WO2023237967A1 - 二次電池 - Google Patents
二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023237967A1 WO2023237967A1 PCT/IB2023/055549 IB2023055549W WO2023237967A1 WO 2023237967 A1 WO2023237967 A1 WO 2023237967A1 IB 2023055549 W IB2023055549 W IB 2023055549W WO 2023237967 A1 WO2023237967 A1 WO 2023237967A1
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/582—Halogenides
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a product, a method, or a manufacturing method. Alternatively, the invention relates to a process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter.
- One embodiment of the present invention relates to a power storage device including a secondary battery, a semiconductor device, a display device, a light emitting device, a lighting device, an electronic device, or a manufacturing method thereof.
- electronic equipment refers to all devices that have a power storage device, and an electro-optical device that has a power storage device, an information terminal device that has a power storage device, etc. are all electronic devices.
- lithium ion secondary batteries lithium ion capacitors
- air batteries air batteries
- all-solid-state batteries lithium ion secondary batteries
- demand for high-output, high-capacity lithium-ion secondary batteries is rapidly expanding along with the development of the semiconductor industry, and they have become indispensable in today's information society as a source of rechargeable energy. .
- Patent Documents 1 to 3 positive electrode active materials included in positive electrodes of secondary batteries are being actively improved.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 Research on the crystal structure of positive electrode active materials has also been conducted.
- X-ray diffraction is one of the methods used to analyze the crystal structure of a positive electrode active material.
- XRD data can be analyzed by using ICSD (Inorganic Crystal Structure Database) introduced in Non-Patent Document 5.
- ICSD Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
- the lattice constant of lithium cobalt oxide described in Non-Patent Document 6 can be referred to from ICSD.
- the analysis program RIETAN-FP Non-Patent Document 7 can be used for the Rietveld method analysis.
- VESTA Non-Patent Document 8 can be used as crystal structure drawing software.
- Microelectron beam diffraction is also effective in identifying the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material, especially the crystal structure of the surface layer.
- the analysis program ReciPro can be used to analyze the electron beam diffraction pattern.
- Non-Patent Document 13 fluorides such as fluorite (calcium fluoride) have been used as fluxes in iron and steel manufacturing for a long time, and their physical properties have been studied (Non-Patent Document 13).
- Patent Document 14 describes the thermal stability of a positive electrode active material and an electrolyte.
- JP2019-179758A WO2020/026078 pamphlet JP2020-140954A
- Lithium ion secondary batteries still have room for improvement in various aspects such as discharge capacity, cycle characteristics, reliability, safety, and cost.
- Another object of one embodiment of the present invention is to provide a positive electrode active material, a composite oxide, a power storage device, or a manufacturing method thereof.
- one embodiment of the present invention provides lithium cobalt oxide having magnesium, nickel, and aluminum in the surface layer portion.
- nickel exists on a surface where a lithium diffusion path is exposed (also referred to as an edge surface or a surface other than the (001) surface of lithium cobalt oxide).
- the region containing magnesium and the region containing nickel overlap, connect, or connect on a plane other than the (001) plane, which is a plane in which lithium can be inserted and extracted, that is, on a plane other than the (001) plane.
- the (001) plane, the (003) plane, etc. are sometimes collectively referred to as the (00l) plane.
- the (00l) plane is sometimes referred to as a C-plane, a basal plane, etc.
- lithium cobalt oxide lithium has a two-dimensional diffusion path. In other words, it can be said that the diffusion path of lithium exists along the surface.
- a surface where a lithium diffusion path is exposed that is, a surface where lithium is intercalated and desorbed, that is, a surface other than the (001) plane may be referred to as an edge surface.
- the surface layer refers to the area from the surface to a certain depth inside.
- nickel exists particularly in a portion where the surface is an edge surface in the surface layer portion.
- Lithium in lithium cobalt oxide has a two-dimensional diffusion path. In other words, it can also be expressed that the lithium diffusion path follows the surface.
- the edge surface is a surface that is not parallel to the surface along which the lithium diffusion path follows, and is a surface that intersects with the surface along which the lithium diffusion path follows.
- one embodiment of the present invention preferably has fluorine in the surface layer.
- One embodiment of the present invention is a lithium ion secondary battery having a positive electrode, wherein the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material, the positive electrode active material has lithium cobalt oxide containing nickel and magnesium, and the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material.
- the detected amount of nickel in the surface layer of the active material is larger than the detected amount of nickel inside the positive electrode active material, and the detected amount of magnesium in the surface layer of the positive electrode active material is larger than the detected amount of magnesium inside the positive electrode active material.
- This is a lithium ion secondary battery in which the distribution of nickel and the distribution of magnesium overlap in the surface layer of the active material.
- nickel is preferably detected on a surface other than the (001) surface of lithium cobalt oxide in the surface layer of the positive electrode active material.
- the difference between the depth of the peak of the detected amount of nickel and the depth of the peak of the detected amount of magnesium in the surface layer of the positive electrode active material is preferably within 3 nm.
- the positive electrode active material contains aluminum
- the maximum value of the detected amount of aluminum is the maximum value of the detected amount of nickel and the maximum value of the detected amount of magnesium.
- the diffraction pattern is at least 2 ⁇ . It is preferable to have a peak at 19.13 or more and less than 19.37 and at 45.37° or more and less than 45.57°.
- the positive electrode active material preferably contains fluorine, and the amount of fluorine detected in the surface layer of the positive electrode active material is preferably larger than the amount of fluorine detected inside the positive electrode active material.
- a positive electrode active material or a composite oxide that can be used in a lithium ion secondary battery and suppresses a decrease in discharge capacity during charge/discharge cycles.
- a positive electrode active material or a composite oxide whose crystal structure does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging.
- a positive electrode active material or a composite oxide with a large discharge capacity can be provided.
- a highly safe or reliable secondary battery can be provided.
- a positive electrode active material a composite oxide, a power storage device, or a manufacturing method thereof can be provided.
- FIGS. 2A to 2C are examples of distributions of additive elements included in the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 3A is an example of the distribution of additive elements included in the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 3B is a diagram illustrating the distribution of additive elements.
- FIG. 4 is a phase diagram showing the relationship between the composition and temperature of lithium fluoride and magnesium fluoride.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating the results of DSC analysis.
- FIG. 6 is an example of a TEM image in which the crystal orientations are approximately the same.
- FIG. 7A is an example of a STEM image in which the crystal orientations are approximately the same.
- FIG. 7B is an FFT pattern of a region of rock salt type crystal RS, and FIG.
- FIG. 7C is an FFT pattern of a region of layered rock salt type crystal LRS.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating the crystal structure of a conventional positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating the charging depth and lattice constant of the positive electrode active material.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing an XRD pattern calculated from the crystal structure.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing an XRD pattern calculated from the crystal structure.
- FIGS. 13A and 13B are diagrams showing XRD patterns calculated from the crystal structure.
- 14A to 14C show lattice constants calculated from XRD.
- 15A to 15C show lattice constants calculated from XRD.
- FIGS. 26 is a graph showing the temperature rise of the secondary battery.
- FIGS. 27A and 27B are diagrams illustrating a nail penetration test.
- FIG. 28 is a graph showing the temperature rise of the secondary battery when an internal short circuit occurs.
- FIGS. 29A and 29B are HAADF-STEM images of the positive electrode active material.
- FIGS. 30A and 30B are microelectron diffraction patterns.
- FIGS. 31A and 31B are microelectron diffraction patterns.
- FIGS. 32A and 32B are microelectron diffraction patterns.
- 33A is a positive electrode active material HAADF-STEM image
- FIG. 33B is a cobalt mapping image
- FIG. 33C is an oxygen mapping image
- FIG. 33D is a magnesium mapping image
- FIG. 33A is a positive electrode active material HAADF-STEM image
- FIG. 33B is a cobalt mapping image
- FIG. 33C is an oxygen mapping image
- FIG. 33E is an aluminum mapping image
- FIG. 33F is a silicon mapping image.
- FIG. 34A is a diagram showing a scanning method of STEM-EDX-ray analysis
- FIG. 34B is a profile of STEM-EDX-ray analysis.
- FIG. 35 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 34B.
- FIG. 36 is a diagram excerpting a part of FIG. 35.
- FIG. 37 is a diagram excerpting a part of FIG. 35.
- FIGS. 38A and 38B are HAADF-STEM images of the positive electrode active material.
- FIGS. 39A and 39B are microelectron diffraction patterns.
- FIGS. 40A and 40B are microelectron diffraction patterns.
- FIGS. 41A and 41B are microelectron diffraction patterns.
- FIG. 42A is a positive electrode active material HAADF-STEM image
- FIG. 42B is a silicon mapping image
- FIG. 42C is a cobalt mapping image
- FIG. 42D is a magnesium mapping image
- FIG. 42E is an aluminum mapping image
- FIG. 42F is a nickel mapping image.
- FIG. 43A is a diagram showing a scanning method of STEM-EDX-ray analysis
- FIG. 43B is a profile of STEM-EDX-ray analysis.
- FIG. 44 is an enlarged view of a portion of FIG. 43B.
- FIG. 45 is a diagram excerpting a part of FIG. 44.
- FIG. 46 is a diagram excerpting a part of FIG. 44.
- FIG. 47 is a diagram excerpting a part of FIG. 44.
- FIG. 49 is an XRD pattern of the positive electrode active material after charging. 50A and 50B are enlarged XRD patterns of a portion of FIG. 49.
- FIG. 51 is an XRD pattern of the positive electrode active material after charging. 52A and 52B are XRD patterns in which a portion of FIG. 51 is enlarged.
- 53A and 53B are diagrams illustrating a nail penetration test device. 54A to 54C are diagrams showing the results of the nail penetration test. 55A to 55C are diagrams showing the results of the nail penetration test.
- FIG. 56 is a diagram showing the results of the DSC test.
- space groups are expressed using short notation in international notation (or Hermann-Mauguin symbol).
- crystal planes and crystal directions are expressed using Miller indices.
- Space groups, crystal planes, and crystal directions are expressed in terms of crystallography by adding a superscript bar to the number, but in this specification, etc., due to formatting constraints, instead of adding a bar above the number, they are written in front of the number. It is sometimes expressed by adding a - (minus sign) to it.
- the individual orientation that indicates the direction within the crystal is [ ]
- the collective orientation that indicates all equivalent directions is ⁇ >
- the individual plane that indicates the crystal plane is ( )
- the collective plane that has equivalent symmetry is ⁇ ⁇ .
- particles is not limited to only spherical shapes (circular cross-sectional shapes), but also includes particles whose cross-sectional shapes are elliptical, rectangular, trapezoidal, triangular, square with rounded corners, and asymmetrical. Examples include shape, and further, individual particles may be amorphous.
- the theoretical capacity of the positive electrode active material refers to the amount of electricity when all the lithium that can be intercalated and desorbed from the positive electrode active material is desorbed.
- the theoretical capacity of LiCoO 2 is 274 mAh/g
- the theoretical capacity of LiNiO 2 is 274 mAh/g
- the theoretical capacity of LiMn 2 O 4 is 148 mAh/g.
- the amount of lithium that can be intercalated and desorbed remaining in the positive electrode active material is indicated by x in the composition formula, for example, x in Li x CoO 2 .
- x (theoretical capacity ⁇ charge capacity)/theoretical capacity.
- LiCoO 2 charge capacity
- x 0.2.
- the charging capacity and/or discharging capacity used to calculate x in Li x CoO 2 is preferably measured under conditions where there is no or little influence of short circuits and/or decomposition of the electrolytic solution. For example, data from a secondary battery that has undergone a sudden change in capacity that appears to be a short circuit should not be used to calculate x.
- the space group of the crystal structure is identified by XRD, electron beam diffraction, neutron beam diffraction, etc. Therefore, in this specification and the like, belonging to a certain space group, belonging to a certain space group, or being a certain space group can be rephrased as identifying with a certain space group.
- Cubic close-packed anion arrangement means that the anions in the second layer are placed above the voids of the anions filled in the first layer, and the anions in the third layer are placed above the voids of the anions filled in the first layer. Refers to a state in which the anion is placed directly above the void and not directly above the anion in the first layer. Therefore, the anion does not have to be strictly in a cubic lattice. Furthermore, since actual crystals always have defects, the analysis results do not necessarily have to be as theoretical.
- a spot may appear at a position slightly different from the theoretical position. For example, if the orientation with respect to the theoretical position is 5 degrees or less, or 2.5 degrees or less, it can be said that the structure has a cubic close-packed structure.
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- the distribution of a certain element refers to a region in which the element is continuously detected in a non-noise range using a certain continuous analysis method.
- a region that is continuously detected in a non-noise range can also be said to be a region that is always detected when analysis is performed multiple times, for example.
- a positive electrode active material to which additive elements are added may be expressed as a composite oxide, a positive electrode material, a positive electrode material, a positive electrode material for secondary batteries, etc.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention preferably contains a compound.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention preferably has a composition.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention preferably has a composite.
- all particles do not necessarily have to have the characteristics. For example, if 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, more preferably 90% or more of three or more randomly selected positive electrode active material particles have the characteristic, it is sufficient to have the positive electrode active material and the same. It can be said that this has the effect of improving the characteristics of the secondary battery.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention has a stable crystal structure even at high voltage. Since the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is stable in the charged state, it is possible to suppress a decrease in charge/discharge capacity due to repeated charging/discharging.
- a short circuit in the secondary battery not only causes problems in the charging and/or discharging operation of the secondary battery, but also may cause heat generation and ignition.
- short current is suppressed even at high charging voltage. Therefore, it is possible to obtain a secondary battery that has both high discharge capacity and safety.
- ignition in the nail penetration test means that flame is observed outside the exterior body within one minute after the nail penetration test. Or, it means that thermal runaway of the secondary battery has occurred. For example, if the temperature rise of the secondary battery exceeds 130°C, it can be said that thermal runaway has occurred. The temperature at this time can be measured by a temperature sensor attached to the outer casing of the secondary battery. Furthermore, if a solid thermal decomposition product derived from the positive electrode and/or negative electrode is observed at a location 2 cm or more away from the nail penetration test after the nail penetration test, it can also be said that a fire has occurred.
- the materials included in the secondary battery will be described in terms of their state before deterioration.
- a decrease in discharge capacity due to aging treatment and burn-in treatment at the secondary battery manufacturing stage is not called deterioration.
- a lithium ion secondary cell or a lithium ion secondary assembled battery hereinafter referred to as a lithium ion secondary battery
- the rated capacity is based on JIS C 8711:2019 for lithium ion secondary batteries for portable devices. In the case of other lithium ion secondary batteries, they comply with not only the JIS standards mentioned above but also JIS and IEC standards for electric vehicle propulsion, industrial use, etc.
- the state of the materials of a secondary battery before deterioration is referred to as the initial product or initial state
- the state after deterioration discharge capacity of less than 97% of the rated capacity of the secondary battery
- the state in which the product is used is referred to as a used product or in-use state, or a used product or used state.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are cross-sectional views of a positive electrode active material 100 that is one embodiment of the present invention.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a surface layer portion 100a and an interior portion 100b.
- the boundary between the surface layer portion 100a and the interior portion 100b is indicated by a broken line.
- a part of the grain boundary 105 is shown by a dashed line.
- FIG. 1B shows a positive electrode active material 100 having a buried part 102. (001) in the figure indicates the (001) plane of lithium cobalt oxide.
- LiCoO 2 belongs to space group R-3m.
- the surface layer 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 is, for example, within 50 nm from the surface toward the inside, more preferably within 35 nm from the surface toward the inside, and still more preferably 20 nm from the surface toward the inside. most preferably refers to a region within 10 nm perpendicularly or substantially perpendicularly from the surface toward the inside. Note that "substantially perpendicular” is defined as 80° or more and 100° or less. Cracks and/or surfaces caused by cracks may also be referred to as surfaces.
- the surface layer portion 100a has the same meaning as near-surface, near-surface region, or shell.
- Interior 100b is synonymous with interior region or core.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 refers to the surface of the composite oxide including the surface layer portion 100a and the interior portion 100b. Therefore, the positive electrode active material 100 is made of materials to which metal oxides such as aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) that do not have lithium sites that can contribute to charging and discharging are attached, and carbonates chemically adsorbed after the production of the positive electrode active material. , hydroxyl group, etc. are not included.
- the deposited metal oxide refers to, for example, a metal oxide whose crystal structure does not match that of the interior 100b.
- electrolyte, organic solvent, binder, conductive material, or compounds derived from these that adhere to the positive electrode active material 100 are not included.
- the crystal grain boundaries 105 are, for example, areas where particles of the positive electrode active material 100 are fixed to each other, areas where the crystal orientation changes inside the positive electrode active material 100, or areas where repeating bright lines and dark lines in a STEM image etc. are discontinuous. This refers to areas where the crystal structure is disordered, areas with many crystal defects, areas where the crystal structure is disordered, etc. Crystal defects are defects that can be observed in cross-sectional TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) images, cross-sectional STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope) images, etc. misalignment, other atoms in the lattice It refers to a structure, cavity, etc. that has been penetrated.
- the grain boundary 105 can be said to be one of the planar defects. Further, the vicinity of the grain boundary 105 refers to a region within 10 nm from the grain boundary 105.
- the positive electrode active material 100 includes lithium, cobalt, oxygen, and additional elements.
- the positive electrode active material 100 includes lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO 2 ) to which an additive element is added.
- the positive electrode active material of a lithium ion secondary battery must contain a transition metal that is capable of redox. This is to maintain charge neutrality even when lithium ions are inserted and removed. It is preferable that the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention mainly uses cobalt as the transition metal responsible for the redox reaction. In addition to cobalt, at least one or two selected from nickel and manganese may be used. Among the transition metals contained in the positive electrode active material 100, if cobalt accounts for 75 at % or more, preferably 90 at % or more, and more preferably 95 at % or more, the positive electrode active material can be synthesized relatively easily and is easy to handle. Further, a secondary battery using the positive electrode active material has many advantages such as excellent cycle characteristics, and is therefore preferable.
- nickel such as lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ) accounts for the majority of the transition metals.
- the stability is better when x in Li x CoO 2 is small compared to complex oxides in which the amount of x in Li x CoO 2 is small. This is thought to be because cobalt is less affected by distortion due to the Jahn-Teller effect than nickel.
- the strength of the Jahn-Teller effect in transition metal compounds differs depending on the number of electrons in the d orbital of the transition metal.
- Layered rock-salt complex oxides such as lithium nickelate, in which octahedral-coordinated low-spin nickel (III) accounts for the majority of the transition metal, are strongly influenced by the Jahn-Teller effect, and are separated from the octahedral structure of nickel and oxygen. Distortion is likely to occur in the layers. Therefore, there is a growing concern that the crystal structure will collapse during charge/discharge cycles. Also, nickel ions are larger than cobalt ions and are close to the size of lithium ions. Therefore, in layered rock salt type composite oxides in which nickel accounts for the majority of the transition metal, such as lithium nickelate, there is a problem that cation mixing of nickel and lithium tends to occur.
- the additive elements included in the positive electrode active material 100 include magnesium, fluorine, nickel, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron, manganese, chromium, niobium, arsenic, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, bromine, and beryllium. It is preferable to use one or more selected ones. Moreover, the sum of transition metals among the additional elements is preferably less than 25 atom %, more preferably less than 10 atom %, and even more preferably less than 5 atom %.
- the positive electrode active material 100 includes lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium and fluorine are added, lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium, fluorine and titanium are added, lithium cobalt oxide to which magnesium, fluorine and aluminum are added, magnesium, fluorine and nickel. It can have added lithium cobalt oxide, lithium cobalt oxide added with magnesium, fluorine, nickel and aluminum, and the like.
- the additive element is dissolved in the positive electrode active material 100. Therefore, for example, when performing STEM-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) line analysis, the depth at which the amount of the added element increases is the depth at which the transition metal M is detected. It is preferable to be located at a deeper position, that is, located inside the positive electrode active material 100 than the depth at which the amount of the positive electrode active material 100 increases.
- EDX STEM-Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
- the depth at which the amount of a certain element detected in STEM-EDX line analysis increases is defined as the depth at which measurement values that can be determined not to be noise from the viewpoint of intensity, spatial resolution, etc. are continuously obtained. This refers to the depth at which it becomes like this.
- the additive element has the same meaning as a mixture or a part of raw materials.
- additive elements do not necessarily include magnesium, fluorine, nickel, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron, manganese, chromium, niobium, arsenic, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, bromine, or beryllium. .
- the positive electrode active material 100 is made substantially free of manganese, the above-mentioned advantages such as being relatively easy to synthesize, easy to handle, and having excellent cycle characteristics are further enhanced. It is preferable that the weight of manganese contained in the positive electrode active material 100 is, for example, 600 ppm or less, more preferably 100 ppm or less.
- Layered rock salt type composite oxides have high discharge capacity, have two-dimensional lithium ion diffusion paths, are suitable for lithium ion insertion/extraction reactions, and are excellent as positive electrode active materials for secondary batteries. Therefore, it is particularly preferable that the interior 100b, which occupies most of the volume of the positive electrode active material 100, has a layered rock salt crystal structure.
- FIG. 8 shows the layered rock salt type crystal structure with R-3m O3 attached.
- the coordinates of lithium, cobalt, and oxygen are Li (0, 0, 0), Co (0, 0, 0.5), and O (0, 0, 0.23951) (Non-Patent Document 6).
- the surface layer 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 is reinforced so that the layered structure made of octahedrons of cobalt and oxygen in the interior 100b will not be broken even if lithium is removed from the positive electrode active material 100 due to charging. It is preferable to have a function. Alternatively, it is preferable that the surface layer portion 100a functions as a barrier film for the positive electrode active material 100. Alternatively, it is preferable that the surface layer portion 100a, which is the outer peripheral portion of the positive electrode active material 100, reinforces the positive electrode active material 100.
- Reinforcement here refers to suppressing structural changes in the surface layer portion 100a and interior portion 100b of the positive electrode active material 100, such as desorption of oxygen and/or displacement of the layered structure consisting of an octahedron of cobalt and oxygen. and/or suppressing oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte on the surface of the positive electrode active material 100.
- the surface layer portion 100a has a crystal structure different from that of the interior portion 100b. Further, it is preferable that the surface layer portion 100a has a composition and crystal structure that are more stable at room temperature (for example, 25° C.) than the interior portion 100b. For example, it is preferable that at least a portion of the surface layer portion 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention has a rock salt crystal structure. Alternatively, the surface layer portion 100a preferably has both a layered rock salt type crystal structure and a rock salt type crystal structure. Alternatively, the surface layer portion 100a preferably has characteristics of both a layered rock salt type and a rock salt type crystal structure.
- the surface layer portion 100a is a region where lithium ions are first desorbed during charging, and is a region where the lithium concentration tends to be lower than that in the interior portion 100b. Further, it can be said that some of the bonds of the atoms on the surface of the particles of the positive electrode active material 100 included in the surface layer portion 100a are in a state of being broken. Therefore, the surface layer portion 100a tends to become unstable, and can be said to be a region where the crystal structure tends to deteriorate.
- the crystal structure of the layered structure made of octahedrons of cobalt and oxygen shifts in the surface layer 100a, the influence will be chained to the interior 100b, and the crystal structure of the layered structure will shift in the interior 100b as well, causing the entire cathode active material 100 to This is thought to lead to deterioration of the crystal structure.
- the surface layer 100a can be made sufficiently stable, even when x in Li x CoO 2 is small, for example, even when x is 0.24 or less, the layered structure consisting of cobalt and oxygen octahedrons in the inner layer 100b will be difficult to break. I can do it. Furthermore, it is possible to suppress misalignment of the octahedral layer of cobalt and oxygen in the interior 100b.
- the surface layer portion 100a preferably contains an additive element, and more preferably contains a plurality of additive elements. Further, it is preferable that the concentration of one or more selected additive elements is higher in the surface layer portion 100a than in the interior portion 100b. Further, it is preferable that one or more selected from the additive elements included in the positive electrode active material 100 have a concentration gradient. Further, it is more preferable that the distribution of the positive electrode active material 100 differs depending on the added element. For example, it is more preferable that the depth of the detected amount peak in the surface layer from the surface or a reference point in EDX-ray analysis described below differs depending on the added element. The peak of the detected amount here refers to the maximum value of the detected amount in the surface layer portion 100a or 50 nm or less from the surface. The detected amount refers to, for example, a count in EDX-ray analysis.
- FIG. 1A As an example of the depth direction of a crystal plane other than the (001) plane of lithium cobalt oxide in the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention, arrows X1-X2 are shown in FIG. 1A. Examples of profiles of each added element when EDX-ray analysis is performed along this arrow X1-X2 are shown in FIGS. 2A to 2C.
- the amount of at least magnesium and nickel among the added elements detected in the surface layer portion 100a is larger than that in the inner portion 100b. Furthermore, it is preferable that the detected amount has a narrow peak in a region closer to the surface within the surface layer portion 100a. For example, it is preferable that the detection amount peak is within 3 nm from the surface or the reference point. Moreover, it is preferable that the distributions of magnesium and nickel overlap.
- the peaks of the detected amounts of magnesium and nickel may be at the same depth, the peak of magnesium may be closer to the surface, and the peak of nickel may be closer to the surface as shown in FIG. 2B.
- the difference in depth between the peak of the detected amount of nickel and the peak of the detected amount of magnesium is preferably within 3 nm, and more preferably within 1 nm.
- the amount of nickel detected in the interior 100b may be very small compared to the surface layer 100a, or may not be detected, or may be less than 1 atomic %.
- the amount of fluorine detected in the surface layer 100a is larger than the amount detected inside, similar to magnesium or nickel. Moreover, it is preferable that the peak of the detected amount be in a region closer to the surface of the surface layer portion 100a. For example, it is preferable that the detection amount peak is within 3 nm from the surface or the reference point. Similarly, it is preferable that the amount of titanium, silicon, phosphorus, boron, and/or calcium detected in the surface layer portion 100a is larger than the amount detected inside. Moreover, it is preferable that the peak of the detected amount be in a region closer to the surface of the surface layer portion 100a. For example, it is preferable that the detection amount peak is within 3 nm from the surface or the reference point.
- At least aluminum has a detected amount peak inside the element compared to magnesium.
- the distributions of magnesium and aluminum may overlap as shown in FIG. 2A, or the distributions of magnesium and aluminum may not overlap as shown in FIG. 2C.
- the peak of the detected amount of aluminum may be present in the surface layer portion 100a or may be deeper than the surface layer portion 100a. For example, it is preferable to have a peak in a region of 5 nm or more and 30 nm or less from the surface or the reference point toward the inside.
- the distribution of aluminum may not be a normal distribution.
- the length of the hem may differ between the front side and the inside side. More specifically, as shown in FIG. 3B, the peak width at 1/5 height (1/5 Max Al ) of the maximum detected amount of aluminum (Max Al ) was lowered from the maximum value to the horizontal axis.
- the peak width Wc on the inside side may be larger than the peak width Ws on the front side.
- manganese like aluminum, has a detection peak within the range compared to magnesium.
- the additive elements do not necessarily have to have the same concentration gradient or distribution in all the surface layer portions 100a of the positive electrode active material 100.
- arrows Y1-Y2 are shown in FIG.
- An example of the profile of added elements along the arrow Y1-Y2 is shown in FIG. 3A.
- the (001) oriented surface may have a different distribution of additive elements from other surfaces.
- the (001) oriented surface and its surface layer portion 100a may have a lower detection amount of one or more selected additive elements than the surface other than the (001) oriented surface.
- the detected amount of nickel may be low.
- one or more selected from the additive elements may not be detected or the detected amount may be 1 atomic % or less.
- nickel may not be detected or may be 1 atomic % or less.
- the peak of the detected amount of one or more selected from the additive elements may be shallower from the surface than in a surface with a non-(001) orientation.
- the peaks of the detected amounts of magnesium and aluminum may be shallower than in other areas.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 is more stable if it has a (001) orientation.
- the main diffusion path of lithium ions during charging and discharging is not exposed on the (001) plane.
- the surface other than the (001) orientation and the surface layer portion 100a are important regions for maintaining the diffusion path of lithium ions, and at the same time are the regions from which lithium ions are first desorbed, so they tend to become unstable. Therefore, it is extremely important to reinforce the surface other than the (001) orientation and the surface layer portion 100a in order to maintain the crystal structure of the entire positive electrode active material 100.
- the profile of added elements on the surface other than the (001) orientation and the surface layer portion 100a has a distribution as shown in any of FIGS. 2A to 2C. This is very important.
- the additive elements it is particularly preferable that nickel is detected on the surface other than the (001) orientation and on the surface layer portion 100a thereof.
- the concentration of the additive element may be low as described above, or may be absent.
- the distribution of magnesium in the (001) oriented surface and its surface layer 100a preferably has a half width of 10 nm or more and 200 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less, and 80 nm or more and 120 nm or less. and even more preferable.
- the distribution of magnesium on the non-(001) oriented surface and its surface layer 100a preferably has a half width of more than 200 nm and less than 500 nm, more preferably more than 200 nm and less than 300 nm, and more preferably more than 230 nm and 270 nm. It is more preferable that it is the following.
- the half width of the distribution of nickel on the non-(001) oriented surface and its surface layer 100a is preferably 30 nm or more and 150 nm or less, more preferably 50 nm or more and 130 nm or less, and 70 nm or more and 110 nm or less. is even more preferable.
- Magnesium is divalent, and magnesium ions are more stable in lithium sites than in cobalt sites in a layered rock salt crystal structure, so they easily enter lithium sites.
- the presence of magnesium at an appropriate concentration in the lithium sites of the surface layer portion 100a has the effect of suppressing contraction of the c-axis length even if a force to expand and contract in the c-axis direction is exerted due to insertion and desorption of lithium ions.
- the layered rock salt type crystal structure can be easily maintained. This is presumed to be because the magnesium present at the lithium site functions as a pillar that supports the two CoO layers.
- the presence of magnesium can suppress desorption of oxygen around magnesium when x in Li x CoO 2 is, for example, 0.24 or less. Furthermore, the presence of magnesium can be expected to increase the density of the positive electrode active material 100. Furthermore, when the magnesium concentration in the surface layer portion 100a is high, it can be expected that the corrosion resistance against hydrofluoric acid produced by decomposition of the electrolytic solution will be improved.
- magnesium is at an appropriate concentration, it will not adversely affect the insertion and desorption of lithium during charging and discharging, and the above benefits can be enjoyed.
- an excess of magnesium may have an adverse effect on lithium intercalation and deintercalation.
- the effect on stabilizing the crystal structure may be reduced. This is thought to be because magnesium enters the cobalt site in addition to the lithium site.
- unnecessary magnesium compounds oxides, fluorides, etc.
- the discharge capacity of the positive electrode active material may decrease. This is thought to be because too much magnesium enters the lithium site, reducing the amount of lithium that contributes to charging and discharging.
- the entire positive electrode active material 100 has an appropriate amount of magnesium.
- the number of magnesium atoms is preferably 0.002 times or more and 0.06 times or less, more preferably 0.005 times or more and 0.03 times or less, and even more preferably about 0.01 times the number of cobalt atoms.
- the amount of magnesium contained in the entire positive electrode active material 100 herein may be a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire positive electrode active material 100 using, for example, GD-MS, ICP-MS, etc. It may be based on the value of the composition of raw materials in the process of producing the substance 100.
- ⁇ nickel ⁇ Nickel can exist at both cobalt sites and lithium sites in the layered rock salt crystal structure of LiMeO 2 .
- When present in a cobalt site it has a lower redox potential than cobalt, so it can be said that it is easier to give up lithium and electrons during charging, for example. Therefore, it can be expected that the charging and discharging speed will be faster. Therefore, even at the same charging voltage, a larger charge/discharge capacity can be obtained when the transition metal M is nickel than when the transition metal M is cobalt.
- NiO nickel oxide
- magnesium, aluminum, cobalt, and nickel have a greater tendency to ionize in that order. Therefore, it is thought that nickel is less eluted into the electrolyte than the other elements mentioned above during charging. Therefore, it is considered to be highly effective in stabilizing the crystal structure of the surface layer in the charged state.
- Ni 2+ is the most stable, and nickel has a higher trivalent ionization energy than cobalt. Therefore, it is known that nickel and oxygen alone do not form a spinel-type crystal structure. Therefore, nickel is considered to have the effect of suppressing the phase change from a layered rock salt type crystal structure to a spinel type crystal structure.
- the entire positive electrode active material 100 has an appropriate amount of nickel.
- the number of nickel atoms contained in the positive electrode active material 100 is preferably more than 0% and less than 7.5% of the number of cobalt atoms, preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less, and preferably 0.1% or more and 2% or less. is preferable, and more preferably 0.2% or more and 1% or less.
- it is preferably more than 0% and 4% or less.
- it is preferably more than 0% and 2% or less.
- preferably 0.05% or more and 2% or less Or preferably 0.1% or more and 7.5% or less.
- the amount of nickel shown here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire positive electrode active material using GD-MS, ICP-MS, etc., or a value obtained by mixing raw materials in the process of producing the positive electrode active material. may be based on the value of
- Aluminum can also exist in cobalt sites in a layered rock salt type crystal structure.
- Aluminum is a typical trivalent element and its valence does not change, so lithium around aluminum is difficult to move during charging and discharging. Therefore, aluminum and the lithium surrounding it function as pillars and can suppress changes in the crystal structure. Therefore, as will be described later, the positive electrode active material 100 has the effect of maintaining the c-axis length even if a force that causes the positive electrode active material 100 to expand and contract in the c-axis direction due to intercalation and desorption of lithium ions acts. Therefore, deterioration of the positive electrode active material 100 can be suppressed.
- the entire positive electrode active material 100 has an appropriate amount of aluminum.
- the number of aluminum atoms contained in the entire positive electrode active material 100 is preferably 0.05% or more and 4% or less of the number of cobalt atoms, preferably 0.1% or more and 2% or less, and 0.3% or more and 1.5% or less. % or less is more preferable. Or preferably 0.05% or more and 2% or less. Or preferably 0.1% or more and 4% or less.
- the amount that the entire positive electrode active material 100 has here may be, for example, a value obtained by elemental analysis of the entire positive electrode active material 100 using GD-MS, ICP-MS, etc. It may also be based on the value of the composition of raw materials during the production process.
- the heating temperature after mixing the additive elements is preferably 742°C or higher, more preferably 830°C or higher. Further, the temperature may be 800° C. (T2 in FIG. 4) or higher, which is between these values.
- the number of magnesium atoms is preferably 0.1% or more and 10% or less of the number of cobalt atoms, more preferably 0.5% or more and 5% or less, and more preferably 0.7% or more and 4% or less. Or preferably 0.1% or more and 5% or less. Or preferably 0.1% or more and 4% or less. Or preferably 0.5% or more and 10% or less. Or preferably 0.5% or more and 4% or less. Or preferably 0.7% or more and 10% or less. Or preferably 0.7% or more and 5% or less.
- the crystal structure be widely distributed in a region of 0 nm or more and 100 nm or less from the surface, preferably 0.5 nm or more and 50 nm or less from the surface, since the crystal structure can be stabilized over a wider region.
- the surface layer portion 100a is occupied only by the compound of the additive element and oxygen, it is not preferable because it becomes difficult to insert and extract lithium.
- the surface layer portion 100a is occupied only by MgO, a structure in which MgO and NiO(II) are dissolved in solid solution, and/or a structure in which MgO and CoO(II) are dissolved in solid solution. Therefore, the surface layer portion 100a must contain at least cobalt, also contain lithium in the discharge state, and have a path for inserting and extracting lithium.
- the surface layer portion 100a has a higher concentration of magnesium than nickel.
- the number of nickel atoms is preferably 1/6 or less of the number of magnesium atoms.
- the rock salt type has no distinction in cation sites, but the layered rock salt type has two types of cation sites in its crystal structure, one mostly occupied by lithium and the other occupied by transition metals.
- the layered structure in which two-dimensional planes of cations and two-dimensional planes of anions are arranged alternately is the same for both the rock salt type and the layered rock salt type.
- the bright spots of the electron beam diffraction pattern corresponding to the crystal planes forming this two-dimensional plane when the central spot (transparent spot) is set as the origin 000, the bright spot closest to the central spot is the ideal one.
- a state rock salt type has a (111) plane
- a layered rock salt type has a (003) plane, for example.
- the distance between the bright spots on the (003) plane of LiCoO 2 is approximately half the distance between the bright spots on the (111) plane of MgO. observed at a distance of about Therefore, when the analysis region has two phases, for example, rock salt type MgO and layered rock salt type LiCoO2 , the electron diffraction pattern has a plane orientation in which bright spots with strong brightness and bright spots with weak brightness are arranged alternately. do. Bright spots common to the halite type and layered halite type have strong brightness, and bright spots that occur only in the layered halite type have weak brightness.
- FIG. 7A shows an example of a STEM image in which the orientations of the layered rock salt crystal LRS and the rock salt crystal RS are approximately the same.
- FIG. 7B shows the FFT pattern of the region of the rock salt crystal RS
- FIG. 7C shows the FFT pattern of the region of the layered rock salt crystal LRS.
- the left side of FIGS. 7B and 7C shows the composition, JCPDS card number, and the d value, angle, and incidence calculated from this. Actual measurements are shown on the right. Spots marked with O are 0th order diffraction.
- the spots labeled A in FIG. 7B originate from the 11-1 reflection of the cubic crystal.
- the spots labeled A in FIG. 7C are derived from layered rock salt type 0003 reflections. It can be seen from FIGS. 7B and 7C that the orientation of the 11-1 reflection of the cubic crystal and the orientation of the 0003 reflection of the layered rock salt type are approximately the same. That is, it can be seen that the straight line passing through AO in FIG. 7B and the straight line passing through AO in FIG. 7C are approximately parallel.
- “approximately matching” and “approximately parallel” mean that the angle is 5 degrees or less, or 2.5 degrees or less.
- the direction of the 11-1 reflection of the cubic crystal and the direction of the 0003 reflection of the layered rock salt type may vary.
- a spot that is not derived from layered rock salt type 0003 reflection may be observed.
- the spot labeled B in FIG. 7C is derived from the layered rock salt type 1014 reflection.
- one CoO 2 layer exists in the unit cell. Therefore, it is sometimes called O1 type or monoclinic O1 type.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell are Co(0,0,0.42150 ⁇ 0.00016), O1(0, 0,0.27671 ⁇ 0.00045), O2 (0,0,0.11535 ⁇ 0.00045).
- O1 and O2 are each oxygen atoms.
- Which unit cell should be used to represent the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material can be determined, for example, by Rietveld analysis of the XRD pattern. In this case, a unit cell with a small GOF (goodness of fit) value may be used.
- conventional lithium cobalt oxide has an H1-3 type crystal structure, an R-3m O3 structure in a discharged state, The crystal structure changes (that is, non-equilibrium phase changes) repeatedly between the two.
- the change in the c-axis length of lithium cobalt oxide corresponds to the change in the angle at which the peak of, for example, the (003) plane of lithium cobalt oxide appears in the XRD pattern. It is known that in XRD using CuK ⁇ 1 rays, the peak of the (003) plane of lithium cobalt oxide occurs at a 2 ⁇ of around 19° to 20°.
- the difference in volume between the H1-3 type crystal structure and the R-3m O3 type crystal structure in the discharge state exceeds 3.5%, typically 3.9% or more. It is.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can have a more stable crystal structure than conventional positive electrode active materials when x in Li x CoO 2 is 0.24 or less. Therefore, in the cathode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention, short circuits are unlikely to occur when x in Li x CoO 2 is maintained at 0.24 or less. In such a case, the safety of the secondary battery is further improved, which is preferable.
- FIG. 8 shows the crystal structure that the interior 100b of the positive electrode active material 100 has when x in Li x CoO 2 is about 1, 0.2, and about 0.15. Since the interior 100b occupies most of the volume of the positive electrode active material 100 and is a part that greatly contributes to charging and discharging, it can be said that the displacement of the CoO 2 layer and the change in volume are the most problematic part.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has the same R-3mO3 crystal structure as conventional lithium cobalt oxide.
- the positive electrode active material 100 forms a crystal with a different structure.
- the crystal structure of the O3' type has the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell within the range of Co(0,0,0.5), O(0,0,x), 0.20 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.25. It can be shown as
- this crystal structure can exhibit a lattice constant even in the space group R-3m if a certain degree of error is allowed.
- the coordinates of cobalt and oxygen in the unit cell in this case are Co(0,0,0.5), O(0,0,Z O ), It can be shown within the range of 0.21 ⁇ Z O ⁇ 0.23.
- the difference in volume per same number of cobalt atoms between R-3m O3 in the discharge state and the O3' type crystal structure is 2.5% or less, more specifically 2.2% or less, typically 1.8%. It is.
- the difference in volume per the same number of cobalt atoms between R-3m O3 in the discharge state and the monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure is less than 3.3%, more specifically less than 3.0%, typically is 2.5%.
- Table 1 shows the difference in volume per cobalt atom between R-3m O3 in the discharge state and O3', monoclinic O1 (15), H1-3 type, and trigonal O1.
- Table 1 shows the difference in volume per cobalt atom between R-3m O3 in the discharge state and O3', monoclinic O1 (15), H1-3 type, and trigonal O1.
- literature values can be referred to for R-3m O3 in the discharge state and trigonal O1 (ICSDcoll.code.172909 and 88721).
- H1-3 reference can be made to Non-Patent Document 3.
- O3' and monoclinic O1 (15) can be calculated from experimental values of XRD.
- the cathode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention changes in the crystal structure when x in Li x CoO 2 is small, that is, when a large amount of lithium is released, are suppressed more than in conventional cathode active materials. has been done.
- changes in volume are also suppressed when comparing the same number of cobalt atoms. Therefore, the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material 100 does not easily collapse even after repeated charging and discharging such that x becomes 0.24 or less. Therefore, in the positive electrode active material 100, a decrease in charge/discharge capacity during charge/discharge cycles is suppressed.
- the positive electrode active material 100 has a large discharge capacity per weight and per volume. Therefore, by using the positive electrode active material 100, a secondary battery with high discharge capacity per weight and per volume can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may have an O3' type crystal structure when x in Li x CoO 2 is 0.15 or more and 0.24 or less, and when x exceeds 0.24 and 0. It is estimated that even if it is less than .27, it has an O3' type crystal structure.
- x in Li x CoO 2 exceeds 0.1 and is 0.2 or less, typically x is 0.15 or more and 0.17 or less, it has a monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure. It has been confirmed that there is.
- the crystal structure is influenced not only by x in Li x CoO 2 but also by the number of charge/discharge cycles, charge/discharge current, temperature, electrolyte, etc., it is not necessarily limited to the above range of x.
- the positive electrode active material 100 may have only the O3' type or only the monoclinic O1 (15) type. or may have both crystal structures. Furthermore, all of the particles in the interior 100b of the positive electrode active material 100 do not have to have the O3' type and/or monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structure. It may contain other crystal structures, or may be partially amorphous.
- a state in which x in Li x CoO 2 is small can be rephrased as a state in which the battery is charged at a high charging voltage.
- CCCV constant current and constant voltage
- a charging voltage of 4.6 V or more can be said to be a high charging voltage with reference to the potential of lithium metal.
- charging voltage is expressed based on the potential of lithium metal.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can maintain a crystal structure having R-3mO3 symmetry even when charged at a high charging voltage, for example, 4.6 V or higher at 25° C., and therefore is preferable.
- a high charging voltage for example, 4.6 V or higher at 25° C.
- a monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure can be obtained when the battery is charged at a higher charging voltage, for example, a voltage exceeding 4.7 V and not more than 4.8 V at 25°C.
- the H1-3 type crystal structure may be finally observed when the charging voltage is further increased. Furthermore, as mentioned above, the crystal structure is affected by the number of charge/discharge cycles, charge/discharge current, temperature, electrolyte, etc., so if the charging voltage is lower, for example, if the charging voltage is 4.5 V or more and less than 4.6 V at 25°C, In some cases, the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can have an O3' type crystal structure. Similarly, when charged at a voltage of 4.65 V or more and 4.7 V or less at 25° C., a monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure may be obtained.
- graphite when used as a negative electrode active material in a secondary battery, for example, the voltage of the secondary battery is lowered by the potential of graphite than the above.
- the potential of graphite is about 0.05V to 0.2V based on the potential of lithium metal. Therefore, in the case of a secondary battery using graphite as a negative electrode active material, it has a similar crystal structure when the voltage obtained by subtracting the potential of graphite from the above voltage is applied.
- lithium is shown to exist at all lithium sites with equal probability, but the present invention is not limited to this. It may be concentrated in some lithium sites, or it may have a symmetry such as monoclinic O1 (Li 0.5 CoO 2 ) shown in FIG. 9, for example.
- the distribution of lithium can be analyzed, for example, by neutron beam diffraction.
- the O3' and monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structures are similar to the CdCl 2 type crystal structure, although they have lithium randomly between the layers.
- This crystal structure similar to CdCl type 2 is close to the crystal structure when lithium nickelate is charged to Li 0.06 NiO 2 , but pure lithium cobalt oxide or a layered rock salt type positive electrode active material containing a large amount of cobalt is It is known that CdCl does not normally have a type 2 crystal structure.
- maldistribution refers to the concentration of an element in a certain region being different from that in other regions. It has the same meaning as segregation, precipitation, non-uniformity, deviation, or a mixture of areas with high concentration and areas with low concentration.
- the magnesium concentration in the grain boundaries 105 of the positive electrode active material 100 and in the vicinity thereof is higher than in other regions of the interior 100b.
- the fluorine concentration at the grain boundary 105 and its vicinity is also higher than in other regions of the interior 100b.
- the nickel concentration in the grain boundaries 105 and the vicinity thereof is also higher than in other regions of the interior 100b.
- the aluminum concentration in the grain boundaries 105 and the vicinity thereof is also higher than in other regions of the interior 100b.
- the grain boundary 105 is one of the planar defects. Therefore, like the particle surface, it tends to become unstable and the crystal structure tends to change. Therefore, if the concentration of the additive element at and near the grain boundaries 105 is high, changes in the crystal structure can be more effectively suppressed.
- the magnesium concentration and fluorine concentration at and near the grain boundaries 105 are high, even if cracks occur along the grain boundaries 105 of the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention, the surface caused by the cracks Magnesium and fluorine concentrations increase in the vicinity. Therefore, the corrosion resistance against hydrofluoric acid can be improved even in the positive electrode active material after cracks have occurred. Further, even in the positive electrode active material after cracks have occurred, side reactions between the electrolyte and the positive electrode active material can be suppressed.
- the positive electrode active material 100 preferably has high crystallinity, and is more preferably single crystal. That is, it is preferable that the positive electrode active material 100 has single particles. It is preferable that the positive electrode active material 100, which is one embodiment of the present invention, is a single particle because cracks are unlikely to occur even if a volume change occurs in the positive electrode active material 100 due to charging and discharging. Furthermore, when the positive electrode active material 100 is a single particle, a secondary battery using the positive electrode active material 100 is considered to be less likely to catch fire, and safety can be improved.
- the above disadvantages can be avoided by setting the crystallite size calculated from the XRD diffraction pattern to 600 nm or less, preferably 500 nm or less. This upper limit value can be arbitrarily combined with the above-mentioned lower limit of the crystallite size.
- the XRD diffraction pattern used to calculate the half-width may be obtained using only the positive electrode active material, but it may also be obtained using the positive electrode containing a current collector, binder, conductive material, etc. in addition to the positive electrode active material. Good too.
- the positive electrode active material may be oriented due to the influence of pressure during the manufacturing process. If the orientation is strong, the crystallites may not be calculated accurately, so take out the positive electrode active material layer from the positive electrode, remove some of the binder, etc. in the positive electrode active material layer using a solvent, etc., and then fill it into the sample holder. It is more preferable to obtain the method.
- the median diameter (D50) is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness is preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. Or preferably 2 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, the thickness is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less. Alternatively, the thickness is preferably 5 ⁇ m or more and 40 ⁇ m or less.
- the positive electrode active material 100 having a relatively small particle size is expected to have high charge/discharge rate characteristics.
- the positive electrode active material 100 having a relatively large particle size is expected to have high charge/discharge cycle characteristics and maintain a high discharge capacity.
- the positive electrode active material when analyzing the crystallite size by powder XRD, it is preferable to perform the measurement without the influence of orientation due to pressurization or the like. For example, it is preferable to take out the positive electrode active material from a positive electrode obtained by disassembling a secondary battery and use it as a powder sample before measurement.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention is characterized by a small change in crystal structure between when x in Li x CoO 2 is 1 and when x is 0.24 or less.
- a material in which 50% or more of the crystal structure changes significantly when charged at a high voltage is not preferable because it cannot withstand high voltage charging and discharging.
- the O3' type or monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure is not achieved simply by adding additional elements.
- x in Li x CoO 2 may be 0.24 or less.
- the O3' type and/or monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structure accounts for 60% or more, and in other cases, the H1-3 type crystal structure accounts for 50% or more.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention if x is too small, such as 0.1 or less, or under conditions where the charging voltage exceeds 4.9 V, the crystal structure of the H1-3 type or trigonal O1 type will change. This may occur in some cases. Therefore, in order to determine whether the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention is used, analysis of the crystal structure such as XRD, and information such as charging capacity or charging voltage are required.
- whether the distribution of additive elements in a certain positive electrode active material is in the state described above can be determined by, for example, XPS, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), EPMA ( This can be determined by analysis using methods such as electronic probe microanalysis.
- Charging to determine whether a certain composite oxide is the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can be carried out by, for example, preparing a coin cell (CR2032 type, diameter 20 mm, height 3.2 mm) with counter electrode lithium. Can be charged.
- the positive electrode may be prepared by coating a positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil with a slurry containing a positive electrode active material, a conductive material, and a binder.
- Lithium metal can be used for the counter electrode. Note that when a material other than lithium metal is used for the counter electrode, the potential of the secondary battery and the potential of the positive electrode are different. Voltages and potentials in this specification and the like are the potentials of the positive electrode unless otherwise mentioned.
- LiPF 6 lithium hexafluorophosphate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- VC vinylene carbonate
- a polypropylene porous film with a thickness of 25 ⁇ m can be used as the separator.
- the coin cell produced under the above conditions is charged at an arbitrary voltage (for example, 4.5V, 4.55V, 4.6V, 4.65V, 4.7V, 4.75V or 4.8V).
- the charging method is not particularly limited as long as it can be charged at any voltage for a sufficient amount of time.
- the current in CC (constant current) charging can be 20 mA/g or more and 100 mA/g or less.
- CV charging can be completed at 2 mA/g or more and 10 mA/g or less. In order to observe the phase change of the positive electrode active material, it is desirable to perform charging at such a small current value.
- CV charging may be terminated when a certain amount of time has elapsed.
- the sufficient time at this time can be, for example, 1.5 hours or more and 3 hours or less.
- the temperature is 25°C or 45°C.
- the chamber When performing various analyzes after this, it is preferable to seal the chamber with an argon atmosphere in order to suppress reactions with external components.
- XRD can be performed in a sealed container with an argon atmosphere.
- the conditions for charging and discharging the multiple times may be different from the above-mentioned charging conditions.
- charging is performed by constant current charging to an arbitrary voltage (for example, 4.6V, 4.65V, 4.7V, 4.75V, or 4.8V) at a current value of 20 mA/g or more and 100 mA/g or less, and then Constant voltage charging can be performed until the voltage is 2 mA/g or more and 10 mA/g or less, and discharging can be performed at a constant current of 2.5 V and 20 mA/g or more and 100 mA/g or less.
- an arbitrary voltage for example, 4.6V, 4.65V, 4.7V, 4.75V, or 4.8V
- constant current discharge can be performed at, for example, 2.5 V and a current value of 20 mA/g or more and 100 mA/g or less.
- charge/discharge capacity and charge/discharge current are expressed per weight of the positive electrode active material.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- XRD device Bruker AXS, D8 ADVANCE
- X-ray source CuK ⁇ 1- ray output: 40kV, 40mA
- Divergence angle Div. Slit
- 0.5° Detector LynxEye Scan method: 2 ⁇ / ⁇ continuous scan Measurement range (2 ⁇ ): 15° or more and 90° or less Step width (2 ⁇ ): 0.01°
- Setting Counting time 1 second/step Sample table rotation: 15 rpm
- the sample to be measured is a powder, it can be set by placing it in a glass sample holder or by sprinkling the sample on a greased silicone non-reflective plate.
- the positive electrode can be attached to the substrate with double-sided tape, and the positive electrode active material layer can be set according to the measurement surface required by the apparatus.
- Figures 11 and 12 show the ideal powder XRD patterns based on the CuK ⁇ 1 line, which are calculated from the models of the O3' type crystal structure, the monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure, and the H1-3 type crystal structure. , shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B.
- 13A and 13B show the XRD patterns of the O3' type crystal structure, the monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structure, and the H1-3 type crystal structure, and in FIG.
- the 2 ⁇ range is 18° ( 13B is an enlarged view of the region where the 2 ⁇ range is 42° or more and 46° or less.
- the crystal structure patterns of the O3' type and the monoclinic O1 (15) type were estimated from the XRD pattern of the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention, and the crystal structures were estimated using TOPAS ver. 3 (crystal structure analysis software manufactured by Bruker), and an XRD pattern was created in the same manner as the others.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention has an O3' type and/or monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structure when x in Li x CoO 2 is small; however, all of the particles are O3' type and/or monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure. It may contain other crystal structures, or may be partially amorphous. However, when performing Rietveld analysis on the XRD pattern, the O3' type and/or monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure is preferably 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, More preferably, it is 66% or more. If the O3' type and/or monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structure is 50% or more, more preferably 60% or more, and even more preferably 66% or more, the positive electrode active material has sufficiently excellent cycle characteristics. be able to.
- the H1-3 type and O1 type crystal structures are 50% or less. Alternatively, it is preferably 34% or less. Or, it is more preferable that it is substantially not observed.
- the O3' type and/or monoclinic O1(15) type crystal structure remains 35% or more when Rietveld analysis is performed. % or more, more preferably 43% or more.
- each diffraction peak after charging be sharp, that is, have a narrow half-width.
- the full width at half maximum is narrower.
- the half width varies depending on the XRD measurement conditions and the 2 ⁇ value even for peaks generated from the same crystal phase.
- the full width at half maximum is preferably 0.2° or less, more preferably 0.15° or less, and 0.12° or less. More preferred. Note that not all peaks necessarily satisfy this requirement. If some peaks satisfy this requirement, it can be said that the crystallinity of the crystal phase is high. Such high crystallinity contributes to sufficient stabilization of the crystal structure after charging.
- the crystallite size is small and the peak is broad and small. The crystallite size can be determined from the half width of the XRD peak.
- the influence of the Jahn-Teller effect is small as described above.
- transition metals such as nickel and manganese may be included as additive elements, as long as the influence of the Jahn-Teller effect is small.
- FIG. 14 shows the results of calculating the a-axis and c-axis lattice constants using XRD when the positive electrode active material 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention has a layered rock salt crystal structure and contains cobalt and nickel. show.
- FIG. 14A shows the results for the a-axis
- FIG. 14B shows the results for the c-axis.
- the XRD pattern used for these calculations is the powder after the synthesis of the positive electrode active material, but before it is incorporated into the positive electrode.
- the nickel concentration on the horizontal axis indicates the nickel concentration when the sum of the numbers of cobalt and nickel atoms is taken as 100%.
- the positive electrode active material was manufactured according to the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 17 except that an aluminum source was not used.
- FIG. 15 shows the results of estimating the a-axis and c-axis lattice constants using XRD when the positive electrode active material 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention has a layered rock salt crystal structure and contains cobalt and manganese. shows.
- FIG. 15A shows the results for the a-axis
- FIG. 15B shows the results for the c-axis.
- the lattice constants shown in FIG. 15 are for the powder after the synthesis of the positive electrode active material, and are based on XRD measurements taken before incorporating it into the positive electrode.
- the manganese concentration on the horizontal axis indicates the manganese concentration when the sum of the numbers of cobalt and manganese atoms is taken as 100%.
- the positive electrode active material was manufactured according to the manufacturing method shown in FIG. 17, except that a manganese source was used instead of a nickel source and an aluminum source was not used.
- FIG. 14C shows the value obtained by dividing the a-axis lattice constant by the c-axis lattice constant (a-axis/c-axis) for the positive electrode active materials whose lattice constant results are shown in FIGS. 14A and 14B.
- FIG. 15C shows the value obtained by dividing the a-axis lattice constant by the c-axis lattice constant (a-axis/c-axis) for the positive electrode active materials whose lattice constant results are shown in FIGS. 15A and 15B.
- the concentration of manganese is preferably 4% or less, for example.
- nickel concentration and manganese concentration do not necessarily apply to the surface layer portion 100a. That is, in the surface layer portion 100a, the concentration may be higher than the above concentration.
- the a-axis lattice constant is greater than 2.814 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 m and smaller than 2.817 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 m
- the c-axis lattice constant is less than 14.05 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 m. It was found that it is preferable that the diameter be larger than 14.07 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 10 m.
- the state where charging and discharging are not performed may be, for example, the state of the powder before producing the positive electrode of the secondary battery.
- the value obtained by dividing the a-axis lattice constant by the c-axis lattice constant is It is preferably greater than 0.20000 and smaller than 0.20049.
- XRD analysis is performed on the layered rock salt crystal structure of the cathode active material 100 in a state where no charging/discharging is performed or in a discharged state, a first peak is observed at 2 ⁇ of 18.50° or more and 19.30° or less. is observed, and a second peak may be observed at 2 ⁇ of 38.00° or more and 38.80° or less.
- XPS ⁇ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- monochromatic aluminum K ⁇ rays if monochromatic aluminum K ⁇ rays are used as the X-ray source, it is possible to analyze a region from the surface to a depth of about 2 to 8 nm (usually 5 nm or less). Therefore, it is possible to quantitatively analyze the concentration of each element in a region approximately half of the depth of the surface layer 100a. Additionally, narrow scan analysis allows the bonding state of elements to be analyzed. Note that the quantitative accuracy of XPS is about ⁇ 1 atomic % in most cases, and the lower limit is about 1 atomic %, although it depends on the element.
- the concentration of one or more selected from the additive elements is higher in the surface layer portion 100a than in the interior portion 100b.
- concentration of one or more selected additive elements in the surface layer portion 100a is preferably higher than the average of the entire positive electrode active material 100. Therefore, for example, the concentration of one or more additive elements selected from the surface layer 100a measured by It can be said that it is preferable that the concentration of the added element be higher than the average concentration of the added element of the entire positive electrode active material 100 measured by .
- the magnesium concentration in at least a portion of the surface layer portion 100a measured by XPS or the like is higher than the average magnesium concentration of the entire positive electrode active material 100.
- the nickel concentration of at least a portion of the surface layer portion 100a is higher than the average nickel concentration of the entire positive electrode active material 100.
- the aluminum concentration of at least a portion of the surface layer portion 100a is higher than the average aluminum concentration of the entire positive electrode active material 100.
- the fluorine concentration in at least a portion of the surface layer portion 100a is higher than the average fluorine concentration of the entire positive electrode active material 100.
- samples such as the positive electrode active material and the positive electrode active material layer are washed to remove the electrolyte, binder, conductive material, or compounds derived from these that have adhered to the surface of the positive electrode active material. You may do so. At this time, lithium may dissolve into the solvent used for cleaning, but even in that case, the additive elements are difficult to dissolve, so the atomic ratio of the additive elements is not affected.
- the concentration of the added element may also be compared in terms of its ratio to cobalt.
- the ratio to cobalt it is possible to reduce the influence of carbonate, etc. chemically adsorbed after the positive electrode active material is produced, and to make a comparison, which is preferable.
- the ratio Mg/Co of the number of atoms of magnesium and cobalt as determined by XPS analysis is preferably 0.4 or more and 1.5 or less.
- Mg/Co as determined by ICP-MS analysis is preferably 0.001 or more and 0.06 or less.
- aluminum is widely distributed in a deep region, for example, in a region where the depth from the surface or the reference point is 5 nm or more and 50 nm or less. Therefore, although aluminum is detected in the analysis of the entire positive electrode active material 100 using ICP-MS, GD-MS, etc., it is more preferable that the concentration of aluminum is not detected by XPS or the like, or is 1 atomic % or less.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is a compound containing a transition metal and oxygen that can intercalate and deintercalate lithium, the transition metal M (for example, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, etc.) and oxygen that are redoxed as lithium intercalates and deintercalates.
- the interface between the region where is present and the region where is not is defined as the surface of the positive electrode active material.
- a protective film is sometimes attached to the surface, but the protective film is not included in the positive electrode active material.
- the protective film a single layer film or a multilayer film of carbon, metal, oxide, resin, etc. may be used.
- the average value M BG of the background of the transition metal M is calculated by averaging over a range of 2 nm or more, preferably 3 nm or more outside the positive electrode active material, avoiding the vicinity where the detected amount of the transition metal M starts to increase, for example. I can do it.
- the average value M AVE of the detected amounts inside is determined at a depth of 30 nm or more, preferably more than 50 nm, from a region where the counts of transition metal M and oxygen are saturated and stable, for example, a region where the detected amount of transition metal M starts to increase. 2 nm or more, preferably 3 nm or more can be determined on average.
- the average background value OBG of oxygen and the average value OAVE of the internal detected amount of oxygen can also be determined in the same manner.
- the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 in a cross-sectional STEM (scanning transmission electron microscope) image, etc. is the boundary between a region where an image derived from the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is observed and a region where it is not observed. This is the outermost region in which an atomic column originating from the nucleus of a metal element with a higher atomic number than lithium among the metal elements constituting the substance is confirmed. Alternatively, it is the intersection of a tangent drawn to the brightness profile from the surface toward the bulk of the STEM image and the axis in the depth direction. Surfaces in STEM images and the like may be determined in conjunction with analysis with higher spatial resolution.
- the effects of noise can be reduced by scanning the same location multiple times under the same conditions.
- the integrated value obtained by measuring six scans can be used as the profile of each element.
- the number of scans is not limited to six, and it is also possible to perform more scans and use the average as the profile for each element.
- the concentration of each additive element, especially the additive element X, in the surface layer portion 100a is higher than that in the interior portion 100b.
- the peak of fluorine concentration in the surface layer 100a preferably exists within a depth of 3 nm from the surface or reference point toward the center of the positive electrode active material 100, and preferably exists within a depth of 1 nm. It is more preferable to do so, and it is still more preferable to exist at a depth of 0.5 nm. Further, it is more preferable that the peak of the fluorine concentration be present slightly closer to the surface than the peak of the magnesium concentration, since this increases resistance to hydrofluoric acid. For example, the peak of fluorine concentration is more preferably 0.5 nm or more closer to the surface than the peak of magnesium concentration, and even more preferably 1.5 nm or more closer to the surface.
- the peak of the nickel concentration in the surface layer 100a exists within a depth of 3 nm from the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 or the reference point toward the center. It is more preferable to exist within a depth of 1 nm, and even more preferably to exist within a depth of 0.5 nm. Further, in the positive electrode active material 100 containing magnesium and nickel, the distribution of nickel preferably overlaps with the distribution of magnesium. For example, the difference in the depth direction between the peak of nickel concentration and the peak of magnesium concentration is preferably within 3 nm, more preferably within 1 nm.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of magnesium Mg and cobalt Co (Mg/Co) at the peak of magnesium concentration is preferably 0.05 or more and 0.6 or less. , more preferably 0.1 or more and 0.4 or less.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of aluminum Al and cobalt Co (Al/Co) at the peak of the aluminum concentration is preferably 0.05 or more and 0.6 or less, more preferably 0.1 or more and 0.45 or less.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of nickel Ni and cobalt Co (Ni/Co) at the peak of the nickel concentration is preferably 0 or more and 0.2 or less, more preferably 0.01 or more and 0.1 or less.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of fluorine F and cobalt Co (F/Co) at the peak of the fluorine concentration is preferably 0 or more and 1.6 or less, more preferably 0.1 or more and 1.4 or less.
- the ratio of the number of atoms of the additive element A to cobalt Co (A/Co) near the grain boundary 105 is preferably 0.020 or more and 0.50 or less. More preferably, it is 0.025 or more and 0.30 or less. More preferably, it is 0.030 or more and 0.20 or less. Or preferably 0.020 or more and 0.30 or less. Or preferably 0.020 or more and 0.20 or less. Or preferably 0.025 or more and 0.50 or less. Or preferably 0.025 or more and 0.20 or less. Or preferably 0.030 or more and 0.50 or less. Or preferably 0.030 or more and 0.30 or less.
- the ratio of the number of magnesium and cobalt atoms (Mg/Co) near the grain boundary 105 is 0.020 or more and 0.50.
- the following are preferred. More preferably, it is 0.025 or more and 0.30 or less. More preferably, it is 0.030 or more and 0.20 or less. Or preferably 0.020 or more and 0.30 or less. Or preferably 0.020 or more and 0.20 or less. Or preferably 0.025 or more and 0.50 or less. Or preferably 0.025 or more and 0.20 or less. Or preferably 0.030 or more and 0.50 or less. Or preferably 0.030 or more and 0.30 or less.
- the additive element will not adhere to a narrow range on the surface of the positive electrode active material 100, but will preferably be applied to the surface layer 100a of the positive electrode active material 100. This can be said to indicate that the concentration is widely distributed.
- ⁇ EPMA ⁇ EPMA Electro Probe Microanalysis
- one or more selected additive elements have a concentration gradient, similar to the EDX analysis results. Further, it is more preferable that the depth of the concentration peak from the surface differs depending on the added element. The preferred range of the concentration peak of each additive element is also the same as in the case of EDX.
- EPMA analyzes a region from the surface to a depth of about 1 ⁇ m. Therefore, the quantitative value of each element may differ from the measurement results using other analysis methods. For example, when the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 is analyzed by EPMA, the concentration of each additive element present in the surface layer portion 100a may be lower than the result of XPS.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention at least a portion of the surface layer portion 100a preferably has a rock salt crystal structure. Therefore, when the positive electrode active material 100 and the positive electrode containing the same are analyzed by Raman spectroscopy, it is preferable that not only the layered rock salt crystal structure but also the cubic crystal structure including the rock salt type is observed.
- the STEM image and the ultrafine electron beam diffraction pattern described below the STEM image and the ultrafine electron beam diffraction pattern will be different if there is no cobalt substituted at the lithium position with a certain frequency in the depth direction at the time of observation, and cobalt present at the 4-coordination position of oxygen.
- the integrated intensity of each peak is 470 cm -1 to 490 cm -1 as I1, 580 cm -1 to 600 cm -1 as I2, and 665 cm -1 to 685 cm -1 as I3, the value of I3/I2 is 1% or more. It is preferably 10% or less, and more preferably 3% or more and 9% or less.
- the surface layer 100a of the positive electrode active material 100 has a rock salt type crystal structure in a preferable range.
- the difference in lattice constant calculated from a measurement location at a depth of 1 nm or less from the surface and a measurement location from a depth of 3 nm to 10 nm is preferably 0.1 ⁇ or less for the a-axis, and 1.0 ⁇ for the c-axis. It is preferable that it is below. Moreover, it is more preferable that the a-axis is 0.05 ⁇ or less, and the c-axis is more preferably 0.6 ⁇ or less. Further, it is more preferable that the a-axis is 0.04 ⁇ or less, and even more preferable that the c-axis is 0.3 ⁇ or less.
- the surface smoothness can be quantified from a cross-sectional SEM image of the positive electrode active material 100 as shown below.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is processed by FIB or the like to expose a cross section. At this time, it is preferable to cover the positive electrode active material 100 with a protective film, a protective agent, or the like.
- a SEM image of the interface between the protective film and the like and the positive electrode active material 100 is taken.
- interface extraction is performed using image processing software.
- the interface line between the protective film or the like and the positive electrode active material 100 is selected using an automatic selection tool or the like, and the data is extracted into spreadsheet software or the like.
- the ratio S R /S i of the ideal specific surface area S i determined from the median diameter D50 and the actual specific surface area S R is preferably 2.1 or less.
- a coating portion may be attached to at least a portion of the surface of the positive electrode active material 100.
- FIGS. 16A and 16B show an example of the positive electrode active material 100 to which the coating portion 104 is attached.
- This embodiment can be used in combination with other embodiments.
- the positive electrode active material 100 having the distribution, composition, and/or crystal structure of the additive elements as described in the previous embodiment, how to add the additive elements is important. At the same time, it is also important that the interior 100b has good crystallinity.
- a material that functions as a flux it is preferable to mix a material that functions as a flux together with the additive element source. If it has a lower melting point than lithium cobalt oxide, it can be said to be a material that functions as a fluxing agent.
- fluorine compounds such as lithium fluoride are suitable. Addition of the flux lowers the melting point of the additive element source and the lithium cobalt oxide. By lowering the melting point, it becomes easier to distribute the additive element well at a temperature at which cation mixing is less likely to occur.
- lithium is desorbed from a part of the surface layer 100a of lithium cobalt oxide, so that the distribution of the added elements becomes even better.
- nickel tends to form a solid solution when the surface layer 100a is layered rock salt type lithium cobalt oxide and diffuses to the interior 100b, but when a part of the surface layer 100a is rock salt type, it tends to stay in the surface layer 100a. . Therefore, by performing initial heating, divalent additive elements such as nickel can be easily retained in the surface layer portion 100a. The effect of this initial heating is particularly large on the surface of the positive electrode active material 100 other than the (001) orientation and the surface layer portion 100a thereof.
- the Me-O distance in rock salt type Ni 0.5 Mg 0.5 O is 2.09 ⁇
- the Me-O distance in rock salt type MgO is 2.11 ⁇ .
- the Me-O distance of spinel type NiAl 2 O 4 is 2.0125 ⁇
- the bond distance between metals other than lithium and oxygen is shorter than the above.
- the Al-O distance in layered rock salt type LiAlO 2 is 1.905 ⁇ (Li-O distance is 2.11 ⁇ ).
- the Co-O distance in layered rock salt type LiCoO 2 is 1.9224 ⁇ (Li-O distance is 2.0916 ⁇ ).
- the ionic radius of 6-coordinated aluminum is 0.535 ⁇
- the ionic radius of 6-coordinated oxygen is 1.4 ⁇ .
- the sum of these is 1.935 ⁇ .
- the initial heating can be expected to have the effect of reducing defects including dislocations in the interior 100b and improving the crystallinity of the layered rock salt crystal structure. It is believed that the small number of defects in the interior 100b is also related to the ease with which the O3' type and/or monoclinic O1(15) type is formed.
- the positive electrode active material 100 having a monoclinic O1 (15) type crystal structure especially when x in Li x CoO 2 is, for example, 0.15 or more and 0.17 or less this initial heating is required. It is preferable.
- initial heating does not necessarily have to be performed.
- other heating steps such as annealing, by controlling the atmosphere, temperature, time, etc., when x in Li x CoO 2 is small, the positive electrode active having O3' type and/or monoclinic O1 (15) type
- the substance 100 can be produced.
- ⁇ Method for producing positive electrode active material 1 ⁇ A method 1 for manufacturing the positive electrode active material 100 that undergoes annealing and initial heating will be described with reference to FIGS. 17A to 17C.
- Step S11 In step S11 shown in FIG. 17A, a lithium source (Li source) and a cobalt source (Co source) are prepared as starting materials for lithium and transition metal materials, respectively.
- a lithium source Li source
- a cobalt source Co source
- the lithium source it is preferable to use a compound containing lithium, such as lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium nitrate, or lithium fluoride. It is preferable that the lithium source has high purity; for example, a material with a purity of 99.99% or more may be used.
- cobalt source it is preferable to use a compound containing cobalt, and for example, cobalt oxide, cobalt hydroxide, etc. can be used.
- the cobalt source preferably has a high purity, for example, the purity is 3N (99.9%) or higher, preferably 4N (99.99%) or higher, more preferably 4N5 (99.995%) or higher, and even more preferably 5N (99%) or higher. .999%) or more is preferably used.
- the purity is 3N (99.9%) or higher, preferably 4N (99.99%) or higher, more preferably 4N5 (99.995%) or higher, and even more preferably 5N (99%) or higher. .999%) or more is preferably used.
- impurities in the positive electrode active material can be controlled. As a result, the capacity of the secondary battery increases and/or the reliability of the secondary battery improves.
- the cobalt source has high crystallinity, for example, it may have single crystal grains.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscope
- HAADF-STEM high angle scattering annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscope
- ABF-STEM annular bright field scanning electron microscope
- Evaluations include scanning transmission electron microscopy) images, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction, neutron diffraction, and the like. Note that the above method for evaluating crystallinity can be applied not only to cobalt sources but also to evaluating other crystallinities.
- a lithium source and a cobalt source are ground and mixed to produce a mixed material. Grinding and mixing can be done dry or wet. The wet method is preferable because it can be crushed into smaller pieces. If using a wet method, prepare a solvent.
- the solvent ketones such as acetone, alcohols such as ethanol and isopropanol, ethers, dioxane, acetonitrile, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), etc. can be used. It is more preferable to use an aprotic solvent that hardly reacts with lithium. In this embodiment, dehydrated acetone with a purity of 99.5% or more is used.
- dehydrated acetone of the purity described above possible impurities can be reduced.
- a ball mill, bead mill, or the like can be used as a means for crushing and mixing.
- aluminum oxide balls or zirconium oxide balls may be used as the grinding media.
- Zirconium oxide balls are preferable because they emit fewer impurities.
- the circumferential speed is preferably 100 mm/s or more and 2000 mm/s or less in order to suppress contamination from the media. In this embodiment, the peripheral speed is 838 mm/s (rotation speed 400 rpm, ball mill diameter 40 mm).
- step S13 shown in FIG. 17A the mixed material is heated.
- the heating is preferably performed at a temperature of 800°C or more and 1100°C or less, more preferably 900°C or more and 1000°C or less, and even more preferably about 950°C. If the temperature is too low, the lithium source and cobalt source may be insufficiently decomposed and melted. On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, defects may occur due to evaporation of lithium from the lithium source and/or excessive reduction of cobalt. For example, cobalt changes from trivalent to divalent, which may induce oxygen defects.
- the heating time is preferably 1 hour or more and 100 hours or less, and more preferably 2 hours or more and 20 hours or less.
- the temperature increase rate depends on the temperature reached by the heating temperature, but is preferably 80°C/h or more and 250°C/h or less. For example, when heating at 1000°C for 10 hours, the temperature increase rate is preferably 200°C/h.
- Heating is preferably carried out in an atmosphere with little water such as dry air, for example an atmosphere with a dew point of -50°C or less, more preferably -80°C or less. In this embodiment, heating is performed in an atmosphere with a dew point of -93°C. Further, in order to suppress impurities that may be mixed into the material, the concentration of impurities such as CH 4 , CO, CO 2 , H 2 , etc. in the heating atmosphere is preferably set to 5 ppb (parts per billion) or less.
- An atmosphere containing oxygen is preferable as the heating atmosphere.
- the heating atmosphere there is a method of continuously introducing dry air into the reaction chamber.
- the flow rate of dry air is preferably 10 L/min.
- the method in which oxygen is continuously introduced into the reaction chamber and the oxygen flows within the reaction chamber is called flow.
- a method without flow may be used.
- a method may be used in which the reaction chamber is depressurized and then filled with oxygen (also referred to as purging) to prevent the oxygen from entering or exiting the reaction chamber.
- the reaction chamber may be depressurized to -970 hPa and then filled with oxygen to 50 hPa.
- Cooling after heating may be allowed to cool naturally, but it is preferable that the temperature drop time from the specified temperature to room temperature is within 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less. However, cooling to room temperature is not necessarily required, and cooling to a temperature permitted by the next step is sufficient.
- Heating in this step may be performed using a rotary kiln or a roller hearth kiln. Heating with a rotary kiln can be carried out while stirring in either a continuous type or a batch type.
- the crucible used during heating is preferably an aluminum oxide crucible.
- An aluminum oxide crucible is a material that does not easily release impurities.
- an aluminum oxide crucible with a purity of 99.9% is used. It is preferable to heat the crucible with a lid on it. It can prevent material volatilization.
- a used crucible refers to one in which a material containing lithium, a transition metal M, and/or an additive element is charged and heated twice or less.
- a used crucible is one that has undergone the step of charging and heating materials containing lithium, transition metal M, and/or additive elements three or more times. This is because if a new crucible is used, there is a risk that some of the material, including lithium fluoride, will be absorbed, diffused, moved and/or attached to the sheath during heating.
- the composite oxide may also be produced by a coprecipitation method.
- the composite oxide may be produced by a hydrothermal method.
- lithium is desorbed from a part of the surface layer portion 100a of lithium cobalt oxide as described above. Moreover, the effect of increasing the crystallinity of the interior 100b can be expected. Further, impurities may be mixed in the lithium source and/or cobalt source prepared in step S11 and the like. It is possible to reduce impurities from the lithium cobalt oxide completed in step S14 by initial heating.
- initial heating has the effect of smoothing the surface of lithium cobalt oxide.
- the surface of lithium cobalt oxide is smooth, it means that there are few irregularities, the composite oxide is rounded overall, and the corners are rounded. Furthermore, a state in which there are few foreign substances attached to the surface is called smooth. Foreign matter is considered to be a cause of unevenness, and it is preferable that it does not adhere to the surface.
- lithium cobalt oxide with a smooth surface is used as a positive electrode active material, there will be less deterioration during charging and discharging as a secondary battery, and cracking of the positive electrode active material can be prevented.
- step S20 it is preferable to add additive element A to the lithium cobalt oxide that has undergone initial heating.
- the additive element A can be added evenly. Therefore, it is preferable to add the additive element A after the initial heating.
- the step of adding the additive element A will be explained using FIG. 17B and FIG. 17C.
- the additive elements described in the previous embodiment can be used. Specifically, one or more selected from magnesium, fluorine, nickel, aluminum, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, iron, manganese, chromium, niobium, arsenic, zinc, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, and boron can be used. . Moreover, one or two selected from bromine and beryllium can also be used.
- the additive element source can be called a magnesium source.
- magnesium source magnesium fluoride, magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, or the like can be used. Further, a plurality of the above-mentioned magnesium sources may be used.
- the additive element source can be called a fluorine source.
- the fluorine source include lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ), aluminum fluoride (AlF 3 ), titanium fluoride (TiF 4 ), cobalt fluoride (CoF 2 , CoF 3 ), and fluorine.
- lithium fluoride is preferable because it has a relatively low melting point of 848° C. and is easily melted in the heating step described below.
- lithium fluoride (LiF) is prepared as a fluorine source
- magnesium fluoride (MgF 2 ) is prepared as a fluorine source and a magnesium source.
- LiF lithium fluoride
- MgF 2 magnesium fluoride
- the effect of lowering the melting point is maximized.
- the amount of lithium fluoride increases, there is a concern that the amount of lithium will be too much and the cycle characteristics will deteriorate.
- the term “near” means a value greater than 0.9 times and less than 1.1 times that value.
- step S22 shown in FIG. 17B the magnesium source and the fluorine source are ground and mixed. This step can be carried out by selecting from the pulverization and mixing conditions described in step S12.
- the particle size of the above mixture preferably has a D50 (median diameter) of 600 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less. Even when one type of material is used as the additive element source, the D50 (median diameter) is preferably 600 nm or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less.
- a magnesium source (Mg source), a fluorine source (F source), a nickel source (Ni source), and an aluminum source (Al source) are prepared as four types of additional element sources. Note that the magnesium source and the fluorine source can be selected from the compounds described in FIG. 17B.
- the nickel source nickel oxide, nickel hydroxide, etc. can be used.
- the aluminum source aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, etc. can be used.
- Step S22 and Step S23 are similar to the steps described in FIG. 17B.
- the mixing in step S31 is preferably performed under milder conditions than the mixing in step S12 so as not to destroy the shape of the lithium cobalt oxide particles.
- the rotational speed is lower or the time is shorter than the mixing in step S12.
- the dry method has milder conditions than the wet method.
- a ball mill, a bead mill, etc. can be used for mixing.
- zirconium oxide balls it is preferable to use, for example, zirconium oxide balls as the media.
- Step S32 of FIG. 17A the materials mixed above are collected to obtain a mixture 903. During recovery, sieving may be performed after crushing if necessary.
- FIGS. 17A to 17C describe a manufacturing method in which additive elements are added only after initial heating, the present invention is not limited to the above method.
- the additive element may be added at other timings or may be added multiple times. The timing may be changed depending on the element.
- the additive element may be added to the lithium source and the cobalt source at the stage of step S11, that is, at the stage of the starting material of the composite oxide. Thereafter, in step S13, lithium cobalt oxide having additive elements can be obtained. In this case, there is no need to separate the steps S11 to S14 from the steps S21 to S23. It can be said that this is a simple and highly productive method.
- lithium cobalt oxide having some of the additive elements in advance may be used.
- steps S11 to S14 and a part of step S20 can be omitted. It can be said that this is a simple and highly productive method.
- step S33 shown in FIG. 17A the mixture 903 is heated.
- the heating conditions can be selected from the heating conditions explained in step S13.
- the heating time is preferably 2 hours or more.
- the pressure inside the furnace may exceed atmospheric pressure in order to increase the oxygen partial pressure in the heating atmosphere. This is because if the oxygen partial pressure in the heating atmosphere is insufficient, cobalt and the like are reduced, and lithium cobalt oxide and the like may not be able to maintain a layered rock salt crystal structure.
- the lower limit of the heating temperature in step S33 needs to be equal to or higher than the temperature at which the reaction between lithium cobalt oxide and the additive element source progresses.
- the temperature at which the reaction proceeds may be any temperature at which interdiffusion of the elements of the lithium cobalt oxide and the additional element source occurs, and may be lower than the melting temperature of these materials. This will be explained using an oxide as an example, and it is known that solid phase diffusion occurs from 0.757 times the melting temperature T m (Tammann temperature T d ). Therefore, the heating temperature in step S33 may be 650° C. or higher.
- a higher heating temperature is preferable because the reaction progresses more easily, heating time is shorter, and productivity is higher.
- the upper limit of the heating temperature is lower than the decomposition temperature of lithium cobalt oxide (1130°C). At temperatures near the decomposition temperature, there is concern that lithium cobalt oxide will decompose, albeit in a small amount. Therefore, the temperature is more preferably 1000°C or lower, even more preferably 950°C or lower, and even more preferably 900°C or lower.
- the heating temperature in step S33 is preferably 650°C or more and 1130°C or less, more preferably 650°C or more and 1000°C or less, even more preferably 650°C or more and 950°C or less, and even more preferably 650°C or more and 900°C or less.
- the temperature is preferably 742°C or more and 1130°C or less, more preferably 742°C or more and 1000°C or less, even more preferably 742°C or more and 950°C or less, and even more preferably 742°C or more and 900°C or less.
- the flow rate of the atmosphere containing oxygen in the kiln it is preferable to control the flow rate of the atmosphere containing oxygen in the kiln. For example, it is preferable to reduce the flow rate of the atmosphere containing oxygen, to purge the atmosphere first, and to not allow the atmosphere to flow after introducing the oxygen atmosphere into the kiln. Flowing oxygen may cause the fluorine source to evaporate, which is not preferable for maintaining surface smoothness.
- heating time varies depending on conditions such as the heating temperature, the size of the lithium cobalt oxide in step S14, and the composition. If the lithium cobalt oxide is small, lower temperatures or shorter times may be more preferred than if it is larger.
- the heating temperature is preferably, for example, 650° C. or higher and 950° C. or lower.
- the heating time is preferably 1 hour or more and 10 hours or less, and more preferably about 5 hours. Note that the time for cooling down after heating is preferably 10 hours or more and 50 hours or less, for example.
- step S34 shown in FIG. 17A the heated material is collected and crushed as necessary to obtain the positive electrode active material 100. At this time, it is preferable to further sieve the collected particles.
- the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention has a smooth surface.
- steps S11 to S15 are performed in the same manner as in FIG. 17A to prepare lithium cobalt oxide that has undergone initial heating.
- step S20a it is preferable to add additive element A1 to the lithium cobalt oxide that has undergone initial heating.
- a first additive element source is prepared.
- the first additive element source can be selected from the additive elements A described in step S21 shown in FIG. 17B.
- the additive element A1 one or more selected from magnesium, fluorine, and calcium can be suitably used.
- FIG. 19A illustrates a case where a magnesium source (Mg source) and a fluorine source (F source) are used as the first additive element source.
- steps S31 to S33 shown in FIG. 18 can be performed in the same steps as steps S31 to S33 shown in FIG. 17A.
- step S40 In step S40 shown in FIG. 18, an additive element A2 is added. This will be explained with reference also to FIGS. 19B and 19C.
- a second additive element source is prepared.
- the second additive element source can be selected from the additive elements A described in step S21 shown in FIG. 17B.
- the additive element A2 one or more selected from nickel, titanium, boron, zirconium, and aluminum can be suitably used.
- FIG. 19B illustrates a case where a nickel source (Ni source) and an aluminum source (Al source) are used as the second additive element source.
- FIG. 19C shows a modification of the steps described using FIG. 19B.
- step S41 shown in FIG. 19C a nickel source (Ni source) and an aluminum source (Al source) are prepared, and in step S42a, they are each pulverized independently.
- step S43 a plurality of second additive element sources (A2 sources) are prepared.
- the step in FIG. 19C differs from that in FIG. 19B in that the added element is independently pulverized in step S42a.
- steps S51 to S53 shown in FIG. 18 can be performed under the same conditions as steps S31 to S34 shown in FIG. 17A.
- the conditions for step S53 regarding the heating step may be lower temperature and shorter time than step S33.
- step S54 the positive electrode active material 100 of one embodiment of the present invention can be manufactured.
- the positive electrode active material of one embodiment of the present invention has a smooth surface.
- the additive elements to lithium cobalt oxide are introduced separately into additive element A1 and additive element A2.
- the concentration distribution of each additive element in the depth direction can be changed. For example, it is also possible to distribute the additive element A1 to have a higher concentration in the surface layer 100a than in the interior 100b, and to distribute the additive element A2 to have a higher concentration in the interior 100b than in the surface layer 100a. .
- the initial heating shown in this embodiment mode is performed on lithium cobalt oxide. Therefore, the conditions for the initial heating are preferably lower than the heating temperature for obtaining lithium cobalt oxide and shorter than the heating time for obtaining lithium cobalt oxide.
- the step of adding additional elements to lithium cobalt oxide is preferably performed after initial heating. The addition step can be divided into two or more steps. It is preferable to follow this process order because the smoothness of the surface obtained by the initial heating is maintained.
- the positive electrode active material 100 with a smooth surface may be more resistant to physical destruction due to pressure, etc. than the positive electrode active material 100 with a smooth surface.
- the positive electrode active material 100 is less likely to be destroyed in a test involving pressurization such as a nail penetration test, which may result in increased safety.
- the positive electrode has a positive electrode active material layer and a positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material, and may also include a conductive material (synonymous with a conductive additive) and a binder.
- a positive electrode active material a positive electrode active material manufactured using the manufacturing method described in the previous embodiment is used.
- positive electrode active material described in the previous embodiment and other positive electrode active materials may be used in combination.
- Examples of other positive electrode active materials include composite oxides having an olivine crystal structure, a layered rock salt crystal structure, or a spinel crystal structure.
- Examples include compounds such as LiFePO 4 , LiFeO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , V 2 O 5 , Cr 2 O 5 and MnO 2 .
- carbon-based materials such as acetylene black can be used.
- carbon nanotubes, graphene, or graphene compounds can be used as the conductive material.
- graphene compounds refer to multilayer graphene, multigraphene, graphene oxide, multilayer graphene oxide, multilayer graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, reduced multilayer graphene oxide, reduced multilayer graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots.
- a graphene compound refers to a compound that contains carbon, has a shape such as a flat plate or a sheet, and has a two-dimensional structure formed of a six-membered carbon ring. The two-dimensional structure formed by the six-membered carbon ring is sometimes called a carbon sheet.
- the graphene compound may have a functional group. Further, it is preferable that the graphene compound has a bent shape. Further, the graphene compound may be curled into a shape similar to carbon nanofibers.
- graphene oxide refers to one that contains carbon and oxygen, has a sheet-like shape, and has a functional group, particularly an epoxy group, a carboxy group, or a hydroxy group.
- reduced graphene oxide refers to one that contains carbon and oxygen, has a sheet-like shape, and has a two-dimensional structure formed of a six-membered carbon ring.
- a single layer of reduced graphene oxide can function, but a plurality of layers may be stacked.
- the reduced graphene oxide preferably has a portion in which the carbon concentration is greater than 80 atomic % and the oxygen concentration is 2 atomic % or more and 15 atomic % or less. With such carbon and oxygen concentrations, even a small amount can function as a highly conductive material. Further, it is preferable that the reduced graphene oxide has an intensity ratio G/D of G band and D band in the Raman spectrum of 1 or more. Reduced graphene oxide having such an intensity ratio can function as a highly conductive material even in a small amount.
- Graphene compounds may have excellent electrical properties such as high conductivity, and excellent physical properties such as high flexibility and high mechanical strength. Further, the graphene compound has a sheet-like shape. Graphene compounds may have curved surfaces, allowing surface contact with low contact resistance. Further, even if it is thin, it may have very high conductivity, and a conductive path can be efficiently formed within the active material layer with a small amount. Therefore, by using a graphene compound as a conductive material, the contact area between the active material and the conductive material can be increased.
- the graphene compound preferably covers 80% or more of the area of the active material. Note that it is preferable that the graphene compound clings to at least a portion of the active material particles.
- active material particles with a small particle size for example, active material particles of 1 ⁇ m or less
- the specific surface area of the active material particles is large, and more conductive paths connecting the active material particles are required.
- Rapid charging and discharging refers to charging and discharging at a rate of, for example, 200 mA/g, 400 mA/g, or 1000 mA/g or more.
- the plurality of graphenes or graphene compounds are formed so as to partially cover the plurality of granular positive electrode active materials or to stick to the surface of the plurality of granular positive electrode active materials, so that they are in surface contact with each other. is preferred.
- a material used in forming the graphene compound may be mixed with the graphene compound and used in the active material layer 200.
- particles used as a catalyst in forming a graphene compound may be mixed with the graphene compound.
- catalysts for forming graphene compounds include particles containing silicon oxide (SiO 2 , SiO x (x ⁇ 2)), aluminum oxide, iron, nickel, ruthenium, iridium, platinum, copper, germanium, etc. .
- the particles preferably have a median diameter (D50) of 1 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 100 nm or less.
- binder it is preferable to use rubber materials such as styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), styrene-isoprene-styrene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene copolymer. Furthermore, fluororubber can be used as the binder.
- SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
- fluororubber can be used as the binder.
- the binder may be used in combination of more than one of the above.
- an element capable of performing a charge/discharge reaction through an alloying/dealloying reaction with lithium can be used.
- a material containing one or more selected from silicon, tin, gallium, aluminum, germanium, lead, antimony, bismuth, silver, zinc, cadmium, indium, etc. can be used.
- Such elements have a larger charge/discharge capacity than carbon, and silicon in particular has a high theoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g. For this reason, it is preferable to use silicon as the negative electrode active material. Further, compounds having these elements may also be used.
- graphite graphitizable carbon (soft carbon), non-graphitizable carbon (hard carbon), carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon black, etc. may be used.
- Examples of graphite include artificial graphite and natural graphite.
- Examples of the artificial graphite include mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB), coke-based artificial graphite, and pitch-based artificial graphite.
- MCMB mesocarbon microbeads
- spherical graphite having a spherical shape can be used as the artificial graphite.
- MCMB may have a spherical shape, which is preferred.
- it is relatively easy to reduce the surface area of MCMB which may be preferable.
- Examples of natural graphite include flaky graphite and spheroidized natural graphite.
- titanium dioxide TiO 2
- lithium titanium oxide Li 4 Ti 5 O 12
- lithium-graphite intercalation compound Li x C 6
- niobium pentoxide Nb 2 O 5
- oxidized Oxides such as tungsten (WO 2 ) and molybdenum oxide (MoO 2 ) can be used.
- Li 2.6 Co 0.4 N 3 is preferable because it has a large charge/discharge capacity (900 mAh/g, 1890 mAh/cm 3 ).
- a material that causes a conversion reaction can also be used as the negative electrode active material.
- transition metal oxides that do not form an alloy with lithium such as cobalt oxide (CoO), nickel oxide (NiO), and iron oxide (FeO)
- CoO cobalt oxide
- NiO nickel oxide
- FeO iron oxide
- Materials that cause conversion reactions include oxides such as Fe 2 O 3 , CuO, Cu 2 O, RuO 2 , and Cr 2 O 3 , sulfides such as CoS 0.89 , NiS, and CuS, and Zn 3 N 2 , Cu 3 N, Ge 3 N 4 and other nitrides, NiP 2 , FeP 2 and CoP 3 and other phosphides, and FeF 3 and BiF 3 and other fluorides.
- the same materials as the conductive material and binder that the positive electrode active material layer can have can be used.
- Negative electrode current collector The same material as the positive electrode current collector can be used for the negative electrode current collector. Note that it is preferable to use a material that does not form an alloy with carrier ions such as lithium for the negative electrode current collector.
- the electrolytic solution includes a solvent and an electrolyte.
- aprotic organic solvents are preferred, such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), butylene carbonate, chloroethylene carbonate, vinylene carbonate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, ⁇ -valerolactone, and dimethyl carbonate.
- DMC diethyl carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- EMC ethyl methyl carbonate
- methyl formate methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methyl propionate, ethyl propionate, propyl propionate, methyl butyrate, 1,3-dioxane, 1,4 -
- DME dimethoxyethane
- DME dimethyl sulfoxide
- diethyl ether methyl diglyme
- acetonitrile benzonitrile
- tetrahydrofuran sulfolane
- sultone etc.
- Examples of the organic cation used in the electrolytic solution include aliphatic onium cations such as quaternary ammonium cations, tertiary sulfonium cations, and quaternary phosphonium cations, and aromatic cations such as imidazolium cations and pyridinium cations.
- examples of anions used in the electrolytic solution include monovalent amide anions, monovalent methide anions, fluorosulfonic acid anions, perfluoroalkylsulfonic acid anions, tetrafluoroborate anions, perfluoroalkylborate anions, and hexafluorophosphate anions. , or perfluoroalkyl phosphate anion.
- the electrolyte contains vinylene carbonate, propane sultone (PS), tert-butylbenzene (TBB), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), and dinitrile compounds such as succinonitrile and adiponitrile.
- Additives such as fluorobenzene and ethylene glycose bis(propionitrile) ether may also be added.
- the concentration of the added material may be, for example, 0.1 wt% or more and 5 wt% or less based on the entire solvent.
- VC or LiBOB is particularly preferable because it easily forms a good coating.
- a polymer gel electrolyte in which a polymer is swollen with an electrolytic solution may be used.
- silicone gel acrylic gel, acrylonitrile gel, polyethylene oxide gel, polypropylene oxide gel, fluoropolymer gel, etc. can be used.
- polymers having a polyalkylene oxide structure such as polyethylene oxide (PEO), PVDF, polyacrylonitrile, and copolymers containing them can be used.
- PVDF-HFP which is a copolymer of PVDF and hexafluoropropylene (HFP)
- the polymer formed may also have a porous shape.
- a solid electrolyte having an inorganic material such as a sulfide-based or oxide-based material, a solid electrolyte having a polymeric material such as a PEO (polyethylene oxide)-based material, etc. can be used.
- a solid electrolyte it is not necessary to install a separator and/or spacer. Additionally, since the entire battery can be solidified, there is no risk of leakage, dramatically improving safety.
- the material used for the electrolytic solution has few impurities.
- the secondary battery has a separator.
- the separator for example, one made of paper, nonwoven fabric, glass fiber, ceramics, or synthetic fibers using nylon (polyamide), vinylon (polyvinyl alcohol fiber), polyester, acrylic, polyolefin, polyurethane, etc. can be used. I can do it. It is preferable that the separator is processed into an envelope shape and arranged so as to surround either the positive electrode or the negative electrode.
- Coating with a ceramic material improves oxidation resistance, so it is possible to suppress deterioration of the separator during high voltage charging and discharging and improve the reliability of the secondary battery. Furthermore, coating with a fluorine-based material makes it easier for the separator and electrode to come into close contact with each other, thereby improving output characteristics. Coating with a polyamide-based material, especially aramid, improves heat resistance, thereby improving the safety of the secondary battery.
- a metal material such as aluminum and/or a resin material can be used, for example.
- a film-like exterior body can also be used.
- a film for example, a highly flexible metal thin film such as aluminum, stainless steel, copper, or nickel is provided on a film made of a material such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polycarbonate, ionomer, or polyamide, and an exterior coating is further applied on the metal thin film.
- a three-layered film having an insulating synthetic resin film such as polyamide resin or polyester resin can be used as the outer surface of the body.
- the exterior body 509 is bent at the portion indicated by the broken line. After that, the outer peripheral portion of the exterior body 509 is joined. For example, thermocompression bonding or the like may be used for joining. At this time, a region (hereinafter referred to as an inlet) that is not joined is provided in a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 so that the electrolyte can be introduced later.
- an inlet a region (hereinafter referred to as an inlet) that is not joined is provided in a part (or one side) of the exterior body 509 so that the electrolyte can be introduced later.
- the portable information terminal 7200 can execute various applications such as mobile telephone, e-mail, text viewing and creation, music playback, Internet communication, and computer games.
- the display section 7202 is provided with a curved display surface, and can perform display along the curved display surface. Further, the display portion 7202 includes a touch sensor, and can be operated by touching the screen with a finger, a stylus, or the like. For example, by touching an icon 7207 displayed on the display portion 7202, an application can be started.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 is capable of performing short-range wireless communication according to communication standards. For example, by communicating with a headset capable of wireless communication, it is also possible to make hands-free calls.
- the display portion 7202 of the mobile information terminal 7200 includes a secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- a secondary battery By using the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention, a portable information terminal that is lightweight and has a long life can be provided.
- the secondary battery 7104 shown in FIG. 22E can be incorporated inside the housing 7201 in a curved state or inside the band 7203 in a bendable state.
- the mobile information terminal 7200 has a sensor.
- the sensor includes, for example, a human body sensor such as a fingerprint sensor, a pulse sensor, and a body temperature sensor, a touch sensor, a pressure sensor, an acceleration sensor, and the like.
- FIG. 22G shows an example of an armband-shaped display device.
- the display device 7300 includes a display portion 7304, and includes a secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention. Further, the display device 7300 can include a touch sensor in the display portion 7304, and can also function as a mobile information terminal.
- the display section 7304 has a curved display surface, and can perform display along the curved display surface. Further, the display device 7300 can change the display status using short-range wireless communication based on communication standards.
- the display device 7300 is equipped with an input/output terminal and can directly exchange data with other information terminals via a connector. Charging can also be performed via the input/output terminals. Note that the charging operation may be performed by wireless power supply without using the input/output terminal.
- the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention as the secondary battery included in the display device 7300, a lightweight and long-life display device can be provided.
- the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention as a secondary battery in everyday electronic devices, a product that is lightweight and has a long life can be provided.
- everyday electronic devices include electric toothbrushes, electric shavers, electric beauty devices, etc.
- the secondary batteries for these products are small, lightweight, and stick-shaped to make them easier for users to hold.
- a secondary battery with a large discharge capacity is desired.
- FIG. 22H is a perspective view of a device also called a cigarette containing smoking device (electronic cigarette).
- an electronic cigarette 7500 includes an atomizer 7501 including a heating element, a secondary battery 7504 that supplies power to the atomizer, and a cartridge 7502 including a liquid supply bottle, a sensor, and the like.
- a protection circuit that prevents overcharging and/or overdischarging of the secondary battery 7504 may be electrically connected to the secondary battery 7504.
- the secondary battery 7504 shown in FIG. 22H has an external terminal so that it can be connected to a charging device. Since the secondary battery 7504 becomes a tip when held, it is desirable that the total length is short and the weight is light. Since the secondary battery of one embodiment of the present invention has a high discharge capacity and good cycle characteristics, it is possible to provide a small and lightweight electronic cigarette 7500 that can be used for a long time.
- FIG. 23A shows an example of a wearable device.
- Wearable devices use secondary batteries as a power source.
- wearable devices that can be charged wirelessly in addition to wired charging with exposed connectors are being developed to improve splash-proof, water-resistant, and dust-proof performance when used in daily life or outdoors. desired.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, can be mounted on a glasses-type device 4000 as shown in FIG. 23A.
- Glasses-type device 4000 includes a frame 4000a and a display portion 4000b.
- the eyeglass-type device 4000 can be lightweight, have good weight balance, and can be used for a long time.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, a configuration that can save space due to downsizing of the housing can be realized.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, can be mounted on the headset type device 4001.
- the headset type device 4001 includes at least a microphone section 4001a, a flexible pipe 4001b, and an earphone section 4001c.
- a secondary battery can be provided within the flexible pipe 4001b and/or within the earphone portion 4001c.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, can be mounted on the device 4002 that can be directly attached to the body.
- a secondary battery 4002b can be provided in a thin housing 4002a of the device 4002.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, can be mounted on the device 4003 that can be attached to clothing.
- a secondary battery 4003b can be provided in a thin housing 4003a of the device 4003.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, can be mounted on the belt-type device 4006.
- the belt-type device 4006 includes a belt portion 4006a and a wireless power receiving portion 4006b, and a secondary battery can be mounted inside the belt portion 4006a.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, a configuration that can save space due to downsizing of the housing can be realized.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, can be mounted on the wristwatch type device 4005.
- the wristwatch type device 4005 has a display portion 4005a and a belt portion 4005b, and a secondary battery can be provided in the display portion 4005a or the belt portion 4005b.
- a secondary battery which is one embodiment of the present invention, a configuration that can save space due to downsizing of the housing can be realized.
- the display section 4005a can display not only the time but also various information such as incoming mail and telephone calls.
- the wristwatch-type device 4005 is a wearable device that is worn directly around the arm, it may be equipped with a sensor that measures the user's pulse, blood pressure, and the like. Data on the amount of exercise and health of the user can be accumulated to manage the user's health.
- FIG. 23B shows a perspective view of the wristwatch type device 4005 removed from the wrist.
- FIG. 23C shows a state in which a secondary battery 913 is built inside.
- Secondary battery 913 is the secondary battery shown in Embodiment 4.
- the secondary battery 913 is provided at a position overlapping the display portion 4005a, and is small and lightweight.
- FIG. 23D shows an example of wireless earphones. Although a wireless earphone having a pair of main bodies 4100a and 4100b is illustrated here, the pair does not necessarily have to be a pair.
- the main bodies 4100a and 4100b can wirelessly communicate with other electronic devices such as smartphones. This allows the main bodies 4100a and 4100b to reproduce sound data and the like sent from other electronic devices. Furthermore, if the main bodies 4100a and 4100b have microphones, the sound acquired by the microphones can be sent to another electronic device, and the sound data processed by the electronic device can be sent again to the main bodies 4100a and 4100b for playback. . This allows it to be used, for example, as a translator.
- FIG. 24A shows an example of a cleaning robot.
- the cleaning robot 6300 includes a display portion 6302 placed on the top surface of a housing 6301, a plurality of cameras 6303 placed on the side, a brush 6304, an operation button 6305, a secondary battery 6306, various sensors, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is equipped with tires, a suction port, and the like.
- the cleaning robot 6300 is self-propelled, detects dirt 6310, and can suck the dirt from a suction port provided on the bottom surface.
- the cleaning robot 6300 can analyze the image taken by the camera 6303 and determine the presence or absence of obstacles such as walls, furniture, or steps. Furthermore, if an object such as wiring that is likely to become entangled with the brush 6304 is detected through image analysis, the rotation of the brush 6304 can be stopped.
- the cleaning robot 6300 includes therein a secondary battery 6306 according to one embodiment of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component. By using the secondary battery 6306 according to one embodiment of the present invention in the cleaning robot 6300, the cleaning robot 6300 can be an electronic device with a long operating time and high reliability.
- FIG. 24B shows an example of a robot.
- the robot 6400 shown in FIG. 24B includes a secondary battery 6409, an illuminance sensor 6401, a microphone 6402, an upper camera 6403, a speaker 6404, a display portion 6405, a lower camera 6406, an obstacle sensor 6407, a movement mechanism 6408, a calculation device, and the like.
- the display unit 6405 has a function of displaying various information.
- the robot 6400 can display information desired by the user on the display section 6405.
- the display unit 6405 may include a touch panel. Further, the display unit 6405 may be a removable information terminal, and by installing it at a fixed position on the robot 6400, charging and data exchange are possible.
- the robot 6400 includes therein a secondary battery 6409 according to one embodiment of the present invention, and a semiconductor device or an electronic component.
- the robot 6400 can be an electronic device with a long operating time and high reliability.
- FIG. 24C shows an example of a flying object.
- the flying object 6500 shown in FIG. 24C includes a propeller 6501, a camera 6502, a secondary battery 6503, and the like, and has the ability to fly autonomously.
- the flying object 6500 includes therein a secondary battery 6503 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the flying object 6500 can be made into an electronic device with a long operating time and high reliability.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- next-generation clean energy vehicles such as hybrid vehicles (HV), electric vehicles (EV), or plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHV) can be realized.
- HV hybrid vehicles
- EV electric vehicles
- PSV plug-in hybrid vehicles
- the secondary battery can supply power to display devices such as a speedometer and a tachometer that the automobile 8400 has. Further, the secondary battery can supply power to a semiconductor device such as a navigation system included in the automobile 8400.
- the automobile 8500 shown in FIG. 25B can be charged by receiving power from an external charging facility using a plug-in method and/or a non-contact power supply method, etc. to a secondary battery of the automobile 8500.
- FIG. 25B shows a state in which a ground-mounted charging device 8021 is charging a secondary battery 8024 mounted on a car 8500 via a cable 8022.
- a predetermined charging method and connector standard such as CHAdeMO (registered trademark) or combo may be used as appropriate.
- the charging device 8021 may be a charging station provided at a commercial facility, or may be a home power source.
- the secondary battery 8024 mounted on the automobile 8500 can be charged by external power supply. Charging can be performed by converting AC power into DC power via a conversion device such as an ACDC converter.
- This embodiment can be implemented in combination with other embodiments as appropriate.
- FIG. 26 is a graph of the internal temperature of the secondary battery (hereinafter simply referred to as temperature) against time, and shows that as the temperature rises, thermal runaway occurs through several states.
- the negative electrode decomposes, and finally (7) the positive electrode and negative electrode come into direct contact.
- the secondary battery reaches thermal runaway after going through the above-mentioned state (5), (6), or (7).
- thermal runaway it is best to suppress the rise in temperature of the secondary battery, and to maintain a stable state at high temperatures of the negative electrode, positive electrode, and/or electrolyte exceeding 100°C. .
- the peak appearing at 250° C. or higher and 300° C. or lower in the DSC measurement is due to oxygen release from the positive electrode active material and subsequent thermal decomposition. It can be said that the higher the temperature at which this peak appears, or the higher the temperature at which the maximum value is shown, the higher the thermal stability.
- the peak that appears at 250°C or higher and 300°C or lower is preferably at a maximum temperature of 260°C or higher, and preferably 270°C or higher. It is more preferable. Further, it is preferable that the heat flow per weight of the positive electrode active material is small when the maximum value is reached.
- the temperature rise of the secondary battery when the nail penetration test is performed is preferably 130°C or less, and preferably 100°C or less. is more preferable, it is more preferably 80°C or less, and even more preferably 60°C or less.
- a nail penetration test is a test in which a nail 1003 satisfying a predetermined diameter selected from 2 mm or more and 10 mm or less is driven at a speed of 1 mm/s or more and 20 mm/s while the secondary battery 500 is fully charged (States of Charge: equivalent to 100% SOC). This is a test in which the needle is inserted at a predetermined speed selected from the following.
- FIG. 27A shows a cross-sectional view of the secondary battery 500 with a nail 1003 inserted therein.
- the secondary battery 500 has a structure in which a positive electrode 503, a separator 507, a negative electrode 506, and an electrolyte 530 are housed in an exterior body 531.
- the positive electrode 503 has a positive electrode current collector 501 and positive electrode active material layers 502 formed on both surfaces thereof
- the negative electrode 506 has a negative electrode current collector 504 and negative electrode active material layers 505 formed on both surfaces thereof.
- FIG. 27B shows an enlarged view of the nail 1003 and the positive electrode current collector 501, and clearly shows the positive electrode active material 100, which is an embodiment of the present invention, and the conductive material 553, which the positive electrode active material layer 502 has.
- the battery temperature rapidly rises due to Joule heat generated by an internal short circuit, and the electrolyte begins to undergo reductive decomposition on the negative electrode surface. This is called a reduction reaction of the electrolyte by the negative electrode.
- the transition metal M which was tetravalent in the charged NCM, is reduced to trivalent or divalent by the electrons (e ⁇ ) flowing to the positive electrode 503, and oxygen is desorbed from the NCM due to this reduction reaction.
- the electrolytic solution 530 is decomposed by the released oxygen and the like. This is called an oxidation reaction of the electrolyte by the positive electrode.
- FIG. 28 is a partially revised graph based on the graph shown on page 70 [FIG. 2-12] of Non-Patent Document 4, and is a graph of the temperature of the secondary battery versus time, and is a graph of the temperature of the secondary battery with respect to time.
- the transition metal M is reduced by the electrons rapidly flowing into the positive electrode active material (for example, cobalt changes from Co 4+ to Co 2+ ), and a reaction occurs in which oxygen is released from the positive electrode active material. There is. Since this reaction is exothermic, positive feedback is applied to thermal runaway. That is, if this reaction can be suppressed, a positive electrode active material that is less likely to undergo thermal runaway can be obtained.
- the surface layer of the positive electrode active material which tends to become a site for the above-mentioned reaction, has a high concentration of a metal that is difficult to release oxygen. If oxygen is difficult to be released from the positive electrode active material, the above-mentioned reduction reaction (for example, the reaction from Co 4+ to Co 2+ ) is also suppressed.
- the metal that does not easily release oxygen is a metal that forms a stable metal oxide, such as magnesium and aluminum. Nickel is also considered to have the effect of suppressing oxygen release when present at the lithium site.
- the positive electrode active material 100 had the unique effect of suppressing oxygen release because it had the above-mentioned barrier film. It is thought that the oxidation reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed and heat generation is also suppressed. Furthermore, according to the positive electrode active material 100, since the barrier film in the surface layer has characteristics similar to an insulator, it is thought that the speed of current flowing into the positive electrode at the time of an internal short circuit becomes slow. It is expected that this will have the remarkable effect of making it difficult for thermal runaway to occur and for fires to occur.
- the transition metal M such as cobalt
- the transition metal M such as cobalt
- a positive electrode active material 100 according to one embodiment of the present invention was produced, and its characteristics were analyzed.
- lithium cobalt oxide (Cellseed C-10N, manufactured by Nihon Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) having cobalt as the transition metal M and no particular additive element was prepared.
- this lithium cobalt oxide was placed in a crucible, covered, and heated at 850° C. for 2 hours in a muffle furnace. After creating an oxygen atmosphere in the muffle furnace, no flow occurred ( O2 purge). When checking the amount recovered after initial heating, it was found that the weight had decreased slightly. It is possible that the weight decreased because impurities such as lithium carbonate were removed from lithium cobalt oxide.
- step S21 and step S41 shown in FIGS. 19A and 19C Mg, F, Ni, and Al were separately added as additional elements.
- step S21 shown in FIG. 19A LiF was prepared as an F source and MgF 2 was prepared as an Mg source. LiF:MgF 2 was weighed out so that the molar ratio was 1:3. Next, LiF and MgF 2 were mixed in dehydrated acetone and stirred at a rotation speed of 400 rpm for 12 hours to prepare an additive element source (A1 source). A ball mill was used for mixing, and zirconium oxide balls were used as the grinding media.
- A1 source additive element source
- a total of about 9 g of F source and Mg source were added to 45 mL of a mixing ball mill and mixed together with 20 mL of dehydrated acetone and 22 g of zirconium oxide balls (1 mm diameter). After that, it was sieved with a sieve having openings of 300 ⁇ m to obtain an A1 source.
- step S31 the A1 source was weighed to be 1 mol % of cobalt, and was dry mixed with the initially heated lithium cobalt oxide. At this time, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at a rotational speed of 150 rpm. This is a milder stirring condition than when obtaining the A1 source. Finally, the mixture was sieved through a sieve having openings of 300 ⁇ m to obtain a mixture 903 with uniform particle size (step S32).
- step S33 the mixture 903 was heated.
- the heating conditions were 900° C. and 20 hours.
- a lid was placed on the crucible containing mixture 903.
- the inside of the crucible was made to have an oxygen-containing atmosphere, and entry and exit of the oxygen was blocked (purge).
- a composite oxide containing Mg and F was obtained by heating (step S34a).
- step S51 the composite oxide and the additive element source (A2 source) were mixed.
- step S41 shown in FIG. 19B nickel hydroxide that had undergone a pulverization process was prepared as a nickel source, and aluminum hydroxide that had undergone a pulverization process was prepared as an aluminum source.
- Nickel hydroxide was weighed to be 0.5 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide, and aluminum hydroxide was weighed to be 0.5 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide, and mixed with the composite oxide in a dry method. At this time, the mixture was stirred for 1 hour at a rotational speed of 150 rpm. A ball mill was used for mixing, and zirconium oxide balls were used as the grinding media.
- sample 2 was obtained without heating in step S15.
- the oxygen flow rate was 10 L/min during heating in step S53.
- Sample 11 was prepared by simply heating lithium cobalt oxide in step S15.
- STEM and EDX were performed using the following equipment and conditions.
- ⁇ EDX ⁇ Analysis method Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) Scanning transmission electron microscope: JEOL JEM-ARM200F Acceleration voltage: 200kV Beam diameter: approx. 0.1nm ⁇ Elemental analyzer: JED-2300T X-ray detector: Si drift detector Energy resolution: Approximately 140eV X-ray extraction angle: 21.9° Solid angle: 0.98sr Number of captured pixels: 128 x 128
- FIGS. 29A and 29B HAADF-STEM images of sample 10 are shown in FIGS. 29A and 29B.
- FIG. 29A shows the surface and surface layer portion with (001) orientation
- FIG. 29B shows the surface and surface layer portion with other than (001) orientation. All of them were observed to have a layered rock salt type crystal structure.
- Microelectron beam diffraction patterns were obtained at points 1-1 to 1-3 and points 2-1 to 2-3 in the figure.
- Table 4 shows the d value, surface angle, and lattice constant calculated as space group R-3m.
- FIGS. 30A and 30B HAADF-STEM images of sample 11 are shown in FIGS. 30A and 30B.
- FIG. 30A shows the surface and surface layer portion with (001) orientation
- FIG. 30B shows the surface and surface layer portion with other than (001) orientation. All of them were observed to have a layered rock salt type crystal structure.
- Microelectron beam diffraction patterns were obtained at points 3-1 to 3-3 and points 4-1 to 4-3 in the figure.
- Table 4 shows the d value, surface angle, and lattice constant calculated as space group R-3m.
- FIG. 33A shows a HAADF-STEM image of the (001) oriented surface and surface layer of sample 1-1.
- C, O, F, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Co, and Ga were detected.
- Ga was considered to be derived from FIB processing. It was thought that Si and Ca, which were contained in trace amounts in the LiCoO 2 used in step S14, became unevenly distributed on the surface. Mapping images of cobalt and oxygen, which are the main elements, and magnesium, aluminum, and silicon, which were confirmed to be significantly unevenly distributed, are shown in FIGS. 33B to 33F.
- FIG. 34A shows a HAADF-STEM image of the (001)-oriented surface and surface layer portion of sample 1-1, and the scanning direction of STEM-EDX-ray analysis is indicated by an arrow.
- FIG. 34B shows the profile of STEM-EDX-ray analysis of the region. The vertical axis represents counts, and the horizontal axis represents distance.
- FIG. 35 shows an enlarged view of FIG. 34B in the vertical axis direction.
- FIG. 36 shows the profile of cobalt and magnesium extracted from FIG. 35
- FIG. 37 shows the profile of cobalt, aluminum, and fluorine extracted from FIG.
- the reference point was estimated to be a point at a distance of 7.95 nm. Specifically, the region avoiding the vicinity where the detected amount of cobalt starts to increase was set at a distance of 0.25 to 3.49 nm in FIGS. 34B and 35. Further, the region where cobalt and oxygen counts were saturated and stable was set at a distance of 56.1 to 59.3 nm. Using Co, which is a transition metal M, and calculating the 50% point of the sum of M AVE and M BG , the result was 1408.1 counts, and when estimated by finding a regression line, the reference point was 7.95 nm. 1 nm before and after is considered an error.
- Co which is a transition metal M
- FIG. 38A shows a HAADF-STEM image of the non-(001) oriented surface and surface layer of sample 1-1. Points 4-1 to 4-3 show the locations where the microelectron diffraction pattern in FIG. 38A is obtained in FIG. 38B.
- FIG. 42A shows a HAADF-STEM image of the non-(001) oriented surface and surface layer of sample 1-1.
- C, O, F, Mg, Al, Si, Co, Ni, and Ga were detected.
- Mapping images of cobalt, the main element, and silicon, magnesium, aluminum, and nickel, which were confirmed to be significantly unevenly distributed, are shown in FIGS. 42B to 42F.
- nickel was distributed closer to the surface than aluminum, and magnesium was distributed closer to the surface than nickel.
- the lattice constant of sample 2 was large at point 1, which was closest to the surface. Therefore, there was a large difference in lattice constant between the measurement location closest to the surface and the measurement location deeper inside. This was thought to be due to the strong characteristics of a rock salt-type crystal structure, including magnesium oxide, in the surface layer.
- LiCoO 2 in step S14 in FIG. 17A a commercially available lithium cobalt oxide (Cellseed C-10N, manufactured by Nihon Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) that has cobalt as the transition metal M and does not specifically contain magnesium, fluorine, aluminum, etc. is used. Prepared. No initial heating was performed.
- Cellseed C-10N manufactured by Nihon Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- step S20 nickel and aluminum were added to LiCoO 2 as additional elements.
- Nickel hydroxide was prepared as a nickel source
- aluminum hydroxide was prepared as an aluminum source.
- Nickel hydroxide is weighed to be 0.5 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide
- aluminum hydroxide is weighed to be 0.5 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide, and mixed with the composite oxide in a dry method (step S31) to form mixture 903. obtained (step S32).
- step S33 the mixture 903 was heated.
- the heating conditions were 850° C. and 10 hours.
- a lid was placed on the crucible containing mixture 904.
- Lithium cobalt oxide containing nickel and aluminum was obtained by heating (step S34).
- the other conditions were the same as in Example 1.
- the positive electrode active material (composite oxide) thus obtained was designated as Sample 21.
- Sample 22 was prepared in the same manner as Sample 21 except that only aluminum was added as an additive element.
- Sample 23 was prepared in the same manner as Sample 21 except that only nickel was added as an additive element.
- an additive element source (A source) was prepared using fluorine and magnesium as additive elements, LiF as a fluorine source, and MgF 2 as a magnesium source, and the A source was 0.5 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide.
- Sample 24 was prepared in the same manner as Sample 21, except that the mixture was mixed as follows and heated under heating conditions of 850° C. for 60 hours.
- Sample 21 was prepared in the same manner as Sample 21, except that only fluorine was used as an additive element, lithium fluoride was prepared as a fluorine source, and lithium fluoride was mixed in an amount of 1.17 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide. It was set at 26.
- sample 27 was obtained by adding a magnesium source and a fluorine source in step S20a shown in FIG. 18, and adding a nickel source and an aluminum source in step S40.
- an additive element source (A source) is prepared by preparing LiF as a fluorine source and MgF 2 as a magnesium source, and after mixing with LiCoO 2 so that the A source becomes 2 mol% of lithium cobalt oxide.
- the heating conditions were 850° C. and 60 hours.
- the obtained composite oxide and nickel hydroxide were mixed, then mixed with an isopropanol solution in which aluminum isopropoxide (C 9 H 21 AlO 3 ) was dissolved, and subjected to a sol-gel reaction in the air for 17 hours. Thereafter, it was dried in a ventilation drying oven at 80° C. for 3 hours. It was then heated.
- the heating conditions were 850° C. and 2 hours. Conditions other than the above were the same as those for sample 21.
- Table 4 shows the manufacturing conditions for samples 21 to 27.
- a half cell was assembled using the positive electrode active material prepared above and the positive electrode active material prepared in the same manner as Sample 1-1 of Example 1. The conditions for half cell will be explained below.
- the slurry was applied to the current collector and dried to obtain a positive electrode. No pressure was applied. The amount of active material supported on the positive electrode was approximately 7 mg/cm 2 .
- Lithium metal was prepared as a counter electrode, and a coin-shaped half cell including the above-mentioned positive electrode and the like was formed. Using this, XRD measurement after charging was performed.
- the obtained XRD pattern was analyzed using the analysis software DIFFRAC. Background and CuK ⁇ 2 line peaks were removed using EVA. The conditions were Curvature: 25, Threshold: 1E-5, and Intensity Ratio: 0.5.
- FIG. 49 shows the XRD pattern of sample 1-1 when charged at 4.7V. Patterns of LiCoO 2 (O3), O3', H1-3 and O1 type crystal structures are also shown.
- FIG. 50A shows an enlarged view of the range from 18 degrees (deg) to 21.5 degrees in FIG. 49. An enlarged view of the range from 36° to 46° in FIG. 49 is shown in FIG. 50B.
- FIG. 52A An enlarged view of the range from 18° to 21° in FIG. 51 is shown in FIG. 52B.
- the charging capacity at this time is 232.5mAh/g for sample 21, 238.3mAh/g for sample 23, 235.3mAh/g for sample 24, 225.4mAh/g for sample 25, and 233.3mAh/g for sample 25.
- g sample 26 was 231.2 mAh/g, and sample 27 was 220.6 mAh/g.
- a nail penetration test and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed.
- the method for manufacturing the battery used in the test is shown below.
- a porous polypropylene film with a thickness of 25 ⁇ m was used as the separator.
- the nail penetration test device 1000 shown in FIG. 53A includes a stage 1001, a drive section 1002, and a nail 1003.
- the drive unit 1002 has a drive mechanism that moves the nail 1003 in the direction of the arrow in the figure, and operates so that the nail 1003 penetrates the battery 1004 installed on the stage 1001. This action is called a nail-piercing action.
- the broken line shown in FIG. 53A indicates a recessed portion of the stage 1001 provided for accommodating the nail 1003 after the nail 1003 has penetrated during the nail piercing operation.
- a nail penetration test was conducted on Cell 1 and Cell 2 using the nail penetration test device 1000 described above.
- Cell 1 to be subjected to the nail penetration test was charged under the conditions of step A7 in Table 5, and cell 2 was charged under the conditions of step A7 in Table 6 to a fully charged state. Furthermore, before the nail penetration test, the temperature was adjusted so that the battery temperature was 23°C.
- Table 7 shows the conditions of Cell 1 and Cell 2, including the amount of positive electrode active material supported, the amount of negative electrode active material supported, charging capacity, etc.
- Figures 54A and 55A are photographs of Cell 1 and Cell 2 after the nail penetration test.
- 54B and 55B are graphs showing voltage changes of Cell 1 and Cell 2 in the nail penetration test.
- 54C and 55C are graphs showing temperature changes in Cell 1 and Cell 2 in the nail penetration test. Note that the nail hits the battery at 22 seconds on the horizontal axis (seconds, sec) in FIGS. 54B, 54C, 55B, and 55C.
- ⁇ DSC test pretreatment> As pretreatment for the DSC test, the above Cells 3 and 4 were charged and discharged. The charging conditions were constant current charging at 0.1C to 4.6V, followed by constant voltage charging at 4.6V until the final current reached 0.005C. The discharge conditions were constant current discharge to 2.5V at 0.1C. The above charging and discharging process was repeated twice. Note that the environmental temperature during charging and discharging was 25°C.
- ⁇ DSC measurement> For the DSC measurement, a high-sensitivity differential scanning calorimeter Thermo plus EVO2 DSC8231 manufactured by Rigaku was used. The measurement conditions were a temperature range from room temperature to 400°C, and a temperature increase rate of 5°C/min. As a reference, we used the same container that contained the sample, only the zirconia balls, and the lid was press-fitted.
- the peak appearing around 130° C. in positive electrode sample 1 was presumed to be due to a change in the crystal structure of the positive electrode active material that did not involve desorption of oxygen. Furthermore, it was assumed that the peak appearing around 180° C. in positive electrode sample 1 was due to electrolyte decomposition on the surface of the positive electrode active material. Furthermore, it was assumed that the peak appearing at temperatures above 250°C and below 300°C was due to oxygen release from the positive electrode active material and subsequent thermal decomposition.
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Abstract
Description
図2A乃至図2Cは正極活物質が有する添加元素の分布の例である。
図3Aは正極活物質が有する添加元素の分布の例である。図3Bは添加元素の分布について説明する図である。
図4はフッ化リチウムとフッ化マグネシウムの組成および温度の関係を示す相図である。
図5はDSC分析の結果を説明する図である。
図6は結晶の配向が概略一致しているTEM像の例である。
図7Aは結晶の配向が概略一致しているSTEM像の例である。図7Bは岩塩型結晶RSの領域のFFTパターン、図7Cは層状岩塩型結晶LRSの領域のFFTパターンである。
図8は正極活物質の結晶構造を説明する図である。
図9は従来の正極活物質の結晶構造を説明する図である。
図10は正極活物質の充電深度と格子定数を説明する図である。
図11は結晶構造から計算されるXRDパターンを示す図である。
図12は結晶構造から計算されるXRDパターンを示す図である。
図13Aおよび図13Bは結晶構造から計算されるXRDパターンを示す図である。
図14A乃至図14CはXRDから算出される格子定数である。
図15A乃至図15CはXRDから算出される格子定数である。
図16Aおよび図16Bは正極活物質の断面図である。
図17A乃至図17Cは正極活物質の作製方法を説明する図である。
図18は正極活物質の作製方法を説明する図である。
図19A乃至図19Cは正極活物質の作製方法を説明する図である。
図20は二次電池の外観を示す図である。
図21A乃至図21Cは二次電池の作製方法を説明する図である。
図22A乃至図22Hは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図23A乃至図23Dは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図24A乃至図24Cは電子機器の一例を説明する図である。
図25A乃至図25Cは車両の一例を説明する図である。
図26は、二次電池の温度上昇を示すグラフである。
図27Aおよび図27Bは、釘刺し試験を説明する図である。
図28は、内部短絡が生じたときの二次電池の温度上昇を示すグラフである。
図29Aおよび図29Bは正極活物質のHAADF−STEM像である。
図30Aおよび図30Bは極微電子線回折パターンである。
図31Aおよび図31Bは極微電子線回折パターンである。
図32Aおよび図32Bは極微電子線回折パターンである。
図33Aは正極活物質HAADF−STEM像、図33Bはコバルトマッピング像、図33Cは酸素マッピング像、図33Dはマグネシウムマッピング像、図33Eはアルミニウムマッピング像、図33Fはシリコンマッピング像である。
図34AはSTEM−EDX線分析のスキャン方法を示す図、図34BはSTEM−EDX線分析のプロファイルである。
図35は、図34Bの一部を拡大した図である。
図36は、図35の一部を抜粋した図である。
図37は、図35の一部を抜粋した図である。
図38Aおよび図38Bは正極活物質のHAADF−STEM像である。
図39Aおよび図39Bは極微電子線回折パターンである。
図40Aおよび図40Bは極微電子線回折パターンである。
図41Aおよび図41Bは極微電子線回折パターンである。
図42Aは正極活物質HAADF−STEM像、図42Bはシリコンマッピング像、図42Cはコバルトマッピング像、図42Dはマグネシウムマッピング像、図42Eはアルミニウムマッピング像、図42Fはニッケルマッピング像である。
図43AはSTEM−EDX線分析のスキャン方法を示す図、図43BはSTEM−EDX線分析のプロファイルである。
図44は、図43Bの一部を拡大した図である。
図45は、図44の一部を抜粋した図である。
図46は、図44の一部を抜粋した図である。
図47は、図44の一部を抜粋した図である。
図48Aおよび図48Bは、HAADF−STEM像である。
図49は、正極活物質の充電後XRDパターンである。
図50Aおよび図50Bは、図49の一部を拡大したXRDパターンである。
図51は、正極活物質の充電後XRDパターンである。
図52Aおよび図52Bは、図51の一部を拡大したXRDパターンである。
図53A及び図53Bは、釘刺し試験装置を説明する図である。
図54A乃至図54Cは、釘刺し試験の結果を示す図である。
図55A乃至図55Cは、釘刺し試験の結果を示す図である。
図56は、DSC試験の結果を示す図である。
本実施の形態では、図1乃至図16を用いて本発明の一態様の正極活物質100について説明する。
正極活物質100は、リチウムと、コバルトと、酸素と、添加元素と、を有する。または正極活物質100はコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)に添加元素が加えられたものを有する。ただし本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は後述する結晶構造を有すればよい。そのためコバルト酸リチウムの組成が厳密にLi:Co:O=1:1:2に限定されるものではない。
≪LixCoO2中のxが1のとき≫
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は放電状態、つまりLixCoO2中のx=1の場合に、空間群R−3mに帰属する層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有することが好ましい。層状岩塩型の複合酸化物は、放電容量が高く、二次元的なリチウムイオンの拡散経路を有しリチウムイオンの挿入/脱離反応に適しており、二次電池の正極活物質として優れる。そのため特に、正極活物質100の体積の大半を占める内部100bが層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有することが好ましい。図8に層状岩塩型の結晶構造をR−3m O3を付して示す。R−3m O3は、格子定数がa=2.81610、b=2.81610、c=14.05360、α=90.0000、β=90.0000、γ=120.0000であり、ユニットセルにおけるリチウム、コバルトおよび酸素の座標が、Li(0、0、0)、Co(0、0、0.5)、O(0、0、0.23951)である(非特許文献6)。
表層部100aを安定な組成および結晶構造とするために、表層部100aは添加元素を有することが好ましく、添加元素を複数有することがより好ましい。また表層部100aは内部100bよりも添加元素から選ばれた一または二以上の濃度が高いことが好ましい。また正極活物質100が有する添加元素から選ばれた一または二以上は濃度勾配を有していることが好ましい。また正極活物質100は添加元素によって分布が異なっていることがより好ましい。たとえば添加元素によって表層部における検出量のピークの、表面または後述するEDX線分析における基準点からの深さが異なっていることがより好ましい。ここでいう検出量のピークとは、表層部100aまたは表面から50nm以下における検出量の極大値をいうこととする。検出量とは、たとえばEDX線分析におけるカウントをいう。
マグネシウムは2価で、マグネシウムイオンは層状岩塩型の結晶構造におけるコバルトサイトよりもリチウムサイトに存在する方が安定であるため、リチウムサイトに入りやすい。マグネシウムが表層部100aのリチウムサイトに適切な濃度で存在することで、リチウムイオンの挿入脱離によってc軸方向に伸縮する力が働いても、c軸長の収縮を抑制する効果を有する。また層状岩塩型の結晶構造を保持しやすくできる。これはリチウムサイトに存在するマグネシウムが、CoO2層同士を支える柱として機能するためと推測される。またマグネシウムが存在することで、LixCoO2中のxがたとえば0.24以下の状態においてマグネシウムの周囲の酸素の脱離を抑制することができる。またマグネシウムが存在することで正極活物質100の密度が高くなることが期待できる。また表層部100aのマグネシウム濃度が高いと、電解液が分解して生じたフッ酸に対する耐食性が向上することも期待できる。
ニッケルは、LiMeO2の層状岩塩型の結晶構造では、コバルトサイトとリチウムサイトのどちらにも存在しうる。コバルトサイトに存在する場合、コバルトと比較して酸化還元電位が低いため、たとえば充電においてはリチウムおよび電子を手放しやすい、ともいえる。そのため充放電スピードが速くなることが期待できる。そのため、同じ充電電圧でも、遷移金属Mがコバルトの場合よりもニッケルの場合の方が大きな充放電容量が得られる。
またアルミニウムは層状岩塩型の結晶構造におけるコバルトサイトに存在しうる。アルミニウムは3価の典型元素であり価数が変化しないため、充放電の際もアルミニウム周辺のリチウムは移動しにくい。そのためアルミニウムとその周辺のリチウムが柱として機能し、結晶構造の変化を抑制しうる。そのため後述するように正極活物質100がリチウムイオンの挿入脱離によってc軸方向に伸縮する力が働いてもc軸長を保つ効果を有する。そのため正極活物質100の劣化を抑制することができる。
フッ素は1価の陰イオンであり、表層部100aにおいて酸素の一部がフッ素に置換されていると、リチウム脱離エネルギーが小さくなる。これは、リチウム脱離に伴うコバルトイオンの酸化還元電位が、フッ素の有無によって異なることによる。つまりフッ素を有さない場合は、リチウム脱離に伴いコバルトイオンは3価から4価に変化する。一方フッ素を有する場合は、リチウム脱離に伴いコバルトイオンは2価から3価に変化する。両者で、コバルトイオンの酸化還元電位が異なる。そのため正極活物質100の表層部100aにおいて酸素の一部がフッ素に置換されていると、フッ素近傍のリチウムイオンの脱離および挿入がスムースに起きやすいと言える。そのため正極活物質100を二次電池に用いたときに充放電特性、大電流特性等を向上させることができる。また電解液に接する部分である表面を有する表層部100aにフッ素が存在することで、または表面にフッ化物が付着することで、正極活物質100と、電解液との過剰な反応を抑制することができる。またフッ酸に対する耐食性を効果的に向上させることができる。
チタンの酸化物は超親水性を有することが知られている。そのため、表層部100aにチタン酸化物を有する正極活物質100とすることで、極性の高い溶媒に対して濡れ性がよくなる可能性がある。二次電池としたときに正極活物質100と、極性の高い電解液との界面の接触が良好となり、内部抵抗の上昇を抑制できる可能性がある。
さらに表層部100aにマグネシウムとニッケルを併せて有する場合、2価のマグネシウムの近くでは2価のニッケルがより安定に存在できる可能性がある。そのためLixCoO2中のxが小さい状態でもマグネシウムの溶出が抑制されうる。そのため表層部100aの安定化に寄与しうる。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は、放電状態において上述のような添加元素の分布および/または結晶構造を有することに起因して、LixCoO2中のxが小さい状態での結晶構造が、従来の正極活物質と異なる。なおここでxが小さいとは、0.1<x≦0.24をいうこととする。
Co1(0.5,0,0.5)、
Co2(0,0.5,0.5)、
O1(XO1,0,ZO1)、
0.23≦XO1≦0.24、0.61≦ZO1≦0.65、
O2(XO2,0.5,ZO2)、
0.75≦XO2≦0.78、0.68≦ZO2≦0.71、の範囲内で示すことができる。またユニットセルの格子定数は、
a=4.880±0.05Å、
b=2.817±0.05Å、
c=4.839±0.05Å、
α=90°、
β=109.6±0.1°、
γ=90°である。
Co(0,0,0.5)、
O(0,0,ZO)、
0.21≦ZO≦0.23、の範囲内で示すことができる。
またユニットセルの格子定数は、
a=2.817±0.02Å、
c=13.68±0.1Åである。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100が有する添加元素は、上記のような分布に加え、少なくとも一部は結晶粒界105およびその近傍に偏在していることがより好ましい。
正極活物質100は結晶性が高いことが好ましく、単結晶であるとより好ましい。すなわち正極活物質100は単粒子を有すると好ましい。本発明の一態様である正極活物質100が単粒子であると、充放電によって正極活物質100に体積変化が生じても、クラックが発生しづらく好ましい。さらに正極活物質100が単粒子であると、正極活物質100を用いた二次電池は発火しづらいと考えられ、安全性を向上させることができる。
たとえば正極活物質100は、XRDの回折パターンの半値幅から算出される結晶子サイズの下限が、250nm以上であることが好ましく、420nm以上であることがさらに好ましい。結晶子サイズは、たとえば下記のシェラーの式から求めることができる。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100の粒径は、大きすぎるとリチウムの拡散が難しくなる、集電体に塗工したときに活物質層の表面が粗くなりすぎる、等の問題がある。一方、小さすぎると、電解液との反応が過剰に進む等の問題点も生じる。そのため、メディアン径(D50)が、1μm以上100μm以下が好ましく、2μm以上40μm以下であることがより好ましく、5μm以上30μm以下がさらに好ましい。または1μm以上40μm以下が好ましい。または1μm以上30μm以下が好ましい。または2μm以上100μm以下が好ましい。または2μm以上30μm以下が好ましい。または5μm以上100μm以下が好ましい。または5μm以上40μm以下が好ましい。
ある正極活物質が、LixCoO2中のxが小さいときO3’型および/または単斜晶O1(15)型の結晶構造を有する本発明の一態様の正極活物質100であるか否かは、LixCoO2中のxが小さい正極活物質を有する正極を、XRD、電子線回折、中性子線回折、電子スピン共鳴(ESR)、核磁気共鳴(NMR)等を用いて解析することで判断できる。
ある複合酸化物が、本発明の一態様の正極活物質100であるか否かを判断するための充電は、例えば対極リチウムでコインセル(CR2032タイプ、直径20mm高さ3.2mm)を作製して充電することができる。
XRD測定の装置および条件は特に限定されない。たとえば下記のような装置および条件で測定することができる。
XRD装置 :Bruker AXS社製、D8 ADVANCE
X線源 :CuKα1線
出力 :40kV、40mA
発散角 :Div.Slit、0.5°
検出器:LynxEye
スキャン方式 :2θ/θ連続スキャン
測定範囲(2θ) :15°以上90°以下
ステップ幅(2θ) :0.01°設定
計数時間 :1秒間/ステップ
試料台回転 :15rpm
X線光電子分光(XPS)では、無機酸化物の場合で、X線源として単色アルミニウムのKα線を用いると、表面から2乃至8nm程度(通常5nm以下)の深さまでの領域の分析が可能であるため、表層部100aの深さに対して約半分の領域について、各元素の濃度を定量的に分析することができる。また、ナロースキャン分析をすれば元素の結合状態を分析することができる。なおXPSの定量精度は多くの場合±1原子%程度、下限は元素にもよるが約1原子%である。
測定装置 :PHI 社製QuanteraII
X線源 :単色化Al Kα(1486.6eV)
検出領域 :100μmφ
検出深さ :約4~5nm(取出角45°)
測定スペクトル :ワイドスキャン,各検出元素のナロースキャン
正極活物質100が有する添加元素から選ばれた一または二以上は濃度勾配を有していることが好ましい。また正極活物質100は添加元素によって、濃度ピークの表面からの深さが異なっていることがより好ましい。添加元素の濃度勾配はたとえば、FIB(Focused Ion Beam)等により正極活物質100の断面を露出させ、その断面をエネルギー分散型X線分光法(EDX:Energy Dispersive X−ray Spectroscopy)、EPMA(電子プローブ微小分析)等を用いて分析することで評価できる。
EPMA(電子プローブ微小分析)も元素の定量が可能である。面分析ならば各元素の分布を分析することができる。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は、上述したように、表層部100aの少なくとも一部が、岩塩型の結晶構造を有することが好ましい。そのため、正極活物質100およびこれを有する正極をラマン分光法で分析したとき、層状岩塩の結晶構造と共に、岩塩型をはじめとする立方晶系の結晶構造も観測されることが好ましい。後述するSTEM像および極微電子線回折パターンでは、観察時の奥行き方向にある程度の頻度でリチウム位置に置換したコバルト、および酸素4配位位置に存在するコバルト等が無いと、STEM像および極微電子線回折パターンの輝点として検出することができない。一方で、ラマン分光法はCo−Oなどの結合の振動モードをとらえる分析であるため、該当するCo−O結合の存在量が少なくても、対応する振動モードの波数のピークが観測できる場合がある。さらに、ラマン分光法は、表層部の面積数μm2、深さ1μmくらいの範囲を測定できるため、粒子表面にのみ存在する状態を感度よく捉えることができる。
ラマン分光法と同様に極微電子線回折パターンでも、層状岩塩の結晶構造と共に、岩塩型の結晶構造の特徴も観察されることが好ましい。ただしSTEM像および極微電子線回折パターンにおいては、上述の感度の違いも踏まえ、表層部100a、なかでも最表面(たとえば表面から深さ1nm)において岩塩型の結晶構造の特徴が強くなりすぎないことが好ましい。最表面が岩塩型の結晶構造で覆われるよりも、層状岩塩型の結晶構造を有したままリチウム層にマグネシウム等の添加元素が存在する方が、リチウムの拡散経路を確保でき、かつ結晶構造を安定化させる機能がより強くなるためである。
本発明の一態様の正極活物質100は、表面がなめらかで凹凸が少ないことが好ましい。表面がなめらかで凹凸が少ないことは、後述する融剤の効果が十分に発揮されて、添加元素源とコバルト酸リチウムの表面が溶融したことを示す。そのため表層部100aにおける添加元素の分布が良好であることを示す一つの要素である。
正極活物質100は凹部、クラック、窪み、断面V字形などを有する場合がある。これらは欠陥の一つであり、充放電を繰り返すとこれらからコバルトの溶出、結晶構造の崩れ、正極活物質100の割れ、酸素の脱離などが生じる恐れがある。しかこれらを埋め込むように図1Bに示すような埋め込み部102が存在すると、コバルトの溶出などを抑制することができる。そのため信頼性およびサイクル特性の優れた正極活物質100とすることができる。
本実施の形態では、本発明を実施する一形態である正極活物質100の作製方法の例について説明する。
さらにコバルト酸リチウムを合成した後、添加元素を混合する前にも加熱を行うとより好ましい。この加熱を初期加熱という場合がある。
アニールおよび初期加熱を経る正極活物質100の作製方法1について、図17A乃至図17Cを用いて説明する。
図17Aに示すステップS11では、出発材料であるリチウム及び遷移金属の材料として、それぞれリチウム源(Li源)及びコバルト源(Co源)を準備する。
次に、図17Aに示すステップS12として、リチウム源及びコバルト源を粉砕及び混合して、混合材料を作製する。粉砕及び混合は、乾式または湿式で行うことができる。湿式はより小さく解砕することができるため好ましい。湿式で行う場合は、溶媒を準備する。溶媒としてはアセトン等のケトン、エタノール及びイソプロパノール等のアルコール、エーテル、ジオキサン、アセトニトリル、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)等を用いることができる。リチウムと反応が起こりにくい、非プロトン性溶媒を用いることがより好ましい。本実施の形態では、純度が99.5%以上の脱水アセトンを用いることとする。水分含有量を10ppm以下まで抑えた、純度が99.5%以上の脱水アセトンにリチウム源及びコバルト源を混合して、粉砕及び混合を行うと好適である。上記のような純度の脱水アセトンを用いることで、混入しうる不純物を低減することができる。
次に、図17Aに示すステップS13として、上記混合材料を加熱する。加熱は、800℃以上1100℃以下で行うことが好ましく、900℃以上1000℃以下で行うことがより好ましく、950℃程度がさらに好ましい。温度が低すぎると、リチウム源及びコバルト源の分解及び溶融が不十分となるおそれがある。一方温度が高すぎると、リチウム源からリチウムが蒸散する、及び/またはコバルトが過剰に還元される、などが原因となり欠陥が生じるおそれがある。例えばコバルトが3価から2価へ変化し、酸素欠陥などが誘発されることがある。
以上の工程により、図17Aに示すステップS14で示すコバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)を合成することができる。
次に、図17Aに示すステップS15としてコバルト酸リチウムを加熱する。コバルト酸リチウムに対する最初の加熱のため、ステップS15の加熱を初期加熱と呼ぶことがある。または以下に示すステップS20の前に加熱するものであるため、予備加熱又は前処理と呼ぶことがある。
次にステップS20に示すように、初期加熱を経たコバルト酸リチウムに添加元素Aを加えることが好ましい。初期加熱を経たコバルト酸リチウムに添加元素Aを加えると、添加元素Aをムラなく添加することができる。よって、初期加熱後に添加元素Aを添加する順が好ましい。添加元素Aを添加するステップについて、図17B、及び図17Cを用いて説明する。
図17Bに示すステップS21では、コバルト酸リチウムに添加する添加元素A源(A源)を用意する。添加元素A源と合わせて、リチウム源を準備してもよい。
次に、図17Bに示すステップS22では、マグネシウム源及びフッ素源を粉砕及び混合する。本工程は、ステップS12で説明した粉砕及び混合の条件から選択して実施することができる。
次に、図17Bに示すステップS23では、上記で粉砕、混合した材料を回収して、添加元素A源(A源)を得ることができる。なお、ステップS23に示す添加元素A源は、複数の出発材料を有するものであり、混合物と呼ぶことができる。
図17Bとは異なる工程について図17Cを用いて説明する。図17Cに示すステップS21では、コバルト酸リチウムに添加する添加元素源を4種用意する。すなわち図17Cは図17Bとは添加元素源の種類が異なる。添加元素源と合わせて、リチウム源を準備してもよい。
図17Cに示すステップS22及びステップS23は、図17Bで説明したステップと同様である。
次に、図17Aに示すステップS31では、コバルト酸リチウムと、添加元素A源(A源)とを混合する。コバルト酸リチウム中のコバルトの原子数Coと、添加元素A源が有するマグネシウムの原子数Mgとの比は、Co:Mg=100:y(0.1≦y≦6)であることが好ましく、M:Mg=100:y(0.3≦y≦3)であることがより好ましい。
次に、図17AのステップS32において、上記で混合した材料を回収し、混合物903を得る。回収の際、必要に応じて解砕した後にふるいを実施してもよい。
次に、図17Aに示すステップS33では、混合物903を加熱する。ステップS13で説明した加熱条件から選択して実施することができる。加熱時間は2時間以上が好ましい。このとき、加熱雰囲気の酸素分圧を高めるため、炉内は大気圧を超えた圧力であってもよい。加熱雰囲気の酸素分圧が不足すると、コバルト等が還元され、コバルト酸リチウム等が層状岩塩型の結晶構造を保てなくなる恐れがあるためである。
次に、図17Aに示すステップS34では、加熱した材料を回収し、必要に応じて解砕して、正極活物質100を得る。このとき、回収された粒子をさらに、ふるいにかけると好ましい。以上の工程により、本発明の一形態の正極活物質100を作製することができる。本発明の一形態の正極活物質は表面がなめらかである。
次に、本発明を実施する一形態であって、正極活物質の作製方法1とは異なる正極活物質の作製方法2について、図18乃至図19Cを用いて説明する。正極活物質の作製方法2は主に添加元素を加える回数および混合方法が作製方法1とは異なる。その他の記載は作製方法1の記載を参酌することができる。
次にステップS20aに示すように、初期加熱を経たコバルト酸リチウムに添加元素A1を加えることが好ましい。
図19Aに示すステップS21では、第1の添加元素源を準備する。第1の添加元素源としては、図17Bに示すステップS21で説明した添加元素Aの中から選択して用いることができる。例えば、添加元素A1としては、マグネシウム、フッ素、及びカルシウムの中から選ばれるいずれか一または複数を好適に用いることができる。図19Aでは第1の添加元素源として、マグネシウム源(Mg源)、及びフッ素源(F源)を用いる場合を例示する。
次に、ステップS33で加熱した材料を回収し、添加元素A1を有するコバルト酸リチウムを作製する。ステップS14の複合酸化物と区別するため第2の複合酸化物とも呼ぶ。
図18に示すステップS40では、添加元素A2を添加する。図19B及び図19Cも参照しながら説明する。
図19Bに示すステップS41では、第2の添加元素源を準備する。第2の添加元素源としては、図17Bに示すステップS21で説明した添加元素Aの中から選択して用いることができる。例えば、添加元素A2としては、ニッケル、チタン、ホウ素、ジルコニウム、及びアルミニウムの中から選ばれるいずれか一または複数を好適に用いることができる。図19Bでは第2の添加元素源として、ニッケル源(Ni源)、及びアルミニウム源(Al源)を用いる場合を例示する。
次に、図18に示すステップS51乃至ステップS53は、図17Aに示すステップS31乃至ステップS34と同様の条件にて行うことができる。加熱工程に関するステップS53の条件はステップS33より低い温度且つ短い時間でもよい。以上の工程により、ステップS54では、本発明の一形態の正極活物質100を作製することができる。本発明の一形態の正極活物質は表面がなめらかである。
本実施の形態では、図20および図21を用いて本発明の一態様の二次電池の例について説明する。
以下に、図20に示す、正極、負極および電解液が、外装体に包まれている二次電池を例にとって説明する。
正極は、正極活物質層および正極集電体を有する。正極活物質層は正極活物質を有し、導電材(導電助剤と同義)およびバインダを有していてもよい。正極活物質には、先の実施の形態で説明した作製方法を用いて作製した正極活物質を用いる。
バインダとしては、例えば、スチレン−ブタジエンゴム(SBR)、スチレン−イソプレン−スチレンゴム、アクリロニトリル−ブタジエンゴム、ブタジエンゴム、エチレン−プロピレン−ジエン共重合体などのゴム材料を用いることが好ましい。またバインダとして、フッ素ゴムを用いることができる。
集電体としては、ステンレス、金、白金、アルミニウム、チタン等の金属、及びこれらの合金など、導電性が高い材料をもちいることができる。また正極集電体に用いる材料は、正極の電位で溶出しないことが好ましい。また、シリコン、チタン、ネオジム、スカンジウム、モリブデンなどの耐熱性を向上させる元素が添加されたアルミニウム合金を用いることができる。また、シリコンと反応してシリサイドを形成する金属元素で形成してもよい。シリコンと反応してシリサイドを形成する金属元素としては、ジルコニウム、チタン、ハフニウム、バナジウム、ニオブ、タンタル、クロム、モリブデン、タングステン、コバルト、ニッケル等がある。集電体は、箔状、板状、シート状、網状、パンチングメタル状、エキスパンドメタル状等の形状を適宜用いることができる。集電体は、厚みが5μm以上30μm以下のものを用いるとよい。
負極は、負極活物質層および負極集電体を有する。また、負極活物質層は、導電材およびバインダを有していてもよい。
負極活物質としては、例えば合金系材料および/または炭素系材料等を用いることができる。
負極集電体には、正極集電体と同様の材料を用いることができる。なお負極集電体は、リチウム等のキャリアイオンと合金化しない材料を用いることが好ましい。
電解液は、溶媒と電解質を有する。電解液の溶媒としては、非プロトン性有機溶媒が好ましく、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ブチレンカーボネート、クロロエチレンカーボネート、ビニレンカーボネート、γ−ブチロラクトン、γ−バレロラクトン、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ギ酸メチル、酢酸メチル、酢酸エチル、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、酪酸メチル、1,3−ジオキサン、1,4−ジオキサン、ジメトキシエタン(DME)、ジメチルスルホキシド、ジエチルエーテル、メチルジグライム、アセトニトリル、ベンゾニトリル、テトラヒドロフラン、スルホラン、スルトン等の1種、又はこれらのうちの2種以上を任意の組み合わせおよび比率で用いることができる。
また二次電池は、セパレータを有することが好ましい。セパレータとしては、例えば、紙、不織布、ガラス繊維、セラミックス、或いはナイロン(ポリアミド)、ビニロン(ポリビニルアルコール系繊維)、ポリエステル、アクリル、ポリオレフィン、ポリウレタンを用いた合成繊維等で形成されたものを用いることができる。セパレータはエンベロープ状に加工し、正極または負極のいずれか一方を包むように配置することが好ましい。
二次電池が有する外装体としては、例えばアルミニウムなどの金属材料および/または樹脂材料を用いることができる。また、フィルム状の外装体を用いることもできる。フィルムとしては、例えばポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、ポリカーボネート、アイオノマー、ポリアミド等の材料からなる膜上に、アルミニウム、ステンレス、銅、ニッケル等の可撓性に優れた金属薄膜を設け、さらに該金属薄膜上に外装体の外面としてポリアミド系樹脂、ポリエステル系樹脂等の絶縁性合成樹脂膜を設けた三層構造のフィルムを用いることができる。
ラミネート型の二次電池500の外観図の一例を図20及び図21に示す。図20及び図21は、正極503、負極506、セパレータ507、外装体509、正極リード電極510及び負極リード電極511を有する。ラミネート型の二次電池は、可撓性を有する構成とすれば、可撓性を有する部位を少なくとも一部有する電子機器に実装すれば、電子機器の変形に合わせて二次電池も曲げることもできる。該ラミネート型二次電池の作製方法の一例について、図21A乃至図21Cを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、本発明の一態様である二次電池を電子機器に実装する例について図22A乃至図24Cを用いて説明する。
本実施の形態では、車両に本発明の一態様の正極活物質を有する二次電池を搭載する例を示す。
本実施の形態では、二次電池の熱暴走、及び釘刺し試験等について説明し、本発明の一形態である正極活物質100を用いた二次電池に対して釘刺し試験を実施すると発火に至りにくい原理等を説明する。
非特許文献4の第69頁[図2−11]に示したグラフを引用し、一部を修正して図26に示す。図26は時間に対する二次電池の内部温度(以下、単に温度と記す)のグラフであり、温度が上昇すると、いくつかの状態を経て熱暴走に至ることを示している。
次に、釘刺し試験について、図27A乃至図27C等を用いて説明する。釘刺し試験とは、二次電池500を満充電(States Of Charge:SOC100%に等しい状態)として、2mm以上10mm以下から選ばれた所定の直径を満たす釘1003を、1mm/s以上20mm/s以下等から選ばれた所定の速度で刺しこむ試験である。図27Aは二次電池500に釘1003を刺した状態の断面図を示す。二次電池500は、正極503、セパレータ507、負極506、及び電解液530が外装体531に収容された構造を有する。正極503は正極集電体501と、その両面に形成された正極活物質層502を有し、負極506は負極集電体504と、その両面に形成された負極活物質層505を有する。また図27Bは釘1003及び正極集電体501の拡大図を示しており、正極活物質層502が有する本発明の一形態である正極活物質100、及び導電材553を明示する。
図18および図19に示す作製方法を参照しながら本実施例で作製したサンプルについて説明する。
次にサンプル10、サンプル11およびサンプル1−1についてSTEM−EDXによる面分析(たとえば元素マッピング)および電子線回折を行った。またサンプル2について電子線回折を行った。
走査透過電子顕微鏡 : 日本電子製 JEM−ARM200F
観察条件 加速電圧 : 200kV
倍率精度 : ±10%
分析手法 : エネルギー分散型X線分光法(EDX)
走査透過電子顕微鏡 : 日本電子製 JEM−ARM200F
加速電圧 : 200kV
ビーム径 : 約0.1nmφ
元素分析装置 : JED−2300T
X線検出器 : Siドリフト検出器
エネルギー分解能 : 約140eV
X線取出角 : 21.9°
立体角 : 0.98sr
取込画素数 : 128×128
なお表3に示した格子定数は、極微電子線回折パターンから算出されたものであり、XRDパターンから算出した格子定数と直接比較はできない。しかし、極微電子線回折パターンから算出した格子定数同士の比較は可能であり、各サンプルの特徴を示しているといえる。
図17乃至図19に示す作製方法を参照しながら本実施例で作製したサンプルについて説明する。
XRD装置 :Bruker AXS社製、D8 ADVANCE
X線源 :Cu
出力 :40kV、40mA
発散角 :Div.Slit、0.5°
検出器:LynxEye
スキャン方式 :2θ/θ連続スキャン
測定範囲(2θ) :15−75°
ステップ幅(2θ) :0.01°設定
計数時間 :1秒間/ステップ
試料台回転 :15rpm
<正極の作製1>
正極活物質として実施例1で説明したサンプル1−1を用意し、導電材としてアセチレンブラック(AB)を用意し、結着剤としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を用意した。PVDFはあらかじめN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)に対して重量比で5%の割合で溶解したものを用意した。次に、正極活物質:AB:PVDF=95:3:2(重量比)で混合してスラリーを作製し、該スラリーをアルミニウムの正極集電体に塗工した。スラリーの溶媒としてNMPを用いた。
正極活物質に正極活物質サンプル1−1ではなく、比較例サンプルとして、市販のコバルト酸リチウム(日本化学工業株式会社製、セルシードC−10N)を用いたこと以外は、上記の正極サンプル1と同様の方法で正極サンプル2を作製した。
負極活物質として黒鉛を用意した。結着剤としてCMC及びSBRを用意した。導電材として炭素繊維(昭和電工株式会社製、VGCF(登録商標))を用意した。次に、黒鉛:VGCF:CMC:SBR=97:1:1:1(重量比)で混合してスラリーを作製し、該スラリーを銅の負極集電体に塗工した。スラリーの溶媒として水を用いた。
上記で作製した正極サンプル1と、上記で作製した負極と、セパレータと、電解質と、外装体と、を用いて、リチウムイオン電池(セル1)を作製した。また、上記で作製した正極サンプル2と、上記で作製した負極と、セパレータと、電解質と、外装体と、を用いて、リチウムイオン電池(セル2)を作製した。リチウムイオン電池の作製方法として、実施の形態3のラミネート型二次電池に記載の方法を参照した。
初期充放電の後、セル1及びセル2の釘刺し試験を行った。釘刺し試験には、エスペック株式会社製、アドバンストセーフティーテスターを用いた。釘刺し試験装置1000の概略図として、図53Aに横面図、および図53Bに斜視図を示す。
正極活物質サンプル1−1及び正極活物質サンプル10の熱安定性を調べるため、充電状態でのDSC試験を実施した。DSC試験では、リチウム金属を負極としたハーフセルによって4.6Vまで充電した正極を用いた。
上記で作製した正極サンプル1と、リチウム金属箔と、セパレータと、電解質と、コインセル正極缶と、コインセル負極缶を用いて、ハーフセル(セル3)を作製した。また、上記で作製した正極サンプル2と、リチウム金属箔と、セパレータと、電解質と、コインセル正極缶と、コインセル負極缶を用いて、ハーフセル(セル4)を作製した。なお、DSC試験用の正極サンプル1の正極活物質担持量は14.5mg/cm2であり、正極サンプル2の正極活物質担持量は15.2mg/cm2であった。
DSC試験の前処理として、上記のセル3及びセル4を充放電した。充電の条件は、0.1Cにて4.6Vまで定電流充電した後、終止電流0.005Cとなるまで4.6Vでの定電圧充電を行った。放電の条件は、0.1Cにて2.5Vまで定電流放電した。上記の充放電を2回繰り返し行った。なお、充放電の環境温度は25℃とした。
DSC測定にはリガク製高感度示差走査熱量計Thermo plus EVO2 DSC8231を用いた。測定条件は室温から400℃の温度範囲、昇温レートを5℃/minとした。リファレンスとして、サンプルを入れたのを同じ容器に、ジルコニアボールのみ入れて蓋を圧入したものを用いた。
Claims (8)
- 正極を有するリチウムイオン二次電池であって、
前記正極は、正極活物質を有し、
前記正極活物質は、ニッケルと、マグネシウムと、を含むコバルト酸リチウムを有し、
前記正極活物質の表層部のニッケル検出量が、前記正極活物質の内部のニッケル検出量よりも大きく、
前記正極活物質の表層部のマグネシウム検出量が、前記正極活物質の内部のマグネシウム検出量よりも大きく、
前記正極活物質の表層部において、ニッケルの分布とマグネシウムの分布は重畳する、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項1において、
ニッケルは、前記正極活物質の前記表層部のうちコバルト酸リチウムの(001)面以外の面に検出される、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項2において、
EDX線分析において、前記正極活物質の表層部における、
ニッケルの検出量のピークの深さと、
マグネシウムの検出量のピークの深さの差は3nm以内である、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項3において、
前記正極活物質はアルミニウムを含み、
前記正極活物質が有するニッケル、マグネシウムおよびアルミニウムのEDX線分析プロファイルにおいて、
アルミニウム検出量の最大値は、ニッケル検出量の最大値およびマグネシウム検出量の最大値よりも内部にあり、
アルミニウム検出量の最大値の1/5の高さにおけるピーク幅を、最大値から横軸へ下した垂線で2分したとき、
表面側のピーク幅Wsよりも、
内部側のピーク幅Wcが大きい、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項1乃至請求項4のいずれか一において、
前記正極と対極にリチウムである電池において、前記電池を4.6Vまで充電した状態で、前記正極活物質は、前記正極をCuKα1線による粉末X線回折で分析したとき、回折パターンは少なくとも2θが
19.13以上19.37未満と、
45.37°以上45.57°未満と、にピークを有する、
リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項5において、
前記正極活物質はチタンを含み、
前記正極活物質の表層部のチタン検出量が、前記正極活物質の内部のチタン検出量よりも大きい、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項5において、
前記正極活物質はフッ素を含み、
前記正極活物質の表層部のフッ素検出量が、前記正極活物質の内部のフッ素検出量よりも大きい、リチウムイオン二次電池。 - 請求項6において、
前記正極活物質はフッ素を含み、
前記正極活物質の表層部のフッ素検出量が、前記正極活物質の内部のフッ素検出量よりも大きい、リチウムイオン二次電池。
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| WO2023237967A1 true WO2023237967A1 (ja) | 2023-12-14 |
Family
ID=89117692
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IB2023/055549 Ceased WO2023237967A1 (ja) | 2022-06-08 | 2023-05-31 | 二次電池 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20250357481A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPWO2023237967A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2023237967A1 (ja) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008013208A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-01-31 | Agc Seimi Chemical Co., Ltd. | Positive electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for producing the same |
| JP2018527718A (ja) * | 2015-09-16 | 2018-09-20 | ユミコア | 高電圧用途のためのカソード材料及び電解質添加剤を含むリチウムバッテリ |
| JP2022071154A (ja) * | 2016-11-18 | 2022-05-13 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
-
2023
- 2023-05-31 US US18/867,028 patent/US20250357481A1/en active Pending
- 2023-05-31 WO PCT/IB2023/055549 patent/WO2023237967A1/ja not_active Ceased
- 2023-05-31 JP JP2024526018A patent/JPWO2023237967A1/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2008013208A1 (en) * | 2006-07-26 | 2008-01-31 | Agc Seimi Chemical Co., Ltd. | Positive electrode active material for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and method for producing the same |
| JP2018527718A (ja) * | 2015-09-16 | 2018-09-20 | ユミコア | 高電圧用途のためのカソード材料及び電解質添加剤を含むリチウムバッテリ |
| JP2022071154A (ja) * | 2016-11-18 | 2022-05-13 | 株式会社半導体エネルギー研究所 | リチウムイオン二次電池 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20250357481A1 (en) | 2025-11-20 |
| JPWO2023237967A1 (ja) | 2023-12-14 |
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