylpyrrolidone, butyrolactam, caprolactam.
- the solvent which is brought into contact with the polyamide is a C1-C4 aliphatic alcohol, more preferably ethanol, and even more preferably technical quality ethanol with a purity of 96% (containing water and denatured with 2-butanone and propan-2-ol).
- the polyamide can have a weight fraction in the solvent of 0.01 to 0.30; and preferably from 0.1 to 0.3. It may in particular have a weight fraction of 0.01 to 0.05; 0.05 to 0.1; or from 0.1 to 0.15 or from 0.15 to 0.2; or from 0.2 to 0.25; or from 0.25 to 0.3.
- step ii) The mixture obtained is then heated in step ii) to solubilize the polyamide, that is to say until a homogeneous mixture is obtained.
- Heating of the mixture can in particular be carried out at a temperature between 100°C and 180°C, and preferably between 120°C and 160°C.
- the heating of the mixture can for example be carried out at a temperature of 100°C to 105°C; or from 105°C to 110°C; or from 110°C to 115°C; or from 115°C to 120°C; or from 120°C to 125°C; or from 125°C to 130°C; or from 130°C to 135°C; or from 135°C to 140°C; or
- heating the mixture in particular maintaining the mixture at the dissolution temperature, can last from 1 to 6 hours, and preferably from 1 to 3 hours.
- heating the mixture can last from 1 hour to 1 hour and 30 minutes; or from 1 hour and 30 minutes to 2 hours; or from 2 hours to 2 hours and 30 minutes; or from 2 hours and 30 minutes to 3 hours; or from 3 hours to 3 hours and 30 minutes; or from 3 hours and 30 minutes to 4 hours; or from 4 hours to 4 hours and 30 minutes; or from 4 hours and 30 minutes to 5 hours; or from 5 a.m. to 5 hours and 30 minutes; or from 5 hours and 30 minutes to 6 hours.
- the heating comprises at least one step during which the temperature increases in order to reach a maximum temperature of between 100°C and 200°C, in particular between 120°C and 160°C.
- the heating comprises at least one step in which the temperature remains essentially constant at a value between 100°C and 200°C, in particular between 120°C and 160°C.
- step iii) the mixture is cooled in order to cause the precipitation of the polyamide in powder form.
- the precipitation temperature ( TP ) can vary for the same polyamide depending on the solvent. Likewise, for the same solvent, it can vary depending on the polyamide. In fact, the precipitation of the polyamide is accompanied by a release of heat leading to a slight increase in the internal temperature. At the end of the precipitation there is no longer any heat release and the internal temperature drops to its set temperature.
- This precipitation temperature can be between 80°C and 130°C, in particular between 100 and 120°C, in particular when the solvent is a C1-C4 aliphatic alcohol.
- This cooling can be carried out up to a temperature greater than or equal to 50°C.
- cooling can for example be carried out up to a temperature of 50°C.
- the cooling can for example be carried out up to a temperature ranging from 50°C to 60°C; or from 60°C to 70°C; or from 70°C to 80°C; or from 80°C to 90°C; or from 90°C to 100°C; or from 100°C to 110°C; or from 110°C to 120°C; or from 120°C to 130°C.
- this cooling can be carried out at a speed of between 1 and 100°C per hour, preferably between 10 and 60°C per hour, and more preferably between 20 and 50°C per hour.
- cooling can be carried out at a rate of 1 to 5°C per hour; 5 to 10°C per hour;
- a quantity of polyamide can be introduced in step i) of loading the raw materials.
- this quantity of polyamide is less than or equal to 20% by mass, and preferably less than or equal to 10% by mass relative to the total mass of polyamide used in step i).
- the polyamide may be identical or different to that solubilized in the solvent, preferably identical.
- the polyamide can in particular be chosen from polyamide 11, polyamide 6, polyamide 10.10, polyamide 10.12 and polyamide 6.10.
- the added quantity of polyamide can represent 0.1% to 1% by mass; or from 1% to 2% by mass; or from 2% to 3% by mass; or from 3% to 4% by mass; or from 4% to 5% by mass; or from 5% to 8% by mass; or from 8% to 12% by mass; or from 12% to 16% by mass; or from 16% to 20% by mass of the polyamide relative to the total mass of polyamide used in step i).
- Step iii) is advantageously carried out with stirring.
- the stirring speed makes it possible to control the volume average diameter of the particles.
- the stirring speed increases, the average diameter of the polyamide particles decreases. Conversely, the more the stirring speed decreases, the more the average diameter of the polyamide particles increases.
- a precipitation phase then begins.
- the start of this precipitation phase corresponds to the start of step iv) of the process according to the invention.
- step iv) the mixture is then maintained at a temperature, close to this precipitation temperature (T P ) of the polyamide in the solvent, at most equal and in particular included in the range from -0.1 ° C. at -15°C from this precipitation temperature, and this for a sufficient time to allow a precipitated polyamide powder to be obtained having a monomodal melting endotherm and an increased melting temperature.
- the process includes in step iv) a temperature stage during which the temperature is kept constant for a duration t. More particularly, the temperature is kept constant throughout the duration of the polyamide precipitation phase, namely a period ti, then for an additional duration t2 making it possible to perfect the crystal lattice of the precipitated polyamide and thus obtain a polyamide powder. having a monomodal melting endotherm and an increased melting temperature.
- the duration ti is generally much less than the duration t2 so that the total duration t of the temperature level is generally very close to t2.
- the additional time required to obtain a monomodal fusion endotherm can be determined by analyzing samples taken at different differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) intervals according to the ISO11357-3 standard.
- DSC differential scanning calorimetry
- the inventors were able to observe by DSC, in the 1st heating, the obtaining of an endotherm of bimodal melting, characterized by two distinct melting temperatures.
- the inventors were able to observe the transformation of the bimodal fusion endotherm of polyamide particles into a fusion endotherm monomodal, resulting on the DSC thermogram by the disappearance of the peak associated with the lowest melting temperature, in favor of the peak associated with the highest melting temperature.
- this temperature level of a total duration ti+t2 therefore makes it possible both to increase the T -Te difference but also to obtain a monomodal fusion endotherm.
- the mixture in step iv), is maintained at a constant temperature for a duration t2, of at least 2 hours, in particular between 3 and 12 hours, preferably at least 4 hours, in particular included between 4 and 12 hours, from the end of the polyamide precipitation.
- This additional duration after the end of the precipitation of the polyamide can be 2 to 3 hours; or 3 to 4 hours; or 4 to 5 hours; or 5 to 6 hours; or 6 to 7 hours; or from 7 to 8 a.m. or from 8 to 9 a.m.; or from 9 to 10 a.m.; or from 10 to 11 a.m.; or from 11 to 12 a.m.
- the mixture in step iv), is maintained at a constant temperature for a period t of at least 2 hours, in particular between 3 and 12 hours, preferably at least 4 hours, in particular between 4 and 12 hours, from the start of the precipitation of the polyamide.
- This duration from the start of the precipitation of the polyamide can be 2 to 3 hours; or 3 to 4 hours; or 4 to 5 hours; or 5 to 6 hours; or 6 to 7 hours; or from 7 to 8 a.m. or from 8 to 9 a.m.; or from 9 to 10 a.m.; or from 10 to 11 a.m.; or from 11 to 12 a.m.
- the precipitated polyamide particles are recovered from the mixture in the form of a powder in step v) by conventional solid-liquid separation means.
- This step generally includes cooling the mixture obtained so as to be able to drain the reactor, and thus separate, in particular by filtration, the precipitated polyamide particles obtained from the solvent.
- the process for manufacturing the polyamide powder may also include a step of drying vi) the polyamide powder obtained in step iv) or recovered in step v).
- the drying step can for example be carried out in a stirred or rotary dryer.
- drying can be carried out at a temperature of 10°C to 150°C, in particular 50°C to 100°C, preferably 25°C to 85°C, and more preferably 70°C. C at 80°C. Drying can for example be carried out at a temperature of 10°C to 20°C; or from 20°C to 30°C; or from 30°C to 40°C; or from 40°C to 50°C; or from 50°C to 60°C; or from 60°C to 70°C; or from 70°C to 80°C; or from 80°C to 90°C; or from 90°C to 100°C; or from 100°C to 110°C; or from 110°C to 120°C; or from 120°C to 130°C; or from 130°C to 140°C; or from 140°C to 150°C; or from 150°C to 160°C.
- the drying can be carried out under vacuum at a pressure less than 100 mbar, preferably less than 50 mbar.
- drying can be carried out at a pressure of 1 to 10 mbar; or 10 to 20 mbar; from 20 to 30 mbar; from 30 to 40 mbar; from 40 to 50 mbar; from 50 to 60 mbar; from 60 to 70 mbar; from 70 to 80 mbar; from 80 to 90 mbar; from 90 to 100 mbar; from 100 to 150 mbar; from 150 to 200 mbar; from 200 to 250 mbar; or 250 to 300 mbar; or from 300 to 500 mbar; or from 500 to 700 mbar; or from 700 mbar to less than 1 bar (in absolute pressure).
- drying can be carried out at atmospheric pressure.
- drying the organic solvent promotes the elimination of VOCs possibly present in the initial used composition.
- step v) The particles recovered in step v), optionally dried in step vi), can optionally be subjected to a step vii) aimed at separating them from the inorganic materials, in particular in the form of fillers, possibly present in the used polyamide composition. implemented in step i).
- mineral fillers that may be present in used polyamide compositions, mention may be made of hollow balls, fibers, for example glass or carbon fibers, talc, carbon black, nanotubes, carbon or not. .
- Mineral fillers can be separated from polyamide by taking advantage of density differences. For example, this separation can be carried out by decantation, using cyclones, etc.
- the precipitated polyamide particles separated from the mineral fillers by a conventional means such as by decanting the mixture in a suitable liquid, for example a mixture of water and glycerol, can be recovered at the end of step vii). They can optionally be dried under conditions similar to those of step v).
- Polyamide powder and mineral fillers can be recovered and reused separately.
- the mineral fillers, such as fibers, recovered at the end of step vii) are covered with crystallized polyamide which makes them particularly compatible with a polymer matrix for use as a filler in a subsequent use.
- the invention relates to the mineral fillers capable of being obtained according to the recycling process described above, in particular according to steps i) to vii).
- the mineral fillers possibly present in the used polyamide composition can be separated and recovered before precipitation of the polyamide, in particular before step iii). Indeed, during step i), the polyamide is generally solubilized in the solvent while the mineral fillers remain in suspension. These can then be separated and recovered by conventional solid-liquid separation techniques, such as for example by filtration.
- the invention relates to a polyamide powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature (Tfi max ) capable of being obtained by the recycling process as described above.
- the polyamide powder has an inherent viscosity of 0.8 to 1.7, and preferably 1.0 to 1.5.
- the powder can for example have an inherent viscosity of 0.8 to 0.9; or from 0.9 to 1.0; or from 1.0 to 1.1; or from 1.1 to 1.2; or from 1.2 to 1.3; or from 1.3 to 1.4; or from 1.4 to 1.5; or from 1.5 to 1.6; or from 1.6 to 1.7.
- the inherent viscosity is expressed in (g/100 g) -1 .
- the inherent viscosity is measured using a micro-Ubbelohde tube. The measurement is carried out at 20°C on a sample of 75 mg of powder at a concentration of 0.5% (m/m) in m-cresol. Inherent viscosity is expressed in (g/100 g) -1 and is calculated according to the following formula:
- the precipitated polyamide powder may have a crystallization temperature (T c ) of 100°C to 200°C, and preferably of 130°C to 180°C.
- the polyamide powder can in particular have a crystallization temperature of 100°C to 110°C; or from 110°C to 120°C; or from 120°C to 130°C; or from 130°C to 140°C; or from 140°C to 150°C; or from 150°C to 160°C; or from 160°C to 170°C; or from 170°C to 180°C; or from 180°C to 190°C; or from 190°C to 200°C.
- the polyamide powder has an enthalpy of fusion greater than or equal to 60 J/g, preferably greater than or equal to 100 J/g.
- This enthalpy of fusion can for example be 60 to 80 J/g; or 80 to 100 J/g; or 100 to 110 J/g; or 110 to 120 J/g; or 120 to 130 J/g; or 130 to 140 J/g; or 140 to 150 J/g; or 150 to 160 J/g.
- the polyamide powder may have a melting temperature Tfi of between 130°C and 260°C, and preferably between 160°C and 210°C.
- the polyamide powder can in particular have a melting temperature of 130°C to 140°C; or from 140°C to 150°C; or 150°C at 160°C; or from 160°C to 170°C; or from 170°C to 180°C; or from 180°C to 190°C; or from 190°C to 200°C; or from 200°C to 210°C; or from 210°C to 220°C; or from 220°C to 230°C; or from 230°C to 240°C; or from 240°C to 250°C; or from 250°C to 260°C.
- the melting temperature (Tfi) of the precipitated polyamide powder is determined during the first heating as explained previously. According to the process of the invention, a single melting temperature of the polyamide is observed at the end of the temperature level at the end of step iv).
- the polyamide powder may have an apparent specific surface area of 0.1 to 50 m 2 /g, and preferably 1 to 10 m 2 /g.
- the precipitated polyamide powder can therefore have a specific surface area of 0.1 to 1 m 2 /g; or from 1 to 5 m 2 /g; or 5 to 10 m 2 /g; or 10 to 20 m 2 /g; or 20 to 30 m 2 /g; or 30 to 50 m 2 /g.
- the apparent specific surface area (SSA) is measured according to the BET (BRUNAUER-EMMET-TELLER) method, known to those skilled in the art.
- the specific surface area measured according to the BET method corresponds to the surface porosity of the powder , that is to say it includes the surface formed by the pores on the surface of the particles.
- the polyamide powder obtained according to the process of the invention is characterized in that it has: a volume average diameter of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably comprised between 40 and 80 p.m.; a diameter Dv10 greater than 5 pm, in particular between 10 and 70 pm, and preferably between 20 and 60 pm; a median volume diameter Dv50 of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably between 30 and 90 pm; a diameter Dv90 less than 350 pm, in particular between 30 and 200 pm, and preferably between 50 and 150 pm; a span factor of between 0.1 and 1.5; and preferably between 0.5 and 1.0; an enthalpy of fusion greater than 60 J/g; and preferably between 100 and 160 J/g an inherent viscosity between 0.5 to 2.0, and preferably between 1.0 to 1.5.
- the polyamide powder having a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature (Tfi max ) capable of being obtained by the recycling process is characterized in that it has a span factor comprised between 0.1 and 1.5, preferably between 0.1 and 1.0 and more preferably between 0.5 and 1.0.
- the invention relates to a polyamide 11 powder characterized in that it has a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature in 1st heating Tfi equal to Tfi max between 195°C and 205°C , in particular around 200°C and/or a crystallization temperature T c of between 150 and 165°C, in particular around 158°C.
- the polyamide powder 11 is in particular a powder characterized by one or more of the following characteristics, preferably by all of the following characteristics: a volume average diameter of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably comprised between 40 and 80 p.m.; a diameter Dv10 greater than 5 pm, in particular between 10 and 70 pm, and preferably between 20 and 60 pm; a median volume diameter Dv50 of between 10 and 200 pm, in particular between 20 and 100 pm, and preferably between 30 and 90 pm; a diameter Dv90 less than 350 pm, in particular between 30 and 200 pm, and preferably between 50 and 150 pm; a span factor of between 0.1 and 1.5; and preferably between 0.5 and 1.0. an enthalpy of fusion greater than 100 J/g; and preferably between 110 and 160 J/g, an inherent viscosity of between 0.8 to 1.8, and preferably between 1.0 to 1.5.
- the polyamide powder 11 is characterized in that it has a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature in 1st heating Tfi equal to Tfi max between 195°C and 205°C, and a span factor between 0.1 and 1.5, preferably between 0.1 and 1 and more preferably between 0.5 and 1.0.
- Composition in powder form for 3D printing, in particular by selective laser sintering is characterized in that it has a monomodal melting endotherm and a single melting temperature in 1st heating Tfi equal to Tfi max between 195°C and 205°C, and a span factor between 0.1 and 1.5, preferably between 0.1 and 1 and more preferably between 0.5 and 1.0.
- the invention relates to a composition in powder form for 3D printing, in particular by selective laser sintering comprising a polyamide powder as defined above, in association with one or more usual fillers or additives, c 'that is to say adapted to 3D printing technologies.
- This composition is advantageously ready to use.
- This composition may include additives which contribute to improving the processing properties of the powder for its use in 3D printing technologies.
- the additives generally represent less than 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition. Preferably, the additives represent less than 1% by weight of the total weight of the composition.
- the additives we can cite flow agents, stabilizing agents (light, in particular UV, and heat), optical brighteners, dyes, pigments, energy absorbing additives (including UV absorbers) .
- the flow agent represents 0.01 to 0.5% by weight relative to the total weight of composition.
- the composition comprises 0.1 to 0.4% by weight of flow agent.
- the composition may also include one or more fillers, making it possible in particular to improve the mechanical properties (breaking stress and elongation at breaking) of the parts obtained by 3D printing.
- the fillers generally represent less than 50% by weight, and preferably less than 40% by weight, relative to the total weight of final powder.
- reinforcing fillers in particular mineral fillers such as carbon black, talc, nanotubes, carbon or not, fibers (glass, carbon, etc.), crushed or not.
- the additives or fillers may be mixed with the polyamide before the process of manufacturing the polyamide powder, during the process of manufacturing the polyamide powder (for example, in step i) before dissolving the polyamide or in step iv) after precipitation), or after the polyamide powder manufacturing process.
- the additives are introduced after the manufacturing process of the polyamide powder, by mixing between the polyamide powder and said additives.
- the composition may comprise polyamide in a proportion by weight preferably greater than or equal to 80%, or 81%, or 82%, or 83%, or 84%, or 85%, or 86%, or 87%, or 88%, or 89%, or 90%, or 91%, or 92%, or 93%, or 94%, or 95%, or 96%, or 97 %, or 98%, or 99%, or 99.1%, or 99.2%, or 99.3%, or 99.4%, or 99.5%, or 99.6%, or 99.7 %, or 99.8%, or 99.9%, or 99.91%, or 99.92%, or 99.93%, or 99.94%, or 99.95%, or 99.96%, or 99.97%, or 99.98%, or 99.99%.
- the polyamide contained in the composition is polyamide 11.
- polyamide 11 has a melting temperature (Tfi) of between 185°C and 205°.
- the difference between the melting temperature (Tn) and the crystallization temperature (T c ) of polyamide 11 is between 35 and 45°C.
- the invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a polyamide object by agglomeration of powder by fusion using electromagnetic radiation, the powder being a polyamide powder or a composition in powder form as defined above.
- Electromagnetic radiation can be infrared, ultraviolet or visible radiation. Preferably, it is laser radiation (the manufacturing process is then called “selective laser sintering").
- construction temperature designates the temperature to which the powder bed, of a constituent layer of a three-dimensional object under construction, is heated during the layer-by-layer sintering process of the powder. This temperature is chosen within the gap T - T c of the polyamide powder resulting from the manufacturing process, preferably between Tfi - 5°C and Tc + 5°C, and more preferably between T - 10° C and Tc + 10°C.
- the electromagnetic radiation then provides the energy necessary to sinter the powder particles at different points of the powder layer according to a geometry corresponding to an object (for example using a computer having in memory the shape of an object and reproducing this shape in the form of slices).
- the horizontal plate is lowered by a distance corresponding to the thickness of a layer of powder, and a new layer is deposited.
- the thickness of a layer is typically between 0.05 and 2 mm, and generally of the order of 0.1 mm.
- the electromagnetic radiation provides the energy necessary to sinter the powder particles into a geometry corresponding to this new slice of the object and so on. The procedure is repeated until the item is crafted.
- Powders are used in the agglomeration process by fusion or sintering. These powders can have a volume average diameter of 10 ⁇ m up to 200 ⁇ m and advantageously have a volume average diameter of between 20 and 100 ⁇ m.
- the volume average diameter is between 40 and 80 ⁇ m.
- the invention also relates to a manufactured article, in particular by 3D printing, obtained by sintering using electromagnetic radiation of a powder as previously described.
- This article can be chosen from prototypes and models, particularly in the automotive, nautical, aeronautics, aerospace, medical (prostheses, hearing systems, cellular tissues, etc.), textile, clothing, fashion, decoration fields. , boxes for electronics, telephony, home automation, computing, lighting.
- the invention also relates to the use of a manufacturing process as previously described to increase the difference (Tfi -Te) between the melting temperature (Tfi) and the crystallization temperature (Te ) of a polyamide.
- the particle size of the powders was characterized by measuring the particle size distribution on a Coulter Counter-Multisizer 3 device (Beckmann Coulter) in application of standard ISO 13319-1:2021. From this, the volume average diameter as well as the diameters Dv10, Dv50 and Dv90 were determined. The span value is calculated from these volume average diameters.
- the acidity (similar to the concentration at the COOH chain end of the polyamide) and the basicity (similar to the concentration at the NH2 chain end of the polyamide) are measured by potentiometry.
- Acidity is measured using the following method: a sample of polyamide is dissolved in benzyl alcohol at a concentration of 0.6% by mass; then, this sample is measured potentiometrically with a 0.02N solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide.
- the basicity is measured according to the following method: a sample of polyamide is dissolved in meta-cresol at a concentration of 0.6% by mass; then, this sample is potentiometrically dosed with a 0.02N perchloric acid solution.
- Example 1 Recycling of a used polyamide composition containing glass fibers
- Tfi - T c is now equal to 43°C.
- Example 2 Recycling of a used polyamide composition containing carbon fibers
- Rilsan® BSR30 grade Offcuts and cores recovered following the injection of Rilsan® BSR30 grade were previously coarsely crushed to be more easily handled. Their composition is as follows: 70 wt% partially oxidized PA11 and 30 wt% carbon fibers (and residues of antioxidants and carbon black).
- the difference Tfi - T c is now equal to 42°C.
- Example 3 Recycling of a used polyamide composition polluted by VOCs
- Used tubes were taken from gasoline-type lines during the dismantling of various vehicles. These tubes were originally obtained by extrusion of Rilsan® BESN Black P20 TL grade. They have previously been roughly crushed to be more easily handled. These used PA11 tubes contain 4% by weight of VOCs (mainly gasoline, toluene, xylene, and tri-methylbenzene). The content is determined by thermogravimetric analysis and the composition by gas chromatographic analysis.
- VOCs mainly gasoline, toluene, xylene, and tri-methylbenzene
- the VOC content of PA11 powder is now 0.35% by mass (mainly consisting of ethanol with traces of pollutants ⁇ 0.1% by mass).
- the dissolution/precipitation process in ethanol therefore seems capable of extracting pollutants from PA11 and then eliminating them by entrainment during vacuum drying.
- the difference Tfi - T c is now equal to 40°C.
- Example 3 In addition to recovering a powder directly usable in 3D printing, the drying of Example 3 according to the invention advantageously consumes less energy to eliminate VOCs.
- Example 45 (comparative) according to US 2008/0166496
- a diamine-terminated PA 11 is prepared by polymerization of 250 g of 11-aminoundecanoic acid in the presence of 1.25 g of 4, 4'-diaminocyclohexylmethane (PACM, mixture of isomers).
- the polyamide 11 obtained has an inherent viscosity of 1.42 associated with a concentration of COOH groups at the end equal to 19 mmol/kg and of NH2 groups at the end of the chain equal to 67 mmol/kg.
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Abstract
Description
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Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| JP2025519921A JP2025533885A (ja) | 2022-10-05 | 2023-10-05 | 使用済みポリアミド組成物のリサイクル方法 |
| KR1020257014714A KR20250115988A (ko) | 2022-10-05 | 2023-10-05 | 사용된 폴리아미드 조성물을 재활용하는 방법 |
| EP23793924.4A EP4598990A1 (fr) | 2022-10-05 | 2023-10-05 | Procédé de recyclage d'une composition de polyamide usagée |
| CN202380070955.1A CN119998368A (zh) | 2022-10-05 | 2023-10-05 | 用于再循环使用过的聚酰胺组合物的方法 |
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| FRFR2210209 | 2022-10-05 | ||
| FR2210209A FR3140628A1 (fr) | 2022-10-05 | 2022-10-05 | Procédé de recyclage d’une composition de polyamide usagée |
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| WO2024074794A1 true WO2024074794A1 (fr) | 2024-04-11 |
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| US7550516B2 (en) * | 2001-05-10 | 2009-06-23 | Interface, Inc. | Method for extracting nylon from waste materials |
| US20130274435A1 (en) * | 2012-04-11 | 2013-10-17 | Wolfgang DIEKMANN | Polymer powder with modified melting behaviour |
| CN105440663B (zh) * | 2014-08-07 | 2018-08-24 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | 一种选择性激光烧结用尼龙微粉的制备方法 |
| CN109810284A (zh) | 2019-02-02 | 2019-05-28 | 上海泽复环境工程有限公司 | 一种利用复合溶剂体系溶解尼龙12废料的方法 |
| CN110483986A (zh) | 2019-08-28 | 2019-11-22 | 贵州省冶金化工研究所 | 一种选择性激光烧结用尼龙12余粉的回收利用方法 |
| WO2022007359A1 (fr) * | 2020-07-06 | 2022-01-13 | 金发科技股份有限公司 | Poudre d'impression 3d et son procédé de préparation |
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- 2023-10-05 WO PCT/FR2023/051555 patent/WO2024074794A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2023-10-05 CN CN202380070955.1A patent/CN119998368A/zh active Pending
- 2023-10-05 EP EP23793924.4A patent/EP4598990A1/fr active Pending
- 2023-10-05 KR KR1020257014714A patent/KR20250115988A/ko active Pending
- 2023-10-05 JP JP2025519921A patent/JP2025533885A/ja active Pending
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| Publication number | Publication date |
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| FR3140628A1 (fr) | 2024-04-12 |
| KR20250115988A (ko) | 2025-07-31 |
| EP4598990A1 (fr) | 2025-08-13 |
| CN119998368A (zh) | 2025-05-13 |
| JP2025533885A (ja) | 2025-10-09 |
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