WO2023112454A1 - 腸管腫瘍抑制剤、pge2産生抑制剤、及びil-22bp産生促進剤 - Google Patents
腸管腫瘍抑制剤、pge2産生抑制剤、及びil-22bp産生促進剤 Download PDFInfo
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- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
- A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
- A61K31/715—Polysaccharides, i.e. having more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic linkages; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ethers, esters
- A61K31/716—Glucans
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
- C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
- C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
- C07K16/2851—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against the lectin superfamily, e.g. CD23, CD72
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to intestinal tumor inhibitors, PGE 2 production inhibitors, and IL-22BP production promoters.
- CRC Colorectal cancer
- the C-type lectin receptor is one of the pattern recognition receptors and is mainly involved in host defense against pathogens by recognizing pathogen-specific sugar chain structures.
- Dectin-1 also called Dectin-1 or DECTIN-1, gene symbol: Clec7a or CLEC7A
- Clec7a or CLEC7A a member of the myeloid type II C lectin family
- Non-Patent Document 1 Taylor, P.R., et al., J Immunol 169, 3876-3882 (2002)). Since glucans are major cell wall components of most fungi, dectin-1 is the first line of host defense against fungal infections (Taylor, P.R., et al., Nat Immunol 8,31-38 (2007 ), Saijo, S., et al., Nat Immunol 8, 39-46 (2007)).
- curdlan a dectin-1 agonist ligand
- curdlan a dectin-1 agonist ligand
- autoimmune mice with spontaneous mutations in ZAP-70
- Dectin-1-induced IL-22 exacerbates airway hyperreactivity by inducing proallergic chemokines and mucus (Lilly, L.M., et al., J Immunol 189, 3653-3660 (2012)) .
- dectin-1 deficiency led to the overgrowth of the resident bacterium Lactobacillus murinus, which is capable of inducing the differentiation of regulatory T (Treg) cells, in the mouse colon, resulting in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis.
- Reg regulatory T
- DSS dextran sodium sulfate
- Dectin-1 therefore activates the immune system primarily to combat pathogens, but this activity can also induce or enhance inflammation-related diseases.
- Dectin-1 signals enhance the tumoricidal activity of NK cells by binding to N-glycans of B16 melanoma cells and inducing INAM of DCs (Chiba, S., et al., Elife 3, e04177 ( 2014)).
- Dectin-1 increases the expression of TNFSF15 and OX40L on DC by activating Raf1 and NF-kB, and promotes the differentiation of antitumor Th9 cells (Zhao, Y., et al., Nat Commun 7, 12368 (2016)). Dectin-1 is also reported to suppress the development of hepatocellular carcinoma caused by chemical carcinogens by inducing M-CSF and suppressing the expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and CD14. (Seifert, L., et al., Cell Rep 13, 1909-1921 (2015)).
- TLR Toll-like receptor
- dectin-1 recognizes the non-canonical ligand galectin-9 expressed in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and suppresses the differentiation of antitumor M1 macrophages, suggesting that dectin-1 signaling promotes the development of pancreatic tumors.
- Non-Patent Document 2 Daley, D., et al., Nat Med 23, 556-567 (2017)).
- the present disclosure has been made in view of the above, and the present disclosure provides an intestinal tumor suppressing agent capable of suppressing intestinal tumors, a PGE 2 production suppressing agent capable of suppressing PGE 2 production, and IL-22BP production.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an IL-22BP production promoter capable of promoting
- ⁇ 1> An intestinal tumor inhibitor containing ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity and suppressing intestinal tumors via dectin-1 inhibition.
- ⁇ 2> The ⁇ -glucan according to ⁇ 1>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,3 linkages or a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,6-linked branch chains in the main chain of ⁇ -1,3 linkages. Intestinal tumor inhibitor.
- ⁇ 3> The intestinal tumor inhibitor according to ⁇ 1> or ⁇ 2>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan has a molecular weight of 0.2K to 100K.
- ⁇ 4> The intestinal tumor inhibitor according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is laminarin.
- ⁇ 5> A PGE 2 production inhibitor containing a ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity.
- ⁇ 6> The ⁇ -glucan according to ⁇ 5>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,3 linkages or a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,6-linked branch chains in the main chain of ⁇ -1,3 linkages.
- PGE 2 production inhibitor ⁇ 7> The PGE 2 production inhibitor according to ⁇ 5> or ⁇ 6>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan has a molecular weight of 0.2K to 100K.
- ⁇ 8> The PGE 2 production inhibitor according to any one of ⁇ 5> to ⁇ 7>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is laminarin.
- ⁇ 9> IL-22BP production promoter containing ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity.
- ⁇ 10> The ⁇ -glucan according to ⁇ 9>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,3 linkages or a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,6-linked branched chains in a ⁇ -1,3-linked main chain.
- IL-22BP production promoter The PGE 2 production inhibitor according to any one of ⁇ 5> to ⁇ 7>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is laminarin.
- IL-22BP production promoter containing ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity.
- IL-22BP production promoter The ⁇ -glucan according to ⁇ 9>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is a ⁇ -glu
- ⁇ 11> The IL-22BP production promoter according to ⁇ 9> or ⁇ 10>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan has a molecular weight of 0.2K to 100K.
- ⁇ 12> The IL-22BP production promoter according to any one of ⁇ 9> to ⁇ 11>, wherein the ⁇ -glucan is laminarin.
- ⁇ 13> An intestinal tumor inhibitor containing a dectin-1 inhibitor and suppressing intestinal tumors via dectin-1 inhibition.
- ⁇ 14> The intestinal tumor inhibitor according to ⁇ 13>, wherein the dectin-1 inhibitor is a dectin-1 antagonist.
- the intestinal tumor is an intestinal tumor with increased expression of PGE 2 or an intestinal tumor with decreased expression of IL-22BP, ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, ⁇ 13>, and ⁇ 14 The intestinal tumor inhibitor according to any one of >.
- ⁇ 18> The ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity according to ⁇ 17> above, wherein the intestinal tumor is an intestinal tumor associated with increased expression of PGE2 .
- ⁇ 19> The ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity according to ⁇ 17> or ⁇ 18> above, wherein the intestinal tumor is an intestinal tumor associated with decreased expression of IL-22BP.
- ⁇ 20> Use of a ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of intestinal tumors.
- ⁇ 21> The use according to ⁇ 20> above, wherein the intestinal tumor is an intestinal tumor associated with increased expression of PGE2 .
- ⁇ 22> The use according to ⁇ 20> or ⁇ 21> above, wherein the intestinal tumor is an intestinal tumor associated with decreased expression of IL-22BP.
- a method for predicting the severity of an intestinal tumor comprising measuring at least one of the dectin-1 protein expression level and the CLEC7A gene expression level in a tumor tissue.
- an intestinal tumor suppressing agent capable of suppressing intestinal tumors
- a PGE 2 production inhibitor capable of suppressing PGE 2 production
- an IL-22BP production promoting agent capable of promoting IL-22BP production agents
- Dectin-1 deficiency suppresses colon tumors, and this suppression is independent of resident microbes.
- Germ-free (GF) WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice were administered AOM followed by 3 cycles of 1 wt % DSS administration. Thirty-six weeks after AOM administration, these mice were euthanized.
- Dectin-1 signaling promotes MDSC differentiation in colon tumors.
- Apc Min/+ and Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice were administered 1 wt % DSS for 7 days and euthanized after 4 weeks.
- Apc Min/+ and Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice were administered 1 wt % DSS for 7 days and euthanized after 4 weeks.
- WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice were administered AOM followed by 3 cycles of 1 wt % DSS administration and euthanized 12 weeks after AOM administration.
- Flow cytometric analysis was performed to identify Dectin-1 expressing cells in colon polyps and non-polyp tissues.
- WT SPF mice were administered AOM followed by 3 cycles of DSS.
- mice After 11 weeks, these mice were euthanized and CD11b + and CD11c + cells were purified from colon polyps using autoMACS. Purified cells were stimulated with the agonist ⁇ -glucan OXCA or treated with the antagonist ⁇ -glucan laminarin for 3 hours followed by OXCA for 16 hours and the expression of Il6 and Il1b was measured by qPCR. .
- the data in ( Figures 2a-2d) are representative of two independent experiments, and the data in ( Figures 2a, 2b, 2d) are expressed as mean ⁇ SD. *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01, ***p ⁇ 0.001, ***p ⁇ 0.0001.
- WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ GF mice were administered AOM followed by 3 cycles of 1 mass % DSS administration. Thirty-six weeks after AOM administration, these mice were euthanized (same experiments described in Figures 1i-1k) and RNA was purified from the polyps and surrounding non-polypoid tissue and analyzed by RNA-seq. Heat map showing comparison of cytokines, cytokine receptors, chemokines, cell surface markers, and T-cell transcription factor-related genes in polyp and non-polyp tissues between WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
- the KEGG database was used to compare cell populations, signaling pathways, and metabolic pathways between polyps from GF Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice and those from WT mice.
- a heatmap is shown comparing WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice for MDSC- and non-MDSC-associated genes.
- Heat map showing comparison of prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) synthase-encoding genes in WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
- PGE 2 prostaglandin E 2
- IL-22bp which is upregulated in Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice, suppresses intestinal tumor development in Apc Min mice.
- Representative photographs of the small intestine of 20 week old Apc Min/+ and Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice and 15 week old Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ Il-22bp ⁇ / ⁇ mice are shown.
- the indicated cell types in polyp and non-polyp tissues were purified by autoMACS and examined for Il-22bp expression by qPCR.
- CD11c + and CD11c ⁇ CD11b + cells were purified by autoMACS and the expression of Il-22bp in these subsets was examined by qPCR.
- C57BL/6J mice were administered AOM followed by 3 cycles of DSS. Eleven weeks after AOM administration, these mice were euthanized and CD11b + CD11c + cells were purified from colonic polyps. Cells were then stimulated with OXCA and Il-22bp expression was measured by qPCR. In the final experimental group, laminarin treatment was performed 3 hours before OXCA treatment.
- the data in (Figs. 4a, 4d-4h) are representative of two independent experiments, and the data in (Figs. 4a, 4d, 4f-4h) are expressed as mean ⁇ SD. **p ⁇ 0.01, ***p ⁇ 0.001, ***p ⁇ 0.0001.
- AOM was administered to C57BL/6J mice, and 5% by mass laminarin-containing powdered food was administered (continuously for 10 days/cycle) from 3 days before to the end of DSS administration for 1 week, for a total of 3 cycles.
- AOM was administered to C57BL/6J mice, and 5% by mass laminarin-containing powdered food was administered (continuously for 10 days/cycle) from 3 days before to the end of DSS administration for 1 week, for a total of 3 cycles.
- AOM was administered to C57BL/6J mice, and 5% by mass laminarin-containing powdered food was administered (continuously for 10 days/cycle) from 3 days before to the end of DSS administration for 1 week, for a total of 3 cycles.
- CRC patients have altered expression of PGE2 synthase and IL22RA.
- Dectin-1 deficiency suppresses colon tumors, and this suppression is independent of resident microbes.
- Mouse anal prolapse was observed.
- the incidence of anal prolapse and colon tumors in mice was statistically calculated.
- Dectin-1 expressing cells in colon tumors are MHC-II - myeloid cells.
- WT or Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ GF mice were administered AOM, and 7 days later, 1 wt % DSS was administered for 5 days for a total of 3 cycles.
- the experiment described in Figure 2a was performed and shows a dot plot panel showing the ratio of T cells, B cells and DC in tumor infiltrating cells as measured by flow cytometry.
- WT mice were administered AOM, and 7 days later, 1 wt% DSS was administered for 7 days for a total of 3 cycles.
- Mice were euthanized 13 weeks after the first AOM administration and Dectin-1 expressing cell types infiltrating colonic polyps were determined by flow cytometry. Note that the data in (FIGS. 9a-9d) are representative of two independent experiments.
- RNA-seq Synthesis of retinoic acid (RA) is not directly controlled by Dectin-1 signaling.
- WT or Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ GF mice were administered AOM, and 7 days later, 1 wt % DSS was administered for 5 days for a total of 3 cycles. Mice were euthanized 36 weeks after the first AOM administration and the expression of genes encoding RA-associated synthase was measured by RNA-seq.
- RNA of polyp or non-polyp intestinal tissue from WT and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice administered AOM followed by 3 cycles of DSS for a total of 16 weeks was harvested and expression of the indicated genes involved in RA synthesis was analyzed.
- WT mice receiving AOM followed by 3 cycles of DSS for 12 weeks were euthanized and colonic CD11b + and CD11c + bone marrow-derived cells were purified by autoMACS. After pre-incubation with laminarin for 3 hours, these cells were stimulated with OXCA for 16 hours and mRNA expression of genes involved in RA synthesis was examined by RTqPCR.
- the data in (Figs. 11a, 11c, and 11d) are expressed as mean ⁇ SD. *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01, ***p ⁇ 0.001.
- Dectin-1 endogenous ligand levels are unchanged in colonic polyps.
- Dot panel of the flow cytometric analysis performed in Figure 6i WT or Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ GF mice were administered AOM, and 7 days later, 1 wt % DSS was administered for 5 days for a total of 3 cycles. Mice were euthanized 36 weeks after the first AOM administration and expression of the indicated genes encoding potential Dectin-1 endogenous ligands was determined by RNA-seq.
- PGE 2 synthase is induced by Dectin-1 signaling in CRC patients.
- Disease-free (left panel) and progression-free survival (right panel) in patients with CLEC7A gene mutations or control CRC patients without gene mutations were compared by analyzing shared data from the TCGA database.
- a total of 44 CRC patient non-tumor specimens were collected to demonstrate the correlation of expression between PGE 2 synthase and Dectin-1.
- Fresh CRC specimens were collected after surgery and a small piece of tumor tissue was stimulated with curdlan for 20 hours. For laminarin treatment, the tissue was first treated with laminarin for 4 hours and then curdlan was added to the culture.
- Expression of PGE2 synthase was determined by qPCR. Data are mean ⁇ SD of triplicate wells. *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01, ****p ⁇ 0.0001.
- the present disclosure is not limited to the following embodiments.
- its constituent elements including elemental steps, etc.
- the term "process” includes a process that is independent of other processes, and even if the purpose of the process is achieved even if it cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes.
- the numerical range indicated using "-" includes the numerical values before and after "-" as lower and upper limits, respectively.
- the upper limit or lower limit of one numerical range may be replaced with the upper or lower limit of another numerical range described step by step. .
- the upper and lower limits of the numerical ranges may be replaced with the values shown in the examples.
- the content of each component in the composition is the total of the multiple types of substances present in the composition unless otherwise specified. means content.
- the intestinal tumor suppressor of the present disclosure contains a dectin-1 inhibitor and suppresses intestinal tumors via dectin-1 inhibition.
- the intestinal tumor suppressor of the present disclosure contains ⁇ -glucan with dectin-1 inhibitory activity and suppresses intestinal tumors via dectin-1 inhibition.
- the PGE 2 production inhibitor and IL-22BP production promoter of the present disclosure contain ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity.
- dectin-1 deficiency suppresses colon tumor development, and that this is mediated by suppression of PGE2 production and promotion of IL-22BP production, independent of indigenous microorganisms. rice field. This finding suggests that inhibition of dectin-1, suppression of PGE2 production, and/or promotion of IL-22BP production will be one of the useful strategies for suppressing intestinal tumors.
- the term "dectin-1 inhibitor” refers to a substance having inhibitory activity on the function of dectin-1.
- the inhibitory activity of Dectin-1 function may be, for example, the activity of inhibiting the active site of Dectin-1, or the activity of inhibiting other than the active site of Dectin-1 (i.e., non-competitive inhibition).
- the Dectin-1 inhibitors of the present disclosure inhibit Dectin-1 function, suppress PGE2 production, and promote IL-22BP production.
- the target substance is a dectin-1 inhibitor, ie, whether or not the target substance inhibits the function of dectin-1, is confirmed as follows. All cells of the spleen and regional lymph nodes were collected from C57BL/6 male mice, CD11b + & CD11c + cells were purified by MACS, placed in a 96-well culture plate at a cell count of 4 ⁇ 10 5 cells/well, and subjected to the target substance. was diluted to various concentrations and cultured for 3 hours.
- depleted-Zymosan (InvivoGen, Catalog #tlrl-zyd, USA) treated with polymyxin B for 1 hour was added to the culture wells at a concentration of 100 ⁇ g/ml, cultured for an additional 48 hours, the supernatant was collected, and ELISA was performed. to examine the amount of TNF produced. Compare the amount of TNF produced when the target substance is added and when an equal amount of solvent is added instead of the control substance. If TNF production is suppressed, it can be determined that the function of Dectin-1 is inhibited. .
- Dectin-1 inhibitors include binding inhibitors that inhibit ligand binding to dectin-1, dectin-1 activity inhibitors, and signal transduction inhibitors that inhibit signal transduction from dectin-1.
- agonist activity can be evaluated by evaluating how much cytokine production such as IL-1 ⁇ and TNF ⁇ , which are induced when dectin-1-expressing cells are stimulated with long-chain ⁇ -glucan such as curdlan, is inhibited. can also be evaluated.
- beta-glucans with dectin-1 inhibitory activity can be useful as intestinal tumor suppressors.
- ⁇ -glucans with small molecular weights are known to inhibit dectin-1.
- the ⁇ -glucans with large molecular weights are degraded into soluble ⁇ -glucan fragments with smaller molecular weights. That is, for example, when insoluble ⁇ -glucan with a large molecular weight is orally ingested, part of the ⁇ -glucan is decomposed into soluble ⁇ -glucan with a small molecular weight.
- Soluble ⁇ -glucan is thought to suppress PGE 2 production by inhibiting intestinal dectin-1 signaling, thereby promoting IL-22BP production and consequently suppressing tumorigenesis in the intestinal tract. . Note that the present disclosure is in no way limited to the above estimation mechanism.
- ⁇ -glucan is a polysaccharide in which glucose is polymerized via ⁇ -1,3 bonds.
- Materials for producing ⁇ -glucan are not particularly limited as long as they contain ⁇ -glucan.
- ⁇ -glucan is abundantly contained in the cell walls of mushrooms, fungi, yeasts, seaweeds, etc., and can be produced using these as materials.
- ⁇ -glucan can be produced by a known method. For example, ⁇ -glucan can be extracted by soaking mushrooms, fungi, yeast, seaweed, etc. in hot water.
- seaweed is suitable as a material because it contains a large fraction of ⁇ -glucan with a molecular weight of 0.2K to 100K.
- ⁇ -glucan contained in seaweed is called laminarin. Since ⁇ -glucan extracted from mushrooms, fungi, yeast, etc. has a large molecular weight, it may be reduced in molecular weight by heat treatment, acid treatment, or the like. ⁇ -glucans extracted from mushrooms, fungi, yeast and the like are described, for example, in Ishimoto, Y., Ishibashi, K. I., Yamanaka, D., Adachi, Y., Kanzaki, K., Okita, K., Iwakura, Y., and Ohno, N. Modulation of an innate immune response by soluble yeast b-glucan prepared by a heat degradation method. Int. J. Biol.
- Laminarin refers to a ⁇ -glucan derived from seaweed such as Eisenia Bicyclis, also called laminaran.
- Laminarin is a type of soluble ⁇ -glucan.
- Laminarin may be a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,3 linkages or a ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,6-linked branch chains in a ⁇ -1,3-linked backbone. That is, laminarin may have ⁇ -1,6-linked side chains on the long ⁇ -1,3-linked sugar chain.
- the structure of laminarin is represented, for example, by the following general formula (H is present at the non-reducing end and OH is present at the reducing end).
- n1, n2 and m each represent the number of each structural unit.
- the sum of n1 and n2 represents the length of the 1-3 bond main chain, and m represents the length of the 1-6 bond branch chain.
- Each of n1, n2 and m represents an integer of 1 or more, preferably an integer of 2-500.
- n1+n2 more preferably represents an integer of 2 to 25 from the viewpoint of superior antagonist activity against dectin-1.
- laminarin is abundantly contained in the cell walls of brown algae such as Laminariales and Fucusaceae, and can be extracted from these brown algae. Extraction can be done by a variety of methods. For example, extraction by immersing the material in hot water, or as described in Matsuda et al. Extraction of laminarin can be performed by the method.
- the ⁇ -glucan of the present disclosure is preferably soluble ⁇ -glucan, and ⁇ -glucan containing ⁇ -1,3 bond or ⁇ -1, A ⁇ -glucan containing a ⁇ -1,6-linked branched chain in the three-bonded main chain is also preferred, and a ⁇ -glucan derived from seaweed is also preferred. It is particularly preferred that the ⁇ -glucan of the present disclosure is laminarin.
- soluble ⁇ -glucan is also referred to as water-soluble ⁇ -glucan.
- soluble ⁇ -glucan means ⁇ -glucan that can dissolve 20 g or more in 1 L of water at 25°C.
- the molecular weight of the ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity of the present disclosure is preferably 100K or less, and 0.2K, from the viewpoint of dectin-1 activation inhibitory action. ⁇ 100K is more preferred.
- the molecular weight of the ⁇ -glucan of the present disclosure may be 0.2K to 50K, 1K to 10K, 5K or less, or 0.2K to 5K. It should be noted that the ⁇ -glucan of the present disclosure preferably has a molecular weight of 5K or less because of its excellent inhibitory activity against dectin-1.
- the molecular weight distribution of the ⁇ -glucan of the present disclosure may be monomodal containing ⁇ -glucans of one molecular weight, bimodal containing ⁇ -glucans of two molecular weights, multimodal such as trimodal, Alternatively, it may have a smeared molecular weight distribution.
- molecular weight indicates weight average molecular weight.
- the molecular weight of ⁇ -glucan can be determined by known methods. Weight average molecular weight can be measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). A molecular weight of 1K indicates a molecular weight of 1,000.
- a known method can be adopted as a method for obtaining ⁇ -glucan.
- a ⁇ -glucan mixture containing ⁇ -glucans of various molecular weights is dissolved in distilled water (100 mg/ml) and treated against distilled water for 2 days at 4°C using dialysis membranes with arbitrary molecular weight cut-off values. After dialysis, the dialyzed internal solution is collected and freeze-dried to obtain ⁇ -glucan having an arbitrary molecular weight.
- a ⁇ -glucan with a specific molecular weight can be obtained from a mixture containing ⁇ -glucans with various molecular weights by known methods such as ultrafiltration, dialysis and gel filtration.
- ⁇ -glucan with a molecular weight of more than 100K is used as a material to prepare ⁇ -glucan with a molecular weight of 100K or less
- the material can be chemically or enzymatically hydrolyzed before use.
- chemical hydrolysis for example, acids can be used.
- enzymatic hydrolysis for example, endo- ⁇ -glucanase-type enzymes can be used.
- a dry powder of brown algae containing a high proportion of ⁇ -glucan with a specific molecular weight may be used as long as the effects of the present disclosure are achieved.
- More detailed methods for obtaining ⁇ -glucan with a lower molecular weight from high-molecular-weight ⁇ -glucan include, for example, the following methods.
- 1,000 mg of high-molecular-weight ⁇ -glucan eg, fungal-derived ⁇ -glucan
- 50 ml of 58% (w/w) concentrated sulfuric acid are added while cooling, and stirred and mixed at 20° C. for 3 hours.
- 350 ml of ice water is added to the flask to dilute it 8-fold, and calcium hydroxide is added to neutralize to pH 7.0.
- the filtered substance is concentrated by an evaporator, centrifuged, and freeze-dried to obtain a low-molecular-weight ⁇ -glucan (for example, a molecular weight of 100K or less). of ⁇ -glucan) is obtained.
- a low-molecular-weight ⁇ -glucan for example, a molecular weight of 100K or less.
- the dectin-1 inhibitory activity of ⁇ -glucan refers to an activity capable of inhibiting dectin-1 activation by acting as a dectin-1 antagonist. More specifically, the dectin-1 inhibitory activity may be an activity that directly inhibits the active site of dectin-1 (ie, competitive inhibition), or inhibits other than the active site of dectin-1 (ie, non-competitive inhibition). may be active.
- ⁇ -glucan has dectin-1 inhibitory activity by radioactively labeling curdlan, an agonist ligand of dectin-1, with [ 3 H] and detecting the binding inhibitory activity of this radioactivity to dectin-1. It can be confirmed by evaluation.
- dectin-1 inhibitory activity is evaluated by how much cytokine production such as IL-1 ⁇ and TNF ⁇ , which is induced when dectin-1 expressing cells are stimulated with long-chain ⁇ -glucan such as curdlan, is inhibited. It is also possible to evaluate by
- dectin-1 inhibition Suppression of intestinal tumors through dectin-1 inhibition is associated with dectin-1-regulated and intestinal tumor cytokines such as GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-1, TNF; PGE 2 ; IL It can be confirmed by measuring the expression level of -22 binding protein by ELISA.
- the method of administering the dectin-1 inhibitor, ⁇ -glucan, or agent containing the same to the subject is not particularly limited, and may be oral or parenteral administration (e.g., subcutaneous administration, intraperitoneal administration, intramuscular administration, eye drops, ear drops, etc.). , nasal administration, inhalation administration, transdermal administration, transrectal administration, intrathecal administration, or intravenous administration), but oral administration or enteral administration is preferred.
- Dosage forms suitable for oral administration include, for example, tablets, capsules, powders, granules, liquids, elixirs and the like.
- Subjects to which the dectin-1 inhibitor, ⁇ -glucan, or agent containing them is administered are not particularly limited, but humans, monkeys, cows, pigs, horses, donkeys, sheep, goats, deer, dogs, cats, rabbits, mice, Preferred are mammals such as rats, guinea pigs, hamsters and squirrels, and birds such as chickens, ducks, ducks, geese, pheasants, pigeons, quails, guinea fowls, turkeys, parakeets and parrots. Mammals are particularly preferred subjects.
- the dectin-1 inhibitor or ⁇ -glucan used in the present disclosure is preferably administered to a subject after being mixed with a drug, food, or feed.
- the intestinal tumor inhibitor, PGE 2 production inhibitor, and IL-22BP production promoter of the present disclosure may contain other components such as sugar chains other than ⁇ -glucan as long as they have the effects of the present disclosure.
- ingredients include, for example, ingredients such as vitamins and amino acids, excipients, thickeners, tonicity agents (e.g., solutes such as salt and glucose), and other formulation additives.
- Pharmaceutical additives include, for example, liquid media such as water, physiological saline, dextrose or similar sugar solutions; glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol; antioxidants such as sulfites; pH adjusters and buffers such as sodium citrate, sodium acetate and sodium phosphate; Stabilizers such as sodium pyrosulfite, EDTA, thioglycolic acid and thiolactic acid; Tonicity agents such as sodium chloride and glucose; Hydrochloric acid local anesthetics such as procaine and lidocaine hydrochloride; surfactants such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO); In addition to these, known additives may be contained according to the dosage form.
- liquid media such as water, physiological s
- the dosage of the intestinal tumor suppressor, PGE 2 production inhibitor, and IL-22BP production promoter of the present disclosure is an amount effective for suppressing intestinal tumor, suppressing PGE 2 production, or promoting IL-22BP production. Just do it. It is preferable that the dosage is appropriately increased or decreased depending on the age, condition, symptoms, family history and the like. Moreover, you may administer multiple times. When administering multiple doses, the administration interval is preferably increased or decreased as appropriate depending on the disease state, symptoms, and the like.
- the intestinal tract may be either the large intestine (more specifically, the cecum, colon, rectum, etc.) or the small intestine (more specifically, the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, etc.). and small intestine.
- the intestinal tumor inhibitor of the present disclosure may be a therapeutic agent for reducing the number of intestinal tumors, which is administered to a subject with an intestinal tumor and used therapeutically to reduce the number of already formed tumors.
- the intestinal tumor inhibitor of the present disclosure is a prophylactic agent for reducing the number of intestinal tumors, which is administered to a subject who does not have an intestinal tumor and is used prophylactically to reduce the number of tumors that may form in the future. good too.
- the intestinal tumor-suppressing agent of the present disclosure may be a therapeutic agent for reducing intestinal tumors, which is administered to a subject with an intestinal tumor and used therapeutically to reduce the size of an already formed tumor. .
- the intestinal tumor-suppressing agent of the present disclosure is a prophylactic agent for intestinal tumor reduction, which is administered to a subject who does not have an intestinal tumor and is used prophylactically to reduce the size of a tumor that may be formed in the future. good too.
- the intestinal tumor suppressor of the present disclosure By administering the intestinal tumor suppressor of the present disclosure to a subject, PGE 2 production in the subject can be suppressed. That is, the intestinal tumor inhibitor of the present disclosure may be used as a PGE 2 production inhibitor.
- IL-22BP production in the subject can be promoted. That is, the intestinal tumor suppressor of the present disclosure may be used as an IL-22BP production promoter.
- PGE 2 prostaglandin E 2
- PGE 2 prostaglandin E 2
- IL-22BP IL-22 binding protein
- the intestinal tumor suppressor of the present disclosure inhibits dectin-1 signaling to suppress PGE 2 synthesized (produced) from MDSCs (myeloid-derived suppressor cells), thereby further inhibiting growth of MDSCs, and It is believed that the production of IL-22BP is promoted, ultimately suppressing intestinal tumorigenesis.
- visual inspection endoscopic examination, histological examination (e.g., cytological examination, histopathological examination, etc.), marker examination (e.g., blood test, urine test, etc.) of the intestinal tract are used as indicators of intestinal tumor suppression. etc.), or image diagnosis (for example, X-ray examination, CT examination, MRI examination, PET examination, ultrasonography, etc.) or the like can be performed.
- histological examination e.g., cytological examination, histopathological examination, etc.
- marker examination e.g., blood test, urine test, etc.
- image diagnosis for example, X-ray examination, CT examination, MRI examination, PET examination, ultrasonography, etc.
- the protein expression level or mRNA expression level of PGE 2 in intestinal tumors or an enzyme involved in PGE 2 synthesis or its gene (e.g., Pla2g2a or Pla2g2e (Phospholipase A2 group IIA/IIE), Ptgs1
- it can be evaluated by reducing the mRNA expression level of Ptgs2 (Cox1/Cox2), or Ptges2 or Ptges3 (PGE 2 synthase 2/3), etc.
- an increase in IL-22BP protein expression level or IL-22BP gene (Il-22bp) mRNA expression level in intestinal tumors can be evaluated.
- suppression of PGE 2 production can be judged by a decrease in the protein expression level or mRNA expression level of PGE 2 in the sample.
- the protein expression level of PGE 2 can be measured by a known method such as ELISA.
- the expression level of PGE2 mRNA can be measured by a known method such as real-time PCR.
- promotion of IL-22BP production can be determined by an increase in IL-22BP protein expression level or mRNA expression level in a sample.
- the protein expression level of IL-22BP can be measured by a known method such as ELISA.
- the IL-22BP mRNA expression level can be measured by a known method such as real-time PCR.
- the present disclosure also provides a method of preventing or treating intestinal tumors comprising administering an effective amount of a dectin-1 inhibitor to a subject. Furthermore, the present disclosure also provides a method for preventing or treating intestinal tumors, which comprises administering to a subject an effective amount of ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity.
- the intestinal tumor may be an intestinal tumor with increased expression of PGE 2 or an intestinal tumor with decreased expression of IL-22BP.
- the present disclosure also provides Dectin-1 inhibitors for use in preventing or treating intestinal tumors.
- the present disclosure further provides ⁇ -glucans with dectin-1 inhibitory activity for use in preventing or treating intestinal tumors.
- the intestinal tumor may be an intestinal tumor with increased expression of PGE 2 or an intestinal tumor with decreased expression of IL-22BP.
- the present disclosure further provides use of Dectin-1 inhibitors in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention or treatment of intestinal tumors. Furthermore, the present disclosure also provides use of ⁇ -glucan having dectin-1 inhibitory activity in the manufacture of a medicament for preventing or treating intestinal tumors.
- the intestinal tumor may be an intestinal tumor with increased expression of PGE 2 or an intestinal tumor with decreased expression of IL-22BP.
- “Increase in expression” and “decrease in expression” in the above embodiments can be evaluated by measuring the amount of the target molecule in tumor tissue and non-tumor tissue by ELISA, real-time PCR, or the like. It can also be evaluated by measuring the amount of the molecule of interest in tumor tissue and comparing it to a known standard amount.
- the present disclosure also provides a method for predicting the severity of an intestinal tumor, which comprises measuring at least one of the Dectin-1 protein expression level and the CLEC7A gene expression level in tumor tissue. Measurements may be performed in vivo or in vitro.
- the method for measuring the Dectin-1 protein expression level and the CLEC7A gene expression level in tumor tissue is not particularly limited, and a commonly performed protein quantification method (for example, ELISA) or gene (for example, mRNA) quantification method (for example, real-time PCR, etc.) may also be used.
- a commonly performed protein quantification method for example, ELISA
- gene for example, mRNA
- quantification method for example, real-time PCR, etc.
- Dectin-1 deficiency suppresses colon tumorigenesis in a manner independent of resident microbes.
- Weight loss after DSS administration in Apc Min/+ dectin-1-deficient (Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ ) mice was significantly milder than in Apc Min/+ mice (FIG. 8a).
- Wild-type (WT) and Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice were then given three cycles of azoxymethane (AOM) and DSS (AOM-3DSS) using another chemical-induced colon tumor model.
- Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice showed less weight loss than WT mice during 3 cycles of DSS administration (FIG. 8e).
- Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice had significantly milder shortening of colon length (FIGS. 1e, 8f).
- the number of polyps in Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice induced by AOM-3DSS was significantly lower than that in WT mice (FIG. 1f).
- Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice also had significantly milder anal prolapse (FIGS.
- Dectin-1 is widely known to be expressed on DCs, but in mouse colonic polyps, flow cytometry analysis revealed that Dectin-1 expression was mainly found in CD103 ⁇ CD11c ⁇ CD11b + cells ( 2c, 92.4%). Further analysis of the Dectin-1 expressing population showed that nearly 75% of Dectin-1 + were MHC-II ⁇ , of which nearly 50% were Ly6C int Ly6G + CD11b + and 5% were Ly6C hi CD11b + . , 19% were CD11c ⁇ MHC-II ⁇ Gr1 ⁇ CD11b + cells (FIG. 9d).
- tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells are commonly known as granulocytic polymorphonuclear and monocytic MDSCs (ref. 22). It has been reported that IL-6 and IL-1 ⁇ promote MDSC proliferation (references 23, 24), and CD11b + cells and CD11c + cells infiltrated into intestinal polyps are treated with Candida albicans-derived ⁇ -glucan OXCA. Upon stimulation, the expression of Il6 and Il1b was induced, and this induction was inhibited by the dectin-1 antagonist laminarin (Fig. 2d), suggesting that MDSC-promoting factors are directly induced by dectin-1 signaling. .
- PGE 2 prostaglandin E 2
- Pla2g2a phospholipase A2
- Ptgs1 Cox1
- Ptgs2 Cox2
- mice lacking lymphocytes were WT. These lymphocytes were not involved in the suppression of colon cancer in mice, as polyps were even less developed compared to mice (FIGS. 10c, 10d).
- Dectin-1 deficiency suppresses colon tumor development by promoting the production of IL-22 binding protein IL-22bp expression is significantly elevated in polyps of GF Clec7a -/- AOM-3DSS mice (Figs. 3a, 10a).
- the expression of IL-22bp mRNA was also enhanced not only in polyp but also in non-polyp tissue (FIGS. 4a and 11a).
- IL-18 has been reported as a direct suppressor of IL-22bp
- IL-18 mRNA expression was normal in both GF Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ and Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice (Fig. 4a, 11a) (ref. 26).
- IL-22bp ⁇ / ⁇ mice were generated on an Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ background.
- the extended lifespan of Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice compared to Apc Min/+ mice was completely abrogated by IL-22bp deficiency, and even half IL-22bp deficiency reduced the lifespan of Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice. was found to be shorter (Fig. 4b).
- Polyp numbers were reduced in Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ compared to Apc Min/+ mice (FIGS. 8c, 8d), whereas younger Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ Il-22bp ⁇ / ⁇ mice More polyps were observed (Fig. 4c).
- IL-22bp-expressing cells EpCAM + epithelial cells and CD45 + leukocytes were isolated from intestinal polyps, and qPCR confirmed that IL-22bp mRNA was expressed only in the CD45 + population ( Figure 4d).
- IL-22bp protein was expressed on both CD11b ⁇ CD103 + and CD11b + CD103 int DCs, but not CD11c ⁇ CD11b + MDSCs (FIG. 4e).
- Il-22bp was expressed only on CD11b + and CD11c + myeloid cells, but not on Thy1.2 + T cells, CD19 + B cells, EpCAM + epithelial cells, in both colon polyp and non-polyp tissues (Fig.
- Retinoic acid has been reported to regulate the production of IL-22bp (refs. 27, 28), and polyps of Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice express enzymes that catalyze RA synthesis, such as Adh1 and Aldh1a1. It was upregulated (Fig. 11b, 11c). However, ⁇ -glucan did not affect the expression of these enzymes (Fig. 11d), suggesting that RA synthesis is not directly regulated by Dectin-1 signals.
- RNA-seq data obtained from GF mice treated with AOM-3DSS show Pla2g2a/2e (Phospholipase A2 group IIA/IIE), Ptgs1/2 (Cox1/Cox2) , Ptges2/3 (PGE 2 synthase 2/3) and other genes involved in PGE 2 synthesis were greatly elevated in polyps of WT mice, but not in polyps of Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice. (Figs. 3d, 10a). Reduced expression of Ptgs2 in colonic polyps and non-polyp tissues was also observed in Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice under SPF conditions (FIG.
- Dectin-1 antagonists suppresses the development of intestinal polyps by reducing intestinal PGE2 .
- 5% by mass of laminarin, a dectin-1 antagonist and soluble beta-glucan (laminarin derived from arame (Tokyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan), weight average molecular weight of 50K or less ) were fed to the mice.
- laminarin-fed mice were found to develop significantly fewer colonic polyps than control mice (FIGS. 6a, 6b). Blocking the dectin- 1 signal suppressed PGE2 production in the mouse gut (Fig.
- PGE 2 administration enhances the expression of MDSC markers CD11b (Itgam) and arginase-1 (Arg1), and oncogenes Cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) and c-Myc (Myc), while Il-22bp was suppressed (Fig. 6h), suggesting that MDSC invasion, tumor growth, and IL-22bp production in colon cancer were regulated by PGE2 .
- stimulation of intestinal polyp-infiltrating cells with PGE2 directly induced the expression of MDSC markers such as Arg1, CD11b, and Nos2, and IL-22bp was directly suppressed by PGE2 administration. (Fig. 6i).
- ⁇ -glucan has no chemical cytotoxic effects. Studies suggesting a cytotoxic effect of ⁇ -glucan have mostly been with crude extracts of ⁇ -glucan-containing herbs, such as Ganoderma lucidum, including Other active ingredients, such as ganoderic acid from S. cerevisiae and triterpenes from its spores (ref. 31), are indeed known to have direct anti-cancer effects. Previous studies have shown that oral administration of ⁇ -glucan enhances the antitumor effect of antitumor agents (Reference 32), and that oral administration of yeast-derived ⁇ -glucan particles increases the growth of subcutaneously inoculated Lewis lung carcinoma. has been shown to be suppressed (reference 33).
- glucans with fluorescein to follow their processing in vivo after oral ingestion, and found that after uptake of large ⁇ -glucan molecules into macrophages via dectin-1, smaller soluble It was clarified that it is decomposed into ⁇ -1,3-glucan fragments (reference document 34).
- a typical soluble ⁇ -glucan is laminarin, which is an antagonistic ligand of dectin-1.
- part of the insoluble ⁇ -glucan with a large molecular weight is decomposed into laminarin, and the dectin-1 signal in the intestinal tract is inhibited. Inhibition is believed to result in anti-intestinal tumorigenesis.
- Dectin-1 plays an important role in the development of colon cancer in mice and humans by regulating PGE2 concentration and IL-22bp expression.
- PGE2 binds to the receptor EP2 and activates the ⁇ -catenin axis, thereby regulating colorectal cancer cell proliferation, Tnf, Il6, Cxcl1, and Cox2. It promotes the expression of inflammation/growth-related genes such as AOM-DSS, and plays an important role in the development of AOM-DSS-induced colorectal tumors (references 36, 11, 37).
- intestinal polyposis in Apc-deficient mice is suppressed in Ptgs2-deficient mutant mice, and COX-2 inhibitors represented by NSAIDs such as aspirin can suppress the development and progression of colon cancer and polyps. (References 38, 39).
- IL-22BP is a soluble inhibitory receptor for IL-22 (refs 42, 43). IL-22BP plays an important role in regulating tumorigenesis, and deficiency of this cytokine promotes colon tumorigenesis (ref. 26). In this study, we showed that IL-22bp deficiency completely abolished the polyp formation disorder induced by dectin-1 deficiency, indicating that IL-22bp greatly contributes to the suppression of tumorigenesis in Clec7a -/- mice. suggested.
- IL-22bp is produced only by intestinal DCs, but not by MDSCs, and that IL-22bp expression in tumor-infiltrating cells was directly suppressed by PGE2 , the synthase mainly secreted by MDSCs.
- Dectin-1 expression in colon tumors was also detected mainly in MDSCs, suggesting that impaired production of intestinal PGE 2 by dectin-1 deficiency resulted in upregulation of Il-22bp expression in DCs of Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice. As a result, it is considered that tumorigenesis is suppressed. Supporting this notion, administration of PGE 2 to Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice was shown to suppress colonic Il-22bp expression and abolish the impaired tumorigenesis resulting from Dectin-1 deficiency.
- cytokines such as GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-1, and TNF, which are known to promote MDSC differentiation and enhance suppressive activity in mouse intestinal tumors (reference 23, 24) is downstream of dectin-1 signaling, explaining why the MDSC population and the expression of MDSC-related genes were reduced in colonic polyps of Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
- MDSCs are major producers of PGE2 synthase, and that PGE2 promotes differentiation of MDSCs by inducing Itgam and Arg1 in mice and ITGAM and CD33 in human intestinal tumor-infiltrating cells. rice field.
- dectin-1 promotes the expansion and differentiation of MDSCs through an auto-amplification loop of the production of inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 , and promotes tumorigenesis of the intestinal tract.
- Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice MDSC suppresses anti-tumor responses, suggesting that a decrease in MDSC numbers promotes lymphocyte-mediated anti-tumor immunity.
- Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ GF mice did not increase Tregs, and Rag2 ⁇ / ⁇ mice, which lack lymphocytes, were also fully capable of developing intestinal tumors, suggesting that the gut of Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice It is thought that the decrease in PGE2 and the increase in IL-22BP suppress polyp formation, not Tregs.
- mice Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice were backcrossed to C57BL/6J for 9 generations and used.
- wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice purchased from Sankyo Lab Service were used.
- Apc Min/+ mice provided by Professor Abe Ryo of Tokyo University of Science were mated with Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice to produce Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice.
- Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ Il-22bp ⁇ / ⁇ mice were generated by the CRISPR-Cpf1 method using Apc Min/+ Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ conjugates.
- mice Age- and sex-matched WT mice were separated or cohabited with Clec7a ⁇ / ⁇ mice after weaning at 4 weeks of age. All mice were fed X-ray-sterilized normal chow, acidified tap water (0.002N HCl, pH 2.00) in an environmentally controlled clean room at the Laboratory Animal Facility of Tokyo University of Science and the Laboratory Animal Facility of Nakayama University School of Medicine. 5), housed under specific pathogen-free conditions using an autoclave-sterilized wooden chip bed; All animal experiments were performed in accordance with institutional ethical codes and guidelines, using protocols approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Tokyo University of Science and the Laboratory Animal Care and Use Committee of Sun Yat-sen University, People's Republic of China.
- mice Six to seven week old mice were intraperitoneally administered with 10 ⁇ g AOM (Fujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka) per g body weight. One week after dosing, the drinking water of these mice was dosed with 1 wt% DSS (36-50 kDa; MP Biomedicals, Illkirch, France) for 7 days, followed by 14 days of normal water administration for one cycle. After 3 cycles of DSS/normal water treatment, the mice were housed for an additional 2-6 weeks before being euthanized.
- AOM Flujifilm Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka
- 7-AAD (7-amino-actinomycin D) viability staining solution was purchased from eBioscience (San Diego, USA).
- 2.4G2 anti-FC ⁇ RII/III-specific mAb
- All antibodies were used at a dilution of 1:250.
- Cells isolated from mouse intestine were washed twice with FACS Hank's buffer (HBSS containing 2% FCS and 0.1% sodium azide) and then treated with 2.4G2 to block FcR binding. Cells were then surface stained with mAb for 25-30 minutes.
- cytokine FACS For cytokine FACS, cells were first stimulated with 50 ng/ml PMA (Sigma Aldrich) + 500 ng/ml ionomycin (Sigma Aldrich) or no stimulation with 1 mM monensin (Sigma Aldrich) for 4 hours. After stimulation, cells were washed twice with FACS Hank's buffer (HBSS with 2% FCS and 0.1% sodium azide) and then treated with 2.4G2 to block FcR binding. Cells were then surface stained with mAb for 30 minutes, then fixed and permeabilized with Cytofix/Cytoperm solution (BD Biosciences) for 20 minutes.
- PMA Sigma Aldrich
- ionomycin Sigma Aldrich
- monensin Sigma Aldrich
- Negative fractions were stained with anti-mouse CD45 microbeads for subsequent leukocyte purification, anti-mouse CD11b and CD11c microbeads for myeloid-derived cells, and Thy1.2 for T cells.
- CD19 was stained with a selection of autoMACS.
- Ct value threshold
- RNA Sequencing and Analysis was isolated from colon tumor or non-tumor tissue using the Sigma Aldrich total RNA-prep kit. RNA was prepared using Contech SmartSeq2 library prep kit and sequenced on NovaSeq6000. Normalize the data and use usgalaxy. org was used to identify differential expression of genes. Pathway and process enrichment analysis using relative gene expression data is described in metascape. org.
- IL-22BP is regulated by the inflammasome and modulates tumorigenesis in the intestine. Nature 491, 259-263 (2012). 27. Martin, JC, et al. Interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is constitutively expressed by a subset of conventional dendritic cells and is strongly induced by retinoic acid. Mucosal Immunol 7, 101-113 (2014). 28. Lim, C., Hong, M. & Savan, R. Human IL-22 binding protein isoforms act as a rheostat for IL-22 signaling. Sci Signal 9, ra95 (2016). 29. Greten, TF, Manns, MP & Korangy, F. Myeloid derived suppressor cells in human diseases.
- beta-glucans enhance anti-tumor effects of monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 51, 557-564 (2002). 33. Albeituni, SH, et al. Yeast-Derived Particulate beta-Glucan Treatment Subverts the Suppression of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) by Inducing Polymorphonuclear MDSC Apoptosis and Monocytic MDSC Differentiation to APC in Cancer. J Immunol 196, 2167-2180 (2016). 34. Hong, F., et al.
- MDSC Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
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Abstract
Description
<1> デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有し、デクチン-1阻害を介して腸管腫瘍を抑制する、腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<2> 前記βグルカンが、β-1,3結合を含むβグルカン又はβ-1,3結合の主鎖にβ-1,6結合分岐鎖を含むβグルカンである、<1>に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<3> 前記βグルカンの分子量は0.2K~100Kである、<1>又は<2>に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<4> 前記βグルカンがラミナリンである、<1>~<3>のいずれか1項に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<5> デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有する、PGE2産生抑制剤。
<6> 前記βグルカンが、β-1,3結合を含むβグルカン又はβ-1,3結合の主鎖にβ-1,6結合分岐鎖を含むβグルカンである、<5>に記載のPGE2産生抑制剤。
<7> 前記βグルカンの分子量は0.2K~100Kである、<5>又は<6>に記載のPGE2産生抑制剤。
<8> 前記βグルカンがラミナリンである、<5>~<7>のいずれか1項に記載のPGE2産生抑制剤。
<9> デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有する、IL-22BP産生促進剤。
<10> 前記βグルカンが、β-1,3結合を含むβグルカン又はβ-1,3結合の主鎖にβ-1,6結合分岐鎖を含むβグルカンである、<9>に記載のIL-22BP産生促進剤。
<11> 前記βグルカンの分子量は0.2K~100Kである、<9>又は<10>に記載のIL-22BP産生促進剤。
<12> 前記βグルカンがラミナリンである、<9>~<11>のいずれか1項に記載のIL-22BP産生促進剤。
<13> デクチン-1阻害剤を含有し、デクチン-1阻害を介して腸管腫瘍を抑制する、腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<14> 前記デクチン-1阻害剤がデクチン-1アンタゴニストである、<13>に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<15> 前記デクチン-1阻害剤が抗デクチン-1阻害抗体又はデクチン-1阻害低分子化合物である、<13>に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<16> 前記腸管腫瘍はPGE2の発現量上昇を伴う腸管腫瘍であるか、IL-22BPの発現量低下を伴う腸管腫瘍である、<1>~<4>、<13>、及び<14>のいずれか1項に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
<17> 腸管腫瘍の予防又は治療に用いるための、デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカン。
<18> 前記腸管腫瘍はPGE2の発現量上昇を伴う腸管腫瘍である、前記<17>に記載のデクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカン。
<19> 前記腸管腫瘍はIL-22BPの発現量低下を伴う腸管腫瘍である、前記<17>又は<18>に記載のデクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカン。
<20> デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンの、腸管腫瘍の予防又は治療のための医薬の製造における使用。
<21> 前記腸管腫瘍はPGE2の発現量上昇を伴う腸管腫瘍である、前記<20>に記載の使用。
<22> 前記腸管腫瘍はIL-22BPの発現量低下を伴う腸管腫瘍である、前記<20>又は<21>に記載の使用。
<23> 腫瘍組織中の、デクチン-1タンパク質発現量及びCLEC7A遺伝子発現量の少なくとも一方を測定することを含む、腸管腫瘍の重症度の予測方法。
本開示において「工程」との語には、他の工程から独立した工程に加え、他の工程と明確に区別できない場合であってもその工程の目的が達成されれば、当該工程も含まれる。
本開示において「~」を用いて示された数値範囲には、「~」の前後に記載される数値がそれぞれ下限値及び上限値として含まれる。
本開示中に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、一つの数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本文中に記載されている数値範囲において、その数値範囲の上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。
本開示において組成物中の各成分の含有率は、組成物中に各成分に該当する物質が複数種存在する場合、特に断らない限り、組成物中に存在する当該複数種の物質の合計の含有率を意味する。
一態様において、本開示の腸管腫瘍抑制剤は、デクチン-1阻害剤を含有し、デクチン-1阻害を介して腸管腫瘍を抑制する。一態様において、本開示の腸管腫瘍抑制剤は、デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有し、デクチン-1阻害を介して腸管腫瘍を抑制する。一態様において、本開示のPGE2産生抑制剤及びIL-22BP産生促進剤は、デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有する。
なお、本開示は、上記推定機構には何ら制限されない。
造単位の数を表す。n1とn2の和は1-3結合の主鎖の長さを表し、mは1-6結合の分岐鎖の長さを表す。n1、n2、及びmは共に1以上の整数を表し、好ましくは2~500の整数である。なお下記一般式において、n1+n2は、デクチン-1に対するアンタゴニスト活性により優れている観点から、2~25の整数を表すことがさらに好ましい。また、m<(n1+n2)である。
方法によって決定することができる。重量平均分子量は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィー(GPC)によって測定することができる。なお、分子量1Kは分子量が1000であることを示す。
カラム :G6000PWXL及びSB802
カラム温度 :Pump:40℃、Column:60℃
移動相 :水
流速 :0.5ml/min
検出器 :RI
サンプル濃度 :0.1%(w/w)
サンプル注入量:50μl
本開示は、デクチン-1阻害剤の有効量を対象に投与することを含む、腸管腫瘍の予防又は治療方法も提供する。さらに本開示は、デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンの有効量を対象に投与することを含む、腸管腫瘍の予防又は治療方法も提供する。前記腸管腫瘍は、PGE2の発現上昇を伴う腸管腫瘍であってもよく、IL-22BPの発現低下を伴う腸管腫瘍であってもよい。
腸管腫瘍は、デクチン-1シグナルの活性化により促進される。一方で、腸管腫瘍は、デクチン-1シグナルの阻害により抑制される。そして、デクチン-1タンパク質発現量、又はデクチン-1タンパク質をコードするCLEC7A(C-Type Lectin Domain Containing 7A)遺伝子発現量は、腸管腫瘍の重症度と正の相関を有する。よって、デクチン-1タンパク質発現量、又はデクチン-1タンパク質をコードするCLEC7A遺伝子発現量を測定することで、それらの発現量が多いほど腸管腫瘍の重症度が高くなり、それらの発現量が少ないほど腸管腫瘍の重症度が低くなると考えられる。
なお、本開示は、上記推定機構には何ら制限されない。
腸管腫瘍形成におけるデクチン-1の潜在的な役割を調べるために、我々はまず、β-カテニンシグナル伝達経路に変異のあるApcMin(ApcMin-DSS)マウスをDSS処理した場合の大腸腫瘍形成に対するデクチン-1シグナルの影響を調べた(参考文献18)。ApcMin/+デクチン-1欠損(Clec7a-/-)マウスのDSS投与後の体重減少は、ApcMin/+マウスに比べて有意に軽度であった(図8a)。DSS投与後28日目には、大腸炎の症状の一つである大腸の長さの短縮は、DSSのみを投与したClec7a-/-マウス(参考文献11)と同様に、ApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスでも軽度であり(図1a、8b)、大腸のポリープ数はApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスで有意に減少した(図1a、1b)。
次に、ApcMin/+バックグラウンドのClec7a-/-マウスに1質量%DSSを投与し、大腸内の腫瘍浸潤細胞集団の変化を解析した。フローサイトメトリー解析により、ApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスのポリープでは、T細胞(αβ型T細胞及びγδ型T細胞の両方を含む)、B細胞(IgG+B細胞を含む)、DCs(MHC-II+CD11c+細胞)がApcMin/+マウスに比べて有意に増加し(図2a、9c)、MHC-II-CD11c-CD11b+骨髄由来抑制細胞(MDSC)が大幅に減少したことがわかった(図3b)。
デクチン-1シグナルが腫瘍形成を制御するメカニズムを明らかにするために、AOM-3DSS投与後のGFマウスの腫瘍組織及び非腫瘍組織における遺伝子発現をRNA-seq解析により調べた。GF条件ではSPF条件よりも全体の遺伝子バックグラウンドが低く、デクチン-1制御遺伝子を容易に見つけることができた。その結果、Clec7a-/-マウスの大腸ポリープでは、T細胞-(Cd3e、Cd28、Cd69、Ccr6、Ccr9など)、Th1-(Cd4、Tbx21、Ifng、Il12a、Cxcr3など)、B細胞-(Cd19、Ig-associated、Cxcr5など)、DC-(Itgax、H2-Ab1、Ccr7など)に関連した遺伝子は大幅に増加し、Th17関連遺伝子(Il17a、Il23aなど)が減少していた(図3a、10a、10b)。Clec7a-/-マウスの大腸ポリープでは、IL-22(Il22)やIL-18(Il18)などの腫瘍制御サイトカインの発現は変化しなかったが、IL-22拮抗受容体であるIL-22結合タンパク質(Il22bp又はIl22ra2)の発現が大幅に増加していた(図3a、10a)。また、KEGG遺伝子エンリッチメント解析により、抗体産生、リンパ球活性化、NK細胞介在性細胞傷害、抗原提示などの免疫関連遺伝子が、Clec7a-/-マウスの腫瘍組織でWTマウスに比べて上昇していることがわかった(図2b)。一方、Clec7a-/-マウスの大腸では、Wntシグナル、IL-17シグナル、Rasシグナル、アラキドン酸代謝などの経路が抑制されていた(図3b)。Clec7a-/-マウスのポリープでは、MDSC関連遺伝子(参考文献25)の発現が抑制されており、Clec7a-/-マウスの大腸腫瘍におけるMDSCの浸潤が損なわれていることと一致していた(図2b)。また、Clec7a-/-マウスのポリープでは、MDSCの分化を促進するCsf2、Il6、Il1b、Tnfの発現が大きく損なわれていた(参考文献23、24)(図3a、10a、10b)。興味深いことに、Clec7a-/-マウスのポリープでは、Pla2g2a(ホスホリパーゼA2)、Ptgs1(Cox1)、Ptgs2(Cox2)などのプロスタグランジンE2(PGE2)合成酵素をコードする遺伝子の発現が低下していることもわかった(図3d、10a)。大腸ポリープではデクチン-1遺伝子Clec7aの発現が非ポリープ組織に比べて上昇しており(図3e)、大腸腫瘍における主要なデクチン-1発現細胞であるMDSCの拡大・浸潤を反映していると考えられた(図2b)。
GF Clec7a-/-AOM-3DSSマウスのポリープでは、IL-22bpの発現が有意に上昇していた(図3a、10a)。ApcMin/+Clec7a-/--DSSマウスの腸でも、IL-22bpのmRNAの発現は、ポリープだけでなく、非ポリープ組織でも亢進していた(図4a、11a)。IL-18はIL-22bpの直接的な抑制因子として報告されているが、GF Clec7a-/-とApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスの両方でIl18のmRNAの発現は正常であった(図4a、11a)(参考文献26)。
AOM-3DSSを投与したGFマウスから得られたRNA-seqデータは、Pla2g2a/2e(Phospholipase A2 group IIA/IIE)、Ptgs1/2(Cox1/Cox2)、Ptges2/3(PGE2 synthase 2/3)などのPGE2合成に関与する遺伝子の発現が、WTマウスのポリープでは大きく上昇していたが、Clec7a-/-マウスのポリープでは上昇していなかった(図3d、10a)。大腸ポリープ及び非ポリープ組織におけるPtgs2の発現低下は、SPF条件下のClec7a-/-マウスでも観察され(図5a)、非ポリープ組織ホモジネート中のPGE2濃度はClec7a-/-マウスで有意に低下した(図5b)。PGE2合成に関与する酵素は、CD11c-CD11b+MDSCsに優先的に発現していたが、CD11c+DCsもこれらの遺伝子を低レベルで発現していた(図5c)。
デクチン-1遮断の腸管腫瘍形成に対する治療効果を検討するために、WTマウスにAOM-3DSSを投与し、DSS投与を3サイクル行う間、5質量%のデクチン-1アンタゴニストであり可溶性βグルカンであるラミナリン(アラメ由来のラミナリン(東京化成工業株式会社、日本、東京)、重量平均分子量は50K以下)を含む食餌をマウスに与えた。Clec7a-/-マウスでの観察結果と同様に、ラミナリンを与えたマウスは、コントロールマウスに比べて大腸ポリープの発生が有意に少ないことがわかった(図6a、6b)。デクチン-1シグナルを遮断すると、マウス腸管のPGE2産生が抑制され(図6c)、それに伴いCD11b(Itgam)の発現も減少した(図6d)。一方、DSS処理したApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスにPGE2を4週間間欠的に投与すると、ポリープ数はApcMin/+マウスと同程度に増加した(図6e、6f)。PGE2投与後のポリープでは、CD11c+DC及びT細胞の浸潤が抑制されたが、CD11b+MDSCの浸潤は促進された(図6g、12a)。また、PGE2投与により、MDSCマーカーであるCD11b(Itgam)とアルギナーゼ-1(Arg1)、がん遺伝子であるCyclin D1(Ccnd1)とc-Myc(Myc)の発現が亢進する一方、Il-22bpの発現は抑制された(図6h)ことから、大腸がんにおけるMDSCの浸潤、腫瘍の成長、IL-22bpの産生は、PGE2によって制御されていると考えられた。PGE2の制御機能を確認するために、腸管ポリープ浸潤細胞をPGE2で刺激したところ、Arg1、CD11b、Nos2などのMDSCマーカーの発現が直接誘導され、IL-22bpがPGE2投与により直接抑制されることがわかった(図6i)。興味深いことに、大腸ポリープでは、GFとSPFの両方の条件下で、Cox2 mRNAレベルがIl-22bpの発現と負の相関関係にあることもわかった(図6j)。これらの結果から、デクチン-1シグナルを阻害することにより、MDSCから合成されるPGE2が抑制され、MDSCの増殖がさらに阻害され、IL-22bpが促進され、最終的に腸管の腫瘍形成が抑制されると考えられる。
ヒトにおけるCRC発症に対するデクチン-1シグナルの役割を評価するために、まずCRC標本を採取し、CLEC7Aの発現を調べた。その結果、CLEC7Aの発現レベルが高い(相対発現量2以上、GAPDHで正規化)患者の術後生存率は、CLEC7Aの発現レベルが低い(2未満)患者よりも有意に低いことがわかった(図7a)。次に、CLEC7Aの発現レベルが病理学的な腫瘍の悪性度と正の相関関係にあることに気づいた(図7b、7c)。また、CLEC7Aに変異があるCRC患者では、疾患率や進行率が相対的に低下していたが、TCGA(がんゲノムアトラス)データベースではCLEC7Aに変異があるCRC患者の数が少ないため、この傾向は有意ではなかった(図13a)。これらの観察結果は、ヒトにおけるデクチン-1シグナルがCRCの発症を促進することを示唆している。
現在では、βグルカンには化学的な細胞毒性作用がないことが知られている。βグルカンの細胞毒性作用を示唆する研究は、ほとんどがGanoderma lucidumのようなβグルカン含有ハーブの粗抽出物を用いた研究であったが、その中には、その菌糸体(参考文献30)からのガノデリン酸やその胞子(参考文献31)からのトリテルペンのような他の有効成分が、実際に直接的な抗癌作用を持つことが知られている。これまでの研究で、βグルカンを経口投与すると、抗腫瘍剤の抗腫瘍効果が増強されること(参考文献32)、酵母由来のβ-グルカン粒子を経口投与すると、皮下接種したLewis肺癌の増殖が抑制されること(参考文献33)が明らかになっている。しかし、Cheungらは、グルカンをフルオレセインで標識することで、経口摂取後の生体内での処理を追跡し、大きなβグルカン分子がデクチン-1を介してマクロファージに取り込まれた後、より小さな可溶性のβ-1,3-グルカン断片に分解されることを明らかにした(参考文献34)。可溶性βグルカンの代表的なものは、デクチン-1の拮抗リガンドであるラミナリンであることから、経口摂取後、分子量の大きい不溶性βグルカンの一部がラミナリンに分解され、腸管のデクチン-1シグナルを阻害することで、結果的に抗腸管腫瘍形成を示すものと考えられる。
1.マウス
Clec7a-/-マウスは、C57BL/6Jに9世代にわたって戻し交配して使用した。対照として、三協ラボサービスから購入した野生型(WT)のC57BL/6Jマウスを使用した。東京理科大学の阿部良先生から提供されたApcMin/+マウスをClec7a-/-マウスと交配し、ApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスを作製した。ApcMin/+Clec7a-/-Il-22bp-/-マウスは、ApcMin/+Clec7a-/-の接合体を用いてCRISPR-Cpf1法により作製した。年齢・性別を一致させたWTマウスは、4週齢で離乳した後、Clec7a-/-マウスと分離又は同居させた。すべてのマウスは、東京理科大学生命医科学研究所及び中山大学医学部の実験動物施設の環境制御されたクリーンルーム内で、X線滅菌した普通食、酸性化した水道水(0.002N HCl、pH2.5)、オートクレーブ滅菌した木製チップベッドを用いて、特定の病原体のない条件で飼育した。すべての動物実験は、東京理科大学の動物実験委員会及び中華人民共和国中山大学の実験動物管理利用委員会で承認されたプロトコールを用いて、機関の倫理規定及びガイドラインに従って実施された。
CRC患者からヒトサンプルを採取する前に、大腸腫瘍摘出手術の前に各患者から書面によるインフォームドコンセントを得ており、すべての実験は中華人民共和国中山大学の第一附属病院の臨床試験委員会で承認されたプロトコールに基づき、機関の倫理規定とガイドラインに沿って実施された。組織浸潤細胞の精製又は組織・細胞のin vitro培養は、各手術後に腫瘍標本又は/及び腫瘍周囲の正常組織を切り取り、氷冷したPBSに移して使用するまで氷上に置いた。mRNAレベルと相対的生存率の分析のために、70人のCRC患者から47の腫瘍標本と43の非腫瘍標本を収集し、その中には23組の同一人物の腫瘍と非腫瘍が含まれていた。性別、年齢、重症度など、患者の臨床情報の詳細は、表1~表3に示した。
マウス/ヒト大腸腫瘍/非腫瘍組織(2×105)又はマウス/ヒト大腸腫瘍/非腫瘍組織片(3mm×3mmカット)に浸潤した細胞を、デクチン-1リガンドであるカードラン、OXCA、ラミナリンを用いて、又はPGE2刺激を加えて、5%CO2下、37℃で20時間培養した96ウェル平底プレート(Falcon、Becton Dickinson)に、0.2mlのRPMIに10%FBSと1%ストレプトマイシン+ペニシリンを加えたものを使用した。培養後、細胞又は組織を回収し、後述する「定量的逆転写PCR」の項で説明したqPCR法により、腫瘍関連/抗腫瘍関連遺伝子のmRNA発現を測定した。
6~7週齢のマウスに、体重1gあたり10μgのAOM(富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社、大阪)を腹腔内投与した。投与から1週間後、これらのマウスの飲水に1質量%DSS(36~50kDa;MP Biomedicals、Illkirch、France)を7日間投与した後、14日間の通常水投与を1サイクルとした。DSS/通常水処理を3サイクル行った後、これらのマウスをさらに2~6週間飼育してから安楽死させた。
ApcMin/+又はApcMin/+Clec7a-/-マウスを生後19~21週間SPF状態で正常に飼育したところ、小腸のポリープが自然に発生した。大腸腫瘍の誘発には、6~7週齢の同じマウスに1質量%DSSを1週間飲用させた後、さらに4~5週間普通に飼育してから安楽死させた。
大腸の腫瘍/非腫瘍組織に浸潤した細胞は、以下の方法で分離した。組織を1mmの厚さに切り、3mM EDTAを含むHBSS(Hanks’ Balanced Salt Solution)中で37℃で40分間振盪した。培養上清に浮遊していた上皮内リンパ球及び大腸上皮細胞を捨て、腸切片をHBSSで2回洗浄した後、10%FBS及び1%ストレプトマイシン+ペニシリンを含むRPMI、200U/mlコラゲナーゼ(C2139;Sigma-Aldrich)、及び5U/ml DNase 1(Sigma-Aldrich)中で37℃で120分間振とうした。培養後、サンプルを10秒間ボルテックスし、滅菌したガーゼでろ過した後、単一細胞懸濁液を採取した。45%/66.6%不連続Percoll(Pharmacia、Uppsala、Sweden)グラジエントで20分間、組織浸潤細胞をリンパ球にまで精製した実験もあった。
マウスに対する抗体CD4(GK1.5)、CD8α(53-6.7)、TCRγδ(GL3)、CD45(30-F11)、CD19(6D5)、CD11b(M1/70)、CD11c(N418)、I-A/I-E(M5/114.15.2)、CD103(2E7)、IgG1(RMG1-1)、IFN-γ(XMG1.2)とIL-17(TC11-18H10.1)は、Biolegend社(San Diego、U.S.A.)から購入した。マウスのデクチン-1(2A11)に対する抗体は、Abcam(Cambridge、UK)から購入した。抗マウスIL-22bpポリクローナル抗体は、R&D systems(Biotechne、Minnesota、U.S.A.)から購入した。7-AAD(7-amino-actinomycin D)viability staining solutionは、eBioscience(San Diego、U.S.A.)から購入した。2.4G2(anti-FCγRII/III-specific mAb)はAmerican Type Culture Collection(Manassas、VA)から入手した。すべての抗体は、1:250の希釈で使用した。マウス腸から分離した細胞をFACSハンクス緩衝液(2%FCS及び0.1%アジ化ナトリウムを含むHBSS)で2回洗浄した後、2.4G2で処理してFcR結合をブロックした。その後、細胞をmAbで25~30分間表面染色した。サイトカインFACSのために、まず細胞を50ng/ml PMA(Sigma Aldrich)+500ng/ml ionomycin(Sigma Aldrich)で、あるいは何も刺激せずに、1mM monensin(Sigma Aldrich)で4時間刺激した。刺激後、細胞をFACSハンクス緩衝液(2%FCS及び0.1%アジ化ナトリウムを含むHBSS)で2回洗浄し、次に2.4G2で処理してFcRの結合をブロックした。その後、細胞をmAbで30分間表面染色した後、Cytofix/Cytoperm solution(BD Biosciences)で20分間固定し、透過させた。1×洗浄バッファーで洗浄した後、細胞を抗マウスIFN-γ mAb及びIL-17 mAbとさらに30分間インキュベートした。解析には、Canto II又はFACSCaliburフローサイトメーター(BD Biosciences)とFlowJo 10.0 FACSソフトウェアを使用した。
マウスの全腸又はポリープから採取した全単細胞を、ビオチン標識抗マウスCD326(G8.8)(Biolegend社)で標識した後、抗ビオチンマイクロビーズ(Miltenyi Biotec社、Bergisch Gladbach、Germany)で標識した。CD326+上皮細胞は、autoMACS(Miltenyi Biotec)を用いてポジティブに精製した。陰性画分は、次の白血球精製のために抗マウス CD45マイクロビーズで染色したり、骨髄系由来細胞のために抗マウスCD11b及びCD11cマイクロビーズで染色したり、T細胞のためにThy1.2を、あるいはB細胞の精製のためにCD19を、autoMACSのセレクションで染色した。
トータルRNAは、Mammalian Total RNA Miniprep kit(Sigma Aldrich)を用いて抽出した。RNAは、オリゴdTプライマーの存在下で変性させた後、High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit(Applied Biosystems、San Francisco、U.S.A.)を用いて逆転写した。SYBR Green qPCR kit(Carlsbad、USA)及びC1000 Thermal Cycler system(Bio-Rad、Hercules、USA)を用いて、表4に記載したプライマーセットでqPCRを行い、各mRNAの発現量の相対レベルを比較サイクル閾値(Ct値)法で算出し、Gapdh mRNAの発現量で正規化した。
マウス大腸のポリープ及び非ポリープ組織を採取し、500μlのタンパク質用溶解バッファー(RIPAバッファー:50mM Tris(pH8.0)+100mM NaCl+0.1%Triton X-100)とプロテアーゼインヒビターカクテル(Takara Bio、Shiga、Japan)を入れた2mlチューブに入れた。組織をビーズとMicro Smasher(MS-100R、TOMY)を用いてホモジナイズした。遠心分離後、組織ホモジネートの上清を回収し、PGE2濃度をELISA Development Kit for PGE2(R&D systems、Minneapolis、USA)で測定した。PGE2の最終濃度は、各個体の総タンパク質濃度で正規化した。
Sigma Aldrich社のtotal RNA-prep kitを用いて、大腸腫瘍又は非腫瘍組織からRNAを単離した。RNAはContech SmartSeq2 library prep kitを用いて調製し、NovaSeq6000でシークエンスを行った。データを正規化し、usegalaxy.orgを用いて遺伝子の差異発現を同定した。遺伝子の相対的な発現データを用いたパスウェイ及びプロセスのエンリッチメント解析は、metascape.orgを用いて行った。
パラメトリックデータの差は、対になっていない両側のStudent’s t testで評価した。2つ以上の相対的な群を含む実験では、一元配置のANOVAに続いてDunnettの多重比較検定又はTukeyの多重比較検定を行った。群間の生存率の統計的有意性は、log-rank検定で評価した。統計はPRISM8ソフトウェア(GraphPad Software)で計算した。CRC患者の研究では、カテゴリー変数はFisher検定で比較し、相関関係はSpearmanの相関検定で分析した。統計解析は、Rソフトウェア(バージョン4.0.3、R Foundation)を用いて行った。p値<0.05の差を統計的に有意とした。
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Claims (16)
- デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有し、デクチン-1阻害を介して腸管腫瘍を抑制する、腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- 前記βグルカンが、β-1,3結合を含むβグルカン又はβ-1,3結合の主鎖にβ-1,6結合分岐鎖を含むβグルカンである、請求項1に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- 前記βグルカンの分子量は0.2K~100Kである、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- 前記βグルカンがラミナリンである、請求項1~請求項3のいずれか1項に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有する、PGE2産生抑制剤。
- 前記βグルカンが、β-1,3結合を含むβグルカン又はβ-1,3結合の主鎖にβ-1,6結合分岐鎖を含むβグルカンである、請求項5に記載のPGE2産生抑制剤。
- 前記βグルカンの分子量は0.2K~100Kである、請求項5又は請求項6に記載のPGE2産生抑制剤。
- 前記βグルカンがラミナリンである、請求項5~請求項7のいずれか1項に記載のPGE2産生抑制剤。
- デクチン-1阻害活性を有するβグルカンを含有する、IL-22BP産生促進剤。
- 前記βグルカンが、β-1,3結合を含むβグルカン又はβ-1,3結合の主鎖にβ-1,6結合分岐鎖を含むβグルカンである、請求項9に記載のIL-22BP産生促進剤。
- 前記βグルカンの分子量は0.2K~100Kである、請求項9又は請求項10に記載のIL-22BP産生促進剤。
- 前記βグルカンがラミナリンである、請求項9~請求項11のいずれか1項に記載のIL-22BP産生促進剤。
- デクチン-1阻害剤を含有し、デクチン-1阻害を介して腸管腫瘍を抑制する、腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- 前記デクチン-1阻害剤がデクチン-1アンタゴニストである、請求項13に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- 前記デクチン-1阻害剤が抗デクチン-1阻害抗体又はデクチン-1阻害低分子化合物である、請求項13に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
- 前記腸管腫瘍はPGE2の発現量上昇を伴う腸管腫瘍であるか、IL-22BPの発現量低下を伴う腸管腫瘍である、請求項1~請求項4、請求項13、及び請求項14のいずれか1項に記載の腸管腫瘍抑制剤。
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN118591378A (zh) | 2024-09-03 |
| EP4450073A1 (en) | 2024-10-23 |
| US20250057873A1 (en) | 2025-02-20 |
| JPWO2023112454A1 (ja) | 2023-06-22 |
| EP4450073A4 (en) | 2025-11-26 |
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