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WO2023204775A1 - Produit à base d'herbes destiné à être utilisé dans la prévention et/ou le traitement de la covid-19 - Google Patents

Produit à base d'herbes destiné à être utilisé dans la prévention et/ou le traitement de la covid-19 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023204775A1
WO2023204775A1 PCT/TR2022/050357 TR2022050357W WO2023204775A1 WO 2023204775 A1 WO2023204775 A1 WO 2023204775A1 TR 2022050357 W TR2022050357 W TR 2022050357W WO 2023204775 A1 WO2023204775 A1 WO 2023204775A1
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pharmaceutical composition
group
covid
treatment
herbal product
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Ceased
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PCT/TR2022/050357
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English (en)
Inventor
Mohamed Abdualmajed Aziz AL-ZENDANI
Abdulmajid Aziz Hamoud AL-ZENDANI
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Ipmc Group Ilac San Ve Tic Ltd Sti
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Ipmc Group Ilac San Ve Tic Ltd Sti
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00—Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18—Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185—Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/28—Asteraceae or Compositae (Aster or Sunflower family), e.g. chamomile, feverfew, yarrow or echinacea

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a herbal product comprising Saussurea costus root extract for use in the prevention and/or treatment of infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19 disease).
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the herbal product according to the invention, and preparation method thereof are also provided.
  • Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was identified in December 2019, and the disease has since spread worldwide, leading to an ongoing pandemic.
  • SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
  • Symptoms are variable, but often include fever, cough, headache, fatigue, breathing difficulties, and loss of smell and taste.
  • Management of the disease includes the treatment of symptoms, supportive care, and isolation.
  • supportive treatments, therapies, and compositions are being used and/or investigated.
  • WO 2021/053651 Al discloses an extract of Cocculus hirsutus, which is a tropical creeper plant, for prophylactic and/or curative treatment of an infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • the document also provides a stable pharmaceutical composition comprising the said extract
  • KR 102240432 Bl discloses a herbal drug composition for relieving symptoms of COVID-19, wherein said drug composition comprises red pepper stalk extract as an active ingredient
  • Saussurea costus also known with the names of Dolomiaea costus, Aucklandia costus, Saussurea lappa and Aucklandia lappa, is a thistle species belonging to the genus Saussurea of the Asteraceae family.
  • the pharmaceutical name is Radix Auklandiae Lappae.
  • Saussurea costus root comes from a perennial plant [Saussurea Lappa-Costus), that grows to about 2m in height and is native to Northern India, South West China and Pakistan. It has irregular, triangular-shaped leaves and dark blue or black florets, with brownish fruit.
  • Saussurea costus is a medicinal plant whose extracts are known to have anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, anticancer, immunomodulatory and pesticidal activities. It has been traditionally used by different ethnic tribes of the Northern parts of India for treatment of various ailments like cough, cold, quartan malaria, leprosy, persistant hiccups, rheumatism, stomach ache, tooth ache, and typhoid fever (Pandey, M. M., Rastogi, S., & Rawat, A. K. S. (2007). Saussurea costus: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant.
  • Costus roots The major components found in Costus roots can be listed as follows: Hepatadecatetraene, 12- methoxy-dihydrocostunolide, 22-dihydrostigmasterol, 3 -isopropropylpentanoic-acid, 3- methylbutyric-acid, 4-ethyloctanoic-acid, 7-octenoic-acid, Acetic-acid, Alkaloids, Alpha- humulene, Alpha-phellandrene, Alpha-costene, Alpha-amorphenic-acid, Alpha-amyrin-stearate, Alpha-ionone, Aplotaxene Beta-sitosterol, Beta-selinine, Beta-costene, Beta-ionone, Beta- elemene, Beta-amyrin-stearate, Betulin, Camphene, Caryophyllene, Caryophyllene-oxide, Cedrene, Cedrol, Cis-dihydro
  • WO 2011/039574 Al discloses the use of a herbal composition in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a subject infected with HIV, wherein the composition comprises an extract of the plant Aucklandia- (Costus Root).
  • present invention provides a herbal product comprising Saussurea costus root extract for use in the prevention and/or treatment of infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), namely COVID-19 disease.
  • SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
  • the present invention relates to a novel herbal product comprising Saussurea costus root extract for use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19.
  • the herbal product according to the invention is for use in a treatment comprising a dosage regimen of twice a day.
  • herbal product according to the invention is in unit doses of 5 ml to 10 ml.
  • the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the herbal product according to the invention and at least one pharmaceutical excipient for use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19.
  • said pharmaceutical excipient is selected from the group comprising diluents, disintegrants, binders, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, coatings, plasticizers, surfactants, colorants, sweeteners, and flavors.
  • said pharmaceutical composition is in a pharmaceutical dosage form selected from the group comprising solution, suspension, powder, tablet, capsule, and parenteral injection.
  • a method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention comprising the steps below, is provided: treating Saussurea costus root with an aqueous medium, extracting content of the plant material, mixing the obtained plant material with at least one pharmaceutical excipient, and obtaining the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the ratio of Saussurea costus root to the aqueous medium ranges from 1:20 to 1:5 (w/v). More preferably, the ratio of Saussurea costus root to the aqueous medium is 1:10 (w/v).
  • the method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention further comprises the step of distillation of the obtained extract.
  • the distillation is performed at the temperature of 70°C to 90°C.
  • the pharmaceutical excipient according to the method of the invention is preferably selected from the group comprising diluents, disintegrants, binders, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, coatings, plasticizers, surfactants, colorants, sweeteners, and flavors.
  • the method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention further comprises the step of preparation of unit doses comprising 5 ml to 10 ml of the obtained pharmaceutical composition.
  • Figure 1 shows the graph depicting the cytotoxic activity of Saussurea costus root extract on VERO E6 cells, as evaluated by xCELLigence RTCA MP device.
  • Figure 2 shows the graph depicting the antiviral activity of Saussurea costus root extract on VERO E6 cells as evaluated by xCELLigence RTCA MP device, for the dilutions of 1:64 to 1:1024.
  • Figure 3 shows the graph depicting the mean weight loss of two groups of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.
  • Figure 4 shows the graph depicting the viral load in the lungs of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.
  • Figure 5 shows the control and experimental group lung tissue samples.
  • the objective of the present invention is to provide a novel herbal product for use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 disease, i.e. SARS-CoV-2 infection.
  • a herbal product comprising Saussurea costus root extract for use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 is provided.
  • Saussurea costus root based on its anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anti-ulcer, anticancer and immunomodulatory activities are already known in the relevant art
  • the present inventors however, as a result of the studies and experiments they performed, have surprisingly noticed that this traditional medicinal plant root is also beneficial for the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19, and therefore have a potential to be used as therapy or adjuvant therapy for this pandemic disease.
  • the herbal product can also be consumed as a food supplement.
  • the present invention therefore presents a novel therapeutic activity of Saussurea costus root, namely anti-COVID-19 activity, that is put forth with the studies performed and explained in detail below.
  • a novel herbal product comprising Saussurea costus root extract for use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 disease (SARS-CoV-2 infection) is provided.
  • the herbal product according to the invention is advantageous in that it can be easily manufactured with a simple extraction process and can be used effectively for the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19.
  • the inventors have found that the dosage regimen of twice a day is suitable for an effective prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 disease.
  • the dosage of the herbal product of the invention will vary depending on factors such as the severity of the condition being treated, age, physical condition, body weight, diet and the like. It is noted that the following doses would be useful depending on the weight of the patient
  • the product is presented in unit doses of 5 ml to 10 ml.
  • the herbal product according to the invention can be in unit dose of 5 ml, 6 ml, 7 ml, 7.5 ml, 8 ml, 9 ml or 10 ml.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising the herbal product according to the invention and at least one pharmaceutical excipient for use in the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19 is provided.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is advantageous in that it allows improvement of the Saussurea costus root extract with the help of the pharmaceutical excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical excipient in the context of the invention can be selected from the group comprising diluents, disintegrants, binders, glidants, lubricants, preservatives, coatings, plasticizers, surfactants, colorants, sweeteners, and flavors.
  • the examplary diluents comprise sugar compounds e.g. lactose, dextrin, glucose, sucrose and sorbitol, and inorganic compounds e.g. silicates, calcium and magnesium salts, sodium or potassium chloride.
  • sugar compounds e.g. lactose, dextrin, glucose, sucrose and sorbitol
  • inorganic compounds e.g. silicates, calcium and magnesium salts, sodium or potassium chloride.
  • the examplary disintegrants comprise compounds which swell or dissolve in water e.g. starch, cellulose derivatives and alginates, and crosslinked polymers e.g. crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone (crospovidone) and crosslinked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (croscarmellose sodium).
  • the examplary binders comprise mainly natural or synthetic polymers e.g. starches, sugars, sugar alcohols and cellulose derivatives, proteins e.g. gelatin, and synthetic polymers e.g. polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG).
  • the examplary glidants comprise colloidal anhydrous silicon and other silica compounds e.g. silica gel, fumed silica, talc, and magnesium carbonate.
  • the examplary lubricants comprise minerals like talc or silica, and fats, e.g. vegetable stearin, magnesium stearate or stearic acid.
  • the examplary preservatives comprise antioxidants like vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, retinyl palmitate, and selenium, the amino acids cysteine and methionine, citric acid and sodium citrate.
  • Various dosage forms can be suitable for the administration of the pharmaceutical composition. Therefore, pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be in a pharmaceutical dosage form selected from the group comprising solution, suspension, powder, tablet, capsule, and parenteral injection. Preferably, the composition is in an oral dosage form.
  • Saussurea costus root just as the other conventional herbal products, is generally processed with a simple extraction procedure whereby the beneficial material of the plant is extracted through a liquid medium possibly at an elevated temperature, and this liquid medium as such or its dry material is used.
  • present invention provides a method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention, the method comprising the steps of: treating Saussurea costus root with an aqueous medium, extracting content of the plant material, mixing the obtained plant material with at least one pharmaceutical excipient, and obtaining the pharmaceutical composition.
  • Saussurea costus root plant material is preferably dried before the extraction step and is sliced into pieces for effectuating the mass transfer between the plant material and the extraction medium.
  • the ratio of Saussurea costus root to the aqueous medium ranges from 1:20 to 1:5 (w/v). More preferably, the ratio of Saussurea costus root to the aqueous medium is 1:10 (w/v).
  • lighter fraction of the Saussurea costus root content can be lost during the extraction step at an elevated temperature, and surprisingly found that the said lighter fraction would in fact be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of COVID-19.
  • the method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention further comprises the step of distillation of the obtained extract, wherein the distillate is obtained in a liquid form.
  • the distillate obtained in the method of the present invention may be mixed with at least one pharmaceutical excipient directly as such in liquid form, or it can be dried to give a solid or semisolid preparation before mixing.
  • distillation is carried out once. However, even lighter and poorer fractions can be obtained by further distillations.
  • the distillation refers to an evaporation which can be carried out at a temperature around the reflux temperature of the extraction liqueur.
  • the temperature can be below 100°C, more preferably below 95°C, and most preferably at a temperature ranging from 70°C to 90°C.
  • the distillation is performed at the temperature of 70°C, 75°C, 80°C, 85°C or 90°C.
  • the distillation is preferably performed for a duration of 1 h to 8 h, and more particularly for a duration of 1 h to 3 h.
  • the dosage of the pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary depending on factors such as the severity of the condition being treated, age, physical condition, body weight, diet and the like. It is noted that the following doses would be useful depending on the weight of the patient
  • the method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition for use according to the present invention further comprises the step of preparation of unit doses comprising 5 ml to 10 ml of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention can be divided in unit doses of 5 ml, 6 ml, 7 ml, 7.5 ml, 8 ml, 9 ml, or 10 ml.
  • the herbal product or the pharmaceutical composition comprising the same disclosed herein can be used as a therapy, adjuvant therapy or merely as a food supplement as part of a diet programme of the patient.
  • the detailed explanation of the studies carried out in order to produce the herbal product according to the invention and to evaluate the antiviral activity of the same are presented below.
  • Roots of Saussurea costus were air dried in direct sunlight until the insides of the roots were observed black. The dried roots were then sliced. The sliced roots were then ground to a powder.
  • the powdered plant material (1 kg) was placed in 10 L of water contained in a pot equipped with a water jacketed distillation line whereby water as a coolant is continuously circulated around the said distillation line.
  • the extraction liqueur formed with the plant material and water is heated until 90°C with a temperature-controlled heater, and kept at this temperature for about 3 hours.
  • the vaporized liqueur passing through the distillation line is condensed and collected in a flask in liquid form.
  • the liquid obtained with the foregoing procedure constitutes lighter fraction of the plant material in Saussurea costus roots.
  • Saussurea costus is effective in relieving symptoms of some infectious diseases.
  • its protective and therapeutic effects against COVID-19 disease has yet to be discovered.
  • the aim of this test was to investigate the antiviral effect of Saussurea costus root extract on SARS-CoV-2 virus.
  • Antiviral activity test was performed based on impedance, by using xCELLigence MP Real-Time Cell Analysis Device.
  • the cell culture to be used is selected as VERO E6 (ATCC CRL-1586), since this cell line has ACE2 receptor to which SARS-CoV-2 virus binds.
  • DMEM Gibco Cat #31885-023 lot #2205969
  • 10% Fetal bovine serum FBS, heat inactivated, Hyclone, #SV30160.03 Lot: RE00000002
  • 1% antibiotic-antimycotic solution Sigma Cat #SLBH9584V
  • the sample to be tested is Saussurea costus root extract in liquid form. 1:2 dilution of the sample was mixed with 2X medium, whereas 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64, 1:128, 1:256, 1:512 and 1:1024 dilutions were mixed with IX medium. All samples were filtered using a 0.22 pm filter.
  • Control 1 Serum containing medium
  • Control 2 3.1x105 PFU/ml SARS-CoV-2 VERO E6 cells were culturedin a single-use sterile 96-well E-plate ofxCELLigence RTCAMP device as 25.000 cells would be present in each well. The device was held in the incubator throughout the experiment. Cultured cells were placed in the device and let to grow for 24 hours. The samples and 3.1xl0 5 PFU/ml SARS-CoV-2 virus were incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for an hour. After the incubation, the media were removed from the 96-well cell growth plate and the incubated samples were added into the wells. The cells were then incubated at 37°C, 5% CO2 for 170 hours. The experiment was terminated at the end of this period and the obtained data was analyzed using RTCA Software Pro software.
  • Figure 1 shows the cytotoxic activity of Saussurea costus root extract on VERO E6 cells, as evaluated by xCELLigence RTCA MP device. The data was normalized based on the time point at which the virus was added.
  • the electrical conductivity is converted into unitless cell index (CI) parameter by the device at 15- minute intervals.
  • CI unitless cell index
  • Figure 2 shows the antiviral activity of Saussurea costus root extract as evaluated by xCELLigence RTCA MP device for the dilutions of 1:64 to 1:1024. The data was normalized based on the time point at which the virus was added.
  • the herbal product according to the invention which is in a liquid form, was subjected to Challenge test
  • the duration of the test was 14 days.
  • the aim of this test was to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of the herbal product against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice.
  • Each experimental group consisted of 10 8-10 week old male K18-hACE2 transgenic mice.
  • “Group 1” was designed as the experimental group. This group was subjected to infection with SARS-CoV- 2 virus and was given the herbal product of the invention. Since the inventors intended to provide the herbal product of the invention to be consumed as a food supplement, which is taken twice daily on an empty stomach before meals; to evaluate the effectiveness of this dose regimen with the Challenge test, the herbal product was started to be given to mice 2 days before the infection of mice with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. On the first 3 days of the Challenge test, SARS-CoV-2 virus was given to mice in the morning for pathogenesis, while the herbal product of the invention was given in the afternoon with an interval of 4 hours. The product was continued to be administered for 3 days after the pathogenesis period was over. Therefore, the herbal product was used in "Group 1” for 8 days in total: 2 days before the pathogenesis, 3 days during pathogenesis and 3 days upon pathogenesis.
  • mice were taken to BSL-3 (BioSafety Level-3) laboratory and infected intranasally with 10 5 TCID50 SARS-CoV-2 virus in a volume of 50 pl under anesthesia for 3 days before noon.
  • the herbal product of the invention was given by gavage at a dose of 2000mg/kgper mouse. Virus inoculation was completed on the 4th day, but the administration of the extract was continued until the 8th day.
  • Group 2 on the other hand was designed as the placebo control group and was infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus without the administration of the herbal product.
  • the pathogenesis of the animals of “Group 2” was performed in the same way as for “Group 1”.
  • Lungs and other organs were evaluated in terms of color, tissue integrity, appearance and size. In general, the entire lung was found to be normal in the experimental group (Group 1) animals. In the control group (Group 2) animals on the other hand, pneumonia in different sizes was observed. However, no one-to-one correlation was observed for any animal in gross pathology. Animals with lesion-free lungs despite weight loss were also encountered.
  • Organs that have no lesions were scored 0 (zero), and organs with lesions were scored 1-5 (one to five) depending on the presence of different lesions such as edema, hyperemia and pneumonia. Animals that died before the end of the experiment were scored 5.
  • the Gross Pathology Scores are shown in Table 2 below.
  • Viral RNA was obtained from the collected lungs and Real Time PGR was used to determine the viral load. There is an inverse relationship between the viral load and the obtained CT value.
  • the amplification curves of samples with high viral load have low CT value because they cross the threshold value early.
  • the real time PCR CT values of the samples are given in Table 3 below. NCI and NC2 regions of SARS-CoV-2 virus were examined in viral RNAs. Animals showing signs of disease gave early CT because they possessed a high amount of virus. The Real Time PCR positive control gave CT at 27 for this study. Accordingly, values up to 11-29 were considered positive for virus. Table 3. Viral load CT values in the lungs of K18-hACE2 transgenic mice in Groups 1 and 2
  • the CT1 value shown in Table 3 belongs to the nucleocapsid 1 region primer of the virus, and the CT2 value belongs to the nucleocapsid 2 region primer of the virus.
  • Late CT values between 30-40 were considered insignificant due to the very small amount of virus. Since the target signal could not be obtained in the absence of viral load, the CT values of these samples were evaluated as 0 (zero).
  • Lung tissue samples were taken from the experimental and control groups (Group 1 and Group 2, respectively) and fixed with 10% Formaldehyde for 48-72 hours. After fixation, the samples were washed and then dehydrated. Dehydrated tissues were prepared as paraffin blocks. Tissue sections of 5 pm thickness were taken from paraffin blocks and hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed. After the tissue sections were treated with xylol for 30 minutes, rehydration (100%- 70% alcohol and 10 minutes in distilled water) was performed. The samples were kept in hematoxylin dye for 5 minutes, then washed with tap water for 10 minutes and treated with eosin for 5 minutes.
  • the samples were washed with tap water again and dehydration was performed by passing through the alcohol series with increasing concentrations for 5 minutes. The samples then were cleared with xylol and sealed with entellan to be examined.
  • Morphology is normal, but mild erythrocyte and lymphocyte infiltration around bronchioles is observed.
  • Figure 5 shows the microscopic images of lung tissue samples of control and experimental groups.
  • control group showed lymphocyte infiltration areas in the interalveolar regions whereas experimental group showed alveoli with normal morphology clearly indicates that the herbal product according to the invention is effective in preventing the spread of SARS-Cov-2 virus to the lungs.
  • mice no 5 which was Covid positive according to the PCR test had a score of 3 in the histopathological evaluation.
  • 3 mice had a score of 0.5, which indicates a mild lymphocyte infiltration at the edges. The reason for this mild infiltration was thought to be the sinking of the syringe needle into the lung during intracardiac blood collection. No pathological findings were observed in the lungs of the remaining mice.

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne un produit à base de plantes comprenant un extrait de racine de Saussurea costus utile pour la prévention et/ou le traitement d'une infection provoquée par le SARS-CoV-2, à savoir la maladie de COVID-19. L'invention concerne également une composition pharmaceutique le comprenant et son procédé de préparation.
PCT/TR2022/050357 2022-04-21 2022-04-21 Produit à base d'herbes destiné à être utilisé dans la prévention et/ou le traitement de la covid-19 Ceased WO2023204775A1 (fr)

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Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011039574A1 (fr) 2009-10-02 2011-04-07 Van Der Walt, Louis, Stephanus Utilisation d'une composition à base de plantes médicinales destinée au traitement d'une personne infectée par le vih
WO2021053651A1 (fr) 2020-04-27 2021-03-25 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Extrait de cocculus hirsutus pour le traitement de la covid-19
KR102240432B1 (ko) 2020-04-24 2021-04-14 강성천 Covid-19 증상 완화용 한방 약물 조성물
WO2021205196A1 (fr) * 2020-12-30 2021-10-14 Muhammad Taliah Compositions et procédés de prévention et d'intervention pour le covid-19 par le protocole covid-19 fitra30 de divine ayats

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2011039574A1 (fr) 2009-10-02 2011-04-07 Van Der Walt, Louis, Stephanus Utilisation d'une composition à base de plantes médicinales destinée au traitement d'une personne infectée par le vih
KR102240432B1 (ko) 2020-04-24 2021-04-14 강성천 Covid-19 증상 완화용 한방 약물 조성물
WO2021053651A1 (fr) 2020-04-27 2021-03-25 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Extrait de cocculus hirsutus pour le traitement de la covid-19
WO2021205196A1 (fr) * 2020-12-30 2021-10-14 Muhammad Taliah Compositions et procédés de prévention et d'intervention pour le covid-19 par le protocole covid-19 fitra30 de divine ayats

Non-Patent Citations (4)

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Title
HOUCHI SELMA ET AL: "Exploring the inhibitory potential of Saussurea costus and Saussurea involucrata phytoconstituents against the Spike glycoprotein receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant and the main protease (Mpro) as therapeutic candidates, using Molecular docking, DFT, and ADME/Tox studies", JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, ELSEVIER AMSTERDAM, NL, vol. 1263, 9 April 2022 (2022-04-09) - 9 April 2022 (2022-04-09), XP087067845, ISSN: 0022-2860, [retrieved on 20220409], DOI: 10.1016/J.MOLSTRUC.2022.133032 *
PANDEY ET AL: "Saussurea costus: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant", JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD, IE, vol. 110, no. 3, 13 March 2007 (2007-03-13) - 13 March 2007 (2007-03-13), pages 379 - 390, XP005931818, ISSN: 0378-8741, DOI: 10.1016/J.JEP.2006.12.033 *
PANDEY, M. M.RASTOGI, S.RAWAT, A. K. S.: "Saussurea costus: Botanical, chemical and pharmacological review of an ayurvedic medicinal plant", JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY, vol. 110, no. 3, 2007, pages 379 - 390, XP005931818, DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.12.033
SAIF-AL-ISLAM MAHMOUD: "Saussurea costus may help in the treatment of COVID-19", SOHAG MEDICAL JOURNAL, vol. 24, no. 3, 1 July 2020 (2020-07-01) - 1 July 2020 (2020-07-01), Egypt, pages 6 - 17, XP055969252, ISSN: 1687-8353, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/smj.2020.31144.1163> DOI: 10.21608/smj.2020.31144.1163 *

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