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WO2023245003A1 - Procédé d'amélioration de la performance de croissance chez le porc - Google Patents

Procédé d'amélioration de la performance de croissance chez le porc Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2023245003A1
WO2023245003A1 PCT/US2023/068344 US2023068344W WO2023245003A1 WO 2023245003 A1 WO2023245003 A1 WO 2023245003A1 US 2023068344 W US2023068344 W US 2023068344W WO 2023245003 A1 WO2023245003 A1 WO 2023245003A1
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Prior art keywords
swine
nitrate
feed
combinations
salts
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Inventor
Marc Guillaume Ionam David DECOUX
Richard Joel FARIS
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CAN Technologies Inc
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CAN Technologies Inc
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Priority to EP23739058.8A priority Critical patent/EP4539676A1/fr
Publication of WO2023245003A1 publication Critical patent/WO2023245003A1/fr
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/30—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for swines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23K—FODDER
    • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs

Definitions

  • This application relates to methods for feeding swine a feed that includes a nitrate compound for improving feed efficiency.
  • Feeding calcium nitrate and other ingredients to livestock is one way to mitigate methane production.
  • U.S. Patent No. 8,771,723 titled “Compositions For Reducing Gastro-Intestinal Methanogenesis In Ruminants” issued to Hindrik Bene Perdok et al. discloses one such method.
  • Van Den Bosch et al. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2016/090366, published June 9, 2016
  • Ascensao et al. International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2018/237233 describes methods of improving meat quality (such as meat color and carcass yield (%)) in an animal by feeding an effective amount of nitrate to the animal.
  • nitrate in humans, dietary nitrate, as presented in beetroot juice, has been shown to reduce blood pressure and the risk of adverse cardiovascular events in healthy individuals after single dose of 500 ml of beetroot juice. It is hypothesized that nitrate might represent a source of vasoprotective nitric oxide (NO) via bioactivation (Webb et al. 2008). A non- enzymatic pathway for the generation of NO has been proposed (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway) for humans. Dietary inorganic nitrate molecules may be reduced by facultative anaerobic bacteria on the dorsal surface of the tongue to nitrite which can be chemically and enzymatically be further reduced to NO (Lundberg et al.
  • the endothelial isoform of the NO synthase uses arginine and molecular oxygen as precursors to tonically release NO in the endothelium, which is important for the control of vascular tone, smooth muscle growth, platelet aggregation and inflammation (Umans and Levi, 1995; Bruckdorfer 2005). This induces vasodilation and increased blood flow (Siervo et al. 2011; Keim 1999).
  • the present technology provides a method for improving feed efficiency (i.e., feed conversion ratio), the method includes feeding to swine about 70 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) per day or less of a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; wherein the method improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine compared to a control swine not fed 70 mg/kg BW per day of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and wherein the swine is in one or more of a post-weaning phase, growth phase, or finishing phase.
  • feed efficiency i.e., feed conversion ratio
  • the present technology provides a method for feeding swine, the method comprising: feeding swine a swine feed comprising a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; wherein: the swine is fed a daily feed intake comprising an amount of nitrate is in a range of about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.10% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed; the method improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and the swine is in one or more of a post-weaning phase, growth phase, or finishing phase.
  • the present technology provides the use of a swine feed as described herein in any aspect for improving feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed, wherein the swine feed comprises a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof, and wherein the daily feed intake amount of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof is about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.1% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • FIG. 1 A shows a plot of the overall feed (kg) to gain (kg) ratio for swine fed Treatments A-F.
  • FIG. IB shows a plot of the feed (kg) to gain (kg) ratio for gilts and borrows fed Treatments A-F.
  • FIG. 2 A shows a plot of the overall average daily gain (ADG, kg) for swine fed Treatments A-F.
  • FIG. 2B shows a plot of the overall average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg) for swine fed Treatments A-F.
  • the acts can be carried out in a specific order as recited herein.
  • specific acts may be carried out in any order without departing from the principles of the disclosure, except when a temporal or operational sequence is explicitly recited.
  • specified acts can be carried out concurrently unless explicit claim language recites that they be carried out separately or the plain meaning of the claims would require it.
  • a claimed act of doing X and a claimed act of doing Y can be conducted simultaneously within a single operation, and the resulting process will fall within the literal scope of the claimed process.
  • substantially refers to a majority of, or mostly, as in at least about 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.99%, or at least about 99.999% or more, or 100%.
  • mammals as used in this disclosure includes monogastric and ruminant animals.
  • the term “monogastric” means any organism having a simple single-chambered stomach. Such monogastric animals include, but are not limited to, porcine, equine, avian animals, seafood (aquaculture) animals.
  • Porcine monogastric animals refers to domesticated swine (or pigs) and wild boars.
  • Swine include, but are not limited to, feeder pigs and breeder pigs, including piglets, sows, gilts, barrows, and boars.
  • Gilts refers to female pigs intended for slaughter or breeding purposes that have not yet farrowed a litter.
  • Arrows refers to castrated male pigs intended for slaughter, whereas “boars” as used herein refers to intact, sexually mature, male pigs intended for breeding purposes.
  • Swine production can be logically separated into a number of phases.
  • the stages include, breeding and gestation, farrowing, weaning, growing or growth, and finishing or finisher phases.
  • the stages described herein may vary across geographies as understood by persons skilled in the art, and the definitions provided herein provide exemplary descriptions, that include but are not limited to, weights, ages, and development stages in swine production.
  • breeding and Gestation The sow is bred during her estrous period. In the phase between weaning the sow and breeding, a special breeding feed can be fed to the sow. After breeding, the sow “gestates” her litter for 113 to 116 days before the piglets are born or “farrowed.” As used herein, the term “gestation” or gestation phase means the 113 to 116 day period when the sow is pregnant from breeding until farrowing.
  • Farrowing The process of giving birth is called farrowing. Typically, sows are moved to a farrowing room a few days prior to farrowing and farrow about eight to fourteen piglets (as a group called a “litter”). The piglets are born weighing about 1.5 kg at birth.
  • the term “farrowing” means birth
  • the term “farrowing phase” means the period from birth to weaning. The period of time called the transition period is typically seven days pre-farrowing until one to five days post farrowing.
  • the piglets stay with the lactating sow for about 19-35 days after farrowing, during which time the piglets drink milk produced by the lactating sow.
  • weaning means the process of separating the piglets from the sow. During a weaning or nursery phase, the piglets remain in the nursery — for example, until about four to eight weeks after farrowing (or in other instances, up to about 18 kg to about 30 kg).
  • Postweaning as used herein means the period following the weaning or nursery phase — typically at about six to ten weeks of age where the pig is fed a transitioning diet and before being fed a suitable grower/finishing phase diet based on the pigs age and weight.
  • Growing and Finishing Pigs are normally placed in a grow-fini shing building until they reach market weight, following the weaning (or nursery) phase.
  • “Growing phase” or “growth phase” as used herein refers to the stage where pigs starting from about 35 pounds to 60 pounds (-16-27 kg) are fed to a body weight of about 120 to about 165 pounds (-54-75 kg).
  • “Finishing phase” or “finisher phase” as used herein refers to the stage where pigs are fed from about 120 to 150 pounds (-54-68 kg) are fed to a market body weight — typically about 200 to about 309 pounds (-91-140 kg), and preferably about 243 pounds to about 309 pounds (-110-140 kg).
  • nitrate compound refers to any material including one or more nitrate-containing compounds suitable for use in swine feed.
  • the nitrate compounds as described in any aspect herein may be any suitable nitrate-containing compound.
  • a suitable nitrate-containing compound may be defined as any physiologically acceptable or tolerated nitrate compound.
  • the nitrate compound may be well-soluble in water, /. ⁇ ?., the compound has sufficient solubility for bioavailability after administration to the swine.
  • the nitrate compound may be an ionic nitrate compound, preferably an inorganic nitrate salt.
  • the ionic nitrate salts may include, but are not limited to, sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, or mixtures thereof, all of which are readily soluble in water at standard temperature (e.g., 0°C (32°F)) and pressure (e.g., 1 bar).
  • the ionic nitrate salt may be calcium nitrate.
  • the ionic nitrate salts may include different hydrated forms.
  • the ionic nitrate salts may also include double salts (e.g., calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate).
  • double salts e.g., calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate.
  • a mixture of two or more different ionic nitrate salts or salt forms may be used in the method.
  • nitrate is a source for the biological messenger nitric oxide (NO) according to a non- enzymatic pathway for the generation of NO (nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway).
  • NO biological messenger nitric oxide
  • nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway Unlike arginine conversion to nitric oxide, nitrate conversion to nitric oxide via the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway is not dependent upon oxygen levels. It is believed that the release of NO in the animal is important for the control of vascular tone, smooth muscle growth, platelet aggregation and inflammation. The release of NO in the animal is believed to induce vasodilation and increased blood flow and exchange of oxygen.
  • vasodilation is one biological pathway affected by nitrate supplementation
  • vasodilation does not account for all improvements observed following nitrate supplementation and can vary based on a number of factors (e.g., species, age, feed, etc.). Accordingly, outcomes can vary across species (or within a species) fed a feed containing nitrates.
  • the nitrate compound may be provided as calcium nitrate having the formula Ca(NO3)2.
  • Calcium nitrate is also referred to as calcium dinitrate, Kalksalpeter, nitrocalcite, Norwegian saltpeter, and lime nitrate.
  • Calcium nitrate may be produced by treating limestone with nitric acid, according to the reaction: CaCCh + 2HNO3 Ca(NO 3)2 + CO2 + H2O.
  • the one or more nitrates may be provided as an inorganic salt of magnesium nitrate hexahydrate having the formula (Mg(NO3)2*6H2O). This product contains 10.8% N from nitrate and 9.5% Mg.
  • a variety of related complex inorganic salts of calcium nitrate include calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate.
  • Calcium ammonium nitrate is a double salt (calcium nitrate and ammonium nitrate) having the formula 5Ca(NO3)2*NH4NO3*10H2O.
  • the calcium ammonium nitrate may be pentacalcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate commercially available from Bri-Chem Supply Limited with the following specification: Ammonium-N (NH4-N): 1.1%; Nitrate-N (NO3-N): 14.4%; Total N: 15.5%; Calcium (Ca): 18.8%.
  • the calcium nitrate may be BOLIFOR CNF calcium nitrate feed grade having the formula 5Ca(NO3)2*NH4NO3*10H2O commercially available from Yara Phosphates Oy of Helsingborg Sweden.
  • the calcium nitrate may have the following specification: Calcium (Ca): 18.9%; Nitrogen (N) 15.5%; pH (10% solution): 6; bulk density (kg/m 3 ): 1050; appearance: prilled; size: ⁇ 1.0 mm: 2%; 1.0-2.0 mm: 78%; >2 mm: 20%.
  • Exemplary formulations of calcium nitrate lacking ammonia include Ca(NO3)2*4H2O.
  • An exemplary anhydrous air-stable derivative of calcium nitrate may include urea complex Ca(NO3)2’4[OC(NH 2 ) 2 ].
  • Antioxidants when included in swine diets, are known to protect cells from damage caused by free radicals and peroxides.
  • antioxidants available for feeding swine, including natural dietary antioxidants.
  • natural antioxidants may include, but are not limited to, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, and polyphenols.
  • the antioxidant preferably includes polyphenols.
  • Suitable polyphenol sources may include, but are not limited to, fruits (such as apples, apricots, currants, blackberries, blueberries, cherries, chokeberries, cranberries, dates, elderberries, gooseberries, grapes, kiwis, lemons, lingonberries, limes, mangoes, marionberries, nectarines, olives, oranges, peaches, pears, plums, pomegranates, quinces, raspberries, rhubarb, strawberries, tomatoes, or mixtures thereof), vegetables (such as artichokes, broccoli, celery, com, eggplant, fennel, garlic, greens, kohlrabi, leeks, lovage, onions, parsnips, peppers, spinach, red cabbage, rutabagas, scallions, shallots, sweet potatoes, watercress, or mixtures thereof), legumes (such as chick peas, beans, lentils, snap beans, English peas,
  • a polyphenol source suitable for use in any aspect of the present technology may include commercially available sources.
  • a polyphenol source is commercially available under the trade name PROVIOX 50, available from Cargill, Incorporated, Wayzata, MN, USA.
  • the formulation of PROVIOX 50 includes a blend of polyphenol grape seed and skin extracts, onion extracts, and rosemary extracts.
  • PROVIOX 50 is a standardized product for its total polyphenol content.
  • PROVIOX 50 contains sources of polyphenols with antioxidant properties.
  • the antioxidant that includes polyphenols is PROVIOX 50.
  • swine feed refers to a feed ration produced for consumption by swine.
  • compound feed refers to a swine feed blended to include two or more ingredients which assist in meeting certain daily nutritional requirements of swine, preferably swine in one or more of a post-weaning, growth, or finishing phase.
  • the swine feed may be a complete swine feed according to any aspect described herein.
  • the term “complete feed” as used in any aspect described herein refers to a swine feed having a nutritionally balanced blend of ingredients designed as the sole ration to provide all the daily nutritional requirements of a swine to maintain life and promote production without any additional substances being consumed except for water.
  • the swine feed may also be a concentrate swine feed according to any aspect described herein.
  • concentrate feed or “concentrate swine feed” as used herein in any aspect described herein refers to a swine feed that typically includes a protein source blended with supplements or additives or vitamins, trace minerals, other micro ingredients, macro minerals, etc. to provide a part of the ration for the swine.
  • the concentrate feed may be fed along with other ingredients.
  • the swine feed may include a premix according to any aspect described herein.
  • premix refers to a blend of primarily vitamins and/or minerals along with appropriate carriers.
  • the swine feed may also include a base mix according to any aspect described herein.
  • base mix refers to a blend containing vitamins, trace minerals and/or other micro ingredients plus macro minerals such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, and potassium, vitamins, or combinations thereof.
  • the swine feed may be a feed “supplement.”
  • feed supplement or “swine feed supplement” refers to a concentrated additive premix that includes the active ingredients, which premix or supplement may be added to a swine’s feed or ration to form a supplemented feed in accordance with the present technology.
  • additive or “feed additive” refers to an ingredient such as a protein source, salt, mineral, additive, or buffer that is added to a swine feed.
  • an additive may include, but is not limited to, calcium, zinc, manganese, copper, iodine, cobalt, selenium, other trace ingredients, or mixtures thereof.
  • Swine production efficiency may be defined in different ways.
  • One indicator is feed conversion ratio (FCR), or the ratio between feed intake (kg) and body weight gain (kg) (feed:gain ratio).
  • FCR may be interchangeably represented as the ratio between body weight gain (kg) of a pig and feed intake (kg) (gaimfeed ratio).
  • feed conversion ratio For pigs in one or more of a post-weaning, growth, or finishing phase, feed conversion is adversely impacted when the supply of nutrients is below levels generally required for growth. Improvements in feed conversion (/. ⁇ ., feed efficiency) are also cost effective, as less feed is needed per animal to achieve market weights.
  • the present inventors discovered inclusion of nitrate in the daily feed intake of swine during one or more of a post-weaning, growth, or finishing phase significantly improved feed efficiency, measured as feed:gain (or gaimfeed) ratio, of the swine compared to swine fed a conventional feed.
  • feed efficiency is quadratically effected in relation to the daily amount of nitrate fed to swine during postweaning, growth, and/or finishing phases. Described herein are methods for improving the feed efficiency of swine by feeding swine a feed that includes a nitrate compound.
  • the present technology provides a method for improving feed efficiency (i.e., feed conversion ratio), the method includes feeding to swine about 70 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) per day or less of a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; wherein the method improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and wherein the swine is in one or more of a post-weaning phase, growth phase, or finishing phase.
  • feed efficiency i.e., feed conversion ratio
  • swine may be in one or more of a post-weaning, growth, or finishing phase encompasses gilts, barrows, boars, or combinations thereof.
  • gilts may be housed separately from barrows and/or boars during post-weaning, growth, and/or finishing phases.
  • the swine may include gilts, barrows, boars, or combinations thereof.
  • the swine may be gilts.
  • the swine may be barrows.
  • the swine may be boars.
  • the swine may be fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof during a growth phase, finishing phase, or combination thereof. In any aspect, the swine may be fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof during a growth phase. In any aspect, the swine may be fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof during a finishing phase.
  • the method includes feeding about 70 mg/kg BW per day or less of the nitrate compound to the swine.
  • the amount of nitrate compound fed to the swine may be about 5 mg/kg BW per day to about 70 mg/kg BW per day, about 5 mg/kg BW per day to about 55 mg/kg BW per day, about 10 mg/kg BW per day to about 45 mg/kg BW per day, about 12 mg/kg BW per day to about 40 rng/kg BW per day, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • suitable amounts of the nitrate compound fed to the swine may include about 5 mg/kg BW per day, about 10 mg/kg BW per day, about 15 mg/kg BW per day, about 20 mg/kg BW per day, about 25 mg/kg BW per day, about 30 mg/kg BW per day, about 35 mg/kg BW per day, about 40 mg/kg BW per day, about 45 mg/kg BW per day, about 50 mg/kg BW per day, about 55 mg/kg BW per day, about 60 mg/kg BW per day, about 65 mg/kg BW per day, about 70 mg/kg BW per day, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the swine may be fed a daily feed intake comprising an amount of nitrate in a range of about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.10% by weight based on total weight of a swine feed.
  • the daily feed intake amount of nitrate fed to the swine may be in a range of about 0.02% by weight to about 0.09% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • the daily feed intake amount of nitrate fed to the swine may be about 0.03% by weight to about 0.09% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • the daily feed intake amount of nitrate fed to the swine may be about 0.03% by weight to about 0.08% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • suitable amounts of nitrate compound present in the swine’s daily feed intake may be about 0.02% by weight (“wt%”), about 0.025 wt%, about 0.03 wt%, about 0.035 wt%, about 0.04 wt%, about 0.045 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.055 wt%, about 0.06 wt%, about 0.065 wt%, about 0.07 wt%, about 0.075 wt%, about 0.08 wt%, about 0.085 wt%, about 0.09 wt%, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the nitrate compound may include an ionic nitrate salt as described herein.
  • the nitrate compound may include an ionic nitrate salt selected from sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate ammonium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the nitrate compound may be calcium nitrate, complex inorganic salts of calcium nitrate, hydrates thereof (e.g., calcium nitrate dihydrate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, calcium nitrate decahydrate), or mixtures thereof.
  • the nitrate compound may be calcium ammonium nitrates, or hydrates thereof (e.g. , 5Ca(NO 3 )2 «NH4NO3 «10H2O).
  • the nitrate compound may also be provided by a variety of plant ingredients according to alternative aspects.
  • plant ingredients may include, but are not limited to, leafy greens such as spinach, arugula, beetroot, or mixtures thereof.
  • the plant ingredient is beetroot.
  • Beetroot has an inorganic nitrate content typically ranging from 110 to 3670 mg nitrate/kg.
  • the method of the present technology improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio compared to a control swine not fed nitrate compounds in amounts of 70 mg/kg BW or less per day.
  • the feed to gain ratio is a ratio of the amount of feed consumed by the swine per body weight (kg) gained.
  • the method improves the feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine by at least about 0.5% compared to a control swine not fed nitrate compounds in amounts of 70 mg/kg BW or less per day. In any aspect, the method improves the feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine by at least about 1% compared to a control swine not fed nitrate compounds in amounts of 70 mg/kg BW or less per day. In any aspect, the method improves the feed:gain of the swine by about 1% to about 4% compared to a control swine not fed nitrate compounds in amounts of 70 mg/kg BW or less per day.
  • the method improves feed:gain by about 0.5%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 1%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 1.5%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 2%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 2.5%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 3%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 4%.
  • the improvement in feed conversion observed in the present technology may also be expressed in terms of the percentage of feed intake reduction.
  • the swine may have a feed intake reduction of about 0.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg of body weight gained compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the feed intake reduction may be about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.2%, about 1.4%, about 1.6%, about 1.8%, about 2.0%, about 2.2%, about 2.4%, about 2.6%, about 2.8%, about 3.0%, about 3.2%, about 3.4%, about 3.6%, about 3.8%, about 4.0%, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the method may further include feeding the swine antioxidants that include polyphenols (e.g., quercetin).
  • polyphenols e.g., quercetin
  • Polyphenols are known to those of skill in the art for their free radical scavenging function. Without being bound by any particular theory, it is believed that dietary polyphenols at gastric pH may enhance the formation of nitric oxide. (Rocha et al., Food Funct., 2014, 5: 1646-1652). For example, it has been reported that dietary polyphenols activate the endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway, which may contribute to the formation of nitric oxide. (Vilahur et al., Rev. Esp. Cardiol., 2015, 68[3] :216-225).
  • Suitable sources of polyphenols may include polyphenols extracted from fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, tea, herbs, spices, tree barks, or mixtures thereof.
  • the polyphenols may be from polyphenol sources including onion extract, grape seed extract, grape skin extract, rosemary extract, or mixtures thereof.
  • the polyphenols may be PROVIOX 50 (Cargill, Incorporated).
  • the polyphenols as described herein may be fed to the swine in an amount of about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm per day. Suitable amounts of the polyphenols may include about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 75 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 90 ppm to about 150 ppm, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the antioxidants may further include natural antioxidants, other than polyphenols.
  • the antioxidants may include vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, or mixtures thereof.
  • Vitamins may include, but are not limited to, vitamin A (including vitamin A sources such as vitamin A supplement, vitamin A oil, etc.) vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B4, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B8, vitamin B9, vitamin B 12, vitamin C, Vitamin D, (including vitamin D sources such as vitamin D supplement, etc.), vitamin E (including vitamin E sources such as Vitamin E supplement), vitamin K, and other vitamin product ingredients (including riboflavin, vitamin D3 supplement, niacin, betaine, choline chloride, tocopherol, inositol, etc.).
  • the vitamins may preferably be vitamins E, vitamins C, or combinations thereof.
  • Minerals may include, for example and without limitation, calcium, chlorine (as chloride ions), magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur, cobalt, copper, chromium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium vanadium, zinc, or mixtures thereof.
  • the minerals may preferably be selenium, zinc, manganese, copper, or mixtures thereof.
  • the present technology provides a method for feeding swine, the method comprising: feeding swine a swine feed comprising a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; wherein: the swine is fed a daily feed intake comprising an amount of nitrate is in a range of about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.10% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed; the method improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and the swine is in one or more of a post-weaning phase, growth phase, or finishing phase.
  • the swine may be fed a daily feed intake comprising an amount of nitrate in a range of about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.10% by weight based on total weight of a swine feed.
  • the daily feed intake amount of nitrate fed to the swine may be in a range of about 0.02% by weight to about 0.09% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • the daily feed intake amount of nitrate fed to the swine may be about 0.03% by weight to about 0.09% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • the daily feed intake amount of nitrate fed to the swine may be about 0.03% by weight to about 0.08% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • suitable amounts of nitrate compound present in the swine’s daily feed intake may be about 0.02% by weight (“wt%”), about 0.025 wt%, about 0.03 wt%, about 0.035 wt%, about 0.04 wt%, about 0.045 wt%, about 0.05 wt%, about 0.055 wt%, about 0.06 wt%, about 0.065 wt%, about 0.07 wt%, about 0.075 wt%, about 0.08 wt%, about 0.085 wt%, about 0.09 wt%, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the nitrate compound may include an ionic nitrate salt as described herein.
  • the nitrate compound may include an ionic nitrate salt selected from sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate ammonium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
  • the nitrate compound may be calcium nitrate, complex inorganic salts of calcium nitrate, hydrates thereof (e.g., calcium nitrate dihydrate, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate, calcium nitrate decahydrate), or mixtures thereof.
  • the nitrate compound may be calcium ammonium nitrates, or hydrates thereof (e.g. , 5Ca(NO 3 )2 «NH4NO3 «10H2O).
  • the nitrate compound may also be provided by a variety of plant ingredients according to alternative aspects.
  • plant ingredients may include, but are not limited to, leafy greens such as spinach, arugula, beetroot, or mixtures thereof.
  • the plant ingredient is beetroot.
  • Beetroot has an inorganic nitrate content typically ranging from 110 to 3670 mg nitrate/kg.
  • the method of the present technology improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio compared to a control swine not fed nitrate compounds in amounts of 70 mg/kg BW or less per day.
  • the feed to gain ratio is a ratio of the amount of feed consumed by the swine per body weight (kg) gained.
  • the method improves the feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine by at least about 0.5% compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed. In any aspect, the method improves the feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine by at least about 1% compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed. In any aspect, the method improves the feed:gain of the swine by about 1% to about 4% compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 0.5%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 1%.
  • the method improves feed:gain by about 1.5%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 2%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 2.5%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 3%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 4%.
  • the improvement in feed conversion observed in the present technology may also be expressed in terms of the percentage of feed intake reduction.
  • the swine may have a feed intake reduction of about 0.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg of body weight gained compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed.
  • the feed intake reduction may be about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.2%, about 1.4%, about 1.6%, about 1.8%, about 2.0%, about 2.2%, about 2.4%, about 2.6%, about 2.8%, about 3.0%, about 3.2%, about 3.4%, about 3.6%, about 3.8%, about 4.0%, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the swine feed may be a premix, a feed additive, a feed supplement, a compound feed, or a complete feed as described herein.
  • the swine feed may be a composition that includes an amount of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof fed to the swine before, during, or after providing the swine a feed that does not include nitrate.
  • the swine feed comprising the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof may be provided in a supplement separately from the feed or is provided in a supplement that is mixed with the feed.
  • the supplement may include a higher concentration of the nitrate compound compared to the final swine feed itself such that the daily feed intake of the swine fed the final swine feed is from about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.1% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • the method may further include feeding the swine antioxidants that include polyphenols (e.g., quercetin).
  • polyphenols e.g., quercetin
  • Polyphenols are known to those of skill in the art for their free radical scavenging function.
  • Suitable sources of polyphenols, as described herein, may include polyphenols extracted from fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds, tea, herbs, spices, tree barks, or mixtures thereof.
  • the polyphenols may be from polyphenol sources including onion extract, grape seed extract, grape skin extract, rosemary extract, or mixtures thereof.
  • the polyphenols may be PROVIOX 50 (Cargill, Incorporated).
  • the polyphenols as described herein may be fed to the swine as part of the swine feed in an amount of about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm per day. Suitable amounts of the polyphenols may include about 1 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 5 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 50 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 75 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 90 ppm to about 150 ppm, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the antioxidants may further include natural antioxidants, other than polyphenols.
  • the antioxidants may include vitamins, minerals, carotenoids, or mixtures thereof.
  • Vitamins may include, but are not limited to, vitamin A (including vitamin A sources such as vitamin A supplement, vitamin A oil, etc.) vitamin Bl, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B4, vitamin B5, vitamin B6, vitamin B7, vitamin B8, vitamin B9, vitamin B 12, vitamin C, Vitamin D, (including vitamin D sources such as vitamin D supplement, etc.), vitamin E (including vitamin E sources such as Vitamin E supplement), vitamin K, and other vitamin product ingredients (including riboflavin, vitamin D3 supplement, niacin, betaine, choline chloride, tocopherol, inositol, etc.).
  • the vitamins may preferably be vitamins E, vitamins C, or combinations thereof.
  • Minerals may include, for example and without limitation, calcium, chlorine (as chloride ions), magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, sulfur, cobalt, copper, chromium, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium vanadium, zinc, or mixtures thereof.
  • the minerals may preferably be selenium, zinc, manganese, copper, or mixtures thereof.
  • the swine may include gilts, barrows, boars, or combinations thereof. In any aspect, the swine may be gilts. In any aspect, the swine may be barrows. In any aspect, the swine may be boars.
  • the swine may be fed the feed during a growth phase, finishing phase, or combination thereof. In any aspect, the swine may be fed the feed during a growth phase. In any aspect, the swine may be fed the feed during a finishing phase.
  • the present technology provides the use of a swine feed as described herein in any aspect for improving feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed, wherein the swine feed comprises a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof, and wherein the daily feed intake amount of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof is about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.1% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.
  • use of the swine feed improves feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine by at least about 0.5% compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed.
  • use of the swine feed as described herein improves the feed to gain ratio (feed:gain) of the swine by at least about 1% compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed.
  • use of the swine feed improves the feed:gain of the swine by about 1% to about 4% compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed.
  • use of the swine feed improves feed:gain by about 0.5%.
  • the method improves feed:gain by about 1%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 1.5%. In any aspect, use of the swine feed improves feed:gain by about 2%. In any aspect, use of the swine feed improves feed:gain by about 2.5%. In any aspect, use of the swine feed improves feed:gain by about 3%. In any aspect, the method improves feed:gain by about 4%. [0074] Use of the swine feed as described herein in any aspect provides improvement in feed conversion expressed in terms of the percentage of feed intake reduction.
  • the swine may have a feed intake reduction of about 0.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg of body weight gained compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed.
  • the feed intake reduction may be about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.0%, about 1.2%, about 1.4%, about 1.6%, about 1.8%, about 2.0%, about 2.2%, about 2.4%, about 2.6%, about 2.8%, about 3.0%, about 3.2%, about 3.4%, about 3.6%, about 3.8%, about 4.0%, or any range including and/or in between any two of the preceding values.
  • the use of the swine feed includes feeding the swine feed to swine in one or more of a post-weaning phase, growth phase, finishing phase, or combination thereof.
  • the swine may be fed the feed during a growth phase.
  • the swine may be fed the feed during a finishing phase.
  • the swine may include gilts, barrows, boars, or combinations thereof. In any aspect, the swine may be gilts. In any aspect, the swine may be barrows. In any aspect, the swine may be boars.
  • Example 1 Effect of nitrate on feed efficiency.
  • a trial was conducted to evaluate six different levels of nitrate (NO ) compounds (i.e., Ca(NCh)2) for its technical performance in improving feed:gain ratio in grower and finisher pigs.
  • NO nitrate
  • the trial was conducted in the grower-finisher unit at Cargill Animal Nutrition and Health Global Innovation Center in Velddriel, The Netherlands.
  • the table below provides daily intake of nitrate in the experimental feed (wt% per day) and the dosing range (mg/kg BW/day) of nitrate consumed by the gilts & barrows during the trial.
  • NCh mg/kg BW/day
  • the measured daily dosing amounts of nitrate provides further insight into the improved feed to gain ratio.
  • Pig weights reported in this study started at 52 kg and ended at 120 kg, where mg/kg BW/day dosing of nitrate changed as the weight of the pigs changed and daily feed intake changes. Indeed, dosing also changes outside the weight ranges used in this study and is dependent on whether the pig has a low intake or high intake genetic line.
  • the table below shows lighter pigs having a higher nitrate intake compared to heavier pigs on a mg/kg BW/day basis (reaching nearly 70 mg/kg BW/day for a 25 kg pig).
  • FIG. 1A a quadratic effect was observed overall for swine fed the treatment containing calcium nitrate (nitrate between 0.02 wt% to 0.1 wt%).
  • swine fed lower levels of nitrate in their daily feed intake (Treatments B-E) exhibited improved feed conversion when compared to swine fed a control feed (Treatment A), where swine fed Treatments B-E exhibited a decrease in the total amount of feed (kg) consumed per kg body weight gained of about 0.5% to about 1.3% (FIG. 1A).
  • gilts showed a higher improvement in feed conversion when fed lower amounts of nitrate (Treatments B-E), showing a decrease in the total amount of feed (kg) consumed per kg body weight gained of about 1.1% to about 3.3% compared to swine fed the control feed (Treatment A).
  • Barrows showed a similar improvement when fed nitrate at lower levels, exhibiting a decrease in the total amount of feed (kg) consumed per kg body weight gained of up to about 1.4%.
  • Feed conversion declined in both gilts and barrows at higher levels of nitrate inclusion. Accordingly, the present examples demonstrate that feed conversion is improved during growth and/or finishing phases of swine when fed low levels of nitrate as part of the swine’s daily feed intake.
  • Paragraph (Para.) A A method for improving feed efficiency in swine, the method comprising: feeding swine about 70 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) per day or less of a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; wherein the method improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and wherein the swine is in one or more of a post- weaning phase, growth phase, or finishing phase.
  • Para. B The method of Para. B, wherein the swine comprises gilts, barrows, boars, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. C The method of Para. A or B, wherein the swine comprises gilts.
  • Para. D The method of Para. A or B, wherein the swine comprises barrows or boars.
  • Para. E The method of any one of Paras. A-D comprising feeding the swine about 5 mg/kg BW per day to about 55 mg/kg per day of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. F The method of any one of Paras. A-E comprising feeding the swine about 10 mg/kg BW per day to about 45 mg/kg BW per day of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. G The method of any one of Paras. A-F comprising feeding the swine about 12 mg/kg BW per day to about 35 mg/kg BW per day of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. H The method of any one of Paras. A-G, wherein the swine is in a growth phase or a finishing phase.
  • Para. I The method of any one of Paras. A-H, wherein the swine is fed a daily feed intake comprising an amount of nitrate in a range of about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.10% by weight based on total weight of a swine feed.
  • Para. J The method of Para. I, wherein the daily feed intake amount of nitrate is in a range of about 0.03% by weight to about 0.08% by weight of based on total weight of a swine feed.
  • Para. K The method of any one of Paras. A- J, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises ionic nitrate salts.
  • Para. L The method of any one of Paras. A-K, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
  • Para. M The method of any one of Paras. A-L, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises calcium nitrate, complex inorganic salts of calcium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
  • Para. N The method of any one of Paras. A-M, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises calcium ammonium nitrate, pentacalcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. O The method of any one of Paras. A-N, wherein the method improves the feed to gain ratio of the swine by at least about 1% compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. P The method of any one of Paras. A-O, wherein the method improves the feed to gain ratio of the swine by about 1% to about 4% compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. Q The method of any one of Paras. A-P, wherein the swine fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof consume about 0.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg body weight gain compared to the amount of feed (kg) per kg body weight gain in a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. R The method of Para. C, wherein gilts fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof consume about 1.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg body weight gain compared to amount of feed (kg) per kg body weight in a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. S The method of any one of Paras. A-R further comprising feeding the swine polyphenols as part of the feed diet.
  • Para. T The method of Para. S, wherein the polyphenols comprise polyphenols sources selected from the group consisting of onion extract, grape seed extract, grape skin extract, rosemary extract, and mixtures thereof.
  • Para. U A method for feeding swine, the method comprising: feeding swine a swine feed comprising a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; wherein: the swine is fed a daily feed intake comprising an amount of nitrate is in a range of about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.10% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed; the method improves feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof; and the swine is in one or more of a post- weaning phase, growth phase, or finishing phase.
  • Para. V The method of Para. U, wherein the daily feed intake amount of nitrate is in a range of about 0.03% by weight to about 0.08% by weight of based on total weight of a swine feed.
  • Para. W The method of Para. U or V, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises ionic nitrate salts.
  • Para. X The method of any one of Paras. U-W, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
  • Para. Y The method of any one of Paras. U-X, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises calcium nitrate, complex inorganic salts of calcium nitrate, or mixtures thereof.
  • Para. Z The method of any one of Paras. U-Y, wherein the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof comprises calcium ammonium nitrate, pentacalcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. AA The method of any one of Paras. U-Z, wherein the method improves the feed to gain ratio of the swine by at least about 1% compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. AB The method of any one of Paras. U-AA, wherein the method improves the feed to gain ratio of the swine by about 1% to about 4% compared to a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. AC The method of any one of Paras. U-AB, wherein the swine fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof consume about 0.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg body weight gain compared to the amount of feed (kg) per kg body weight gain in a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. AD The method of Para. AC, wherein the swine comprises gilts, and wherein gilts fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof consume about 1.5% to about 4% less feed (kg) per kg body weight gain compared to amount of feed (kg) per kg body weight in a control swine not fed the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. AE The method of any one of claims Paras. U-AD further comprising feeding the swine polyphenols as part of the feed diet.
  • Para. AF The method of Para. AE, wherein the polyphenols comprise polyphenols sources selected from the group consisting of onion extract, grape seed extract, grape skin extract, rosemary extract, and mixtures thereof.
  • Para. AG The method of any one of Paras. U-AF, wherein the swine is in a growth phase or a finishing phase.
  • Para. AH The method of Para. AG, wherein the swine comprises gilts, barrows, boars, or combinations thereof.
  • Para. Al The method of any one of Paras. U-AH, wherein the swine comprises gilts.
  • Para. AJ The method of Para. AH, wherein the swine comprises barrows or boars.
  • Para. AK The method of any one of Paras. U-AH, wherein the swine feed is a premix, a feed additive, a feed supplement, a compound feed, or a complete feed.
  • swine feed for improving feed conversion measured as feed to gain ratio of the swine compared to a control swine not fed the swine feed, wherein the swine feed comprises a nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof, and wherein the daily feed intake amount of the nitrate compound, hydrates thereof, salts thereof, or combinations thereof is about 0.02% by weight to less than about 0.1% by weight based on total weight of the swine feed.

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Abstract

La présente technologie fournit un procédé d'amélioration de l'efficacité d'alimentation chez le porc, le procédé consistant : à amilenter les porcs d'environ 70 mg/kg de poids corporel (BW) par jour ou moins par un composé nitrate, des hydrates associés, des sels associés ou des combinaisons associées ; le procédé améliorant la conversion d'alimentation mesurée en tant que rapport alimentation/gain du porc par rapport à un porc témoin qui n'est pas nourri de composés de nitrate, d'hydrates associés, de sels associés ; et le porc étant dans une ou plusieurs phases parmi une phase de post-sevrage, une phase de croissance ou une phase de finition.
PCT/US2023/068344 2022-06-14 2023-06-13 Procédé d'amélioration de la performance de croissance chez le porc Ceased WO2023245003A1 (fr)

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