WO2023246940A1 - Method of treating a cancer through suppression of growth of cancer stem cells, and downregulation of wnt pathway - Google Patents
Method of treating a cancer through suppression of growth of cancer stem cells, and downregulation of wnt pathway Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2023246940A1 WO2023246940A1 PCT/CN2023/102178 CN2023102178W WO2023246940A1 WO 2023246940 A1 WO2023246940 A1 WO 2023246940A1 CN 2023102178 W CN2023102178 W CN 2023102178W WO 2023246940 A1 WO2023246940 A1 WO 2023246940A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cancer
- dhea
- cells
- combination
- drug
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
- A61K31/565—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol
- A61K31/568—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone
- A61K31/5685—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids not substituted in position 17 beta by a carbon atom, e.g. estrane, estradiol substituted in positions 10 and 13 by a chain having at least one carbon atom, e.g. androstanes, e.g. testosterone having an oxo group in position 17, e.g. androsterone
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
- A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
- A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- A61K31/47—Quinolines; Isoquinolines
- A61K31/4738—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
- A61K31/4745—Quinolines; Isoquinolines ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems condensed with ring systems having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. phenantrolines
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
- A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for treating a cancer through suppressing the growth of the cancer stem-like cells and the downregulation of WNT pathway.
- Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of cancer cells that possess self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. CSCs are involved in tumor development, cell proliferation, and metastasis, and are the key “seeds” for tumor initiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemo-and radiotherapies [1, 3–5] . These processes are regulated by several key transcription factors involved in cancer stemness and sphere formation, such as OCT4, Nanog, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC. Additionally, many signaling pathways, such as the WNT and Notch pathways, also contribute to the development of cancer stemness [6–10] .
- the WNT signaling pathway involves in cell proliferation, survival, and progression, and influences the self-renewal of stem cells under physiological and pathological conditions [11, 12] .
- unphosphorylated ⁇ -catenin translocates into the nucleus and subsequently triggers TCF/LEF-mediated transcription of downstream genes, such as CCND1, MYC, and CD44.
- Dysregulation of the WNT/ ⁇ -catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression by maintaining cancer stemness [13] .
- Recent studies have focused on the therapeutic potential of agents targeting WNT signaling for cancer treatment in mono-or combination therapy [14] .
- Irinotecan is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that has anticancer activity in solid tumors, such as metastatic colorectal and lung cancer [15–17] .
- IRN showed some clinical benefit in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC) [18–20] .
- IRN is a prodrug that is converted into the active metabolite SN-38 by carboxylesterase (CES) 1 or 2 [17] .
- CES1 was found to be a poor prognostic marker for HNSCC in TCGA HNSCC cohort [21] . It was upregulated in patients with poor prognosis and represented a good therapeutic target for IRN therapy [16, 17, 21] .
- IRN mono-and combination therapies with other chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to improve the treatment response in cancer patients [19, 20, 22] .
- survival rate is referred to the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are still alive for a certain period of time after they were diagnosed with or started treatment for a disease, such as cancer.
- the combination of IRN with cisplatin showed synergistic anticancer effect in a phase II trial [19] and the cisplatin/tegafur-uracil (UFUR) /irinotecan triple combination therapy demonstrated a moderate response in patients with R/M HNSCC [18] . Toxicity to patients was tolerable, and the quality of life of the patients improved [18] .
- IRN also induces side effects, such as diarrhea and neutropenia, which can be resolved by optimizing the treatment dosage or increasing the target specificity.
- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
- DHEA-S DHEA sulfate
- DHEA and DHEA-S are both the most abundant steroids in the human serum and are precursors of sex hormones, such as estrogen and androgen.
- DHEA has been reported to have several beneficial effects such as anti-obesity, hypoglycemia, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-aging, and memory-enhancing effects [27–29] .
- DHEA has anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo in several cancer types, including breast [30–32] , hepatoma [27] , myeloma [33] , leukemia [34] , colon adenocarcinoma [35] , pancreatic cancer [36] and cervical cancer [37] .
- breast cancer DHEA inhibited cell proliferation and metastatic processes, such as migration, invasion, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) , and decreased spheroid size [30–32] .
- EMT epithelial mesenchymal transition
- DHEA suppressed stem cell gene expression [38] which suggests that DHEA may have the ability to suppress CSCs.
- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
- a chemotherapeutic drug has anti-tumor and anti-stemness efficacy, particularly in treatment of a cancer, including a head and neck cancer such as Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) , a lung cancer such as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a colorectal cancer (CRC) , or a drug-resistant cancer.
- HNSCC Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
- NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer
- CRC colorectal cancer
- the present invention provides use of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites for manufacturing a medicament for treating an anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells; wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of a head and neck cancer, a lung cancer and a colorectal cancer (CRC) .
- DHEA dehydroepiandrosterone
- CRC colorectal cancer
- DHEA is more sensitive to KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells in NSCLCs.
- DHEA is more sensitive to TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant in CRC cells.
- the present invention provides a combination or pharmaceutical composition for treating an anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic drug and DHEA or its derivatives or metabolites that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug.
- the NSCLC is KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells.
- a method for treating a NSCLC or an anti-cancer drug-resistant NSCLC in a subject comprises providing a cancer cell sample from said subject to determine whether the NSCLC is KRAS mutant or PTEN wild-type cells, and administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together in combination with a combination with a chemotherapy drug, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if the cancer cells are KRAS mutant or PTEN wild-type cells.
- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
- a method for treating a CRC or an anti-cancer drug-resistant CRC in a subject comprises providing a cancer cell sample from said subject to determine whether the cancer cells are TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant, and administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if the cancer cells are TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant.
- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
- DHEA have an efficacy in suppressing the growth of cancer stem-like cells through downregulating WNT/ ⁇ -catenin signaling pathway, wherein SRB assay and sphere formation assay were used to examine cellular viability and cancer stem cell-like phenotype, respectively.
- SRB assay and sphere formation assay were used to examine cellular viability and cancer stem cell-like phenotype, respectively.
- the expressions of stemness related factors were measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. It is indicated in the present invention that DHEA reduced HNSCC cell viability, suppressed sphere formation, and inhibited the expression of cancer-stemness markers, such as BMI-1 and Nestin.
- DHEA that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug as revealed by reduced cell viability, sphere formation, expression of stemness markers, and activation of the WNT pathway.
- G Luciferase reporter assay showing transcriptional activity of stemness-related markers, including TCF/LEF (WNT) , Nanog, OCT4, and Notch1 in CAL 27 and SAS cells after treatment with 200 ⁇ M DHEA for 24 h.
- Data represent mean ⁇ standard deviation (SD) derived from three independent experiments. *p ⁇ 0.05; **p ⁇ 0.01; ***p ⁇ 0.001, compared to control (1 %DMSO only) using t-test.
- H&E Hematoxylin and eosin staining results of tumors from mice following vehicle and drug treatment.
- Figure 9 illustrates that the IC50 of DHEA and its analogs on NSCLC cell lines. NSCLC cells were treated with different kinds of DHEA analogs or DHEA with increasing concentrations and cytotoxicity was determined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.
- SRB sulforhodamine B
- Figure 10 illustrates that the DHEA has anti-cancer stem cell activity.
- CL141 cells and CL97 cells were dissociated and seeded 10,000 cells/well in 24-well ultralow attachment plates in DMEM/F12 medium content 1%N2 supplement, EGF (20 ng/mL) and bFGF (20 ng/mL) and cultured with indicated DHEA and its analogs for 7 days and sphere numbers were counted through microscope.
- Figure 11 illustrates that the Summary of synergistic cytotoxic effects of DHEA and chemotherapeutic agent combinations against lung or ovarian cancer cell lines.
- Various NSCLC cells were seeded into 96 well plates at density of 3x10 4 /mL 24 hours before drug treatment. Increasing drug concentrations were applied for optimal cancer killing condition and cell viability was measured by Alamar blue assay. These data were then applied to calculate the combination index (CI) via Isobologram analysis in CompuSyn software. +: mild synergistic effect; ++: synergistic effect; -: non-synergistic effect.
- FIG. 12 illustrates that DHEA has tumor-inhibitory effects in lung cancer in vivo.
- DHEA and Alimta (pemetrexed) was administrated into NOD-SCID mice in a daily basis (5 mg/kg for each compound) , respectively.
- Tumor size was measured weekly and
- body weight was also monitored to check if there was any side effect.
- Figure 13 illustrates that the anti-tumor effects of DHEA on CRC cell lines.
- A The IC50 of DHEA on CRC cell lines. CRC cells were treated with DHEA with increasing concentrations and cytotoxicity was determined by SRB assay.
- B TOP/FOP luciferase assay was used to examine DHEA's ability to suppress ⁇ -catenin-TCF/LEF transcriptional activity in CRC cells.
- Figure 14 illustrates that the anti-CRC effects of DHEA were independent of p53 and G6PD.
- A The IC50 of DHEA on HCT116 cells was determined with or without p53 knockout (KO) and/or G6PD knockdown (KD) conditions, as indicated in the table. HCT116 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DHEA, and cytotoxicity was assessed using the SRB assay.
- B The Western blot data demonstrated that DHEA induced p21 expression through a pathway independent of both p53 and G6PD.
- Figure 15 illustrates that the efficient reduction of DLD-1 and DLD-1 5-FU-resistant (DLD-1R) cells'cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) sphere formation by DHEA.
- DLD-1R DLD-1 5-FU-resistant
- CSC-like cancer stem cell-like
- Figure 16 illustrates that DHEA treatment could mitigate cachectic conditions in mice bearing CT-26 tumors.
- the co-administration of DHEA appeared to partly enhance the improvement of (A) body weight and (B) grip strength in mice undergoing FOLFOX treatment.
- the present invention indicates that DHEA exerts anticancer effects, especially regarding the inhibitory effect of cancer stem-like cells, via downregulation of the WNT pathway in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, DHEA enhances the therapeutic efficacy of a chemotherapeutic drug, such as IRN, against cancer.
- a chemotherapeutic drug such as IRN
- the combination treatment showed increased tumor growth inhibition in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models.
- HNSCCs Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
- HNSCCs Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas
- HNSCC is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Approximately 650,000 new cases of HNSCC are diagnosed every year, and it accounts for about 5%of all cancer-related deaths [1, 2] .
- the standard treatment for HNSCC includes surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and combinations of these modalities.
- the survival rate of patients with HNSCC remains low because of drug resistance, tumor metastasis, and recurrence [3] . Therefore, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of local recurrence, metastasis, and resistance that may significantly improve the treatment outcomes of patients with HNSCC.
- NSCLC Non-small cell lung cancer
- NSCLC Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- SCLC small cell lung cancer
- NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
- SCLC small cell lung cancer
- NSCLC non-small cell lung cancer
- the most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histological variants.
- NSCLC is usually less sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than SCLC. Patients with resectable disease may be cured by surgery or surgery followed by chemotherapy. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer remains poor, with less than 15%survival rate. Conventional therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy often yield unsatisfactory outcomes in lung cancer patients, and drug resistance represents a significant unmet clinical need.
- CRC Colorectal cancer
- CRC Colorectal cancer
- bowel cancer also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer
- CRC is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine) .
- CRC ranks as the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality.
- Standard treatment for advanced CRC involves chemotherapy regimens based on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin.
- 5-fluorouracil 5-fluorouracil
- oxaliplatin oxaliplatin
- the persistence of chemotherapy resistance poses a significant challenge in CRC management, as reflected by the low 5-year survival rate of only 12%for stage IV disease.
- CSCs Cancer stem cells
- Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of cancer cells that possess self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. CSCs are involved in tumor development, cell proliferation, and metastasis, and are the key “seeds” for tumor initiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemo-and radiotherapies [1, 3-5] . These processes are regulated by several key transcription factors involved in cancer stemness and sphere formation, such as OCT4, Nanog, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC. Additionally, many signaling pathways, such as the WNT and Notch pathways, also contribute to the development of cancer stemness [6-10] .
- the WNT signaling pathway is involved in cell proliferation, survival, and progression, and influences the self-renewal of stem cells under physiological and pathological conditions [11, 12] .
- unphosphorylated ⁇ -catenin translocates into the nucleus and subsequently triggers TCF/LEF-mediated transcription of downstream genes, such as CCND1, MYC, and CD44.
- Dysregulation of the WNT/ ⁇ -catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression by maintaining cancer stemness [13] .
- Recent studies have focused on the therapeutic potential of agents targeting WNT signaling for cancer treatment in mono-or combination therapy [14] .
- Irinotecan is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that has anticancer activity in solid tumors, such as metastatic colorectal and lung cancer. IRN showed some clinical benefit in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC) [15-17] . IRN is a prodrug that is converted into the active metabolite SN-38 by carboxylesterase (CES) 1 or 2. CES1 was found to be a poor prognostic marker for HNSCC in TCGA HNSCC cohort [18] . It was upregulated in patients with poor prognosis and represented a good therapeutic target for IRN therapy. IRN mono-and combination therapies with other chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to improve the treatment response in cancer patients.
- CES carboxylesterase
- IRN In patients with R/M HNSCC, IRN showed a modest overall response rate of 21.2%and a 1-year survival rate of 30.2%. Response to IRN and its toxic side effects appeared to be dose-dependent [19] . Furthermore, the combination of IRN with cisplatin showed synergistic anticancer effect in a phase II trial [20] and the cisplatin/tegafur/uracil/irinotecan triple combination therapy demonstrated a moderate response in patients with R/M HNSCC [16] . Toxicity to patients was tolerable, and the quality of life of the patients improved [16] . However, IRN also induces side effects, such as diarrhea and neutropenia, which can be resolved by optimizing the treatment dosage or increasing the target specificity.
- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
- DHEA Dehydroepiandrosterone
- DHEA-S DHEA sulfate
- DHEA and DHEA-S are both the most abundant steroids in the human serum at young age and are precursors of sex hormones, such as estrogen and androgen.
- DHEA has been used as a dietary supplement and reported to have several beneficial effects such as anti-obesity, hypoglycemia, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-aging, and memory-enhancing effects [23-25] .
- DHEA had an inhibitory effect on HNSCC viability and was less toxic to normal cells, HOF (see Figures 1A and 1B) . Accordingly, DHEA has a potential to develop an anti-cancer drug as having the effect on HNSCC and cancer stemness.
- DHEA decreased the spheroid size of breast cancer.
- the effect of DHEA on cancer stemness-related events and the underlying mechanisms have never been studied and is first disclosed in the present invention.
- DHEA suppressed cancer stemness properties of HNSCC, including decreased sphere size and transcriptional activities of stemness-related transcription factors, such as WNT (TCF/LEF) , Nanog, and OCT4.
- WNT TNF/LEF
- Nanog RNA/LEF
- OCT4 and Nanog are pluripotent transcriptional factors that contribute to maintenance of stemness and cancer progression [49, 50] .
- the expression of OCT4 and Nanog was slightly decreased following the DHEA treatment, their transcriptional activities were significantly decreased by DHEA, indicating that DHEA has the ability to inhibit CSC potential (see Figures 1C-1G) .
- DHEA inhibited cancer stem cell-like traits via downregulation of the WNT pathway in HNSCC.
- DHEA was used in a combination therapy in the present invention. It was found that mRNA levels of CES1/2, encoding the enzymes involved in generation of the active form of IRN, were higher in CAL 27 spheres than in their parental cells ( Figure 3A) , which suggests that the spheres may be more sensitive to IRN than parental cells due to their higher CESs.
- the human HNSCC cell line, CAL 27, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA) , and HSC-3 and SAS were obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (JCRB, Japan) .
- the human oral fibroblasts (HOF) were obtained from the ScienCell Research (USA) .
- the lentivirus packaging cell line human embryonic kidney (HEK) -293T was also obtained from the ATCC.
- Trans-dehydroepiandrosterone (Sigma #D4000) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and maintained in 1%DMSO in the medium during in vitro drug treatment at 0-400 ⁇ M.
- Irinotecan (IRN) used for in vitro studies was purchased from Sigma (#I1406) and treated with cells from 0-10 ⁇ M.
- (irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate) used for animal administration was obtained from Pfizer.
- IP intraperitoneal
- Cells were plated at 2000 cells/well in a 96-well microplate. Following drug treatments for the desired periods, cells were fixed with 10%trichloroacetic acid (w/v) for 1 h at 4°C, washed with water, and air-dried. SRB solution (0.4% [w/v] in 1%acetic acid) was used to stain the cells for 1 h and then 1%acetic acid was used to wash and remove the excess dye. After adding 20 mM Tris-base, the optical density (OD) of the protein-bound dye was measured at 540 nm to obtain the absorbance. Cell viability was normalized to the control, and the IC50 was calculated using GraphPad Prism 7 software.
- the synergistic effect assessment was performed by CompuSyn software (https: //www. combosyn. com/) according to the user instruction.
- Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were isolated from cells using the rapid, efficient and practical (REAP) method [41] . Briefly, following drug treatment, cells were scraped with cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in ice-cold 0.1%NP-40. After pipetting and centrifugation, half of the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and diluted with 4X SDS sample buffer, which was the cytoplasmic fraction. The remaining cell pellet was washed twice with ice-cold 0.1%NP-40 and resuspended with 1X SDS sample buffer diluted in 0.1%NP-40, which constituted the nuclear fraction.
- RRP rapid, efficient and practical
- cytoplasmic fraction and the nuclear fraction from each treatment were conducted western blotting assay as described in 2.6 section.
- a-tubulin was used as a cytoplasmic control; lamin A/C was used as a nuclear fraction control.
- the expression signals were visualized using the Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (Millipore #WBKLS0500) and detected using the Fujifilm LAS4000 luminescent image analysis system. Protein levels were quantified using ImageJ, and the expression was normalized to that of the internal control ( ⁇ -actin) .
- the antibodies used in this study are listed in Table 2.
- the target cells were selected in puromycin (1 mg/mL, Invitrogen) for 48 h.
- puromycin (1 mg/mL, Invitrogen) for 48 h.
- the stable cells were treated with the drugs, and then promoter activity was measured using ONE-Glo Luciferase Assay System (Promega) .
- the total RNA (2 mg) was used as a template for reverse transcription performed with a SuperScript III kit (Invitrogen) .
- the cDNA was subjected to RT-qPCR in triplicate using Omics Green qPCR Master Mix and Gunster MB-P08A 8-strip PCR tubes (Gunster Biotech Inc., Taiwan) .
- the primers used are listed in Table 3.
- the relative expression was obtained using the comparative Ct method after normalization to the expression of GAPDH in the StepOne TM Real-Time PCR System.
- H&E Hematoxylin and eosin
- IHC immunohistochemical
- Tumor sections were formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded. H&E or IHC staining was performed using a Discovery XT automated immunostainer (Ventana Medical System) . After dewaxing, deparaffinization, and rehydration, Tris-EDTA buffer was used for antigen retrieval. The sections were immunostained for PCNA (GTX #100539, 1: 500, GeneTex, USA) and Ki67 (Dako #M7240, 1: 150, DAKO/Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) , and subsequently counterstained with hematoxylin.
- PCNA PCNA
- Ki67 Dako #M7240, 1: 150, DAKO/Agilent, Santa Clara, CA
- HNSCC cell lines including CAL 27, SAS, and HSC-3 were treated with different doses of DHEA for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively.
- DHEA significantly inhibited cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner (Figure 1A) .
- the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DHEA was found to be 192.2 ⁇ 28.4 ⁇ M for CAL 27 cells, 292.9 ⁇ 43.9 ⁇ M for SAS cells, and 211.5 ⁇ 13.5 ⁇ M for HSC-3 cells at 72 h.
- HEF normal human oral fibroblast
- DHEA also decreased stemness-related mRNA levels, including ALDH1A3, BMI-1, KLF4, and SOX2, after 6 h of treatment in CAL 27 and SAS parental cells (Figure 1D) as well as in spheroid cells ( Figure 1E) .
- DHEA treatment resulted in a slight reduction in the protein expression of BMI-1 and Nestin but did not affect OCT4 and Nanog expression ( Figure 1F) .
- WNT TNF/LEF
- IRN a topoisomerase I inhibitor
- IRN is a chemotherapeutic drug currently used for the treatment of colorectal cancer [46] .
- IRN has been used in mono-and combination therapy along with other chemotherapeutic agents in patients with HNSCC and has shown improvement in patient response [18, 20] .
- IRN is converted to its active form, SN-38, by CES1/2 enzymes in patients [47] .
- CES1/2 enzymes in patients [47] .
- Recent studies have shown that the activity and expression of CES are related to IRN efficacy in lung cancer cell lines [17, 48] and solid tumors [49–51] .
- the combination significantly decreased CAL 27 sphere size compared to DHEA or IRN alone ( Figure 3D) .
- the combination treatment showed a greater inhibitory effect on the expression of stemness markers, including BMI-1, OCT4, and Nanog ( Figure 3E) .
- the combination treatment further decreased the expression of active non-phosphorylated ⁇ -catenin and downstream targets, such as CCND1 and CD44 from the whole cell lysate ( Figure 3F) .
- CAL 27 cells were subcutaneously injected into the flank of immunodeficient mice to establish xenograft models.
- DHEA (10 mg/kg/twice a week) and/or IRN (50 mg/kg/once a week) were administered via intraperitoneal injection (Figure 4A) .
- the combination treatment showed greater inhibitory effect on tumor size and weight compared to the controls ( Figures 4B, 4C, 4E) .
- the combination treatment alleviated irinotecan-induced loss of body weight, suggesting that DHEA may reduce the side effects of IRN ( Figure 4D) .
- NSCLC cell lines A549, A549-ON, CL141, H441, CL152, HCC827, CL97, and H1975.
- DHEA metabolites structurally similar to DHEA with slight modifications in one or two functional groups, to assess their toxicities on these NSCLC cells ( Figure 9) .
- the human lung cancer cell line NCI-H441 obtained from ATCC was subcutaneously injected into the right flank of NOD/SCID mice (4-6 weeks of age) at a concentration of 1 million cells.
- the test drugs, DHEA and Alimta were administered at a dosage of 5 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection, five days per week.
- the present invention indicates that DHEA exerts anticancer effects, especially with regard to the inhibitory effect of cancer stem-like cells, via downregulation of the WNT pathway in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, DHEA enhances the therapeutic efficacy of IRN against HNSCC cells. The combination treatment showed increased tumor growth inhibition in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models. These results highlight the synergistic effects of DHEA and IRN. Our results provide a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for patients with HNSCC, NSCLC and CRC. In addition, treatment of DHEA is more sensitive to high expression of CES1/2 cells when DHEA used alone or in combination with IRN.
- DHEA Treatment of DHEA is more sensitive to KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells in combination with chemotherapy drugs in NSCLC cells. Finally, TP53 wild-type or G6PD deficiency (mutation or down-regulation) is more sensitive to DHEA treatment in CRC cells.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Material From Animals Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention provides a method for treating a cancer or an anti-cancer drug resistant cancer in a subject through suppressing the growth of the cancer stem-like cells and the downregulation of WNT pathway. A combination or pharmaceutical composition for treating a cancer or an anti-cancer drug resistant cancer is also provided.
Description
The present invention relates to a method for treating a cancer through suppressing the growth of the cancer stem-like cells and the downregulation of WNT pathway.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that possess self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. CSCs are involved in tumor development, cell proliferation, and metastasis, and are the key “seeds” for tumor initiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemo-and radiotherapies [1, 3–5] . These processes are regulated by several key transcription factors involved in cancer stemness and sphere formation, such as OCT4, Nanog, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC. Additionally, many signaling pathways, such as the WNT and Notch pathways, also contribute to the development of cancer stemness [6–10] .
The WNT signaling pathway involves in cell proliferation, survival, and progression, and influences the self-renewal of stem cells under physiological and pathological conditions [11, 12] . Upon activation of the WNT pathway, unphosphorylated β-catenin translocates into the nucleus and subsequently triggers TCF/LEF-mediated transcription of downstream genes, such as CCND1, MYC, and CD44. Dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression by maintaining cancer stemness [13] . Recent studies have focused on the therapeutic potential of agents targeting WNT signaling for cancer treatment in mono-or combination therapy [14] .
Irinotecan (IRN) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that has anticancer activity in solid tumors, such as metastatic colorectal and lung cancer [15–17] . IRN showed some clinical benefit in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC) [18–20] . IRN is a prodrug that is converted into the active metabolite SN-38 by carboxylesterase (CES) 1 or 2 [17] . CES1 was found to be a poor prognostic marker for HNSCC in TCGA HNSCC cohort [21] . It was upregulated in patients with poor prognosis and represented a good therapeutic target for IRN therapy [16, 17, 21] . IRN mono-and combination therapies with other chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to improve the treatment response in cancer patients [19, 20, 22] . According to National Cancer Institute (NCI) , survival rate is referred to the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are still alive for a certain period of time after they
were diagnosed with or started treatment for a disease, such as cancer. The combination of IRN with cisplatin showed synergistic anticancer effect in a phase II trial [19] and the cisplatin/tegafur-uracil (UFUR) /irinotecan triple combination therapy demonstrated a moderate response in patients with R/M HNSCC [18] . Toxicity to patients was tolerable, and the quality of life of the patients improved [18] . However, IRN also induces side effects, such as diarrhea and neutropenia, which can be resolved by optimizing the treatment dosage or increasing the target specificity.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous steroid precursor hormone. In humans, DHEA is produced in the brain, adrenal cortex, gonads, and gastrointestinal tract [25] , and is stored in its sulfated form, DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) [26] . DHEA and DHEA-Sare both the most abundant steroids in the human serum and are precursors of sex hormones, such as estrogen and androgen. Recently, DHEA has been reported to have several beneficial effects such as anti-obesity, hypoglycemia, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-aging, and memory-enhancing effects [27–29] . Moreover, DHEA has anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo in several cancer types, including breast [30–32] , hepatoma [27] , myeloma [33] , leukemia [34] , colon adenocarcinoma [35] , pancreatic cancer [36] and cervical cancer [37] . In breast cancer, DHEA inhibited cell proliferation and metastatic processes, such as migration, invasion, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) , and decreased spheroid size [30–32] . In addition, in human sphere mesenchymal stem cells, DHEA suppressed stem cell gene expression [38] which suggests that DHEA may have the ability to suppress CSCs. However, the effect of DHEA on HNSCC, especially cancer stem cell-like traits, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the antitumor and anti-stemness potential effects of DHEA, as well as the efficacy of its combined use with IRN against HNSCC.
It is desirable to develop a new strategy for treating a cancer through the suppression of the growth of CSCs, and the downregulation of WNT pathway.
It is unexpectedly discovered that Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its combination with a chemotherapeutic drug has anti-tumor and anti-stemness efficacy, particularly in treatment of a cancer, including a head and neck cancer such as Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) , a lung cancer such as non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and a colorectal cancer (CRC) , or a drug-resistant cancer.
In one aspect, the present invention provides use of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites for manufacturing a medicament for treating an anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells; wherein the cancer is
selected from the group consisting of a head and neck cancer, a lung cancer and a colorectal cancer (CRC) .
In one example of the invention, the head and neck cancer is head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) .
In one example of the invention, the lung cancer is non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .
It was found in the invention that DHEA is more sensitive to KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells in NSCLCs.
It was found that DHEA is more sensitive to TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant in CRC cells.
In another aspect, the present invention provides a combination or pharmaceutical composition for treating a cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic drug and DHEA or its derivatives or metabolites that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug.
In a yet aspect, the present invention provides a combination or pharmaceutical composition for treating an anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic drug and DHEA or its derivatives or metabolites that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug.
In one embodiment of the invention, the NSCLC is KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells.
In one embodiment of the invneiton, the CRC is TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant.
In a further yet aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a cancer, such as a head and neck cancer (e.g., head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) ) , a lung cancer (e.g., non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ) and a colorectal cancer (CRC) in a subject, which comprises administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In one embodiment of the invention, a method for treating a NSCLC or an anti-cancer drug-resistant NSCLC in a subject, comprises providing a cancer cell sample from said subject to determine whether the NSCLC is KRAS mutant or PTEN wild-type cells, and administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together in combination with a combination with a
chemotherapy drug, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if the cancer cells are KRAS mutant or PTEN wild-type cells.
In another embodiment of the invention, a method for treating a CRC or an anti-cancer drug-resistant CRC in a subject comprises providing a cancer cell sample from said subject to determine whether the cancer cells are TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant, and administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if the cancer cells are TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant.
In a further embodiment of the invention, a method for treating a head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) or an anti-cancer drug resistant JNSCC in a subject, comprises administering said subject a chemotherapeutic drug in combination of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
In one example of the invention, the anti-cancer drug is a chemotherapeutic drug, such as irinotecan (IRN) , cisplatin and pemetrexed.
It is illustrated in the examples that the effects of DHEA were investigated in vivo, in both HNSCC orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft mouse models, and in NSCLC subcutaneous xenograft mouse model. It was confirmed that the combination of DHEA and IRN reduced in vivo tumor growth in both orthotopic and subcutaneous xenograft mouse models.
It is ascertained in the invention that DHEA have an efficacy in suppressing the growth of cancer stem-like cells through downregulating WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway, wherein SRB assay and sphere formation assay were used to examine cellular viability and cancer stem cell-like phenotype, respectively. The expressions of stemness related factors were measured by RT-qPCR and western blotting. It is indicated in the present invention that DHEA reduced HNSCC cell viability, suppressed sphere formation, and inhibited the expression of cancer-stemness markers, such as BMI-1 and Nestin.
It is also ascertained that DHEA repressed the transcriptional activity of stemness-related pathways. The luciferase reporter assay was applied to evaluate transcriptional potential of stemness related pathways. The alternations of WNT signaling pathway were measured by nuclear translocation of β-catenin, RT-qPCR and western blotting. In the WNT pathway, DHEA reduced the nuclear translocation of the active form of β-catenin and reduced the protein expression of the downstream targets, CCND1 and CD44.
According to the invention, DHEA that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug as revealed by reduced cell viability, sphere formation, expression of stemness markers, and activation of the WNT pathway.
The features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. While numerous changes may be made by those skilled in the art, such changes are within the scope of this invention.
The foregoing summary, as well as the following detailed description of the invention, will be better understood when read in conjunction with the appended drawings. The purpose of illustrating the invention, there are shown in the drawings embodiments which are presently preferred. It should be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
In the drawings.
Figure 1 illustrates the anticancer effect of DHEA in reducing sphere size, expression of stemness markers, and transcriptional activity of related proteins in HNSCC cells; wherein (A) HNSCC cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μM DHEA for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability was determined by SRB assay. (B) HNSCC cells and HOF were treated with 0 and 200 μM DHEA for 72 h. Cell viability was determined by SRB assay. (C) Sphere formation assay results showing CAL 27 and SAS cells incubated with 0, 100, and 200 μM DHEA for 20 days. Scale bar: 200 μm (D-E) RT-qPCR results showing mRNA level of stemness markers in CAL 27 and SAS parental cells (D) , and spheroids (E) after treatment with 200 μM DHEA for 6 h. (F) Western blot analysis showing expression of stemness marker in CAL 27 and SAS cells after DHEA treatment for 72 h. β-actin was used as an internal control. Left, representative western blots of three independent experiments are shown. Right, bar charts represent the quantitation of three independent experiments. (G) Luciferase reporter assay showing transcriptional activity of stemness-related markers, including TCF/LEF (WNT) , Nanog, OCT4, and Notch1 in CAL 27 and SAS cells after treatment with 200 μM DHEA for 24 h. Data represent mean ± standard deviation (SD) derived from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, compared to control (1 %DMSO only) using t-test.
Figure 2 illustrates the WNT pathway in HNSCC cells was downregulated by treating DHEA; wherein (A) Western blotting with nuclear extracts showing the effect of treatment with 200 μM DHEA for 24 h on active β-catenin in CAL 27 and SAS cells. α-tubulin was used as a cytoplasmic control; lamin A/C was used as a nuclear fraction control.
Active β-catenin was normalized to α-tubulin or lamin A/C. (B-C) RT-qPCR (B) , and western blotting (C) showing effect of DHEA on mRNA and protein expression of downstream genes of the WNT pathway in CAL 27 and SAS cells. Left, representative western blots of three independent experiments are shown. Right, bar charts represent the quantitation of three independent experiments. Data represent mean ± SD derived from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, compared to control (1 %DMSO only) using t-test.
Figure 3 illustrates that DHEA combined with IRN synergistically decreased cell viability and stemness, and further downregulated the WNT pathway in CAL 27 cells; wherein (A) RT-qPCR results showing mRNA level of IRN-metabolism enzymes in CAL 27 spheroids and parental cells. CES1/2: carboxylesterase 1/2. (B) CAL 27 cells were treated with DHEA (0, 50, and 100 μM) , IRN (0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 μM) alone or in combination for 72 h and cell viability was determined by SRB assay. Data represent mean ± SD derived from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, compared to the same concentration of DHEA using t-test. #p < 0.05; ##p < 0.01; ###p < 0.001, compared to the same concentration of IRN using t-test. (C) CI index following various treatments in (B) . CI > 1, antagonism; CI = 1, additivity; CI < 1, synergism. (D) Sphere formation assay showing CAL 27 cells co-incubated with DHEA (50 μM) and/or IRN (10 μM) . Scale bar: 200 μm (E-F) Western blotting showing protein expression of stemness markers (E) , and WNT pathway-related factors (F) in CAL 27 after DHEA and/or IRN treatment for 24 h. Left, representative western blots of three independent experiments are shown. Right, bar charts represent the quantitation of three independent experiments. Data represent mean ± SD derived from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 using t-test. All treatments were maintained in the same percentage of DMSO. CT, control; DH, DHEA; IRN, irinotecan.
Figure 4 illustrates that DHEA combined with IRN showed an increased anti-tumor effect in HNSCC subcutaneous mouse models; wherein (A) Flow chart showing the experimental schedule and drug administration. CAL 27 cells were subcutaneously injected into mice and then treated with DHEA (10 mg/kg/twice a week) and IRN (50 mg/kg/once a week) via intraperitoneal injections. Tumor size and body weight were measured once a week. (B-E) Tumor size (B) , tumor weight (C) , body weight (D) , and tumor appearance (E) of CAL 27 tumor-bearing mice in vehicle-and drug-treated groups. (F) Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining results of tumors from mice following vehicle and drug treatment. (G) IHC staining for PCNA (upper) and Ki67 (lower) in tumors from mice following various
treatments. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 5/per group) . *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p <0.001, n.s. not significant, compared to each other using t-test. IRN, irinotecan.
Figure 5 illustrates that DHEA combined with IRN further reduced tumor growth in HNSCC orthotopic mouse models; wherein (A) Flow chart of the experimental schedule and drug administration. CAL 27 cells with luciferase expression (CAL 27-Luc) were injected into the buccal submucosa of mice. DHEA (10 mg/kg/once a week) and IRN (50 mg/kg/once a week) were injected intraperitoneally (IP) . Tumor growth (measured by bioluminescent signals using the IVIS Spectrum Imaging System) and body weights were measured once a week. (B-D) Bioluminescence images (B) , quantitation of photon counts (C) , and body weights (D) of orthotopic mouse models following various treatments. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 5/per group) . n.s. not significant; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01, compared to each other using t-test..
Figure 6 illustrates that DHEA combined with IRN showed synergistic inhibition in cell viability of HSC-3 cells; wherein (A) HSC-3 cells were treated with 0, 50, 100, 200, and 400 μM DHEA for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability was determined by SRB assay. Data represent mean ± standard deviation (SD) derived from three independent experiments. *p <0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, compared to control (1 %DMSO only) using t-test. (B) HSC-3 cells were treated with DHEA (0, 50, and 100 μM) , IRN (0, 0.5, 1, 5, and 10 μM) alone or combination for 72 h, and cell viability was determined by SRB assay. Data represent mean ± SD derived from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, compared to the same concentration of DHEA using t-test. #p < 0.05; ##p <0.01; ###p < 0.001, compared to the same concentration of IRN using t-test. (C) CI index of cells following various treatments mentioned in (A) . CI > 1, antagonism; CI = 1, additivity; CI < 1, synergism. All treatments were maintained in the same percentage of DMSO.
Figure 7 illustrates the Effect of DHEA combined with other chemotherapeutic agents on HNC cell viability; wherein CAL 27 (left) and SAS (right) cells were treated with chemotherapeutic agents, including gemcitabine (A) , docetaxel (B) , and methotrexate (C) as monotherapy, or combined with DHEA for 72 h, and the cell viabilities were determined by SRB assay. Data are presented as mean ± SD from one experiment. CI index (lower panels) : CI > 1, antagonism; CI = 1, additivity; CI < 1, synergism. GEM, gemcitabine; DOC, docetaxel; MTX, methotrexate
Figure 8 illustrates that DHEA did not show obvious effect on tumor growth in HNC orthotopic models; wherein (A) Flow chart of the experimental schedule and drug administration. CAL 27 cells with GFP/luciferase expression (CAL 27-GL) were injected into the buccal submucosa of mice. DHEA (10 mg/kg/once a week) was intraperitoneally
injected. Tumor growth (measured as bioluminescent signals using the IVIS Spectrum System) and body weights were measured once a week. (B-D) Bioluminescence images (B) , quantitation of photon counts (C) , and body weight (D) in the orthotopic models following various treatments. Data represent mean ± SEM (n = 5/per group) . n.s. not significant; *p <0.05; **p < 0.01, compared to each other using t-test.
Figure 9 illustrates that the IC50 of DHEA and its analogs on NSCLC cell lines. NSCLC cells were treated with different kinds of DHEA analogs or DHEA with increasing concentrations and cytotoxicity was determined by sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay.
Figure 10 illustrates that the DHEA has anti-cancer stem cell activity. For primary sphere-forming assay, (A) CL141 cells and (B) CL97 cells were dissociated and seeded 10,000 cells/well in 24-well ultralow attachment plates in DMEM/F12 medium content 1%N2 supplement, EGF (20 ng/mL) and bFGF (20 ng/mL) and cultured with indicated DHEA and its analogs for 7 days and sphere numbers were counted through microscope.
Figure 11 illustrates that the Summary of synergistic cytotoxic effects of DHEA and chemotherapeutic agent combinations against lung or ovarian cancer cell lines. Various NSCLC cells were seeded into 96 well plates at density of 3x104/mL 24 hours before drug treatment. Increasing drug concentrations were applied for optimal cancer killing condition and cell viability was measured by Alamar blue assay. These data were then applied to calculate the combination index (CI) via Isobologram analysis in CompuSyn software. +: mild synergistic effect; ++: synergistic effect; -: non-synergistic effect.
Figure 12 illustrates that DHEA has tumor-inhibitory effects in lung cancer in vivo. DHEA and Alimta (pemetrexed) was administrated into NOD-SCID mice in a daily basis (5 mg/kg for each compound) , respectively. (A) Tumor size was measured weekly and (B) body weight was also monitored to check if there was any side effect.
Figure 13 illustrates that the anti-tumor effects of DHEA on CRC cell lines. (A) The IC50 of DHEA on CRC cell lines. CRC cells were treated with DHEA with increasing concentrations and cytotoxicity was determined by SRB assay. (B) TOP/FOP luciferase assay was used to examine DHEA's ability to suppress β-catenin-TCF/LEF transcriptional activity in CRC cells.
Figure 14 illustrates that the anti-CRC effects of DHEA were independent of p53 and G6PD. (A) The IC50 of DHEA on HCT116 cells was determined with or without p53 knockout (KO) and/or G6PD knockdown (KD) conditions, as indicated in the table. HCT116 cells were treated with increasing concentrations of DHEA, and cytotoxicity was assessed using the SRB assay. (B) The Western blot data demonstrated that DHEA induced p21 expression through a pathway independent of both p53 and G6PD.
Figure 15 illustrates that the efficient reduction of DLD-1 and DLD-1 5-FU-resistant (DLD-1R) cells'cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) sphere formation by DHEA.
Figure 16 illustrates that DHEA treatment could mitigate cachectic conditions in mice bearing CT-26 tumors. The co-administration of DHEA appeared to partly enhance the improvement of (A) body weight and (B) grip strength in mice undergoing FOLFOX treatment. (C) Co-administration of DHEA partially enhanced the inhibitory effects of chemotherapy, specifically FOLFOX and FOLFIRI, on CT-26 tumor growth.
The above summary of the present invention will be further described with reference to the embodiments of the following examples. However, it should not be understood that the content of the present invention is only limited to the following embodiments, and all the inventions based on the above-mentioned contents of the present invention belong to the scope of the present invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by a person skilled in the art to which this invention belongs.
As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” , and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a sample” includes a plurality of such samples and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art.
The present invention indicates that DHEA exerts anticancer effects, especially regarding the inhibitory effect of cancer stem-like cells, via downregulation of the WNT pathway in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, DHEA enhances the therapeutic efficacy of a chemotherapeutic drug, such as IRN, against cancer. The combination treatment showed increased tumor growth inhibition in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models. These results highlight the need for more in-depth investigations to understand the underlying mechanism associated with the synergistic effects of DHEA and IRN. The present invention provides a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for cancer patients.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs)
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are a group of malignancies that arise from transformed cells of the oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, or hypopharynx mucosa. HNSCC is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Approximately 650,000 new cases of HNSCC are diagnosed every year, and it accounts for about 5%of all cancer-related deaths [1, 2] . The standard treatment for HNSCC includes surgery, radiotherapy,
chemotherapy, and combinations of these modalities. However, the survival rate of patients with HNSCC remains low because of drug resistance, tumor metastasis, and recurrence [3] . Therefore, it is critical to understand the mechanisms of local recurrence, metastasis, and resistance that may significantly improve the treatment outcomes of patients with HNSCC.
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, including in Taiwan. It can be broadly classified into small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) , with NSCLC accounting for 80%of lung cancer cases. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is any type of epithelial lung cancer other than small cell lung cancer (SCLC) . The most common types of NSCLC are squamous cell carcinoma, large cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma, but there are several other types that occur less frequently, and all types can occur in unusual histological variants. NSCLC is usually less sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy than SCLC. Patients with resectable disease may be cured by surgery or surgery followed by chemotherapy. Despite advancements in diagnosis and treatment, the overall 5-year survival rate for lung cancer remains poor, with less than 15%survival rate. Conventional therapies like chemotherapy and radiotherapy often yield unsatisfactory outcomes in lung cancer patients, and drug resistance represents a significant unmet clinical need.
Colorectal cancer (CRC)
Colorectal cancer (CRC) also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine) . CRC ranks as the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Standard treatment for advanced CRC involves chemotherapy regimens based on 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin. However, the persistence of chemotherapy resistance poses a significant challenge in CRC management, as reflected by the low 5-year survival rate of only 12%for stage IV disease. Thus, there is a pressing need to enhance the survival outcomes of CRC patients by addressing and overcoming drug resistance.
Cancer stem cells (CSCs)
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that possess self-renewal capacity and pluripotency. CSCs are involved in tumor development, cell proliferation, and metastasis, and are the key “seeds” for tumor initiation, metastasis, and resistance to chemo-and radiotherapies [1, 3-5] . These processes are regulated by several key transcription factors involved in cancer stemness and sphere formation, such as OCT4,
Nanog, SOX2, KLF4, and MYC. Additionally, many signaling pathways, such as the WNT and Notch pathways, also contribute to the development of cancer stemness [6-10] .
WNT signaling pathway
The WNT signaling pathway is involved in cell proliferation, survival, and progression, and influences the self-renewal of stem cells under physiological and pathological conditions [11, 12] . Upon activation of the WNT pathway, unphosphorylated β-catenin translocates into the nucleus and subsequently triggers TCF/LEF-mediated transcription of downstream genes, such as CCND1, MYC, and CD44. Dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway is strongly associated with tumorigenesis and progression by maintaining cancer stemness [13] . Recent studies have focused on the therapeutic potential of agents targeting WNT signaling for cancer treatment in mono-or combination therapy [14] .
Irinotecan (IRN)
Irinotecan (IRN) is a topoisomerase I inhibitor that has anticancer activity in solid tumors, such as metastatic colorectal and lung cancer. IRN showed some clinical benefit in recurrent or metastatic HNSCC (R/M HNSCC) [15-17] . IRN is a prodrug that is converted into the active metabolite SN-38 by carboxylesterase (CES) 1 or 2. CES1 was found to be a poor prognostic marker for HNSCC in TCGA HNSCC cohort [18] . It was upregulated in patients with poor prognosis and represented a good therapeutic target for IRN therapy. IRN mono-and combination therapies with other chemotherapeutic agents have been shown to improve the treatment response in cancer patients. In patients with R/M HNSCC, IRN showed a modest overall response rate of 21.2%and a 1-year survival rate of 30.2%. Response to IRN and its toxic side effects appeared to be dose-dependent [19] . Furthermore, the combination of IRN with cisplatin showed synergistic anticancer effect in a phase II trial [20] and the cisplatin/tegafur/uracil/irinotecan triple combination therapy demonstrated a moderate response in patients with R/M HNSCC [16] . Toxicity to patients was tolerable, and the quality of life of the patients improved [16] . However, IRN also induces side effects, such as diarrhea and neutropenia, which can be resolved by optimizing the treatment dosage or increasing the target specificity.
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is an endogenous steroid precursor hormone. In humans, DHEA is produced in the brain, adrenal cortex, gonads, and gastrointestinal tract [21] , and is stored in its sulfated form, DHEA sulfate (DHEA-S) [22] . DHEA and DHEA-S are both the most abundant steroids in the human serum at young age and are precursors of sex hormones, such as estrogen and androgen. DHEA has been used as a dietary supplement
and reported to have several beneficial effects such as anti-obesity, hypoglycemia, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-aging, and memory-enhancing effects [23-25] .
In the present invention, it was found that DHEA showed anticancer and cancer stem cell-like traits of HNSCC cells via downregulation of the WNT signaling pathway (see Figure 1 and Figure 2) . In the drug combination treatment strategy, DHEA plus IRN exerted a synergistic effect by further reducing cell viability, inhibiting cancer stem cell-like features, and suppressing WNT signaling in vitro (see Figure 3) . Furthermore, the combination treatment showed better anti-tumor growth effect in subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models (see Figure 4 and Figure 5) .
In addition, it was ascertained in the present invention that DHEA had an inhibitory effect on HNSCC viability and was less toxic to normal cells, HOF (see Figures 1A and 1B) . Accordingly, DHEA has a potential to develop an anti-cancer drug as having the effect on HNSCC and cancer stemness.
In addition to the suppression of cancer stemness, it was found in the present invention, DHEA decreased the spheroid size of breast cancer. The effect of DHEA on cancer stemness-related events and the underlying mechanisms have never been studied and is first disclosed in the present invention. Based on the results of the examples, DHEA suppressed cancer stemness properties of HNSCC, including decreased sphere size and transcriptional activities of stemness-related transcription factors, such as WNT (TCF/LEF) , Nanog, and OCT4. OCT4 and Nanog are pluripotent transcriptional factors that contribute to maintenance of stemness and cancer progression [49, 50] . Although the expression of OCT4 and Nanog was slightly decreased following the DHEA treatment, their transcriptional activities were significantly decreased by DHEA, indicating that DHEA has the ability to inhibit CSC potential (see Figures 1C-1G) .
Accordingly, the present invention provides a new strategy to overcome the ineffectiveness of cancer chemotherapies, which is to target the key signaling pathways that promote cancer stemness. It is known that the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway regulates the maintenance and self-renewal of CSCs in colon cancer [51] and breast cancer [52] , and shows significantly higher activation in breast CSCs compared to that in normal stem-like cells [53] . Aberrant activation of the WNT signaling pathway has already been demonstrated in HNSCCs and CSCs [54] . Binding of the WNT ligands to the WNT receptors activates the WNT pathway, accumulation and translocation of stable, non-phosphorylated β-catenin into the nucleus and binding to the TCF/LEF transcription factors. Consequently, the activation of transcription factors initiates the expression of downstream target genes. Thus, blocking β-catenin, a key factor in the WNT pathway, may be an effective strategy for inhibiting the
WNT pathway [55] . Several studies have developed WNT pathway inhibitors, including targeting β-catenin transcriptional activity and β-catenin target genes [14] . However, in clinical trials among patients with HNSCC, WNT974, a Porcupine (PORCN) inhibitor that blocks the secretion of WNT ligands, is the only drug being administered [14, 56] . These findings suggest that targeting WNT/β-catenin signaling represents a promising therapeutic strategy for HNSCC. DHEA inhibited WNT signaling via downregulation of active β-catenin in the nucleus, thereby decreasing the transcriptional activity of downstream target genes, such as CD44 and CCND1 in HNSCC (Figure 2) . The mechanism of DHEA on β-catenin within the WNT pathway in cancers, especially in HNSCC was first revealed in the present invention.
It is known that the chemo-resistance of CSCs causes failure of cancer therapy and tumor recurrence. It was shown in the present invention that DHEA inhibited cancer stem cell-like traits via downregulation of the WNT pathway in HNSCC. In addition, DHEA was used in a combination therapy in the present invention. It was found that mRNA levels of CES1/2, encoding the enzymes involved in generation of the active form of IRN, were higher in CAL 27 spheres than in their parental cells (Figure 3A) , which suggests that the spheres may be more sensitive to IRN than parental cells due to their higher CESs. It is concluded in the present invention that DHEA combined with IRN exerted a synergistic effect on cell viability, and the most optimal dose was found to be 50 μM DHEA plus 10 μM IRN as revealed via CI index calculation (Figure 3B and Figure 3C) . Other chemotherapeutic drugs in combination with DHEA were also examined, but the anticancer effects were lesser than that of IRN (not shown in the figures) . Furthermore, compared to DHEA or IRN alone, the combination treatment further downregulated the sphere size, expression of proteins associated with stemness, as well as the WNT pathway in HNSCC cells (Figure. 3) .
Moreover, the treatment of DHEA combined with the treatment of IRN demonstrated inhibitory effect on tumor growth in a subcutaneous and an orthotopic oral cancer model (Figure 4 and Figure 5) . Although we used a general subcutaneous HNSCC mice model rather than the classical cancer stem cells-based animal models by serially diluted inoculation to investigate the effect of DHEA and/or IRN on tumor inhibition. However, Shrivastava et al. have observed CAL 27 cells possessed about 1.6%of CSC population in total number of parental cells [59] . In our subcutaneous in vivo models, there were about 48,000 CSCs among the inoculation. This subset of cells might mimic the ability of CSCs to tumor initiation and progression and provide the preliminary result about the inhibitory effect of DHEA on CSC potential. In additional, in our study, the 10 mg/kg DHEA used in the mice administration was converted from a human equivalent dose (50 mg) based
on body surface area by the formula from the US Food and Drug Administration and from Chen et al. study [60] . Also, as shown in the present invention, there were no abnormal change of body weight of mice or other side effects observed, suggesting that this dosage was tolerable. In addition, the acute oral toxicity (lethal dose, LD50) of DHEA is >10,000 mg/kg in mouse, further supporting that there is no acute toxicity of DHEA. Although the underlying mechanism of the DHEA-mediated anti-cancer effect of IRN needs to be further elucidated, the in vitro and in vivo data presented in the present invention support the synergistic effect against HNSCC.
The following embodiments are made to clearly exhibit the above-mentioned and other technical contents, features and effects of the present invention. As the contents disclosed herein should be readily understood and can be implemented by a person skilled in the art, all equivalent changes or modifications which do not depart from the concept of the present invention should be encompassed by the appended claims.
Examples
I. Methods
Cell lines and cell culture
The human HNSCC cell line, CAL 27, was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA) , and HSC-3 and SAS were obtained from the Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources Cell Bank (JCRB, Japan) . The human oral fibroblasts (HOF) were obtained from the ScienCell Research (USA) . The lentivirus packaging cell line human embryonic kidney (HEK) -293T was also obtained from the ATCC. All cell lines were cultured in standard medium according to the manufacturer’s instructions containing 10%fetal bovine serum (FBS; Gibco, USA) , 1%L-glutamine (Gibco, USA) , and antibiotics (penicillin and streptomycin; Gibco, USA) , and maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5%CO2 at 37 ℃.
Chemical compounds
Trans-dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (Sigma #D4000) was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and maintained in 1%DMSO in the medium during in vitro drug treatment at 0-400 μM. Irinotecan (IRN) used for in vitro studies was purchased from Sigma (#I1406) and treated with cells from 0-10 μM. (irinotecan hydrochloride trihydrate) used for animal administration was obtained from Pfizer. For in vivo experiment, DHEA andwere given at 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg, respectively, via intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The further details were described in the figure legends. The chemical compounds and reagents used in this study are listed in Table 1. During the drug treatment,
control (vehicle) groups were maintained in 1%DMSO in the medium, which was the same condition as DHEA treatment.
Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay
Cells were plated at 2000 cells/well in a 96-well microplate. Following drug treatments for the desired periods, cells were fixed with 10%trichloroacetic acid (w/v) for 1 h at 4℃, washed with water, and air-dried. SRB solution (0.4% [w/v] in 1%acetic acid) was used to stain the cells for 1 h and then 1%acetic acid was used to wash and remove the excess dye. After adding 20 mM Tris-base, the optical density (OD) of the protein-bound dye was measured at 540 nm to obtain the absorbance. Cell viability was normalized to the control, and the IC50 was calculated using GraphPad Prism 7 software. The synergistic effect assessment was performed by CompuSyn software (https: //www. combosyn. com/) according to the user instruction. The resulting combination index (CI) theorem of Chou-Talalay offers a quantitative definition for additive effect (CI = 1) , synergism (CI < 1) , and antagonism (CI > 1) in drug combinations (39) .
Table 1 Chemicals, reagents, kits and constructs
Sphere formation assay
Sphere formation assay was performed as described previously [40] . Briefly, cells were incubated with serum-free medium supplemented with 20 ng/ml of bFGF (PeproTech #100-18B) , EGF (PeproTech #AF-100-15) , and 1× B27 supplement (Gibco #17504044) in a humidified 5%CO2 atmosphere at 37℃. Then the cells were co-incubated with drugs in ultra-low attachment 6-well plates (Corning) at a density of 5000 cells/well. The images of spheres were captured using a phase contrast microscope (Leica) , and the sphere size was determined using ImageJ software. To quantify the sphere size, we drew a line and set as the known distance according to the scale bar from pictures by using “Analyze” and “Set scale” from ImageJ. Then, we drew lines equal to each sphere and then
conducted to “Measure” from ImageJ. Finally, the results of measured length were further used to statistical analysis.
Isolation of nuclear extract
Nuclear and cytosolic extracts were isolated from cells using the rapid, efficient and practical (REAP) method [41] . Briefly, following drug treatment, cells were scraped with cold phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and suspended in ice-cold 0.1%NP-40. After pipetting and centrifugation, half of the supernatant was transferred to a new tube and diluted with 4X SDS sample buffer, which was the cytoplasmic fraction. The remaining cell pellet was washed twice with ice-cold 0.1%NP-40 and resuspended with 1X SDS sample buffer diluted in 0.1%NP-40, which constituted the nuclear fraction. To detect protein expression in the fractions, the cytoplasmic fraction and the nuclear fraction from each treatment were conducted western blotting assay as described in 2.6 section. a-tubulin was used as a cytoplasmic control; lamin A/C was used as a nuclear fraction control.
Western Blotting Assay
After drug treatment, cells were lysed, and protein concentration was measured using the Bradford assay (Thermo) . Protein lysates (30 μg) were separated by 10%sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and then electro-transferred to 0.45 μM polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore) . After blocking with 5%milk in Tris-buffered saline containing Tween-20 (TBST) for 1 h, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies at 4 ℃ overnight followed by incubation with the corresponding secondary antibody for 1 h. The expression signals were visualized using the Immobilon Western Chemiluminescent HRP Substrate (Millipore #WBKLS0500) and detected using the Fujifilm LAS4000 luminescent image analysis system. Protein levels were quantified using ImageJ, and the expression was normalized to that of the internal control (β-actin) . The antibodies used in this study are listed in Table 2.
Establishment of stable cells and reporter assay
The pGreenFire TCF/LEF (T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor) , Nanog, OCT4, and Notch1 reporter lentivectors were purchased from System Biosciences. Pseudo reporter viruses were produced as described in our previous study [42] . Briefly, HEK293T cells were co-transfected with reporter lentivectors and packaging plasmids MD2G and pCMV-dR8.91 (RNAiCore, Taiwan) . After 48 h of transfection, viral supernatants were collected and added to the culture medium of target cells along with polybrene (Sigma) . To obtain stable cell lines, the target cells were selected in puromycin (1 mg/mL, Invitrogen) for 48 h. To assess the effect of DHEA on TCF/LEF, Nanog, OCT4, and Notch1-regulated
transcription, the stable cells were treated with the drugs, and then promoter activity was measured using ONE-Glo Luciferase Assay System (Promega) .
Table 2 Antibody list
Reverse transcription and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay
Total RNA was extracted from the cells using the TRIzol method (Invitrogen #15596026) . The total RNA (2 mg) was used as a template for reverse transcription performed with a SuperScript III kit (Invitrogen) . The cDNA was subjected to RT-qPCR in triplicate using Omics Green qPCR Master Mix and Gunster MB-P08A 8-strip PCR tubes (Gunster Biotech Inc., Taiwan) . The primers used are listed in Table 3. The relative expression was obtained using the comparative Ct method after normalization to the expression of GAPDH in the StepOneTM Real-Time PCR System.
Table 3 Primer Sequences
In vivo experiments
All animal experiments were performed in strict accordance with the guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) . The animal experimental protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Academia Sinica (Taipei, Taiwan; protocol no.: ASIACUC-R19-07-1329) . Male NOD. CB17-Prkdcscid/NcrCrl (Nod-SCID) mice aged 5–6 weeks were used for all the experiments. To evaluate the in vivo tumorigenicity and anti-stemness ability, 3 × 106 CAL 27 cells or 1000 FACS sorted CD44+/CD133+ CAL 27 stem-like cells resuspended in PBS were subcutaneously inoculated into the right flank of the mice. For the HNSCC orthotopic model [43] , CAL 27 luciferase-expressing cells (5 × 105) resuspended in PBS were injected into the buccal submucosa of mice. In vivo tumors were imaged using the IVIS Imaging System (Caliper Life Sciences) , and the signal intensity of luciferase expression was measured. Drugs were administered via intraperitoneal injection twice per week. Tumor growth and body weights were measured once a week. To determine the tumor formation frequency of mouse models bearing CAL 27 stem-like cells, the formed tumor was examined by autopsy after eight weeks standard DHEA treatment regimen.
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining and analysis
Tumor sections were formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded. H&E or IHC staining was performed using a Discovery XT automated immunostainer (Ventana Medical System) . After dewaxing, deparaffinization, and rehydration, Tris-EDTA buffer was used for antigen retrieval. The sections were immunostained for PCNA (GTX #100539, 1: 500,
GeneTex, USA) and Ki67 (Dako #M7240, 1: 150, DAKO/Agilent, Santa Clara, CA) , and subsequently counterstained with hematoxylin.
Statistical analysis
All statistical analyses were performed using the Student’s one-tailed t-test using Prism 7 software (GraphPad Software Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA) . Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation (SD) or standard error of mean (SEM) from independent experiments. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
II. Results
1. DHEA Showed Anticancer Effect and Suppressed Stemness Potential of HNSCC Cells
To examine the effect of DHEA on HNSCC cell viability, HNSCC cell lines including CAL 27, SAS, and HSC-3, were treated with different doses of DHEA for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. DHEA significantly inhibited cell viability in a time and dose-dependent manner (Figure 1A) . The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DHEA was found to be 192.2 ± 28.4 μM for CAL 27 cells, 292.9 ± 43.9 μM for SAS cells, and 211.5 ± 13.5 μM for HSC-3 cells at 72 h. Also, we examined the effect of DHEA on the normal human oral fibroblast (HOF) . As shown in Figure 1B, in contrast to HNSCC cell lines, CAL27 and SAS, DHEA 200 mM showed less toxicity and inhibitory effect in the viability of HOF after 72 h exposure. The cell viability decreased 20%in HOF, 32%in SAS and 50%in CAL 27. A previous study demonstrated that DHEA decreases the expression of stem cell genes in human sphere mesenchymal stem cells [38] . Therefore, to examine the role of DHEA on HNSCC stemness potential, CAL 27 and SAS cells were incubated with 0, 100, and 200 mM DHEA for 20 days in a sphere formation assay. DHEA significantly suppressed the sphere size in both the HNSCC cell lines (Figure 1C) . Furthermore, DHEA also decreased stemness-related mRNA levels, including ALDH1A3, BMI-1, KLF4, and SOX2, after 6 h of treatment in CAL 27 and SAS parental cells (Figure 1D) as well as in spheroid cells (Figure 1E) . DHEA treatment resulted in a slight reduction in the protein expression of BMI-1 and Nestin but did not affect OCT4 and Nanog expression (Figure 1F) . To further examine the transcriptional activity of stemness-related transcription factors, we used WNT (TCF/LEF) , Nanog, OCT4, and Notch1 response element reporter assays. Although DHEA reduced the protein levels of OCT4 and Nanog only marginally, the transcriptional activities of OCT4 and Nanog, the stemness transcription factors, were markedly decreased in HNSCC cells (Figure 1G) . Taken together, these results suggest that DHEA inhibits HNSCC cell viability and cancer stemness potential, including sphere size and expression of stemness markers.
2. DHEA Inhibited Activity of the WNT Pathway by Decreasing Nuclear Translocation of Active β-Catenin
In human epithelial carcinomas, such as HNSCC or colorectal cancer, WNT signaling is crucial for the tumorigenesis and progression [44, 45] . To further investigate the effect of DHEA on β-catenin, a crucial signal transducer of the WNT pathway HNSCC cell lines were treated with DHEA followed by nuclear extraction assay. As shown in Figure 2A, DHEA treatment suppressed the nuclear translocation of active (non-phosphorylated) β-catenin, which prevented downstream effectors such as CCND1, CD44, and c-MYC (Figures 2B and 2C) . Taken together, these results demonstrated that DHEA downregulates WNT transcriptional activity to inhibit the potential of HNSCC stemness.
3. HNSCC Stem-Like Cells Elevated the Expression of the IRN Activity-Converting Enzyme CES1/2
IRN, a topoisomerase I inhibitor, is a chemotherapeutic drug currently used for the treatment of colorectal cancer [46] . In addition, IRN has been used in mono-and combination therapy along with other chemotherapeutic agents in patients with HNSCC and has shown improvement in patient response [18, 20] . Following administration, IRN is converted to its active form, SN-38, by CES1/2 enzymes in patients [47] . Recent studies have shown that the activity and expression of CES are related to IRN efficacy in lung cancer cell lines [17, 48] and solid tumors [49–51] . In addition, Shaojun et al. demonstrated that in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, high CES2 expression was correlated with better IRN therapeutic effect, which implies that CES2 may play an important role in IRN sensitivity. Therefore, evaluation of CES1/2 expression may provide preliminary clinical evidence for response to IRN-based therapies [16] . Interestingly, CAL 27 spheroids showed higher CES1/2 mRNA levels compared to their parental cells (Figure 3A) . In addition, inhibition of WNT signaling decreased cancer stem cell-like features and increased the sensitivity of the cancer cells to chemotherapies, including IRN [52, 53] . Our findings revealed that DHEA has an inhibitory effect on the WNT signaling pathway (Figures 1F and 2) . Hence, we sought to determine whether DHEA sensitizes HNSCC CSCs to IRN.
4. DHEA Combined with IRN Showed Improved Anti-Cancer as Well as Anti-Stemness Potential Effect, and Further Downregulated WNT Pathway in HNSCC Cells
To evaluate the effect of DHEA combined with IRN on HNSCC, cell viability was examined using SRB assay and the synergistic effect was assessed via combination index (CI) calculation by using CompuSyn software [39] . In CAL 27 and HSC-3 cells, DHEA combined with IRN further inhibited cell viability compared to DHEA or IRN alone at 72 h treatment, and the CI index showed a synergistic effect (CI value < 1) (Figures 3B,
3C and Figure 6B, 6C) . The viability of CAL 27 cells following DHEA (50 μM) , IRN (10 μM) , and combination treatment was 84.1%, 35.9%, and 24.0%, respectively. This dose combination showed the best synergism (CI value = 0.48) and was used to perform subsequent experiments in CAL 27 cells. In addition, other chemotherapeutic agents were tested in combination with DHEA in CAL 27 and SAS cells (Figure 7) . Some of the combination treatments of DHEA plus gemcitabine, docetaxel or methotrexate showed synergistic effect but less than that of DHEA plus IRN. Among these chemotherapeutic drugs, docetaxel or gemcitabine obtained quite effective single agent chemotherapy in HNSCC treatment cells. Therefore, we did not further examine the combination uses to enhance cytotoxicity. Therefore, IRN was selected as the combination chemotherapeutic drug with DHEA for further studies. In the sphere formation assay, the combination significantly decreased CAL 27 sphere size compared to DHEA or IRN alone (Figure 3D) . In addition, the combination treatment showed a greater inhibitory effect on the expression of stemness markers, including BMI-1, OCT4, and Nanog (Figure 3E) . Notably, in the WNT pathway, the combination treatment further decreased the expression of active non-phosphorylated β-catenin and downstream targets, such as CCND1 and CD44 from the whole cell lysate (Figure 3F) . These data confirmed that combination treatment of DHEA with IRN exerted better anticancer and stem cell like traits inhibitory effects compared to DHEA or IRN alone in HNSCC cells.
5. DHEA Combined with IRN Showed Better Anti-Tumor Effect Than IRN Monotherapy in Subcutaneous HNSCC Mouse Models
To further investigate the effect of DHEA combined with IRN against HNSCC in vivo, CAL 27 cells were subcutaneously injected into the flank of immunodeficient mice to establish xenograft models. DHEA (10 mg/kg/twice a week) and/or IRN (50 mg/kg/once a week) were administered via intraperitoneal injection (Figure 4A) . Compared to DHEA or IRN alone, the combination treatment showed greater inhibitory effect on tumor size and weight compared to the controls (Figures 4B, 4C, 4E) . Interestingly, the combination treatment alleviated irinotecan-induced loss of body weight, suggesting that DHEA may reduce the side effects of IRN (Figure 4D) . In H&E staining of HNSCC xenografts (Figure 4F) , the tumor size of the IRN alone and the combination treatment groups was smaller than that of vehicle or DHEA groups. As shown in Figure 4G, mice with combination treatment showed lower expression of the proliferation markers PCNA and percentage of Ki67, compared to those treated with drug alone. Taken together, DHEA enhanced irinotecan-mediated anticancer effects and further reduced tumorigenicity in vivo.
6. DHEA Combined with IRN Exerted Better Anti-Tumor Effect Than IRN Monotherapy in Orthotopic Mice Models
To further evaluate the efficacy of DHEA in an orthotopic oral cancer model, CAL 27 cells with luciferase (Luc) -expression were inoculated into the buccal submucosa of immunodeficient mice. The drugs were injected intraperitoneally, and the tumor growth rate was assessed by measuring the bioluminescence signals using the IVIS Spectrum System once a week. Treatment with DHEA alone did not have a significant effect on inhibition of tumor growth in the orthotopic oral cancer model (Figure 8) . The CD44+ /CD133+ CAL 27 stem-like cells in vivo models revealed that DHEA treatment reduced the HNC stem-like cells’ tumor formation frequency more than control (Table 4) . To further investigate the effect of DHEA combined with IRN in the orthotopic oral cancer model, mice were separated into three groups for different treatments: vehicle, IRN (50 mg/kg once a week) , and DHEA (10 mg/kg/once a week) combined with irinotecan (Figure 5A) . As shown in Figures 5B, C, DHEA combined with IRN caused a significant reduction in the orthotopic HNSCC xenograft bioluminescent signals in the buccal sites of the mice compared to vehicle or IRN alone. Taken together, these results revealed that compared to monotherapy, DHEA combined with IRN demonstrated increased anti-tumor effect in the orthotopic mouse model of oral cancer.
Table 4. The in vivo tumor formation frequency of CAL 27 stem-like cells with DHEA treatment.
DHEA Showed Anticancer Effect and Suppressed Stemness Potential of NSCLC Cells
Given the significance of DHEA in anti-cancer ability, it is imperative to explore analogs that exhibit superior efficacy compared to DHEA. To address this, we utilized eight NSCLC cell lines (A549, A549-ON, CL141, H441, CL152, HCC827, CL97, and H1975) as our cellular model for drug screening. We employed seven DHEA metabolites, structurally similar to DHEA with slight modifications in one or two functional groups, to assess their toxicities on these NSCLC cells (Figure 9) . The findings revealed that both DHEA and 4-DHEA demonstrated stronger toxic effects compared to other analogs such as cis-DHEA, 7-oxo DHEA, cis-R-DHEA, trans-R-DHEA, and DHEAS in A549-ON and squamous-type
NSCLC CL152. Next, we investigated whether these analogs possessed enhanced anti-cancer stem cell (CSC) activity. To evaluate the efficacy of the drugs against CSCs, we employed a widely accepted model known as the tumor spheroid assay. NSCLC cells, specifically CL141 and CL97 cells, were cultured in ultra-low attachment plates and treated with various concentrations of the drugs for a duration of 7 days (Figure 10) . The results obtained from the CSC-like spheroid assay indicated that DHEA exhibited superior anti-cancer stem cell activity compared to all other DHEA analogs. DHEA treatment led to a remarkable reduction of 80-90%in the number of spheres formed by CL141 and CL97 cells, in comparison to the control group treated with the vehicle alone (Figure 10) . Furthermore, we conducted experiments to evaluate the effects of six chemotherapeutic drugs in combination with DHEA, and the findings are summarized in Figure 11. It appeared that cells harboring a KRAS mutation and possessing a wild-type PTEN genotype exhibited greater sensitivity to the drug combination. Conversely, cells with a wild-type KRAS and a PTEN loss genotype displayed increased resistance to the drug combination. Subsequently, we assessed the anti-tumor efficacy of DHEA in vivo. For tumor establishment, the human lung cancer cell line NCI-H441 (obtained from ATCC) was subcutaneously injected into the right flank of NOD/SCID mice (4-6 weeks of age) at a concentration of 1 million cells. The test drugs, DHEA and Alimta (pemetrexed) , were administered at a dosage of 5 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection, five days per week. The results revealed that DHEA alone exhibited superior anti-tumor effects compared to Alimta, and it did not cause any significant changes in body weight, suggesting that DHEA treatment at a dosage of 5 mg/kg per day would not lead to adverse side effects (Figure 12) .
DHEA Showed Anticancer Effect and Suppressed Stemness Potential of CRC Cells
To further investigate the anticancer potential of DHEA, we conducted experiments on colorectal cancer (CRC) cells to assess its efficacy in combating CRC. Our findings revealed that the IC50 values of DHEA ranged from 100 μM to 400 μM, with RKO and HCT116 cells exhibiting the lowest IC50 values of 117 μM and 138 μM, respectively, at the 48-hour time point, compared to other cells (Figure 13A) . Moreover, DHEA demonstrated the ability to inhibit TCF/LEF reporter activity in the majority of the tested cells, suggesting that DHEA could also inhibit the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway in CRC cells (Figure 13B) . To validate the involvement of G6PD and P53 status in mediating DHEA toxicity, we performed knockout of P53, with or without G6PD knockdown, in HCT116 cells. Interestingly, the knockout of P53 was found to decrease cell sensitivity to DHEA treatment, HCT116-p53 WT vs HCT116-p53 KO cells (Figure 14A) . Additionally, the
knockdown of G6PD appeared to enhance the sensitivity of cells to DHEA treatment (Figure 14A) . Moreover, the data also showed that DHEA could induce the expression levels of p21 in HCT116 cells through pathways independent of both p53 and G6PD (Figure 14B) . Collectively, these findings suggest that DHEA may influence CRC growth by stimulating p21 expression in CRC cells. Furthermore, we examined the ability of DHEA to overcome drug resistance in CRC cells using a CSC-like sphere formation assay with DLD-1 5-FU-resistant (DLD-1R) cells. The results showed that DLD-1R cells exhibited higher stemness ability compared to DLD-1 cells. However, DHEA efficiently inhibited sphere formation in both DLD-1 and DLD-1R cells (Figure 15) . Interestingly, co-administration of DHEA resulted in further reduction of tumor mass. Moreover, FOLFOX or FOLFIRI treatment contributed to the recovery of body weight loss and improvement in grip strength caused by CT-26 tumor burden. Notably, the co-administration of DHEA partially enhanced these effects, particularly under FOLFOX treatment, as illustrated in Figures 16A and 16B. We also demonstrated the inhibitory effects of standard colorectal cancer (CRC) treatments such as FOLFOX or FOLFIRI on CT26 tumor growth, as depicted in Figure 16C.
III. Conclusions
Taken together, the present invention indicates that DHEA exerts anticancer effects, especially with regard to the inhibitory effect of cancer stem-like cells, via downregulation of the WNT pathway in vitro and reduces tumorigenicity in vivo. Furthermore, DHEA enhances the therapeutic efficacy of IRN against HNSCC cells. The combination treatment showed increased tumor growth inhibition in both subcutaneous and orthotopic mouse models. These results highlight the synergistic effects of DHEA and IRN. Our results provide a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for patients with HNSCC, NSCLC and CRC. In addition, treatment of DHEA is more sensitive to high expression of CES1/2 cells when DHEA used alone or in combination with IRN. Treatment of DHEA is more sensitive to KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells in combination with chemotherapy drugs in NSCLC cells. Finally, TP53 wild-type or G6PD deficiency (mutation or down-regulation) is more sensitive to DHEA treatment in CRC cells. Taken together, these precision medicine based treatment options for DHEA in various cancers offer a patient selection strategy in the cancer treatment.
References
1. Peitzsch C, et al. Cancer Stem Cells in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Identification, Characterization and Clinical Implications. Cancers (Basel) (2019) 11 (5) . doi: 10.3390/cancers11050616
2. Bray F, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin (2018) 68 (6) : 394–424. doi: 10.3322/caac. 21492
3. Chinn SB, et al. The Role of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cancer Stem Cells in Tumorigenesis, Metastasis, and Treatment Failure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2012) 3: 90. doi: 10.3389/fendo. 2012.00090
4. Prieto-Vila M, et al. Drug Resistance Driven by Cancer Stem Cells and Their Niche. Int J Mol Sci (2017) 18 (12) . doi: 10.3390/ijms18122574
5. Chang JC. Cancer Stem Cells: Role in Tumor Growth, Recurrence, Metastasis, and Treatment Resistance. Med (Baltimore) (2016) 95 (1 Suppl 1) : S20–5. doi: 10.1097/MD. 0000000000004766
6. Hadjimichael C, et al. Common Stemness Regulators of Embryonic and Q23 Cancer Stem Cells. World J Stem Cells (2015) 7 (9) : 1150–84.
7. Wei Z, et al. Klf4 Interacts Directly With Oct4 and Sox2 to Promote Reprogramming. Stem Cells (2009) 27 (12) : 2969–78. doi: 10.1002/stem. 231
8. Schmidt R, Plath K. The Roles of the Reprogramming Factors Oct4, Sox2 and Klf4 in Resetting the Somatic Cell Epigenome During Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation. Genome Biol (2012) 13 (10) : 251. doi: 10.1186/gb-2012-13-10-251
9. Kashyap V, et al. Regulation of Stem Cell Pluripotency and Differentiation Involves a Mutual Regulatory Circuit of the NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2 Pluripotency Transcription Factors With Polycomb Repressive Complexes and Stem Cell microRNAs. Stem Cells Dev (2009) 18 (7) : 1093–108. doi: 10.1089/scd. 2009.0113
10. Wei JC, et al. Taiwan Rheumatology Association Consensus Recommendations for the Management of Axial Spondyloarthritis. Int J Rheum Dis (2020) 23 (1) : 7–23. doi: 10.1111/1756-185X. 13752
11. Polakis P. The Many Ways of Wnt in Cancer. Curr Opin Genet Dev (2007) 17 (1) : 45–51. doi: 10.1016/j. gde. 2006.12.007
12. Reya T, Clevers H. Wnt Signalling in Stem Cells and Cancer. Nature (2005) 434 (7035) : 843–50.doi: 10.1038/nature03319
13. Nguyen LV, et al. Cancer Stem Cells: An Evolving Concept. Nat Rev Cancer (2012) 12(2) : 133–43. doi: 10.1038/nrc3184
14. Jung YS, Park JI. Wnt Signaling in Cancer: Therapeutic Targeting of Wnt Signaling Beyond Beta-Catenin and the Destruction Complex. Exp Mol Med (2020) 52 (2) : 183–91. doi: 10.1038/s12276-020-0380-6
15. Kciuk M, Marciniak B, Kontek R. Irinotecan-Still an Important Player in Cancer Chemotherapy: A Comprehensive Overview. Int J Mol Sci (2020) 21 (14) . doi: 10.3390/ijms21144919
16. Shaojun C, et al. Expression of Topoisomerase 1 and Carboxylesterase 2 Correlates With Irinotecan Treatment Response in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Biol Ther (2018) 19 (3) : 153–9. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1414754
17. van Ark-Otte J, et al. Determinants of CPT-11 and SN-38 Activities in Human Lung Cancer Cells. Br J Cancer (1998) 77 (12) : 2171–6. doi: 10.1038/bjc. 1998.362
18. Chen SC, Chang PM, Yang MH. Cisplatin/Tegafur/Uracil/Irinotecan Triple Combination Therapy for Recurrent/Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Phase I/II Clinical Study. Oncologist (2016) 21 (5) : 537–8. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist. 2015-0515
19. Gilbert J, et al. Phase II Trial of Irinotecan Plus Cisplatin in Patients With Recurrent or Metastatic Squamous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Cancer (2008) 113 (1) : 186–92. doi: 10.1002/cncr. 23545
20. Murphy BA, et al. Topoisomerase I Inhibitors in the Treatment of Head and Neck Cancer. Oncol (Williston Park) (2001) 15 (7 Suppl 8) : 47–52.
21. Cancer Genome Atlas N. Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Nature (2015) 517 (7536) : 576–82.
22. Murphy BA. Topoisomerases in the Treatment of Metastatic or Recurrent Squamous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Expert Opin Pharmacother (2005) 6 (1) : 85–92. doi: 10.1517/14656566.6.1.85
23. Therasse P, et al. New Guidelines to Evaluate the Response to Treatment in Solid Tumors. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, National Cancer Institute of the United States, National Cancer Institute of Canada. J Natl Cancer Inst (2000) 92 (3) : 205–16.doi: 10.1093/jnci/92.3.205
24. Villaruz LC, Socinski MA. The Clinical Viewpoint: Definitions, Limitations of RECIST, Practical Considerations of Measurement. Clin Cancer Res (2013) 19 (10) : 2629–36. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432. CCR-12-2935
25. Dalla Valle L, et al. Occurrence of Cytochrome P450c17 mRNA and Dehydroepiandrosterone Biosynthesis in the Rat Gastrointestinal Tract. Mol Cell Endocrinol (1995) 111 (1) : 83–92. doi: 10.1016/0303-7207 (95) 03553-J
26. Racchi M, Balduzzi C, Corsini E. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the Aging Brain: Flipping a Coin in the "Fountain of Youth" . CNS Drug Rev (2003) 9 (1) : 21–40. doi: 10.1111/j. 1527-3458.2003. tb00242. x
27. Ho HY, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone Induces Growth Arrest of Hepatoma Cells via Alteration of Mitochondrial Gene Expression and Function. Int J Oncol (2008) 33 (5) : 969–77.
28. Dillon JS. Dehydroepiandrosterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate and Related Steroids: Their Role in Inflammatory, Allergic and Immunological Disorders. Curr Drug Targets Inflammation Allergy (2005) 4 (3) : 377–85. doi: 10.2174/1568010054022079
29. Vegliante R, Ciriolo MR. Autophagy and Autophagic Cell Death: Uncovering New Mechanisms Whereby Dehydroepiandrosterone Promotes Beneficial Effects on Human Health. Vitam Horm (2018) 108: 273–307. doi: 10.1016/bs. vh. 2018.01.006
30. Lopez-Marure R, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone Inhibits Events Related With the Metastatic Process in Breast Tumor Cell Lines. Cancer Biol Ther (2016) 17 (9) : 915–24. doi: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1195047
31. Colin-Val Z, et al. DHEA Increases Epithelial Markers and Decreases Mesenchymal Proteins in Breast Cancer Cells and Reduces Xenograft Growth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol (2017) 333: 26–34. doi: 10.1016/j. taap. 2017.08.002
32. Lopez-Marure R, Contreras PG, Dillon JS. Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone on Proliferation, Migration, and Death of Breast Cancer Cells. Eur J Pharmacol (2011) 660 (2-3) : 268–74. doi: 10.1016/j. ejphar. 2011.03.040
33. Liu S, et al. Dehydroe Piandrosterone can Inhibit the Proliferation of Myeloma Cells and the Interleukin-6 Production of Bone Marrow Mononuclear Cells From Patients With Myeloma. Cancer Res (2005) 65 (6) : 2269–76. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-04-3079
34. Catalina F, et al. Dietary Dehydroepiandrosterone Inhibits Bone Marrow and Leukemia Cell Transplants: Role of Food Restriction. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) (2003) 228 (11) : 1303–20. doi: 10.1177/153537020322801109
35. Jiang Y, et al. Apoptosis and Inhibition of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Signaling Pathway in the Anti-Proliferative Actions of Dehydroepiandrosterone. J Gastroenterol (2005) 40 (5) : 490–7. doi: 10.1007/s00535-005-1574-3
36. Muscarella P, et al. Oral Dehydroepiandrosterone Inhibits the Growth of Human Pancreatic Cancer in Nude Mice. J Surg Res (1998) 79 (2) : 154–7. doi: 10.1006/jsre. 1998.5417
37. Giron RA, et al. Dehydroepiandrosterone Inhibits the Proliferation and Induces the Death of HPV-Positive and HPV-Negative Cervical Cancer Cells Through an Androgen-and Estrogen-Receptor Independent Mechanism. FEBS J (2009) 276 (19) : 5598–609. doi: 10.1111/j. 1742-4658.2009.07253. x
38. Liu Y, et al. Metabolic Reconfiguration Supports Reacquisition of Primitive Phenotype in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Aggregates. Stem Cells (2017) 35 (2) : 398–410. doi: 10.1002/stem. 2510
39. Chou TC. Drug Combination Studies and Their Synergy Quantification Using the Chou-Talalay Method. Cancer Res (2010) 70 (2) : 440–6. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-09-1947
40. Chang WM, et al. AKR1C1 Controls Cisplatin-Resistance in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Cross-Talk With the STAT1/3 Signaling Pathway. J Exp Clin Cancer Res (2019) 38 (1) : 245. doi: 10.1186/s13046-019-1256-2
41. Suzuki K, et al. REAP: A Two Minute Cell Fractionation Method. BMC Res Notes (2010) 3: 294. doi: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-294
42. Chang WM, et al. Parathyroid Hormone-Like Hormone is a Poor Prognosis Marker of Head and Neck Cancer and Promotes Cell Growth via RUNX2 Regulation. Sci Rep (2017) 7: 41131. doi: 10.1038/srep41131
43. Chang WM, et al. Dysregulation of RUNX2/Activin-AAxis Upon miR-376c Downregulation Promotes Lymph Node Metastasis in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res (2016) 76 (24) : 7140–50. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-16-1188
44. Shiah SG, et al. Downregulated Mir329 and Mir410 Promote the Proliferation and Invasion of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma by Targeting Wnt-7b. Cancer Res (2014) 74 (24) : 7560–72. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-14-0978
45. Schatoff EM, Leach BI, Dow LE. Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep (2017) 13 (2) : 101–10. doi: 10.1007/s11888-017-0354-9
46. Xie YH, Chen YX, Fang JY. Comprehensive Review of Targeted Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther (2020) 5 (1) : 22. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-0116-z Q21
47. Yalcin S. Role of Pharmacogenetics in Gastrointestinal Cancer. (2012) .
48. Ohtsuka K, et al. Intracellular Conversion of Irinotecan to its Active Form, SN-38, by Native Carboxylesterase in Human non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Lung Cancer (2003) 41 (2) : 187–98. doi: 10.1016/S0169-5002 (03) 00223-X
49. de Man FM, et al. Individualization of Irinotecan Treatment: A Review of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics. Clin Pharmacokinet (2018) 57 (10) : 1229–54. doi: 10.1007/s40262-018-0644-7
50. Xu G, et al. Human Carboxylesterase 2 is Commonly Expressed in Tumor Tissue and is Correlated With Activation of Irinotecan. Clin Cancer Res (2002) 8 (8) : 2605–11.
51. Hsieh YT, et al. Effect of Cellular Location of Human Carboxylesterase 2 on CPT-11 Hydrolysis and Anticancer Activity. PloS One (2015) 10 (10) : e0141088. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone. 0141088
52. Van den Broeck A, et al. Human Pancreatic Cancer Contains a Side Population Expressing Cancer Stem Cell-Associated and Prognostic Genes. PloS One (2013) 8 (9) : e73968. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone. 0073968
53. Chikazawa N, et al. Inhibition of Wnt Signaling Pathway Decreases Chemotherapy-Resistant Side-Population Colon Cancer Cells. Anticancer Res (2010) 30 (6) : 2041–8.
Claims (24)
- A use of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites for manufacturing a medicament for treating a cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells; wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of a head and neck cancer, a lung cancer and a colorectal cancer (CRC) .
- A use of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites for manufacturing a medicament for treating an anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells; wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of a head and neck cancer, a lung cancer and a colorectal cancer (CRC) .
- The use of claim 1 or 2, wherein the head and neck cancer is a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) .
- The use of claim 1 or 2, wherein the lung cancer is a non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .
- The use of claim 2, wherein the anti-cancer drug is a chemotherapeutic drug.
- The use of claim 5, wherein the DHEA is administered in combination with said chemotherapeutic drug.
- The use of claim 1 or 2, wherein DHEA is more sensitive to KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells in NSCLCs.
- The use of claim 2, wherein DHEA is more sensitive to TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant in CRC cells.
- The use of claim 1 or 2, wherein DHEA provides an efficacy in suppressing the growth of cancer stem-like cells.
- The use of claim 1 or 2, wherein DHEA provides an efficacy in suppressing the growth of cancer stem-like cells through downregulating WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
- A combination or pharmaceutical composition for treating a cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic drug and DHEA or its derivatives or metabolites that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug.
- A combination or pharmaceutical composition for treating an anti-cancer drug-resistant cancer with high expression of CES1/2 cells, comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a chemotherapeutic drug and DHEA or its derivatives or metabolites that provides an efficacy in enhancing sensitivity of cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic drug.
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 or 12, which provides a synergistic effect on cancer cells.
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 or 12, wherein the cancer is selected from the group consisting of a head and neck cancer, a lung cancer and a colorectal cancer (CRC) .
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the head and neck cancer is head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) .
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the lung cancer is non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) .
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 16, wherein the NSCLC is KRAS mutant and PTEN wild-type cells.
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 14, wherein the CRC is TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant.
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 or 12, wherein the chemotherapeutic drug is selected from the group consisting of irinotecan (IRN) , cisplatin and pemetrexed.
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 or 12, wherein DHEA provides an efficacy in suppressing the growth of cancer stem-like cells.
- The combination or pharmaceutical composition of claim 11 or 12, wherein DHEA provides an efficacy in suppressing the growth of cancer stem-like cells through downregulating WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway.
- A method for treating a NSCLC or an anti-cancer drug-resistant NSCLC in a subject, which comprises providing a cancer cell sample from said subject to determine whether the NSCLC is KRAS mutant or PTEN wild-type cells, and administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together in combination with a combination with a chemotherapy drug, with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if the cancer cells are KRAS mutant or PTEN wild-type cells.
- A method for treating a CRC or an anti-cancer drug-resistant CRC in a subject, which comprises providing a cancer cell sample from said subject to determine whether the cancer cells are TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant, and administering said subject a therapeutically effective amount of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, if the cancer cells are TP53 wild-type or G6PD-deficiency mutant.
- A method for treating a head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) or an anti-cancer drug resistant JNSCC in a subject, which comprises administering said subject a chemotherapeutic drug in combination of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) or its derivatives or metabolites, together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US202263355439P | 2022-06-24 | 2022-06-24 | |
| US63/355,439 | 2022-06-24 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2023246940A1 true WO2023246940A1 (en) | 2023-12-28 |
Family
ID=89379208
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/CN2023/102178 Ceased WO2023246940A1 (en) | 2022-06-24 | 2023-06-25 | Method of treating a cancer through suppression of growth of cancer stem cells, and downregulation of wnt pathway |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| TW (1) | TW202408466A (en) |
| WO (1) | WO2023246940A1 (en) |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002072003A2 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2002-09-19 | Hagstroem Tomas | Use of steroid derivatives for the treatment of a benighn and/or malignant tumour |
| US20130064815A1 (en) * | 2011-09-12 | 2013-03-14 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Inducing apoptosis in quiescent cells |
| KR20210086859A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-07-09 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | Pharmaceutical composition for treating brain tumor |
| CN114259566A (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2022-04-01 | 浙江大学 | A kind of antitumor composition and application based on destroying redox balance |
-
2023
- 2023-06-25 WO PCT/CN2023/102178 patent/WO2023246940A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2023-06-26 TW TW112123738A patent/TW202408466A/en unknown
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002072003A2 (en) * | 2001-03-13 | 2002-09-19 | Hagstroem Tomas | Use of steroid derivatives for the treatment of a benighn and/or malignant tumour |
| US20130064815A1 (en) * | 2011-09-12 | 2013-03-14 | The Trustees Of Princeton University | Inducing apoptosis in quiescent cells |
| KR20210086859A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2021-07-09 | 연세대학교 산학협력단 | Pharmaceutical composition for treating brain tumor |
| CN114259566A (en) * | 2021-08-27 | 2022-04-01 | 浙江大学 | A kind of antitumor composition and application based on destroying redox balance |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| LI LI-JIE, LI CHIEN-HSIU, CHANG PETER MU-HSIN, LAI TSUNG-CHING, YONG CHEN-YIN, FENG SHENG-WEI, HSIAO MICHAEL, CHANG WEI-MIN, HUANG: "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Sensitizes Irinotecan to Suppress Head and Neck Cancer Stem-Like Cells by Downregulation of WNT Signaling", FRONTIERS IN ONCOLOGY, FRONTIERS RESEARCH FOUNDATION, CH, vol. 12, 13 July 2022 (2022-07-13), CH , pages 775541, XP093120616, ISSN: 2234-943X, DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.775541 * |
| SHIGEMASA YOSHIDA ET AL.: "Anti-proliferative action of endogenous dehydroepiandrosterone metabolites on human cancer cell lines", STEROIDS, vol. 68, no. 1, 31 January 2003 (2003-01-31), XP004398473, DOI: 10.1016/S0039-128X(02)00117-4 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW202408466A (en) | 2024-03-01 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Cui et al. | ABC transporter inhibitors in reversing multidrug resistance to chemotherapy | |
| Pacey et al. | A phase I study of the heat shock protein 90 inhibitor alvespimycin (17-DMAG) given intravenously to patients with advanced solid tumors | |
| JP6132833B2 (en) | Small molecule TRAIL gene induction of normal and tumor cells as anticancer therapy | |
| Muniyan et al. | Sildenafil potentiates the therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel in advanced prostate cancer by stimulating NO-cGMP signaling | |
| EP2269603B1 (en) | Treatment of breast tumors with a rapamycin derivative in combination with exemestane | |
| RU2589713C2 (en) | Agent intensifying action of anti-cancer agents | |
| Felip et al. | Therapeutic potential of the new TRIB3-mediated cell autophagy anticancer drug ABTL0812 in endometrial cancer | |
| JP2014514326A5 (en) | ||
| CN105263523A (en) | Combination cancer treatments utilizing micro RNA and EGFR-TKI inhibitors | |
| Song et al. | Magnolin targeting of ERK1/2 inhibits cell proliferation and colony growth by induction of cellular senescence in ovarian cancer cells | |
| US20140294994A1 (en) | Pharmaceutical composition for elimination of cancer stem cells | |
| Li et al. | Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sensitizes irinotecan to suppress head and neck cancer stem-like cells by downregulation of WNT signaling | |
| HK1248539A1 (en) | Combination treatments with seribantumab | |
| JP2025032069A (en) | Methods for Treating Pancreatic Cancer | |
| Bryant et al. | Repurposed quinacrine synergizes with cisplatin, reducing the effective dose required for treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | |
| Wolfe et al. | Altered gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel scheduling improves therapeutic efficacy compared with standard concurrent treatment in preclinical models of pancreatic cancer | |
| TW201906602A (en) | Cancer treatment | |
| Chica-Parrado et al. | Combined inhibition of CDK4/6 and AKT is highly effective against the luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype of triple negative breast cancer | |
| Tien et al. | Cyclin-dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor Palbociclib in Combination with Ralaniten Analogs for the Treatment of Androgen Receptor–positive Prostate and Breast Cancers | |
| JP2012524078A (en) | Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma | |
| TW201722422A (en) | Rational combination therapy for the treatment of cancer | |
| Kang et al. | Rebamipide attenuates Helicobacter pylori CagA-induced self-renewal capacity via modulation of β-catenin signaling axis in gastric cancer-initiating cells | |
| US20220280590A1 (en) | Use of inhibitors of yap and sox2 for the treatment of cancer | |
| WO2023246940A1 (en) | Method of treating a cancer through suppression of growth of cancer stem cells, and downregulation of wnt pathway | |
| US9592407B2 (en) | Pharmaceutical composition and uses thereof |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| 121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application |
Ref document number: 23826584 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |
|
| NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: DE |
|
| 122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase |
Ref document number: 23826584 Country of ref document: EP Kind code of ref document: A1 |