WO2023181329A1 - 積層造形用銅合金粉末とその製造方法および評価方法、銅合金積層造形体の製造方法および銅合金積層造形体 - Google Patents
積層造形用銅合金粉末とその製造方法および評価方法、銅合金積層造形体の製造方法および銅合金積層造形体 Download PDFInfo
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
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- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
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- B22F9/14—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes using electric discharge
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B33Y70/00—Materials specially adapted for additive manufacturing
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- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
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- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/08—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of copper or alloys based thereon
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- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/06—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material
- B22F9/08—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying
- B22F9/082—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid
- B22F2009/0824—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from liquid material by casting, e.g. through sieves or in water, by atomising or spraying atomising using a fluid with a specific atomising fluid
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- B22F2202/00—Treatment under specific physical conditions
- B22F2202/13—Use of plasma
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- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/10—Copper
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
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- B22F2304/00—Physical aspects of the powder
- B22F2304/10—Micron size particles, i.e. above 1 micrometer up to 500 micrometer
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/02—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working in inert or controlled atmosphere or vacuum
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a copper alloy powder for layered manufacturing, a manufacturing method and evaluation method thereof, a method for manufacturing a copper alloy layered object, and a copper alloy layered object.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing that is manufactured by an atomization method and contains chromium of 1.00% by mass to 2.80% by mass, and the balance copper. ing.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a technique for solving the above-mentioned problems.
- a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing which is used for producing a additively manufactured object by an additive manufacturing method, It contains 0.70% to 1.5% by weight of chromium, 0.05% to 0.35% by weight of magnesium, and the remainder consists of copper and inevitable impurities.
- the copper alloy layered product according to the present invention has the following features: A copper alloy additively manufactured body produced by additively manufacturing using an additively manufacturing apparatus using the above-mentioned copper alloy powder for additively manufacturing, A copper alloy additively manufactured article containing 0.70% to 1.5% by weight of chromium, 0.05% to 0.35% by weight of magnesium, and the balance consisting of copper and inevitable impurities. .
- the method for manufacturing a copper alloy layered product according to the present invention includes: An additive manufacturing step of additively manufacturing a copper alloy additive-molded body using an additive manufacturing device using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing; an aging treatment step of holding the copper alloy layered product at a temperature of 400° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower; including.
- the method for producing copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing includes: A method for producing copper powder for additive manufacturing used for producing a additively manufactured article by an additive manufacturing method, the method comprising: Contains 0.70% to 1.5% by weight of chromium and 0.05% to 0.35% by weight of magnesium, the balance being copper and unavoidable impurities, by gas atomization method or plasma rotating electrode method.
- a step of producing a copper alloy powder consisting of; A step of classifying the produced copper alloy powder so that the particle size is 10 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less, and the particle size is 45 ⁇ m or more and 105 ⁇ m or less, including.
- the evaluation method of copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing is as follows: A step of additively manufacturing a copper alloy additively manufactured object using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing to be evaluated; Measuring the electrical conductivity X (%IACS) and Vickers hardness Y (Hv) of the copper alloy laminate-molded body; When electrical conductivity X (%IACS) and Vickers hardness Y (Hv) are plotted on a two-dimensional graph consisting of the Evaluating the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing depending on whether it is located on the high strength side and high conductivity side of the boundary line; including.
- a copper alloy laminate-molded body having high strength and high conductivity can be obtained.
- Additive manufacturing technology enables the production of products with complex shapes that are difficult to achieve with conventional processing technology, and is expected to be applied in a variety of fields. In particular, it is desired to use metal materials with excellent mechanical properties.
- copper has excellent electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, so additive manufacturing is expected to be applied to products with complex shapes such as heat sinks and heat exchangers.
- the materials that have been applied as metal powder for additive manufacturing so far are mainly iron, nickel, aluminum, titanium, etc., and their alloys, and there are still few examples of application of copper and copper alloys. This is because copper has high electrical conductivity and high thermal conductivity, so the thermal energy incident with a laser etc. during additive manufacturing rapidly dissipates and diffuses, making it impossible to melt it sufficiently. This is because it has been difficult to obtain a high-density layered product.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing that is manufactured by an atomization method and contains chromium of more than 1.00% by mass and 2.80% by mass or less, and the balance copper. .
- this copper alloy powder is rapidly cooled and solidified from a molten state, resulting in a supersaturated solid solution of chromium, which reduces heat diffusion and heat dissipation, and reduces thermal conductivity. Even when using a device, it can be easily melted and shaped.
- the modeling area is once melted and then rapidly solidified, resulting in a supersaturated solid solution of chromium. Therefore, by aging the additively manufactured object, chromium precipitates from the copper substrate. Accordingly, the purity of the copper matrix increases, the electrical conductivity improves, and at the same time, the strength can be improved by precipitation strengthening.
- Patent Document 1 by aging treatment at 450° C. or higher and 500° C. or lower, which maximizes the strength, the electrical conductivity is 47.64% IACS or more and 73.96% IACS or less, and the Vickers hardness is 213.3 Hv or more and 259. A copper alloy laminate-molded body having a hardness and electrical conductivity of 8 Hv or less has been obtained.
- FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relationship between Vickers hardness and electrical conductivity and boundary lines of a layered product in Patent Document 1.
- Equation (2) is used as a guideline for expressing.
- electrical conductivity %IACS
- Hv Vickers hardness
- the copper alloy additively manufactured body produced by additive manufacturing using the additively manufactured copper alloy powder of the present invention using the additive manufacturing apparatus has excellent electrical conductivity, it can be used as a copper alloy additively manufactured body having high thermal conductivity. is also available.
- FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing the procedure of the evaluation method for copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing in this embodiment.
- step S201 in FIG. 2 a process for forming a powder layer for additive manufacturing is performed using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing to be evaluated. Then, in step S202, it is determined whether or not the copper alloy powder for layered manufacturing to be evaluated can form a powder layer that can be layered. If the squeezing property is poor and a powder layer that can be layered for layered manufacturing cannot be formed, it is evaluated in step S209 that the powder is insufficient as a copper alloy powder for layered manufacturing.
- step S203 an additive manufacturing body is manufactured using an additive manufacturing apparatus or the like using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing to be evaluated.
- step S204 the electrical conductivity X (%IACS) and Vickers hardness Y (Hv) of the manufactured laminate body are measured.
- step S207 If it is in the upper region (Y ⁇ 1.1X+300), it is evaluated in step S207 that it is sufficient as a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing. On the other hand, if it is in the lower region (Y ⁇ -1.1X+300), it is evaluated in step S209 that it is insufficient as a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing.
- the method for evaluating copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of the present embodiment it is possible to evaluate copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing to obtain a copper alloy additive manufacturing body with high strength and high conductivity.
- a method for producing a raw material powder that makes it possible to realize characteristics in a region above the boundary line expressed by the above equation (2), that is, a region on the high strength side and high conductivity side, and
- the present invention provides a raw material powder and a laminate-molded body obtained using the raw material powder.
- the present inventors aimed at a region above the boundary line expressed by the above equation (2), that is, a region on the high strength side and high conductivity side, and as a result, they found that By using an element-based alloy, we have found an alloy that has characteristics in the region above the boundary line expressed by the above formula (2), that is, in the region on the high strength side and high conductivity side.
- magnesium may have a high repulsive interaction with both chromium and copper, which is a substrate, it is thought that even a small amount of magnesium has an effective effect on increasing the chemical potential of chromium.
- magnesium is one of the elements that has the least effect on increasing the specific resistance of the substrate, and even when added as a third element to a copper-chromium alloy, it has no effect on conductivity. It is hoped that this will be kept to a minimum. Based on the above, the present inventors came up with the idea of adding magnesium as a third element to a copper-chromium alloy, and after extensive study, they completed the present invention.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment contains chromium of 0.70 wt% or more and 1.5 wt% or less, and magnesium content of 0.05 wt% or more and 0.35 wt% or less. However, the remainder is copper alloy powder consisting of copper and unavoidable impurities.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment has a 50% particle size of 3.0 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment has an apparent density of 3.5 g/cm 3 or more when measured by the measuring method of JIS Z 2504.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment has an adhesion force of 0.600 kPa or less, which is determined from the fracture envelope obtained by a shear test.
- the copper alloy additively manufactured article of this embodiment is produced by additive manufacturing using the additively manufactured copper alloy powder of this embodiment using an additive manufacturing apparatus, and contains 0.70% by weight or more and 1.5% by weight or less of chromium. It contains 0.05% by weight or more and 0.35% by weight or less of magnesium, and the remainder consists of copper and inevitable impurities.
- the copper alloy layered product of this embodiment has a conductivity of 60% IACS or higher.
- the copper alloy layered product of this embodiment has a Vickers hardness of 230 Hv or more.
- the method for producing a copper alloy laminate-molded body of this embodiment further includes an aging treatment step of holding the copper alloy laminate-molded body of this embodiment at a temperature of 400° C. or more and 500° C. or less. More preferably, the temperature is 450°C or more and 500°C or less.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment has a high strength It becomes possible to manufacture a copper alloy laminate-molded body having excellent conductivity and mechanical strength in the region on the side and high conductivity side.
- the manufacturing method of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment is not particularly limited, but there are methods such as gas atomization method, water atomization method, centrifugal atomization method, plasma atomization method, plasma rotating electrode method, etc., in which powder particles are rapidly cooled from a molten state. A solidified method is preferred. From the point of view of mass production, gas atomization is particularly preferred.
- the manufactured powder can be classified by a known classification method under predetermined classification conditions, and can be adjusted to a copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing with an appropriate particle size.
- an air classifier can be suitably used as a classification device for carrying out the classification.
- the chromium content is preferably 0.70% by weight or more. If it is less than 0.70% by weight, the amount of precipitation during aging treatment will be insufficient, and the effect of improving strength will not be sufficiently achieved.
- the solid solubility limit of chromium in copper is said to be 0.7% by weight or more and 0.8% by weight or less at the eutectic temperature of about 1076°C, and although the amount is small, it is possible to melt the metal using powder manufacturing methods such as atomization.
- powder manufacturing methods such as atomization.
- the process involves melting and rapid solidification using a laser or electron beam, so additive manufacturing is performed while the copper matrix contains more than the solid solubility limit of chromium. body can be created.
- the chromium content exceeds 1.5% by weight, the effect of further improving mechanical strength can be obtained, but this results in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity. Therefore, the chromium content is preferably 1.5% by weight or less.
- magnesium is an important element that is thought to increase the chemical potential of chromium, enhance the repulsive interaction between elements, and promote the precipitation of chromium. If the magnesium content is less than 0.05% by weight, chromium precipitation will be insufficient, making it impossible to simultaneously satisfy the high strength and high conductivity requirements of the present invention in a well-balanced manner. When the magnesium content exceeds 0.35% by weight, the ratio of magnesium increases, but even if the magnesium content is increased, no significant effect on the properties can be obtained. In addition, the excessive content of expensive magnesium causes an increase in cost. Therefore, the magnesium content is preferably 0.05% by weight or more and 0.35% by weight or less, more preferably 0.06% by weight or more and 0.25% by weight or less.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of this embodiment may contain inevitable impurities in addition to chromium and magnesium.
- Unavoidable impurities are those that are unavoidably mixed in during the manufacturing process of copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing, and include, for example, oxygen, phosphorus, iron, aluminum, silicon, titanium, and the like. Since these unavoidable impurities may reduce the electrical conductivity, the content is preferably 0.10% by weight or less, more preferably 0.05% by weight or less, and further preferably 0.01% by weight or less. It is more preferable to do so.
- the powder used for additive manufacturing is compatible with each process of additive manufacturing, such as the feeding process from a hopper onto the modeling stage, the process of forming a uniformly spread powder layer with a constant thickness, and the process of melting and solidification. are required to do so. Therefore, the following conditions are required.
- the conditions are: particle size adjusted within an appropriate range, apparent density within an appropriate range, and powder fluidity that allows it to be fed from the supply hopper and form an appropriate powder layer. It is.
- the 50% particle size of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing is the cumulative value of the 50% particle size (so-called median diameter, D50) of the powder in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution when measured by laser diffraction method, and 3 It is preferably included in the range of .0 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less.
- D50 median diameter
- the 50% particle size is less than 3.0 ⁇ m, the powder has no fluidity, and a powder bed cannot be formed even in an additive manufacturing apparatus using a laser powder bed melting method.
- surface defects may occur, such as the powder scattering violently and re-adhering to the layered object.
- the 50% particle size is larger than 100 ⁇ m when additive manufacturing is performed using laser powder bed melting method, and when the 50% particle size is larger than 200 ⁇ m when additive manufacturing is performed using electron beam powder bed melting method, the powder bed surface The powder becomes rough and a suitable powder bed cannot be formed for modeling. In addition, the surface of the layered product becomes rough, resulting in poor appearance, and the melt pool generated in the powder layer during beam irradiation does not reach the solidified layer directly below, resulting in insufficient melting and solidification, resulting in defective modeling.
- the 50% particle size is preferably 3.0 ⁇ m or more and 100 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 5.0 ⁇ m or more and 75 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less.
- the 50% particle size is preferably 10 ⁇ m or more and 200 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 25 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 45 ⁇ m or more and 105 ⁇ m or less.
- the apparent density of the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing is preferably 3.5 g/cm 3 or more when measured by the measuring method of JIS Z 2504.
- the apparent density is less than 3.5 g/cm 3 , the powder filling rate of the powder layer spread by squeegeeing decreases, making it impossible to form an appropriate powder layer.
- the filling property of the powder decreases, which causes pores to occur in the laminate-molded body, resulting in a decrease in the density of the laminate-molded body.
- fluidity is a particularly important powder property.
- the most important powder characteristics are the supply of powder from the supply hopper, the supply of powder from the recoater, and the formation of a powder layer on the modeling stage, which are directly linked to the quality of the layered product.
- the powder used in additive manufacturing requires sufficient squeegeeability, and for this purpose, the powder needs to have appropriate fluidity.
- the flow rate (FR) defined in JIS Z 2502 "Metal powder - Flow rate measurement method" is used as an index to measure the fluidity of metal powder, but it is mainly used for laser powder bed melting method. If the powder has a 50% particle size of 50 ⁇ m or less, the powder will not flow out of the measurement container, making measurement impossible, and fluidity may not be evaluated. Therefore, as an index for evaluating the fluidity of fine powder, the one-sided shear test method for powder specified in the Japan Powder Industry Technology Association standard (SAP15-13: 2013) "One-plane shear test method for powder” is recommended. It is effective to use the adhesion force of powder obtained by (hereinafter referred to as a shear test).
- Adhesion strength is measured in a shear test by measuring the shear stress that occurs when a powder layer formed by compacting the powder in the vertical direction is slid horizontally under pressure in the vertical direction. It can be determined from the fracture envelope of the body layer.
- the shear test can be measured using, for example, a powder rheometer FT4 manufactured by Freeman Technology.
- copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing if its adhesive force is 0.600 kPa or less, it can be judged that it has sufficient fluidity to spread a uniform powder layer and has good squeegeeability. can. As a result, a high-density and homogeneous laminate-molded body can be obtained.
- the adhesion force of the copper alloy powder determined from the fracture envelope obtained by a shear test is 0.600 kPa or less.
- Copper alloy layered product of this embodiment Various known metal additive manufacturing techniques can be used to produce the copper alloy additive manufacturing body.
- metal powder is spread on a modeling stage using a blade or roller to form a powder layer, and a laser or electron beam is irradiated at a predetermined position on the formed powder layer to sinter the metal powder.
- a laser or electron beam is irradiated at a predetermined position on the formed powder layer to sinter the metal powder.
- the main parameters are adjusted using energy density, which is an index that summarizes the main parameters.
- the energy density is preferably 150 J/mm 3 or more and 450 J/mm 3 or less. If the energy density is less than 150 J/mm 3 , the powder layer will not melt or will not fuse properly, resulting in defects such as voids in the layered product.
- the preheating temperature is preferably set to 400 to 800°C.
- the metal additive manufacturing technology using the powder bed melting method is illustrated here, the general additive manufacturing method for producing a additively manufactured object using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of the present invention is limited to this.
- an additive manufacturing method using a directed energy deposition method may be adopted.
- the aging treatment step is an essential step in order to obtain the high strength and high conductivity properties of the present invention.
- the aging treatment can be carried out by heating the laminate to a predetermined temperature and holding it for a predetermined time.
- the aging treatment is preferably carried out in a reducing atmosphere or inert gas in a vacuum.
- the effect of aging treatment is determined by the combination of aging treatment temperature and aging treatment time, so it is important to set appropriate conditions in balance with desired characteristics and efficiency.
- the aging treatment temperature is preferably from 400°C to 500°C.
- the temperature is 450°C or higher and 500°C or lower.
- the temperature is preferably 450°C.
- the temperature can be set at 500°C or higher.
- the aging treatment time is preferably set to 0.5 hours or more and 10 hours or less when the aging treatment temperature is less than 500°C, and 0.5 hours or more when the aging treatment temperature is 500°C or more. , it is preferable to set the time to 3 hours or less. If the aging treatment time is less than the above set time, chromium precipitation will be insufficient.
- the aging treatment temperature exceeds the above set time, the chromium precipitated due to overaging becomes coarse, resulting in a decrease in hardness.
- the aging treatment temperature is less than 400° C., it takes a long time to obtain the aging effect, which is not practical.
- the aging treatment temperature exceeds 500° C., over-aging occurs, and the chromium precipitate phase becomes coarse and the strength decreases.
- the aging treatment temperature exceeds 500° C., over-aging occurs, and the chromium precipitate phase becomes coarse and the strength decreases.
- sufficient electrical conductivity and mechanical properties can be obtained even at an aging treatment temperature of 450°C and an aging treatment time of several hours. It is possible to improve the strength.
- Vickers hardness is measured by a method based on "JIS Z 2244: Vickers hardness test - Test method". Vickers hardness can be measured using, for example, a microhardness tester HMV-G21-DT manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation.
- the laminated body has a conductivity of 60% IACS or higher.
- the conductivity can be measured using, for example, an eddy current conductivity meter.
- Examples of the eddy current conductivity meter include the high performance eddy current conductivity meter Sigma Check manufactured by Nippon Matek Co., Ltd.
- IACS International Annealed Copper Standard
- the electrical conductivity can be adjusted by aging treatment, and is preferably adjusted appropriately depending on the desired Vickers hardness.
- the conductivity is preferably 60% IACS or higher.
- a copper alloy powder for layered manufacturing from which a copper alloy layered product with high strength and high conductivity can be obtained, and the copper alloy layered product.
- Copper alloy powders for additive manufacturing with various compositions shown in Table 1 below are produced by gas atomization, and the various copper alloy powders obtained are heated with an electron beam to a particle size of 10 ⁇ m or more and 45 ⁇ m or less for laser powder bed melting. It was classified to have a particle size of 45 ⁇ m or more and 105 ⁇ m or less for powder bed melting method.
- the content of component elements in the obtained copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing was measured by ICP emission spectroscopy. Further, the apparent density (AD) (g/cm 3 ) of the obtained copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing was measured according to JIS Z 2504. Further, the flow rate (FR) (sec/50 g) of the obtained copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing was measured according to JIS Z 2502. Further, the 50% particle size (D50) ( ⁇ m) was measured by laser diffraction method (Microtrac MT3300: manufactured by Microtrac Bell Co., Ltd.).
- a shear test was conducted using a powder rheometer FT4 (manufactured by Freeman Technology), and the adhesion force (kPa) of the obtained copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing was measured.
- the squeegeeability of the obtained copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing was measured by actually spreading the powder for the modeling test on the modeling stage of a 3D powder additive manufacturing machine (powder bed melting method/laser method or electron beam method). Evaluation was made by forming a layer.
- Table 1 shows the measurement results of various powder properties for the copper alloy powders for additive manufacturing used in Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 10.
- Comparative Example 8 is a fine copper powder for a conductive material using a high-pressure water atomization method
- Comparative Example 9 is a true spherical copper powder using a plasma rotating electrode method.
- the copper alloy powders of Comparative Examples 8 to 10 had poor squeegeeability and could not be squeezed and could not be subjected to additive manufacturing.
- additive manufacturing was conducted using a 3D powder additive manufacturing machine (SLM Solutions GmbH, SLM280HL) equipped with a Yb fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm. The body was created. The additive manufacturing was performed under the following conditions: a layer thickness of 25 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, a laser output of 300 W or more and 700 W or less, a scanning speed of 900 mm/sec or more and 1500 mm/sec or less, and an energy density of 150 J/mm 3 or more and 450 J/mm 3 or less .
- SLM Solutions GmbH, SLM280HL equipped with a Yb fiber laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm.
- the body was created.
- the additive manufacturing was performed under the following conditions: a layer thickness of 25 ⁇ m or more and 50 ⁇ m or less, a laser output of 300 W or more and 700 W or less, a scanning speed of 900 mm/sec or more and 1500 mm/sec or less, and an energy density of 150 J/mm 3
- a cylindrical laminate body with a diameter of 14 mm and a height of 10 mm was produced using the 3D powder additive manufacturing machine described above.
- the density of the produced laminate model was measured by the Archimedes method using helium gas as a replacement medium (AccuPyc1330: manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and the theoretical density (density of ingot material having the same composition as the laminate model) was 100.
- the relative density (%) was calculated as %.
- the measurement results are shown in Table 1. Note that the laminate manufactured bodies obtained using the copper alloy powders for additive manufacturing of Comparative Examples 8 to 10 were excluded from the following characteristic evaluation of the laminate manufactured bodies.
- the conductivity (%IACS) of the additively manufactured bodies of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 manufactured using a 3D powder additive manufacturing machine was measured using an eddy current conductivity meter (high performance eddy current conductivity meter Sigma Check: Manufactured by Nippon Matek Co., Ltd.).
- the Vickers hardness (Hv) of each laminate was measured using a microhardness tester (microhardness tester HMV-G21-DT: manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation).
- the produced laminate was subjected to aging treatment for 1 hour at temperatures set at 400°C, 450°C, and 500°C in an inert atmosphere.
- the conductivity of the aged-treated laminate was measured using an eddy current conductivity meter.
- Vickers hardness was measured using a microhardness tester. Table 2 shows the evaluation results of various properties for the laminate bodies of Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 7 manufactured using a 3D powder additive manufacturing machine.
- FIG. 4 is a graph showing the relationship between Vickers hardness and electrical conductivity of the copper alloy laminate-molded bodies obtained in the present example and the comparative example, and the boundary line.
- Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 are copper alloy laminate manufactured bodies that were aged at 400°C using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. This is a plot of the measurement results.
- Example 1-2 and Comparative Example 1-2 copper alloy additively manufactured objects were subjected to aging treatment at 450 ° C. using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. This is a plot of the measurement results.
- Example 1-3 and Comparative Example 1-3 copper alloy additively manufactured objects were subjected to aging treatment at 500°C using the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. This is a plot of the measurement results.
- the copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing is evaluated based on whether a copper alloy additively manufactured object with high strength (Vickers hardness of 230 Hv or more) and high conductivity (electrical conductivity of 60% IACS or more) can be obtained. do. Note that depending on the use of the copper alloy laminate-molded body, a copper alloy laminate-molded body that does not have high strength and high conductivity may also be used.
- Comparative Examples 1 and 2 are copper-chromium alloys that do not contain magnesium, and therefore cannot simultaneously satisfy the high strength and high conductivity requirements of the present invention in a well-balanced manner. Moreover, in Comparative Example 3, since the magnesium content exceeds the content of the present invention, the high strength and high conductivity of the present invention cannot be satisfied at the same time in a well-balanced manner. Furthermore, in Comparative Example 4, since the magnesium content is lower than the content of the present invention, it is not possible to simultaneously satisfy the high strength and high conductivity of the present invention in a well-balanced manner.
- Comparative Example 5 contains magnesium within the range of the present invention, but contains chromium exceeding the range of 2.00% by weight, so although it exhibits high Vickers hardness, the conductivity is low and is below the range of the present invention. It has not been possible to simultaneously satisfy high strength and high conductivity in a well-balanced manner. Comparative Examples 6 and 7 contain magnesium within the scope of the present invention, but do not contain a sufficient amount of chromium, so although the conductivity is sufficient, the strength is insufficient. It has not been possible to simultaneously satisfy high strength and high conductivity in a well-balanced manner.
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Abstract
Description
本発明の目的は、上述の課題を解決する技術を提供することにある。
積層造形法により積層造形物を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅合金粉末であって、
クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.05重量%以上0.35重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる。
上記の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.05重量%以上0.35重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる銅合金積層造形体である。
上記の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により銅合金積層造形体を積層造形する積層造形工程と、
前記銅合金積層造形体を、400℃以上500℃以下で保持する時効処理工程と、
を含む。
積層造形法により積層造形物を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅粉末の製造方法であって、
ガスアトマイズ法またはプラズマ回転電極法により、クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.05重量%以上0.35重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる銅合金粉末を生成する工程と、
生成された前記銅合金粉末を、粒径10μm以上45μm以下と、粒径45μm以上105μm以下となるように分級する工程と、
を含む。
評価対象の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、銅合金積層造形体を積層造形する工程と、
前記銅合金積層造形体の導電率X(%IACS)およびビッカース硬さY(Hv)を測定する工程と、
導電率X(%IACS)およびビッカース硬さY(Hv)をX軸とY軸からなる2次元グラフにプロットした場合に、点(X,Y)が(Y=-1.1X+300)で示される境界線よりも高強度側および高導電率側に位置するか否かにより、前記積層造形用銅合金粉末を評価する工程と、
を含む。
本実施形態においては、積層造形用銅合金粉末の新たな評価方法について説明する。その前に、まず積層造形用銅合金粉末の現状について説明する。
積層造形技術は、従来の加工技術では困難であった複雑な形状の製品の作製が可能であり、様々な分野での応用が期待されている。特に機械的特性等に優れる金属材料の適用が望まれている。
しかしながら、一般に銅合金の強度、硬さと導電率はトレードオフの関係にあり、例えば特許文献1に記載された積層造形体の場合において、500℃以上700℃以下の時効処理におけるビッカース硬さと導電率の関係を整理すると、図1のようになる。図1は、特許文献1における積層造形体のビッカース硬さと導電率の関係および境界線を示すグラフである。
Y=-6X+680 (1)
Y=-1.1X+300 (2)
図2は、本実施形態における積層造形用銅合金粉末の評価方法の手順を示すフローチャートである。
本実施形態においては、第1実施形態の積層造形用銅合金粉末の評価方法において、十分に満足する結果が得られた積層造形用銅合金粉末の特徴について説明する。
本実施形態においては、上記(2)式で表される境界線よりも上部の領域、すなわち、高強度側かつ高導電率側の領域における特性を実現可能とする原料粉末の製造方法、および、その原料粉末とその原料粉末を用いて得られる積層造形体を提供する。
本実施形態の積層造形用銅合金粉末の製造方法は特に限定されないが、ガスアトマイズ法、水アトマイズ法、遠心アトマイズ法、プラズマアトマイズ法、プラズマ回転電極法等のように、粉末粒子が溶融状態から急冷凝固される方式が好ましい。量産性の点からは、ガスアトマイズ法が特に好ましい。製造した粉末は、公知の分級方法によって、所定の分級条件にて分級し、適切な粒度の積層造形用銅合金粉末に調整することができる。分級を実施するための分級装置としては、気流分級機を好適に用いることができる。
銅合金積層造形体の作製には、種々公知の金属積層造形技術を用いることができる。例えば粉末床溶融法では、金属粉末を造形ステージにブレードあるいはローラーなどでならして敷き詰めて粉末層を形成し、形成した粉末層の所定位置にレーザあるいは電子ビームを照射して金属粉末を焼結・溶融させる工程を繰り返しながら積層造形体の作製を行う。金属積層造形の造形プロセスにおいては、高品質な積層造形体を得るために非常に多数のプロセスパラメータを制御する必要がある。レーザ方式粉末床溶融法においては、レーザ出力やレーザの走査速度など多数の走査条件が存在する。そこで、最適な走査条件を設定するにあたり、主要なパラメータを総括した指標であるエネルギー密度を用いて、主要パラメータの調整を行う。エネルギー密度E[J/mm3]は、レーザの出力をP[W]、レーザの走査速度をv[mm/s]、レーザ走査ピッチをs[mm]、粉末層の厚みをt[mm]とすると、E=P/(v×s×t)により決定される。レーザ方式粉末床溶融法においては、エネルギー密度は150J/mm3以上450J/mm3以下が好ましい。エネルギー密度が150J/mm3未満の場合、粉末層に未溶融や融合不良が生じ、積層造形体に空隙などの欠陥が生じてしまう。エネルギー密度が450J/mm3を超える場合、スパッタリングが生じて粉末層の表面が不安定となり、積層造形体に空隙などの欠陥が生じてしまう。電子ビーム方式粉末床溶融法においては、電子ビームを粉末層に照射した際に、粉末層に負電荷が蓄積されてチャージアップすると、粉末が霧状に舞い上がるスモーク現象が引き起こされてしまい、溶融不良につながってしまう。そのため、チャージアップを防ぐために粉末層を予備加熱して仮焼結させる予備工程が必要とされる。ただし、予備加熱温度が高過ぎる場合、焼結が進行してネッキングを引き起こし、造形後に積層造形体内部から残留した粉末を除去するのが困難となる。このため、積層造形用銅合金粉末においては、予備加熱温度は400以上800℃以下に設定するのが好ましい。なお、ここでは粉末床溶融法による金属積層造形技術を例示したが、本発明の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて積層造形体を作製する一般的な積層造形方法としては、これに限定されるものではなく、例えば、指向性エネルギー堆積法による積層造形方法を採用してもよい。
積層造形体に時効処理を施すことで過飽和に固溶したクロムが析出し、積層造形体の強度が向上し導電率が向上する。そのため時効処理工程は、本発明の高強度かつ高導電率の特性を得るためには必須の工程である。時効処理は、積層造形体を所定の温度に加熱し、所定の時間保持することで実施できる。時効処理は還元性雰囲気もしくは不活性ガス中、真空で行うことが好ましい。時効処理の効果は、時効処理温度と時効処理時間の組み合わせで決まるので、目的とする特性と効率との兼ね合いで、適切な条件を設定することが重要である。時効処理温度は400℃以上500℃以下までが好ましい。より好ましくは450℃以上500℃以下である。機械的強度を特に向上させたい場合には450℃とすることが好ましい。特に高い導電率を得たい場合には500℃以上にすることもできる。時効処理時間は、時効処理温度が500℃未満の場合には、0.5時間以上、10時間以下に設定するのが好ましく、時効処理温度が500℃以上の場合には、0.5時間以上、3時間以下に設定するのが好ましい。時効処理時間が上記の設定時間未満の場合には、クロムの析出が不十分となる。また、時効処理温度が上記の設定時間を超える場合には、過時効となって析出したクロムが粗大化し、硬さの低下を招く。時効処理温度が400℃未満の場合には、時効効果が得られるまでに長時間を要し、実用的ではない。また、時効処理温度が500℃を超える場合には、過時効となり、クロムの析出相が粗大化して強度が低下してしまう。本発明の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて作製した積層造形体においては、クロムとマグネシウムの反発相互作用によって、時効処理温度450℃で数時間程度の時効処理時間でも十分に導電率および機械的強度を向上させることが可能である。
ビッカース硬さは「JIS Z 2244:ビッカース硬さ試験-試験方法」に準拠した方法により測定される。ビッカース硬さは例えば、株式会社島津製作所製の微小硬さ試験機HMV-G21-DTなどにより測定することができる。
以上、実施形態を参照して本願発明を説明したが、本願発明は上記実施形態に限定されるものではない。本願発明の構成や詳細には、本願発明の技術的範囲で当業者が理解し得る様々な変更をすることができる。
比較例1および2ではマグネシウムを含有していない銅-クロム合金のため、本発明の高強度かつ高導電率をバランス良く同時に満たすことができていない。また、比較例3ではマグネシウムの含有量が本発明の含有量を上回っているため、本発明の高強度かつ高導電率をバランス良く同時に満たすことができていない。また、比較例4ではマグネシウムの含有量が本発明の含有量を下回っているため、本発明の高強度かつ高導電率をバランス良く同時に満たすことができていない。
Claims (11)
- 積層造形法により積層造形物を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅合金粉末であって、
クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.05重量%以上0.35重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる積層造形用銅合金粉末。 - 前記積層造形用銅合金粉末は、クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.06重量%以上0.25重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる請求項1に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- 50%粒径が3.0μm以上200μm以下である請求項1または2に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- JIS Z 2504の測定法で測定したときの粉末の見掛密度が3.5g/cm3以上である請求項1から3のいずれか1項に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- せん断試験によって得られた破壊包絡線から求めた銅合金粉末の付着力が、0.600kPa以下である請求項1から4のいずれか1項に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により積層造形された銅合金積層造形体であって、
クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.05重量%以上0.35重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる銅合金積層造形体。 - 60%IACS以上の導電率を有する請求項6に記載の銅合金積層造形体。
- 230Hv以上のビッカース硬さを有する請求項7に記載の銅合金積層造形体。
- 請求項1から5のいずれか1項に記載の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、積層造形装置により銅合金積層造形体を積層造形する積層造形工程と、
前記銅合金積層造形体を、400℃以上500℃以下で保持する時効処理工程と、
を含む銅合金積層造形体の製造方法。 - 積層造形法により積層造形物を造形するために用いられる積層造形用銅粉末の製造方法であって、
ガスアトマイズ法またはプラズマ回転電極法により、クロムを0.70重量%以上1.5重量%以下、および、マグネシウムを0.05重量%以上0.35重量%以下含有し、残部が銅および不可避的不純物からなる銅合金粉末を生成する工程と、
生成された前記銅合金粉末を、粒径10μm以上45μm以下と、粒径45μm以上105μm以下となるように分級する工程と、
を含む積層造形用銅粉末の製造方法。 - 積層造形用銅合金粉末の評価方法であって、
評価対象の積層造形用銅合金粉末を用いて、銅合金積層造形体を積層造形する工程と、
前記銅合金積層造形体の導電率X(%IACS)およびビッカース硬さY(Hv)を測定する工程と、
導電率X(%IACS)およびビッカース硬さY(Hv)をX軸とY軸からなる2次元グラフにプロットした場合に、点(X,Y)が(Y=-1.1X+300)で示される境界線よりも高強度側および高導電率側に位置するか否かにより、前記積層造形用銅合金粉末を評価する工程と、
を含む積層造形用銅合金粉末の評価方法。
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| EP22933469.3A EP4480603A4 (en) | 2022-03-25 | 2022-03-25 | COPPER ALLOY POWDER FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, PRODUCTION METHOD AND EVALUATION METHOD THEREOF, PRODUCTION METHOD OF COPPER ALLOY ARTICLE MANUFACTURED BY ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, AND COPPER ALLOY ARTICLE MANUFACTURED BY ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING |
| US18/848,178 US20250215530A1 (en) | 2022-03-25 | 2022-03-25 | Copper alloy powder for additive manufacturing, manufacturing method and evaluation method thereof, manufacturing method of copper alloy additively manufactured product, and copper alloy additively manufactured product |
| CN202280094055.6A CN118984745A (zh) | 2022-03-25 | 2022-03-25 | 层叠造形用铜合金粉末和其制造方法及评价方法、铜合金层叠造形体的制造方法及铜合金层叠造形体 |
| PCT/JP2022/014272 WO2023181329A1 (ja) | 2022-03-25 | 2022-03-25 | 積層造形用銅合金粉末とその製造方法および評価方法、銅合金積層造形体の製造方法および銅合金積層造形体 |
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