WO2023162658A1 - メタマテリアル及び積層体 - Google Patents
メタマテリアル及び積層体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023162658A1 WO2023162658A1 PCT/JP2023/003878 JP2023003878W WO2023162658A1 WO 2023162658 A1 WO2023162658 A1 WO 2023162658A1 JP 2023003878 W JP2023003878 W JP 2023003878W WO 2023162658 A1 WO2023162658 A1 WO 2023162658A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
- G03F7/09—Photosensitive materials characterised by structural details, e.g. supports, auxiliary layers
- G03F7/092—Photosensitive materials characterised by structural details, e.g. supports, auxiliary layers characterised by backside coating or layers, by lubricating-slip layers or means, by oxygen barrier layers or by stripping-release layers or means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/004—Photosensitive materials
- G03F7/0042—Photosensitive materials with inorganic or organometallic light-sensitive compounds not otherwise provided for, e.g. inorganic resists
- G03F7/0043—Chalcogenides; Silicon, germanium, arsenic or derivatives thereof; Metals, oxides or alloys thereof
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
- H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to metamaterials and laminates.
- a metamaterial comprising a base material and a pattern provided on the surface of the base material, which is composed of a conductive material or the like, has been used as an electromagnetic wave with a frequency of 0.1 to 10 THz (wavelength of 30 to 3000 ⁇ m) (hereinafter referred to as the terahertz band It is also described as an electromagnetic wave.) is being studied to apply to an optical element for.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2021-114647 discloses a metamaterial including a metasurface substrate and a pattern of a metal film provided on the surface of the metasurface substrate.
- the pattern included in the metamaterial described in JP-A-2021-114647 functions as a resonator for electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band. Since the part that functions as a resonator for electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band is limited to about 0.5 ⁇ m in the thickness direction from the surface of the pattern, in future development, from the viewpoint of cost reduction, etc., the thickness of the pattern will be reduced. It is assumed to be small.
- the present inventors have found that when the thickness of the pattern is reduced, the rigidity of the pattern decreases, and internal stress is generated due to deformation of the base material due to changes in temperature and humidity, and cracks may occur in the pattern. Obtained.
- the present disclosure has been made based on the above findings, and the problem to be solved by one embodiment of the present disclosure is that the occurrence of cracks can be suppressed (hereinafter also referred to as crack suppression), meta It is to provide materials and laminates.
- ⁇ 4> The above ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3, wherein the ratio of the product of the thickness of the pattern and the storage elastic modulus at 25° C. to the product of the thickness of the substrate and the storage elastic modulus at 25° C. is less than 10.
- ⁇ 5> The metamaterial according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 4>, wherein the pattern includes a plurality of structures, and the structures are split ring resonators.
- ⁇ 6> The metamaterial according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 5>, wherein the pattern is made of the conductive material, and the conductive material contains a metal.
- ⁇ 7> The metamaterial according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 6>, wherein the substrate contains at least one selected from the group consisting of fluoropolymers and liquid crystal polymers.
- ⁇ 8> The metamaterial according to any one of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 7>above; and an organic film provided on the pattern-side surface of the metamaterial.
- ⁇ 9> The laminate according to ⁇ 8> above, wherein the organic film has a moisture permeability of 3000 g/(m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less under an environment of a temperature of 40°C and a relative humidity of 90%.
- the organic film contains an ultraviolet absorber.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing one embodiment of the metamaterial of the present disclosure.
- the numerical range indicated using "-" includes the numerical values before and after "-" as the minimum and maximum values, respectively.
- the upper limit or lower limit of one numerical range may be replaced with the upper or lower limit of another numerical range described step by step.
- the upper or lower limits of the numerical ranges may be replaced with the values shown in the examples.
- each component may contain multiple types of applicable substances.
- layer or film refers to the case where the layer or film is formed in the entire region when observing the region where the layer or film is present, and only a part of the region. It also includes the case where it is formed.
- process includes not only an independent process but also a process that cannot be clearly distinguished from other processes as long as the intended purpose of the process is achieved.
- the term “metamaterial” refers to a member made of a conductive material or the like and having a pattern that functions as a resonator for electromagnetic waves.
- the metamaterial preferably has a pattern that serves as a resonator for electromagnetic waves with frequencies of 0.01 THz to 10 THz (wavelengths of 30 ⁇ m to 30000 ⁇ m), and resonates with electromagnetic waves with frequencies of 0.1 THz to 10 THz (wavelengths of 30 ⁇ m to 3000 ⁇ m). It is more preferable to have a pattern that serves as a container.
- the storage modulus of the base material at 25°C is measured according to the method described in JIS K 7127 (1999) under conditions of a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 50%.
- a test piece having a size of 10 mm ⁇ 150 mm is prepared and the storage elastic modulus of the test piece is measured.
- the pattern formed on the surface of the substrate is cut into a size of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm, a test piece is prepared, and a scanning probe microscope is used at a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50%.
- the storage elastic modulus of the test piece is measured under the conditions of
- measurement of moisture permeability is carried out under the conditions of a temperature of 40°C, a relative humidity of 90%, and standing for 24 hours in accordance with the method described in JIS Z 0208 (1976).
- GPC gel permeation chromatography
- (meth)acrylic is a concept that includes both acrylic and methacrylic.
- solid content means a component that forms a layer formed using a composition or the like, and when the composition or the like contains a solvent (organic solvent, water, etc.), all means a component of In addition, as long as it is a layer-forming component, a liquid component is also regarded as a solid content.
- the metamaterial of the present disclosure includes a base material and a pattern provided on the surface of the base material, the pattern is composed of at least one of a conductive material and a material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor, and the base material A coefficient of thermal expansion is 80 ppm/K or less.
- the metamaterial of the present disclosure has excellent crack suppression properties.
- the reason why the above effect is exhibited is presumed as follows, but is not limited thereto.
- the substrate included in the metamaterial of the present disclosure has a thermal expansion coefficient of 80 ppm/K or less, which is smaller than that of a conventional metamaterial substrate, and the difference in thermal expansion coefficient from the pattern formed on the surface. becomes smaller. It is presumed that the internal stress generated in the pattern can be reduced by reducing the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the base material and the pattern, and the occurrence of cracks in the pattern can be suppressed.
- the ratio of the product of the thickness of the pattern and the storage modulus at 25 ° C. to the product of the thickness of the substrate and the storage modulus at 25 ° C. is preferably less than 10, more preferably 0.005 to 1.0, and 0.005 to 1.0. It is more preferably 01 to 0.5.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate is more preferably -20 ppm/K to 65 ppm/K, further preferably 0 ppm/K to 55 ppm/K, and 5 ppm/K to 40 ppm/K. K is particularly preferred.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the base material can be adjusted by changing the material contained in the base material.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion is measured by the following method. First, a substrate is cut into a test piece of 5 mm ⁇ 20 mm. Then, using a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA), a tensile load of 1 g was applied to both ends of the test piece in the longitudinal direction, and the temperature was raised from 25 ° C. to 150 ° C. at a rate of 5 ° C./min, and then cooled to 25 ° C. The coefficient of thermal expansion is calculated from the slope of the TMA curve between 125 and 50°C.
- TMA thermomechanical analyzer
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate is preferably 0.01 or less, more preferably 0.0005 to 0.007, even more preferably 0.001 to 0.006. , 0.001 to 0.005.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material can be adjusted by changing the material contained in the base material.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate is measured by the following terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS).
- THz-TDS terahertz time domain spectroscopy
- a substrate is cut into a test piece of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm.
- an optical system for transmission type terahertz spectroscopy was prepared, and the dielectric loss tangent of the test piece was measured from the change in the time waveform of the optical electric field (frequency 1 THz) before and after the test piece was inserted in an environment of 25°C and 10% RH. do.
- the dielectric loss tangent is measured using a base material etched with a solution such as iron chloride.
- the material constituting the base material is not particularly limited as long as it satisfies the conditions of the coefficient of thermal expansion, and resin is preferable from the viewpoint of handleability and the like.
- resins that can be contained in the substrate include liquid crystal polymers, fluorine-based polymers, polymers of compounds having a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, polyether ether ketones, polyolefins, polyamides, and polyesters.
- thermoplastic resins such as polyetherimide; elastomers such as copolymers of glycidyl methacrylate and polyethylene; phenolic resins , epoxy resins, polyimide resins, and cyanate resins.
- liquid crystal polymers from the viewpoint of dielectric loss tangent, adhesion to patterns, and heat resistance, liquid crystal polymers, fluorine-based polymers, polymers of compounds having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond , polyphenylene ethers and aromatic polyether ketones, and epoxy resins, and more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of liquid crystal polymers and fluoropolymers. . From the viewpoint of adhesion to the pattern and mechanical strength, it is preferably a liquid crystal polymer, and from the viewpoint of heat resistance and dielectric loss tangent, a group having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and an ethylenically unsaturated bond. Polymers of compounds having and, polyarylates, polyethersulfones, and fluoropolymers are preferred.
- the liquid crystal polymer may be a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer that exhibits liquid crystallinity in a molten state, or a lyotropic liquid crystal polymer that exhibits liquid crystallinity in a solution state.
- the liquid crystal polymer is a thermotropic liquid crystal polymer, it is preferably a liquid crystal polymer that melts at a temperature of 450° C. or less.
- liquid crystal polymers include liquid crystal polyesters, liquid crystal polyester amides in which amide bonds are introduced into liquid crystal polyesters, liquid crystal polyester ethers in which ether bonds are introduced into liquid crystal polyesters, and liquid crystal polyester carbonates in which carbonate bonds are introduced into liquid crystal polyesters. can be done.
- the liquid crystal polymer is preferably a polymer having an aromatic ring, more preferably an aromatic polyester or an aromatic polyesteramide.
- the liquid crystal polymer may be a polymer obtained by introducing an isocyanate-derived bond such as an imide bond, a carbodiimide bond, or an isocyanurate bond into an aromatic polyester or an aromatic polyesteramide.
- the liquid crystal polymer is preferably a wholly aromatic liquid crystal polymer using only aromatic compounds as raw material monomers.
- liquid crystal polymers include, for example, the following liquid crystal polymers. 1) (i) an aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid, (ii) an aromatic dicarboxylic acid, and (iii) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an aromatic diol, an aromatic hydroxylamine and an aromatic diamine; A product obtained by polycondensation. 2) Those obtained by polycondensing a plurality of types of aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids. 3) Polycondensation of (i) an aromatic dicarboxylic acid and (ii) at least one compound selected from the group consisting of aromatic diols, aromatic hydroxylamines and aromatic diamines.
- aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids aromatic dicarboxylic acids, aromatic diols, aromatic hydroxyamines and aromatic diamines may each independently be replaced with polycondensable derivatives.
- aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids can be replaced with aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid esters and aromatic dicarboxylic acid esters by converting a carboxy group to an alkoxycarbonyl group or an aryloxycarbonyl group.
- Aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids can be replaced with aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid halides and aromatic dicarboxylic acid halides by converting the carboxy group to a haloformyl group.
- Aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids and aromatic dicarboxylic acids can be replaced with aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid anhydrides and aromatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides by converting carboxy groups to acyloxycarbonyl groups.
- polymerizable derivatives of compounds having a hydroxy group such as aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, aromatic diols and aromatic hydroxyamines include those obtained by acylating the hydroxy group to convert it to an acyloxy group (acylated product).
- aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acids, aromatic diols, and aromatic hydroxyamines can each be replaced with an acylate by acylating the hydroxy group to convert it to an acyloxy group.
- polymerizable derivatives of compounds having an amino group such as aromatic hydroxylamines and aromatic diamines include those obtained by acylating the amino group to convert it to an acylamino group (acylated product).
- an acylate can replace an aromatic hydroxyamine and an aromatic diamine, respectively, by acylating the amino group to convert it to an acylamino group.
- the liquid crystal polymer is a structural unit represented by any of the following formulas (1) to (3) (hereinafter, represented by formula (1) may be referred to as a structural unit (1), etc.), more preferably a structural unit represented by the following formula (1), represented by the following formula (1) , a structural unit represented by the following formula (2), and a structural unit represented by the following formula (3).
- Ar 1 represents a phenylene group, naphthylene group or biphenylylene group
- Ar 2 and Ar 3 each independently represent a phenylene group, naphthylene group, biphenylylene group or the following formula (4) and each of X and Y independently represents an oxygen atom or an imino group
- the hydrogen atoms in Ar 1 to Ar 3 are each independently substituted with a halogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group.
- Ar 4 and Ar 5 each independently represent a phenylene group or a naphthylene group, and Z represents an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a carbonyl group, a sulfonyl group, or an alkylene group.
- the halogen atoms include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine atoms.
- alkyl groups include methyl group, ethyl group, n-propyl group, isopropyl group, n-butyl group, isobutyl group, s-butyl group, t-butyl group, n-hexyl group, 2-ethylhexyl group, n-octyl and n-decyl groups are included.
- the number of carbon atoms in the alkyl group is preferably 1-10.
- the aryl group includes phenyl group, o-tolyl group, m-tolyl group, p-tolyl group, 1-naphthyl group and 2-naphthyl group.
- the aryl group preferably has 6 to 20 carbon atoms.
- the number of substitutions in Ar 1 , Ar 2 or Ar 3 is preferably 2 or less, more preferably 1, each independently.
- alkylene group examples include a methylene group, 1,1-ethanediyl group, 1-methyl-1,1-ethanediyl group, 1,1-butanediyl group and 2-ethyl-1,1-hexanediyl group.
- the alkylene group preferably has 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
- Structural unit (1) is a structural unit derived from an aromatic hydroxycarboxylic acid.
- Ar 1 is a p-phenylene group (structural unit derived from p-hydroxybenzoic acid) and an embodiment in which Ar 1 is a 2,6-naphthylene group (6-hydroxy- A structural unit derived from 2-naphthoic acid) or a 4,4'-biphenylylene group (a structural unit derived from 4'-hydroxy-4-biphenylcarboxylic acid) is preferred.
- Structural unit (2) is a structural unit derived from an aromatic dicarboxylic acid.
- the structural unit (2) include an embodiment in which Ar 2 is a p-phenylene group (structural unit derived from terephthalic acid), an embodiment in which Ar 2 is an m-phenylene group (structural unit derived from isophthalic acid), and Ar 2 is a 2,6-naphthylene group (structural unit derived from 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylic acid), or an embodiment in which Ar 2 is a diphenyl ether-4,4'-diyl group (diphenyl ether-4,4'- Structural units derived from dicarboxylic acids) are preferred.
- Structural unit (3) is a structural unit derived from an aromatic diol, aromatic hydroxylamine or aromatic diamine.
- Ar 3 is a p-phenylene group (structural unit derived from hydroquinone, p-aminophenol or p-phenylenediamine)
- Ar 3 is an m-phenylene group (isophthalic acid or an embodiment in which Ar 3 is a 4,4'-biphenylylene group (derived from 4,4'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 4-amino-4'-hydroxybiphenyl or 4,4'-diaminobiphenyl structural unit) is preferred.
- the content of the structural unit (1) is obtained by dividing the total amount of all structural units (the mass of each structural unit constituting the liquid crystal polymer (also referred to as "monomer unit") by the formula weight of each structural unit. It is preferably 30 mol% or more, more preferably 30 mol% to 80 mol%, still more preferably 30 mol% to 60 mol, based on the sum of the amounts (moles) equivalent to the amount of substances of the structural units. %, particularly preferably 30 mol % to 40 mol %.
- the content of the structural unit (2) is preferably 35 mol% or less, more preferably 10 mol% to 35 mol%, still more preferably 20 mol% to 35 mol%, particularly It is preferably 30 mol % to 35 mol %.
- the content of the structural unit (3) is preferably 35 mol% or less, more preferably 10 mol% to 35 mol%, still more preferably 20 mol% to 35 mol%, particularly It is preferably 30 mol % to 35 mol %.
- the higher the content of the structural unit (1) the more likely the heat resistance, strength and rigidity are to be improved.
- the ratio between the content of the structural unit (2) and the content of the structural unit (3) is expressed as [content of the structural unit (2)]/[content of the structural unit (3)] (mol/mol). , preferably 0.9/1 to 1/0.9, more preferably 0.95/1 to 1/0.95, still more preferably 0.98/1 to 1/0.98.
- the liquid crystal polymer may have two or more types of structural units (1) to (3) each independently.
- the liquid crystal polymer may have structural units other than the structural units (1) to (3), but the content thereof is preferably 10 mol% or less, more than Preferably, it is 5 mol % or less.
- the liquid crystal polymer has a structural unit (3) in which at least one of X and Y is an imino group, that is, the structural unit (3) is an aromatic It preferably has at least one of a structural unit derived from hydroxylamine and a structural unit derived from an aromatic diamine, and more preferably has only a structural unit (3) in which at least one of X and Y is an imino group.
- the liquid crystal polymer is preferably produced by melt-polymerizing raw material monomers corresponding to the structural units that constitute the liquid crystal polymer. Melt polymerization may be carried out in the presence of a catalyst.
- catalysts include metal compounds such as magnesium acetate, stannous acetate, tetrabutyl titanate, lead acetate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate, antimony trioxide, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, 1-methylimidazole and the like.
- examples include nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds are preferred.
- the melt polymerization may be further subjected to solid phase polymerization, if necessary.
- the weight average molecular weight of the liquid crystal polymer is preferably 1,000,000 or less, more preferably 3,000 to 300,000, even more preferably 5,000 to 100,000, 5,000 to 30,000 are particularly preferred.
- the substrate is excellent in thermal conductivity, heat resistance, strength and rigidity in the thickness direction.
- fluorine-based polymers include polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy fluororesin, ethylene tetrafluoride/propylene hexafluoride copolymer, ethylene/tetrafluoride
- fluorine-based polymers include polytetrafluoroethylene, polychlorotrifluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl fluoride, perfluoroalkoxy fluororesin, ethylene tetrafluoride/propylene hexafluoride copolymer, ethylene/tetrafluoride
- Examples include ethylene copolymers, ethylene/chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymers, and the like. Among them, polytetrafluoroethylene is preferred.
- Fluoropolymers also include fluorinated ⁇ -olefin monomers, i.e. ⁇ -olefin monomers containing at least one fluorine atom, and optionally non-fluorinated ethylene reactive with the fluorinated ⁇ -olefin monomers. Homopolymers and copolymers containing constitutional units derived from polyunsaturated monomers are included.
- vinyl ether eg, perfluoromethyl vinyl ether, perfluoropropyl vinyl ether, perfluorooctyl vinyl ether
- Non-fluorinated monoethylenically unsaturated monomers include ethylene, propylene, butene, ethylenically unsaturated aromatic monomers (eg, styrene and ⁇ -methylstyrene), and the like.
- the fluorinated ⁇ -olefin monomers may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the non-fluorinated ethylenically unsaturated monomers may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- fluorine-based polymers examples include poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene) (PCTFE), poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene-propylene), poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE), poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene) (ECTFE).
- PCTFE poly(chlorotrifluoroethylene)
- ETFE poly(ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene)
- ECTFE poly(ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene)
- PTFE poly(tetrafluoroethylene)
- FEP fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymer
- FEP fluoroelastomer
- poly(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene vinyl ether) poly(tetrafluoroethylene main chain and fully fluorinated alkoxy side chains.
- copolymer also called perfluoroalkoxy polymer poly(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkyl vinyl ether) (PFA)) (e.g., poly(tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoropropylene propyl vinyl ether))), polyvinyl fluoride (PVF),
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PVDF poly(vinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene
- perfluoropolyether perfluorosulfonic acid
- the fluorine-based polymer may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the fluoropolymer is preferably at least one of FEP, PFA, ETFE, or PTFE. They may be fibril-forming or non-fibril-forming.
- FEP is available from DuPont under the trade name TEFLON FEP or from Daikin Industries, Ltd. under the trade name NEOFLON FEP;
- PFA is the trade name of NEOFLON PFA from Daikin Industries, Ltd., the trade name of Teflon (registered trademark) PFA (TEFLON (registered trademark) PFA) from DuPont, or Solvay Solexis. Solexis) under the trade name of HYFLON PFA.
- the fluoropolymer preferably contains PTFE.
- the PTFE can comprise PTFE homopolymer, partially modified PTFE homopolymer, or a combination comprising either or both of these.
- the partially modified PTFE homopolymer preferably contains less than 1% by weight of units derived from comonomers other than tetrafluoroethylene, based on the total weight of the polymer.
- the fluoropolymer may be a crosslinkable fluoropolymer having crosslinkable groups.
- the crosslinkable fluoropolymer can be crosslinked by conventionally known crosslinking methods.
- One representative crosslinkable fluoropolymer is a fluoropolymer having (meth)acryloxy groups.
- R is a fluorine-based oligomer chain having two or more structural units derived from a fluorinated ⁇ -olefin monomer or a non-fluorinated monoethylenically unsaturated monomer
- R ' is H or - CH 3 and n is 1-4.
- R may be a fluorine-based oligomer chain containing constitutional units derived from tetrafluoroethylene.
- Forming a crosslinked fluoropolymer network by exposing a fluoropolymer having (meth)acryloxy groups to a free radical source to initiate a radical crosslinking reaction through the (meth)acryloxy groups on the fluoropolymer.
- the free radical source is not particularly limited, but preferably includes a photoradical polymerization initiator or an organic peroxide. Suitable radical photoinitiators and organic peroxides are well known in the art.
- Crosslinkable fluoropolymers are commercially available, for example, Viton B manufactured by DuPont.
- polymers of compounds having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond include, for example, structural units formed from monomers composed of cyclic olefins such as norbornene or polycyclic norbornene-based monomers and is also called a thermoplastic cyclic olefin resin.
- a polymer of a compound having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond is a ring-opening polymer of the above cyclic olefin or a ring-opening copolymer using two or more cyclic olefins and hydrogenated.
- It may be an addition polymer of a cyclic olefin and a chain olefin or an aromatic compound having an ethylenically unsaturated bond such as a vinyl group.
- a polar group may be introduced into the polymer of the compound having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond.
- Polymers of compounds having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- the ring structure of the cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group may be a monocyclic ring, a condensed ring in which two or more rings are condensed, or a bridged ring.
- the ring structure of the cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group includes a cyclopentane ring, cyclohexane ring, cyclooctane ring, isoboron ring, norbornane ring, dicyclopentane ring and the like.
- a compound having a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond may be a monofunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound or a polyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound.
- the number of cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon groups in a compound having a cycloaliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond may be 1 or more, and may be 2 or more.
- a polymerized product of a compound having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond is obtained by polymerizing a compound having at least one cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond.
- It may be a polymer of a compound having two or more cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond, or it may be a polymer having no cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group. It may be a copolymer with other ethylenically unsaturated compounds.
- the polymer of the compound having a cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbon group and a group having an ethylenically unsaturated bond is preferably a cycloolefin polymer.
- the average number of phenolic hydroxyl groups at the ends of the molecules per molecule is preferably 1 to 5 from the viewpoint of dielectric loss tangent and heat resistance, and 1.5. It is more preferable that the number is from 1 to 3.
- the number of hydroxyl groups or phenolic hydroxyl groups of polyphenylene ether can be known, for example, from the standard values of polyphenylene ether products. Further, the number of terminal hydroxyl groups or the number of terminal phenolic hydroxyl groups includes, for example, a numerical value representing the average value of hydroxyl groups or phenolic hydroxyl groups per molecule of all polyphenylene ethers present in 1 mol of polyphenylene ether.
- One type of polyphenylene ether may be used alone, or two or more types may be used in combination.
- polyphenylene ether examples include polyphenylene ether composed of 2,6-dimethylphenol and at least one of difunctional phenol and trifunctional phenol, poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), and the like. and polyphenylene ether as main components. More specifically, for example, it is preferably a compound having a structure represented by formula (PPE).
- X represents an alkylene group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a single bond
- m represents an integer of 0 to 20
- n represents an integer of 0 to 20
- Sum represents an integer from 1-30.
- alkylene group for X include a dimethylmethylene group.
- the aromatic polyether ketone is not particularly limited, and known aromatic polyether ketones can be used.
- the aromatic polyetherketone is preferably polyetheretherketone.
- Polyether ether ketone is a type of aromatic polyether ketone, and is a polymer in which bonds are arranged in the order of ether bond, ether bond, and carbonyl bond (ketone). Each bond is preferably connected by a divalent aromatic group.
- Aromatic polyether ketones may be used singly or in combination of two or more.
- aromatic polyether ketone examples include polyether ether ketone (PEEK) having a chemical structure represented by the following formula (P1) and polyether ketone (PEK) having a chemical structure represented by the following formula (P2). , a polyether ketone ketone (PEKK) having a chemical structure represented by the following formula (P3), a polyether ether ketone ketone (PEEKK) having a chemical structure represented by the following formula (P4), and the following formula (P5) Polyether ketone ether ketone ketone (PEKEKK) having the chemical structure depicted.
- n in each of formulas (P1) to (P5) is preferably 10 or more, more preferably 20 or more.
- n is preferably 5,000 or less, more preferably 1,000 or less, from the viewpoint of easy production of aromatic polyetherketone. That is, n is preferably 10 to 5,000, more preferably 20 to 1,000.
- the content of the resin with respect to the total mass of the substrate is not particularly limited, and is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 70% by mass or more, and further preferably 90% by mass or more. preferable.
- the upper limit of the resin content is not particularly limited, and may be 100% by mass.
- the substrate may contain compounds having functional groups.
- the functional group includes at least one of a conductive material constituting the pattern and a material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor, a group capable of covalent bonding, a group capable of ionically bonding, and hydrogen. It is preferably at least one group selected from the group consisting of a group capable of bonding, a group capable of dipole interaction, and a group capable of curing reaction.
- the compound having a functional group can also form the above-mentioned bond or the like with the material constituting the base material.
- a compound having a functional group may be a low-molecular-weight compound or a high-molecular-weight compound.
- the compound having a functional group is preferably a low-molecular-weight compound from the viewpoint of the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate, and is preferably a high-molecular compound from the viewpoint of the heat resistance and mechanical strength of the substrate.
- the number of functional groups in the compound having a functional group may be 1 or more, and may be 2 or more, but is preferably 2 or more. From the viewpoint of reducing the dielectric loss tangent, it is preferably 10 or less.
- the compound having a functional group may have only one type of functional group, or may have two or more types of functional groups.
- the low-molecular-weight compound used as the compound having a functional group preferably has a molecular weight of 50 or more and less than 2,000, more preferably 100 or more and less than 1,000, from the viewpoint of adhesion to the pattern. Particularly preferably, the molecular weight is 200 or more and less than 1,000.
- the polymer compound used as the compound having a functional group is preferably a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 1,000 or more from the viewpoint of adhesion to the pattern, and a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 2,000 or more.
- a polymer more preferably a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 3,000 or more and 1,000,000 or less, and particularly a polymer having a weight average molecular weight of 5,000 or more and 200,000 or less. preferable.
- the resin and the compound having a functional group are compatible with each other.
- being compatible means that no phase separation is confirmed inside the base material.
- the difference between the SP value of the resin by the Hoy method and the SP value of the compound having a functional group by the Hoy method is 5 MPa 0.5 or less from the viewpoint of compatibility, dielectric loss tangent of the substrate, and adhesion to the pattern.
- a lower limit is 0 MPa 0.5 .
- the SP value (solubility parameter value) by the Hoy method is calculated from the molecular structure of the resin by the method described in the Polymer Handbook fourth edition. Also, when the resin is a mixture of a plurality of resins, the SP value is calculated for each structural unit.
- the group capable of covalent bonding is not particularly limited as long as it is a group capable of forming a covalent bond with a conductive material or the like.
- Ester group, glyoxal group, imide ester group, halogenated alkyl group, thiol group, hydroxy group, carboxy group, amino group, amide group, isocyanate group, aldehyde group, sulfonic acid group and the like can be mentioned.
- At least one selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group, an oxetanyl group, an N-hydroxyester group, an isocyanate group, an imidoester group, a halogenated alkyl group, and a thiol group, from the viewpoint of adhesion to the pattern. is preferred, and an epoxy group is particularly preferred.
- a cationic group, an anionic group, etc. are mentioned as an electroconductive material etc. and a group which can be ion-bonded.
- the cationic group is preferably an onium group.
- onium groups include ammonium groups, pyridinium groups, phosphonium groups, oxonium groups, sulfonium groups, selenonium groups, iodonium groups, and the like. Among them, from the viewpoint of adhesion to a pattern, an ammonium group, a pyridinium group, a phosphonium group, or a sulfonium group is preferred, an ammonium group or a phosphonium group is more preferred, and an ammonium group is particularly preferred.
- the anionic group is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include phenolic hydroxyl group, carboxy group, -SO 3 H, -OSO 3 H, -PO 3 H, -OPO 3 H 2 , -CONHSO 2 -, and -SO 2 NHSO. 2 - and the like.
- a phosphoric acid group, a phosphonic acid group, a phosphinic acid group, a sulfuric acid group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group or a carboxy group is preferred, and a phosphoric acid group or a carboxy group is more preferred.
- a carboxy group is more preferred.
- the group capable of forming a hydrogen bond with a conductive material or the like includes a group having a hydrogen bond donating site and a group having a hydrogen bond accepting site.
- the hydrogen bond donating site may have a structure having an active hydrogen atom capable of hydrogen bonding, but preferably has a structure represented by XH.
- X represents a heteroatom, preferably a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom.
- the hydrogen bond donating site includes a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group, a primary amide group, a secondary amide group, a primary amino group, a secondary amino group, a primary It is preferably at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a primary sulfonamide group, a secondary sulfonamide group, an imide group, a urea bond, and a urethane bond, and a hydroxy group, a carboxyl group, and a primary amide group.
- a secondary amide group, a primary sulfonamide group, a secondary sulfonamide group, a maleimide group, a urea bond and at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a urethane bond, more preferably a hydroxy at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a group, a carboxyl group, a primary amide group, a secondary amide group, a primary sulfonamide group, a secondary sulfonamide group, and a maleimide group More preferably, at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a hydroxy group and a secondary amide group is particularly preferred.
- the hydrogen bond-accepting site preferably has a structure containing an atom having a lone pair, preferably a structure containing an oxygen atom having a lone pair, and a carbonyl group (carboxy group, amide group, imide group , including carbonyl structures such as urea bonds and urethane bonds), and sulfonyl groups (including sulfonyl structures such as sulfonamide groups). More preferably, at least one structure selected from the group consisting of A carbonyl group (including carbonyl structures such as a carboxy group, an amide group, an imide group, a urea bond, and a urethane bond) is particularly preferred.
- the group capable of hydrogen bonding is preferably a group having both a hydrogen bond donating site and a hydrogen bond accepting site, such as a carboxy group, an amide group, an imide group, a urea bond, a urethane bond, or a sulfonamide more preferably have a group, and more preferably have a carboxy group, an amide group, an imide group, or a sulfonamide group.
- a structure other than the structure represented by XH (X represents a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom) in the group capable of hydrogen bonding
- X represents a hetero atom, a nitrogen atom or an oxygen atom
- Any group may be used as long as it has a structure, and preferred examples thereof include groups in which atoms having different electronegativities are bonded.
- the combination of atoms with different electronegativities is preferably a combination of at least one atom selected from the group consisting of an oxygen atom, a nitrogen atom, a sulfur atom, and a halogen atom and a carbon atom.
- a combination of at least one atom selected from the group consisting of sulfur atoms and a carbon atom is more preferred.
- a combination of a nitrogen atom and a carbon atom, and a combination of a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom, an oxygen atom and a sulfur atom are preferable from the viewpoint of adhesion to a pattern, and specifically, a cyano group and a cyanuric group. , a sulfonic acid amide group is more preferred.
- a curable compound is a compound that is cured by irradiation with heat or light (eg, visible light, ultraviolet light, near-infrared rays, far-infrared rays, electron beams, etc.).
- curable compounds include epoxy compounds, cyanate ester compounds, vinyl compounds, silicone compounds, oxazine compounds, maleimide compounds, allyl compounds, acrylic compounds, methacrylic compounds, and urethane compounds. These may be used individually by 1 type, and 2 or more types may be used together.
- epoxy compounds from the viewpoint of properties such as compatibility with resins and heat resistance, it is selected from the group consisting of epoxy compounds, cyanate ester compounds, vinyl compounds, silicone compounds, oxazine compounds, maleimide compounds, and allyl compounds. At least one compound is preferred, and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of epoxy compounds, cyanate ester compounds, vinyl compounds, allyl compounds, and silicone compounds is more preferred.
- the content of the compound having a functional group with respect to the total mass of the substrate is preferably 0.01% by mass to 10% by mass, and 0.03% by mass to 5% by mass. more preferably 0.05% by mass to 3% by mass.
- the substrate may contain at least one filler.
- the filler may be an organic filler or an inorganic filler.
- organic fillers include particles of liquid crystal polymers, polyolefins, fluorine-based polymers, and the like.
- Inorganic fillers include particles of silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, kaolin, calcined kaolin, talc, mica, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, zinc oxide, and the like. From the viewpoint of reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion, it is preferable that the base material contains silica particles among those mentioned above.
- the filler is preferably contained in a layer other than the layer having the surface on which the pattern is formed, from the viewpoint of improving the smoothness of the pattern formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the substrate has a three-layer structure of a first layer, a second layer and a third layer, and a pattern is formed in the first layer, the second layer or the third layer It is preferable to contain a filler.
- the average particle size of the filler is preferably 5 nm to 20 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 nm to 10 ⁇ m, even more preferably 20 nm to 1 ⁇ m, from the viewpoints of thermal expansion coefficient and adhesion to the pattern. , between 25 nm and 500 nm.
- the average particle size of the filler is determined by arithmetically averaging the particle sizes of 50 particles randomly selected from the scanning electron microscope (SEM) image.
- the content of the filler relative to the total mass of the substrate is preferably 10% to 40% by mass, and 15% to 35% by mass. and more preferably 20% by mass to 30% by mass.
- the content of the filler relative to the total mass of the layer containing the filler is preferably 20% to 70% by mass, and 30% to 65% by mass, from the viewpoint of reducing the coefficient of thermal expansion. %, more preferably 40% by mass to 60% by mass.
- the substrate may contain various additives, including polymerization initiators, dispersants, surfactants, cross-linking agents, antioxidants, and the like.
- a woven fabric such as a glass cloth or a non-woven fabric impregnated with the above resin may be used.
- a material such as the above-described resin may be used to form a layer on at least one surface of a glass cloth or the like impregnated with the above-described resin to form a multi-layered structure, which may be used as the base material.
- the thickness of the substrate is not particularly limited, and from the viewpoint of handleability, it is preferably 5 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m, more preferably 10 ⁇ m to 180 ⁇ m, and even more preferably 15 ⁇ m to 150 ⁇ m.
- the base material may be prepared by a conventionally known method, or may be commercially available. A method for producing the base material is illustrated in Examples.
- the metamaterial of the present disclosure includes a pattern on the surface of a substrate that is composed of at least one of a conductive material and a material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor.
- the pattern preferably serves as a resonator for electromagnetic waves with a frequency of 0.1 THz to 10 THz (wavelength of 30 ⁇ m to 3000 ⁇ m).
- the conductive material preferably contains metal, more preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of gold, silver, platinum, copper and aluminum. Among these, at least one of gold and copper is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of crack suppression properties.
- the content of the metal with respect to the total mass of the conductive material is not particularly limited, and may be 80% by mass or more, 90% by mass or more, or 100% by mass.
- a material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor a material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor by heating, light irradiation, or voltage application can be used.
- the material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor is preferably one or more selected from the group consisting of phase change materials, semiconductors, conductive oxides and carbon materials.
- a phase change material means a material that undergoes a phase change between an amorphous phase and a crystalline phase due to Joule heating due to electrical pulses.
- Phase change materials include vanadium oxide, antimony tellurium (SbTe) alloys, germanium tellurium (GeTe) alloys, germanium antimony tellurium (GeSbTe) alloys, indium antimony telluride (InSbTe) alloys, silver indium antimony tellurium (AgInSbTe) alloys, and the like. be done.
- vanadium oxide or a GeSbTe alloy is preferable from the viewpoint of easily controlling the temperature and voltage for changing from a nonconductor to a conductor, and from the viewpoint of crack suppression properties.
- Semiconductors include p-type ⁇ -conjugated polymers, condensed polycyclic compounds, triarylamine compounds, five-membered heterocyclic compounds, phthalocyanine compounds, porphyrin compounds, and the like.
- Examples of conductive oxides include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), zinc oxide (ZnO), and indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO). Tin Oxide) and the like.
- Examples of carbon materials include carbon nanotubes and graphene.
- a pattern can include multiple structures.
- a pattern may include two or more types of structures having different shapes, sizes, and the like.
- the shape of the structure is not particularly limited. When an electromagnetic wave in the terahertz band is incident on the metamaterial, electric charges are generated within the structure or between adjacent structures due to interaction with the electric field and magnetic field of the incident electromagnetic wave. A shape that can generate bias, current, etc., and induce a dielectric or magnetic response change is preferred.
- the shape of the structure is not particularly limited. Shapes, such as circular shape and cross shape, are mentioned.
- the structure is composed of a conductive material or a material that changes from a nonconductor to a conductor.
- the structure is a split ring resonator.
- a split ring resonator refers to a structure having a C-shaped or U-shaped configuration, with a gap indicated by G in FIG.
- the size of the structure is not particularly limited, and is preferably equal to or smaller than the wavelength size of the incident electromagnetic wave in the terahertz band.
- the maximum length of the structure means the longest length when a straight line is drawn from one end to the other end of the structure in the in-plane direction of the substrate.
- the width of the structure is preferably 3 ⁇ m to 25 ⁇ m.
- the gap is preferably 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of crack suppression. It is preferable that the distance between the structures is appropriately changed according to the shape, size, etc. of the structures, and can be, for example, 30 ⁇ m to 400 ⁇ m.
- the arrangement position of the structure on the substrate surface is not particularly limited, and the arrangement is preferably such that it resonates with electromagnetic waves in the terahertz band.
- the structures are arranged on the substrate surface so as to form a periodic structure in which the amount of phase shift of the terahertz band electromagnetic wave continuously increases or decreases from the center of the substrate surface toward the outer region.
- the periodic structure is a structure in which structures having different diameters are arranged concentrically.
- the variation width of the diameter of the concentrically arranged structures can be 10 ⁇ m to 200 ⁇ m.
- the pattern preferably has a functional group such as an amino group or a hydroxyl group.
- the pattern preferably has functional groups such as amino groups, hydroxyl groups, epoxy groups, oxetanyl groups, N-hydroxyester groups, imidoester groups, and the like.
- the compound having a functional group has a group capable of ion bonding
- the pattern preferably has a functional group such as a carboxy group, a sulfo group, a phosphoric acid group, a tertiary amino group, a pyridyl group, or a piperidyl group.
- the pattern preferably has a group having a hydrogen bond donating site or a group having a hydrogen bond accepting site.
- the pattern preferably has groups capable of dipole interaction.
- the above functional groups may be introduced by subjecting the surface of the substrate contacting side to a chemical treatment or the like.
- the thickness of the pattern is preferably less than 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m, even more preferably 0.1 ⁇ m to 3 ⁇ m, even more preferably 0.3 ⁇ m to 1 ⁇ m. It is particularly preferred to have
- a pattern forming method is not particularly limited. For example, by sputtering, a sputtered film is formed on the surface of the substrate, a resist pattern is then formed on the surface of the sputtered film, the sputtered film not covered with the resist pattern is removed by etching, and then the resist pattern is removed. A pattern can be formed by this. Also, instead of the sputtered film, a copper-clad laminate in which a copper foil is laminated on a base material can be used. In this case, in order to adjust the thickness of the copper foil, a desired thickness of copper foil can be used for lamination with the base material. After the plate is produced, the copper foil can be thinned by a known method such as etching. It can also be peeled off and made into a thin film. The method of forming the pattern is not limited to the above method, and instead of the sputtering method, a vapor deposition method may be used to form the vapor deposition film.
- the metamaterial 10 includes a base material 11 and a pattern 12 provided on the surface of the base material 11 .
- pattern 12 includes a plurality of structures 12a.
- the maximum length of the structure 12a is indicated by L
- the width of the structure 12a is indicated by W
- the gap of the structure 12a is indicated by G
- the distance between the structures is indicated by X.
- Applications of the metamaterial of the present disclosure are not particularly limited, and include flat lenses, diffraction gratings, wavelength filters, polarizers, sensors, reflectors, flat prisms, and the like. Also, the use environment is not particularly limited, and it may be mounted in an electronic device or the like, or may be installed outdoors as a wavelength filter.
- a laminate of the present disclosure includes the metamaterial described above and an organic film provided on the pattern-side surface of the metamaterial.
- the organic film may have a single layer structure or a multilayer structure.
- the moisture permeability of the organic film in an environment with a temperature of 40 ° C. and a relative humidity of 90% is preferably 3000 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less, 2000 g / (m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less, more preferably 1500 g/(m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less, and particularly preferably 1000 g/(m 2 ⁇ 24 hours) or less.
- the organic film can contain resin.
- the resin is as described above, and the description is omitted here.
- the resin content relative to the total mass of the organic film is not particularly limited, but is preferably 10% by mass to 90% by mass, more preferably 20% by mass to 80% by mass, and 30% by mass. More preferably, it is up to 70% by mass.
- the organic film may contain an ultraviolet absorber.
- an ultraviolet absorber examples include conjugated diene compounds, aminodiene compounds, salicylate compounds, benzophenone compounds, benzotriazole compounds, acrylonitrile compounds, hydroxyphenyltriazine compounds, indole compounds, and triazine compounds.
- the organic film when the organic film has a multilayer structure, the organic film preferably includes a layer containing an ultraviolet absorber.
- the content of the ultraviolet absorbent with respect to the total mass of the organic film is preferably 0.01% by mass to 30% by mass, and 0.1% by mass to 10% by mass. more preferably 0.5% by mass to 5% by mass.
- the organic film may contain the above additives.
- the thickness of the organic film is not particularly limited, and is preferably 20 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 5 ⁇ m or less in terms of not impairing electromagnetic wave transmission characteristics. Although the lower limit is not particularly limited, it is often 0.5 ⁇ m or more.
- the method of manufacturing the laminate is not particularly limited, and the above-described resin or the like is added to a solvent as necessary to form a composition, and the composition is applied to the surface of the metamaterial and dried. You may Alternatively, the composition is applied to a temporary support and dried to form an organic film, a transfer sheet is produced, and the organic film is transferred from the transfer sheet to the surface of the metamaterial, thereby forming a laminate. may be manufactured.
- the temperature was raised and refluxed at 143° C. for 1 hour. Next, the temperature was raised from 150° C. to 300° C. over 5 hours while distilling off the by-product acetic acid and unreacted acetic anhydride, and the temperature was maintained at 300° C. for 30 minutes. cooled. The resulting solid was pulverized with a pulverizer to obtain powdery liquid crystal polyester A1.
- the liquid crystalline polyester A1 obtained above was heated from room temperature to 160° C. over 2 hours and 20 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, then heated from 160° C. to 180° C. over 3 hours and 20 minutes, and then heated to 180° C. for 5 hours. After solid-phase polymerization was carried out by holding, the mixture was cooled and then pulverized with a pulverizer to obtain powdery liquid crystalline polyester A2.
- Liquid crystalline polyester A2 is heated from room temperature (23° C.) to 180° C. over 1 hour and 20 minutes in a nitrogen atmosphere, then heated from 180° C. to 240° C. over 5 hours, and held at 240° C. for 5 hours. Thus, after solid phase polymerization, the mixture was cooled to obtain a powdery liquid crystal polyester LC-A.
- the liquid crystal polyester C1 was held at 290°C for 3 hours in a nitrogen atmosphere for solid phase polymerization, cooled, and then pulverized with a pulverizer to obtain a powdery liquid crystal polyester LC-C.
- a jet mill (KJ-200, manufactured by Kurimoto Iron Works Co., Ltd.) was used to pulverize liquid crystal polyester LC-B to obtain filler F-1.
- the average particle size of filler F-1 was 9 ⁇ m.
- Example 1 The liquid crystalline polyester shown in Table 1 is added to N-methylpyrrolidone, stirred under a nitrogen atmosphere at 140° C. for 4 hours to form a solution, passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 10 ⁇ m, and then Composition A was obtained by passing through a 10 ⁇ m sintered fiber metal filter followed by addition of fillers according to Table 1.
- the liquid crystalline polyester shown in Table 1 was added to N-methylpyrrolidone, stirred at 140° C. for 4 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere, dissolved, and then passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 10 ⁇ m.
- composition B was obtained by passing through a sintered fiber metal filter with a pore size of 10 ⁇ m.
- the contents of liquid crystalline polyesters and fillers in composition A and composition B were as shown in Table 1.
- the composition A and the composition B had a liquid crystal polyester solid content concentration of 10% by mass.
- composition A and composition B were sent to a casting die equipped with a multi-manifold adjusted for co-casting, and cast on an aluminum foil having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m as a support to form a composition having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m.
- a layer made of the product B (referred to as the first layer in Table 1), a layer made of the composition A having a thickness of 30 ⁇ m (referred to as the second layer in Table 1), and a layer of 15 ⁇ m
- a base material having a three-layer structure of a layer made of Composition B (referred to as the third layer in Table 1) was produced.
- a third layer is in contact with the aluminum foil.
- the solvent was removed from the substrate by drying the substrate at 40°C for 4 hours, and the temperature was raised from room temperature (25°C) to 290°C at a rate of 1°C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the aluminum foil was removed and further heated at 200° C. for 1 minute.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material produced as described above was measured by the following terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) and found to be 0.003.
- THz-TDS terahertz time domain spectroscopy
- the substrate was cut into test pieces of 100 mm ⁇ 100 mm.
- an optical system for transmission type terahertz spectroscopy was prepared, and the dielectric loss tangent of the test piece was measured from the change in the time waveform of the optical electric field (frequency 1 THz) before and after the test piece was inserted in an environment of 25°C and 10% RH. did.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the base material produced as described above was measured by the following method and found to be 42 ppm/K.
- the substrate was cut into test pieces of 5 mm ⁇ 20 mm.
- TMA thermomechanical analyzer
- a tensile load of 1 g was applied to both ends of the test piece in the longitudinal direction, and the temperature was raised from 25 ° C. to 150 ° C. at a rate of 5 ° C./min, and then cooled to 25 ° C.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion was calculated from the slope of the TMA curve between 125 and 50°C.
- the substrate was cut into test specimens with a size of 10 mm x 150 mm.
- the storage modulus of the test piece was measured in accordance with the method described in JIS K 7127 (1999) under the conditions of a distance between chucks of 100 mm, a temperature of 25° C. and a relative humidity of 50%, and was 4.2 GPa. Ta.
- a sputtered copper film having a thickness of 0.5 ⁇ m was formed on the surface of the first layer of the base material. forming a resist pattern on the surface of the sputtered film, etching away the sputtered film not covered by the resist pattern, and then removing the resist pattern to form a pattern including a plurality of C-type split ring resonators; obtained a metamaterial.
- the split-ring resonators had a width of 15 ⁇ m, a maximum length of 92 ⁇ m, a C shape when viewed from the normal direction of the substrate, a gap of 10 ⁇ m, and a distance between the split-ring resonators of 200 ⁇ m.
- the pattern was cut into a size of 5 mm ⁇ 5 mm to prepare a test piece.
- the storage modulus of the test piece was measured using a scanning probe microscope (SPA400, manufactured by SII Nanotechnology Co., Ltd.) in VE-AFM mode at a temperature of 25 ° C. and a relative humidity of 50%. Met.
- Example 2 and Example 3 A metamaterial and a laminate were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that filler F-1 was changed to filler F-2 or filler F-3.
- the details of filler F-2 and filler F-3 are as follows.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, both were 0.002.
- the thermal expansion coefficients of the substrates were measured by the same method as in Example 1, they were 42 ppm/K and 30 ppm/K, respectively.
- the storage modulus of the base material was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 4.0 GPa and 5.5 GPa, respectively.
- the storage elastic modulus of the pattern was 30 GPa.
- Filler F-2 Copolymer (PFA) particles of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoroalkoxyethylene (melting point 280° C., average particle diameter 0.2 ⁇ m to 0.5 ⁇ m, dielectric loss tangent 0.001)
- Filler F-3 Silica particles with an average particle size of 0.5 ⁇ m, manufactured by Admatechs Co., Ltd., SO-C2
- Example 4 (Preparation of base material) Compound M-1 having a functional group was added to composition B of Example 1, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 minutes to obtain composition X.
- the contents of liquid crystal polyester LC-A and compound M-1 having a functional group in composition X were as shown in Table 1.
- a composition Y was obtained.
- composition B, composition X and composition Y are sent to a casting die equipped with a multi-manifold adjusted for co-casting, and a 18 ⁇ m thick copper foil (Fukuda Metal Foil & Powder Co., Ltd.) is used as a support.
- a layer made of composition X with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the first layer in Table 1), a thickness of 30 ⁇ m
- a layer made of composition Y (referred to as the second layer in Table 1) and a layer made of composition B having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the third layer in Table 1)
- a substrate having a three-layer structure was produced. Note that the first layer is in contact with the copper foil.
- the solvent is removed from the substrate, and the temperature is raised from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 290 ° C. at 1 ° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere, Heat treatment was carried out by holding at that temperature for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. Furthermore, the copper foil was half-etched and thinned to a thickness of 5 ⁇ m to obtain a copper-clad laminate comprising the substrate and the copper foil.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the surface of the copper foil of the copper-clad laminate was subjected to resist pattern formation, etching, and removal of the resist pattern to form a pattern including a plurality of C-type split ring resonators. got the material.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.002.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 58 ppm/K.
- the storage elastic modulus of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 4.2 GPa.
- the storage elastic modulus of the pattern was 30 GPa.
- Example 5 (Preparation of base material)
- the composition B prepared in Example 1 and the composition Y prepared in Example 5 were sent to a casting die equipped with a multi-manifold adjusted for co-casting, and a support having a thickness of 5 ⁇ m was used.
- Cast on a copper foil manufactured by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., MT18SD-H-T5
- a layer made of composition B with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the first layer in Table 1), 30 ⁇ m
- a layer of composition Y having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the second layer in Table 1) and a layer of composition B having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the third layer in Table 1).
- the first layer is in contact with the copper foil.
- the solvent is removed from the substrate, and the temperature is raised from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 290 ° C. at 1 ° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere, A heat treatment was performed at that temperature for 2 hours, and the laminate was cooled to room temperature to obtain a copper-clad laminate.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the surface of the copper foil of the copper-clad laminate was subjected to resist pattern formation, etching, and removal of the resist pattern to form a pattern including a plurality of C-type split ring resonators. got the material.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.002.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 58 ppm/K.
- the storage elastic modulus of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 4.2 GPa.
- the storage elastic modulus of the pattern was 30 GPa.
- Example 6> (Preparation of base material) Composition A and composition B used in Example 1 were fed to a casting die equipped with a multi-manifold adjusted for co-casting, and a carrier copper foil having a thickness of 18 ⁇ m was laminated as a support.
- a layer made of composition B with a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the first layer in Table 1), 30 ⁇ m
- a layer of composition A having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m referred to as the second layer in Table 1) and a layer of composition B having a thickness of 15 ⁇ m (referred to as the third layer in Table 1).
- the first layer is in contact with the copper foil.
- the solvent is removed from the substrate, and the temperature is raised from room temperature (25 ° C.) to 290 ° C. at 1 ° C./min in a nitrogen atmosphere, Heat treatment was carried out by holding at that temperature for 2 hours, and then cooled to room temperature. Further, the carrier copper foil was peeled off to obtain a copper-clad laminate.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the surface of the copper foil of the copper-clad laminate was subjected to resist pattern formation, etching, and removal of the resist pattern to form a pattern including a plurality of C-type split ring resonators. got the material.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.003.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 42 ppm/K.
- the storage elastic modulus of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 4.2 GPa.
- the storage elastic modulus of the pattern was 30 GPa.
- Example 7 In the production of the base material of Example 6, a 1.5 ⁇ m thick copper foil laminated with a 18 ⁇ m thick carrier copper foil was used instead of the 3 ⁇ m thick copper foil laminated with a 18 ⁇ m thick carrier copper foil. (manufactured by Mitsui Mining & Smelting Co., Ltd., MT18FL) was used in the same manner as in Example 6 to prepare a metamaterial and a laminate.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.003.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 42 ppm/K.
- the storage elastic modulus of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 4.2 GPa.
- the storage elastic modulus of the pattern was 30 GPa.
- Example 8> The liquid crystalline polyester shown in Table 1 was added to N-methylpyrrolidone, stirred at 140° C. for 4 hours under a nitrogen atmosphere to form a solution, passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 5 ⁇ m, and then passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 5 ⁇ m. of sintered fiber metal filters.
- Compound M-1 aminophenol type epoxy resin, jER630LSD, manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, capable of covalently bonding with the liquid crystal polyester and hydrogen bonding with the glass cloth having a functional group on the liquid crystal polyester after passing through the filter ) was added and stirred at 25°C for 30 minutes to obtain composition D.
- composition E was passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 5 ⁇ m and then through a sintered fiber metal filter also with a nominal pore size of 5 ⁇ m.
- the contents of the liquid crystalline polyester and the compound M-1 having a functional group in Compositions D and E were as shown in Table 1.
- composition D and composition E were adjusted in solid concentration so that the solution viscosity at room temperature (23° C.) was 0.3 Pa ⁇ s.
- a glass cloth with low dielectric properties (NE glass, manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd.) was impregnated with the composition D, and the solvent was evaporated at 160° C. to obtain a glass cloth substrate having a thickness of 65 ⁇ m.
- composition E was applied to one surface of the glass cloth substrate using a reverse gravure coater and dried at 160°C. Furthermore, a heat treatment was performed in which the temperature was raised from room temperature to 290° C. at a rate of 1° C./min under a nitrogen atmosphere and held at that temperature for 2 hours to obtain a base material.
- the thickness of the layer made of composition E was 15 ⁇ m.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.005.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 14 ppm/K.
- a metamaterial and a laminate were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the base material was changed to the base material produced by the above method and a pattern was formed on the surface of the layer composed of Composition E. Moreover, when the storage elastic moduli of the substrate and the pattern were measured by the same method as in Example 1, they were 27 GPa and 30 GPa, respectively.
- Example 9 Liquid crystalline polyester LC-D (manufactured by Polyplastics Co., Ltd., Vectra (registered trademark) A950) was pelletized using a twin-screw extruder under a nitrogen atmosphere. The obtained pellets were supplied into a cylinder from the same supply port of a twin-screw extruder with a screw diameter of 50 mm, and heated and kneaded at 340° C. to 350° C. to obtain a kneaded product. Subsequently, each of the kneaded materials was fed to a T-die having a multi-manifold structure, and a melted film-like kneaded material was discharged and solidified on a chill roll.
- Vectra registered trademark
- the obtained film was peeled off from the chill roll and tenter-stretched to adjust the anisotropy of the storage elastic modulus (MD/TD) to 2 or less to obtain a substrate having a thickness of 80 ⁇ m.
- MD/TD storage elastic modulus
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.002.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 17 ppm/K.
- a metamaterial and a laminate were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the base material was changed to the base material produced by the above method. Moreover, when the storage elastic moduli of the base material and the pattern were measured by the same method as in Example 1, they were 3.6 GPa and 30 GPa, respectively.
- Cycloolefin polymer P-1 (manufactured by JSR Corporation, Arton (registered trademark) F3500) was added to dichloromethane, stirred at 60°C for 30 minutes to form a solution, and then passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 10 ⁇ m. Then, it was also passed through a sintered fiber metal filter having a nominal pore size of 10 ⁇ m to obtain Composition F.
- a compound M-1 having a functional group was added to the cycloolefin polymer P-1 after passing through the filter, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 minutes to obtain a composition G.
- the contents of the cycloolefin polymer P-1 and the functional group-containing compound M-1 in Composition F and Composition G were as shown in Table 1.
- composition F and composition G were sent to a casting die equipped with a multi-manifold adjusted for co-casting, and cast on an aluminum foil having a thickness of 50 ⁇ m as a support to form a composition having a thickness of 2 ⁇ m.
- Two layers a layer made of the substance F (referred to as the first layer in Table 1) and a layer made of the composition G having a thickness of 58 ⁇ m (referred to as the second layer in Table 1)
- a substrate having a structure was produced. When the substrate is dried with hot air and the amount of residual solvent reaches 10% by mass, it is peeled off from the support while applying a 3% draw in the MD direction, held at both ends with tenter clips and dried at 170 ° C. for 3 minutes.
- the film was stretched by 5% in the TD direction.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.002.
- the coefficient of thermal expansion of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 70 ppm/K.
- a metamaterial and a laminate were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the base material was changed to the base material produced by the above method and a pattern was formed on the surface of the first layer. Moreover, when the storage elastic moduli of the substrate and the pattern were measured by the same method as in Example 1, they were 2.2 GPa and 30 GPa, respectively.
- Cycloolefin polymer P-1 (manufactured by JSR Corporation, Arton (registered trademark) F3500) was added to dichloromethane, stirred at 60°C for 30 minutes to form a solution, and then passed through a sintered fiber metal filter with a nominal pore size of 5 ⁇ m. It was then passed through a sintered fiber metal filter, also with a nominal pore size of 5 ⁇ m.
- Compound M-1 having a functional group was added to cycloolefin polymer P-1 after passing through the filter, and the mixture was stirred at 25° C. for 30 minutes to obtain composition H.
- the contents of the cycloolefin polymer P-1 and the compound M-1 having a functional group in the composition H were as shown in Table 1.
- a glass cloth with low dielectric properties (NE glass, manufactured by Nittobo Co., Ltd.) was impregnated with the composition H, dried at 100 ° C., and then dried at 160 ° C. to remove the solvent, resulting in a thickness of 65 ⁇ m.
- a glass cloth substrate was obtained.
- composition F prepared in Example 10 was applied to one surface of the glass cloth substrate using a reverse gravure coater, dried at 100°C, and then dried at 230°C for 3 minutes. , the solvent was removed to obtain a base material.
- the thickness of the layer made of composition F was 15 ⁇ m.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 0.002.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 22 ppm/K.
- a metamaterial and a laminate were produced in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the base material was changed to the base material produced by the above method and a pattern was formed on the surface of the layer composed of composition F. Moreover, when the storage elastic moduli of the substrate and the pattern were measured by the same method as in Example 1, they were 26 GPa and 30 GPa, respectively.
- the dielectric loss tangent of the base material was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was less than 0.001.
- the thermal expansion coefficient of the substrate was measured by the same method as in Example 1, it was 82 ppm/K.
- the storage elastic moduli of the substrate and the pattern were measured by the same method as in Example 1, they were 2.1 GPa and 30 GPa, respectively.
- ⁇ Crack suppression evaluation>> The metamaterials produced in the examples and comparative examples, before forming the organic film and forming the laminate, were cut into a size containing 100 split ring resonators to obtain a test piece.
- the test piece was placed in a heat shock tester (TSA series for thermal shock test, manufactured by Espec Co., Ltd.). After leaving the test piece at ⁇ 65° C. for 30 minutes, the temperature was switched to 125° C., left for 30 minutes, and then switched to ⁇ 65° C. This cycle was repeated 150 times, and the temperature was returned to 25° C. and relative humidity of 55%. .
- TSA series for thermal shock test manufactured by Espec Co., Ltd.
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Abstract
Description
例えば、特開2021-114647号公報では、メタサーフェス基材と、メタサーフェス基材表面に設けられた金属膜のパターンと、を備えるメタマテリアルが開示されている。
本開示は、上記知見に基づいてなされたものであり、本開示の一実施形態が解決しようとする課題は、クラックの発生を抑制することができる(以下、クラック抑制性ともいう。)、メタマテリアル及び積層体を提供することである。
<1> 基材と、
上記基材表面に設けられたパターンとを備え、
上記パターンが、導電性材料、及び、不導体から導体に変化する材料の少なくとも一方により構成され、
上記基材の熱膨張係数が80ppm/K以下である、
メタマテリアル。
<2> 上記基材の誘電正接が0.01以下である、上記<1>に記載のメタマテリアル。
<3> 上記パターンの厚さが、5μm未満である、上記<1>又は<2>に記載のメタマテリアル。
<4> 上記基材の厚さ及び25℃における貯蔵弾性率の積に対する、上記パターンの厚さ及び25℃における貯蔵弾性率の積の比が、10未満である、上記<1>~<3>のいずれか1つに記載のメタマテリアル。
<5> 上記パターンが複数の構造体を含み、且つ
上記構造体が、分割リング共振器である、上記<1>~<4>のいずれか1つに記載のメタマテリアル。
<6> 上記パターンが、上記導電性材料により構成され、且つ上記導電性材料が金属を含む、上記<1>~<5>のいずれか1つに記載のメタマテリアル。
<7> 上記基材が、フッ素系ポリマー及び液晶ポリマーからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有する、上記<1>~<6>のいずれか1つに記載のメタマテリアル。
<8> 上記<1>~<7>のいずれか1つに記載のメタマテリアルと、
上記メタマテリアルの上記パターン側表面に設けられた有機膜と、を備える、積層体。<9> 上記有機膜の温度40℃、相対湿度90%の環境下における透湿度が、3000g/(m2・24時間)以下である、上記<8>に記載の積層体。
<10> 上記有機膜が、紫外線吸収剤を含有する、上記<8>又は<9>に記載の積層体。
本開示中に段階的に記載されている数値範囲において、一つの数値範囲で記載された上限値又は下限値は、他の段階的な記載の数値範囲の上限値又は下限値に置き換えてもよい。また、本開示中に記載されている数値範囲において、その数値範囲の上限値又は下限値は、実施例に示されている値に置き換えてもよい。
本開示において「層」又は「膜」との語には、当該層又は膜が存在する領域を観察したときに、当該領域の全体に形成されている場合に加え、当該領域の一部にのみ形成されている場合も含まれる。
メタマテリアルは、周波数0.01THz~10THz(波長が30μm~30000μm)の電磁波に対し共振器となるパターンを有することが好ましく、周波数0.1THz~10THz(波長が30μm~3000μm)の電磁波に対し共振器となるパターンを有することがより好ましい。
基材の貯蔵弾性率を測定する場合、10mm×150mmのサイズの試験片を作製し、該試験片の貯蔵弾性率を測定する。
パターンの貯蔵弾性率を測定する場合、基材の表面に形成したパターンを5mm×5mmのサイズに切り出し、試験片を作製し、走査型プローブ顕微鏡を使用して、温度25℃、相対湿度50%の条件で該試験片の貯蔵弾性率を測定する。
本開示のメタマテリアルは、基材と、基材表面に設けられたパターンとを備え、パターンが、導電性材料、及び、不導体から導体に変化する材料の少なくとも一方により構成され、基材の熱膨張係数が80ppm/K以下である。
本開示のメタマテリアルが備える基材は、その熱膨張係数が80ppm/K以下であり、従来のメタマテリアル用基材よりもその値が小さく、表面に形成されるパターンとの熱膨張係数の差が小さくなる。基材とパターンとの熱膨張係数差が小さくなることにより、パターンに生じる内部応力を低減することができ、パターンにおけるクラックの発生を抑制することができると推測される。
クラック抑制性の観点から、基材の熱膨張係数は、-20ppm/K~65ppm/Kであることがより好ましく、0ppm/K~55ppm/Kであることが更に好ましく、5ppm/K~40ppm/Kであることが特に好ましい。
基材の熱膨張係数は、基材に含有させる材料等を変更することにより調整することができる。
まず、基材を5mm×20mmの試験片に切り出す。
次いで、熱機械分析装置(TMA)を用いて、試験片の長手方向の両端に1gの引張荷重をかけ、5℃/分の速度で25℃~150℃まで昇温した後、25℃まで冷却したときの、125~50℃の間のTMA曲線の傾きから熱膨張係数を算出する。
基材の誘電正接は、基材に含有させる材料等を変更することにより調整することができる。
まず、基材を100mm×100mmの試験片に切り出す。
次いで、透過型テラヘルツ分光の光学系を作製し、温度25℃、湿度10%RH環境下、試験片の挿入前後の光電場(周波数1THz)の時間波形の変化から、試験片の誘電正接を測定する。
なお、基材の表面に後述するパターンが形成されている場合には、塩化鉄等の溶液を用いてエッチングした基材を使用して、上記誘電正接の測定を行う。
基材を構成する材料は、熱膨張係数の条件を満たす限り、特に限定されるものでなく、取り扱い性等の点からは、樹脂が好ましい。
基材が含有しうる樹脂としては、液晶ポリマー、フッ素系ポリマー、環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物、ポリエーテルエーテルケトン、ポリオレフィン、ポリアミド、ポリエステル、ポリフェニレンスルフィド、芳香族ポリエーテルケトン、ポリカーボネート、ポリアリレート、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリフェニレンエーテル及びその変性物、ポリエーテルイミド等の熱可塑性樹脂;グリシジルメタクリレートとポリエチレンとの共重合体等のエラストマー;フェノール樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ポリイミド樹脂、シアネート樹脂等の熱硬化性樹脂が挙げられる。
これらの中でも、誘電正接、パターンとの密着性、及び、耐熱性の観点から、液晶ポリマー、フッ素系ポリマー、環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物、ポリフェニレンエーテル及び芳香族ポリエーテルケトンよりなる及びエポキシ樹脂からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、液晶ポリマー及びフッ素系ポリマーよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
パターンとの密着性、及び、力学強度の観点からは、液晶ポリマーであることが好ましく、耐熱性、及び、誘電正接の観点からは、環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物、ポリアリレート、ポリエーテルスルホン、フッ素系ポリマーが好ましい。
液晶ポリマーとしては、液晶ポリエステル、液晶ポリエステルにアミド結合が導入された液晶ポリエステルアミド、液晶ポリエステルにエーテル結合が導入された液晶ポリエステルエーテル、液晶ポリエステルにカーボネート結合が導入された液晶ポリエステルカーボネート等を挙げることができる。
また、液晶ポリマーは、液晶性、及び、熱膨張係数の観点から、芳香環を有するポリマーであることが好ましく、芳香族ポリエステル又は芳香族ポリエステルアミドであることがより好ましい。
更に、液晶ポリマーは、芳香族ポリエステル又は芳香族ポリエステルアミドに、更にイミド結合、カルボジイミド結合やイソシアヌレート結合などのイソシアネート由来の結合等が導入されたポリマーであってもよい。
また、液晶ポリマーは、原料モノマーとして芳香族化合物のみを用いてなる全芳香族液晶ポリマーであることが好ましい。
1)(i)芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸と、(ii)芳香族ジカルボン酸と、(iii)芳香族ジオール、芳香族ヒドロキシアミン及び芳香族ジアミンよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物と、を重縮合させてなるもの。
2)複数種の芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸を重縮合させてなるもの。
3)(i)芳香族ジカルボン酸と、(ii)芳香族ジオール、芳香族ヒドロキシアミン及び芳香族ジアミンよりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物と、を重縮合させてなるもの。
4)(i)ポリエチレンテレフタレート等のポリエステルと、(ii)芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸と、を重縮合させてなるもの。
ここで、芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸、芳香族ジカルボン酸、芳香族ジオール、芳香族ヒドロキシアミン及び芳香族ジアミンはそれぞれ独立に、重縮合可能な誘導体に置き換えてもよい。
カルボキシ基をハロホルミル基に変換することにより、芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸及び芳香族ジカルボン酸を、芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸ハロゲン化物及び芳香族ジカルボン酸ハロゲン化物に置き換えることができる。
カルボキシ基をアシルオキシカルボニル基に変換することにより、芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸及び芳香族ジカルボン酸を、芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸無水物及び芳香族ジカルボン酸無水物に置き換えることができる。
芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸、芳香族ジオール及び芳香族ヒドロキシアミンのようなヒドロキシ基を有する化合物の重合可能な誘導体の例としては、ヒドロキシ基をアシル化してアシルオキシ基に変換してなるもの(アシル化物)が挙げられる。
例えば、ヒドロキシ基をアシル化してアシルオキシ基に変換することにより、芳香族ヒドロキシカルボン酸、芳香族ジオール、及び芳香族ヒドロキシアミンをそれぞれ、アシル化物に置き換えることができる。
芳香族ヒドロキシアミン及び芳香族ジアミンのようなアミノ基を有する化合物の重合可能な誘導体の例としては、アミノ基をアシル化してアシルアミノ基に変換してなるもの(アシル化物)が挙げられる。
例えば、アミノ基をアシル化してアシルアミノ基に変換することにより、芳香族ヒドロキシアミン及び芳香族ジアミンをそれぞれ、アシル化物に置き換えることができる。
式(1) -O-Ar1-CO-
式(2) -CO-Ar2-CO-
式(3) -X-Ar3-Y-
式(1)~式(3)中、Ar1は、フェニレン基、ナフチレン基又はビフェニリレン基を表し、Ar2及びAr3はそれぞれ独立に、フェニレン基、ナフチレン基、ビフェニリレン基又は下記式(4)で表される基を表し、X及びYはそれぞれ独立に、酸素原子又はイミノ基を表し、Ar1~Ar3における水素原子は、それぞれ独立に、ハロゲン原子、アルキル基又はアリール基で置換されていてもよい。
式(4) -Ar4-Z-Ar5-
式(4)中、Ar4及びAr5はそれぞれ独立に、フェニレン基又はナフチレン基を表し、Zは、酸素原子、硫黄原子、カルボニル基、スルホニル基又はアルキレン基を表す。
上記アルキル基の例としては、メチル基、エチル基、n-プロピル基、イソプロピル基、n-ブチル基、イソブチル基、s-ブチル基、t-ブチル基、n-ヘキシル基、2-エチルヘキシル基、n-オクチル基及びn-デシル基が挙げられる。上記アルキル基の炭素数は、好ましくは1~10である。
上記アリール基としては、フェニル基、o-トリル基、m-トリル基、p-トリル基、1-ナフチル基及び2-ナフチル基が挙げられる。上記アリール基の炭素数は、好ましくは6~20である。
上記水素原子がこれらの基で置換されている場合、その置換数は、Ar1、Ar2又はAr3において、それぞれ独立に、好ましくは2個以下であり、より好ましくは1個である。
構成単位(1)としては、Ar1がp-フェニレン基である態様(p-ヒドロキシ安香酸に由来する構成単位)、及びAr1が2,6-ナフチレン基である態様(6-ヒドロキシ-2-ナフトエ酸に由来する構成単位)、又は、4,4’-ビフェニリレン基である態様(4’-ヒドロキシ-4-ビフェニルカルボン酸に由来する構成単位)が好ましい。
構成単位(2)としては、Ar2がp-フェニレン基である態様(テレフタル酸に由来する構成単位)、Ar2がm-フェニレン基である態様(イソフタル酸に由来する構成単位)、Ar2が2,6-ナフチレン基である態様(2,6-ナフタレンジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位)、又は、Ar2がジフェニルエーテル-4,4’-ジイル基である態様(ジフェニルエーテル-4,4’-ジカルボン酸に由来する構成単位)が好ましい。
構成単位(3)としては、Ar3がp-フェニレン基である態様(ヒドロキノン、p-アミノフェノール又はp-フェニレンジアミンに由来する構成単位)、Ar3がm-フェニレン基である態様(イソフタル酸に由来する構成単位)、又は、Ar3が4,4’-ビフェニリレン基である態様(4,4’-ジヒドロキシビフェニル、4-アミノ-4’-ヒドロキシビフェニル又は4,4’-ジアミノビフェニルに由来する構成単位)が好ましい。
構成単位(2)の含有率は、全構成単位の合計量に対して、好ましくは35モル%以下、より好ましくは10モル%~35モル%、更に好ましくは20モル%~35モル%、特に好ましくは30モル%~35モル%である。
構成単位(3)の含有率は、全構成単位の合計量に対して、好ましくは35モル%以下、より好ましくは10モル%~35モル%、更に好ましくは20モル%~35モル%、特に好ましくは30モル%~35モル%である。
構成単位(1)の含有率が多いほど、耐熱性、強度及び剛性が向上し易いが、あまり多いと、溶媒に対する溶解性が低くなり易い。
中でも、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンが好ましく挙げられる。
フッ素化α-オレフィンモノマーとしては、CF2=CF2、CHF=CF2、CH2=CF2、CHCl=CHF、CClF=CF2、CCl2=CF2、CClF=CClF、CHF=CCl2、CH2=CClF、CCl2=CClF、CF3CF=CF2、CF3CF=CHF、CF3CH=CF2、CF3CH=CH2、CHF2CH=CHF、CF3CF=CF2、パーフルオロ(炭素数2~8のアルキル)ビニルエーテル(例えば、パーフルオロメチルビニルエーテル、パーフルオロプロピルビニルエーテル、パーフルオロオクチルビニルエーテル)等が挙げられる。中でも、テトラフルオロエチレン(CF2=CF2)、クロロトリフルオロエチレン(CClF=CF2)、(パーフルオロブチル)エチレン、フッ化ビニリデン(CH2=CF2)、及び、ヘキサフルオロプロピレン(CF2=CFCF3)よりなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種のモノマーが好ましい。
非フッ素化モノエチレン性不飽和モノマーとしては、エチレン、プロピレン、ブテン、エチレン性不飽和芳香族モノマー(例えば、スチレン及びα-メチルスチレン)等が挙げられる。
フッ素化α-オレフィンモノマーは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
また、非フッ素化エチレン性不飽和モノマーは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
フッ素系ポリマーは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
H2C=CR’COO-(CH2)n-R-(CH2)n-OOCR’=CH2
で表すことができ、式中、Rは、フッ素化α-オレフィンモノマー又は非フッ素化モノエチレン性不飽和モノマーに由来する構成単位を2以上有するフッ素系オリゴマー鎖であり、R’はH又は-CH3であり、nは1~4である。Rは、テトラフルオロエチレンに由来する構成単位を含むフッ素系オリゴマー鎖であってよい。
環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物は、上記環状オレフィンの開環重合体や2種以上の環状オレフィンを用いた開環共重合体の水素添加物であってもよく、環状オレフィンと、鎖状オレフィン又はビニル基の如きエチレン性不飽和結合を有する芳香族化合物などとの付加重合体であってもよい。また、環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物には、極性基が導入されていてもよい。
環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物は、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
環状脂肪族炭化水素基の環構造としては、シクロペンタン環、シクロヘキサン環、シクロオクタン環、イソボロン環、ノルボルナン環、ジシクロペンタン環等が挙げられる。
環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物は、単官能エチレン性不飽和化合物であっても、多官能エチレン性不飽和化合物であってもよい。
環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物における環状脂肪族炭化水素基の数は、1以上であればよく、2以上有していてもよい。
環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物は、少なくとも1種の環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物を重合してなる重合体であればよく、2種以上環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物であってもよいし、環状脂肪族炭化水素基を有しない他のエチレン性不飽和化合物との共重合体であってもよい。
また、環状脂肪族炭化水素基とエチレン性不飽和結合を有する基とを有する化合物の重合物は、シクロオレフィンポリマーであることが好ましい。
ポリフェニレンエーテルの水酸基数又はフェノール性水酸基は、例えば、ポリフェニレンエーテルの製品の規格値からわかる。また、末端水酸基数又は末端フェノール性水酸基数としては、例えば、ポリフェニレンエーテル1モル中に存在する全てのポリフェニレンエーテルの1分子あたりの水酸基又はフェノール性水酸基の平均値を表した数値等が挙げられる。
ポリフェニレンエーテルは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
上記Xにおける上記アルキレン基としては、例えば、ジメチルメチレン基等が挙げられる。
芳香族ポリエーテルケトンは、ポリエーテルエーテルケトンであることが好ましい。
ポリエーテルエーテルケトンは、芳香族ポリエーテルケトンの1種であり、エーテル結合、エーテル結合、カルボニル結合(ケトン)の順に結合が配置されたポリマーである。各結合間は、2価の芳香族基により連結されていることが好ましい。
芳香族ポリエーテルケトンは、1種単独で使用してもよいし、2種以上を併用してもよい。
基材は、官能基を有する化合物を含有してもよい。
パターンとの密着性の観点から、官能基としては、パターンを構成する導電性材料、及び、不導体から導体に変化する材料の少なくとも一方と、共有結合可能な基、イオン結合可能な基、水素結合可能な基、双極子相互作用可能な基、及び、硬化反応可能な基よりなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種の基であることが好ましい。また、基材を構成する材料によっては、官能基を有する化合物は、基材を構成する材料とも上記結合等を形成することが可能である。
官能基を有する化合物は、基材の誘電正接の観点からは、低分子化合物であることが好ましく、基材の耐熱性、及び、力学的強度の観点からは、高分子化合物であることが好ましい。
官能基を有する化合物における官能基の数は、1以上であればよく、2以上であってもよいが、2以上であることが好ましく、また、官能基量を適度な量とし、ポリマーフィルムの誘電正接を小さくする観点から、10以下が好ましい。
また、官能基を有する化合物は、1種のみの官能基を有していても、2種以上の官能基を有していてもよい。
官能基を有する化合物が低分子化合物である場合、化合物の広がりが狭く、官能基同士の接触確率を上げるため、官能基を有する化合物の含有量は、基材の総質量に対し、10質量%以上含むことが好ましい。
また、官能基を有する化合物として用いられる高分子化合物としては、パターンとの密着性の観点から、重量平均分子量が1,000以上のポリマーであることが好ましく、重量平均分子量が2,000以上のポリマーであることがより好ましく、重量平均分子量が3,000以上1,000,000以下のポリマーであることが更に好ましく、重量平均分子量が5,000以上200,000以下のポリマーであることが特に好ましい。
樹脂のHoy法によるSP値と官能基を有する化合物のHoy法によるSP値との差は、相溶性、基材の誘電正接、及び、パターンとの密着性の観点から、5MPa0.5以下であることが好ましい。なお、下限値は、0MPa0.5である。
上記カチオン性基としては、オニウム基であることが好ましい。オニウム基の例は、アンモニウム基、ピリジニウム基、ホスホニウム基、オキソニウム基、スルホニウム基、セレノニウム基、ヨードニウム基等が挙げられる。中でも、パターンとの密着性の観点から、アンモニウム基、ピリジニウム基、ホスホニウム基、又は、スルホニウム基が好ましく、アンモニウム基、又は、ホスホニウム基がより好ましく、アンモニウム基が特に好ましい。
アニオン性基としては、特に制限はなく、例えば、フェノール性水酸基、カルボキシ基、-SO3H、-OSO3H、-PO3H、-OPO3H2、-CONHSO2-、-SO2NHSO2-等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、リン酸基、ホスホン酸基、ホスフィン酸基、硫酸基、スルホン酸基、スルフィン酸基又はカルボキシ基であることが好ましく、リン酸基、又は、カルボキシ基であることがより好ましく、カルボキシ基であることが更に好ましい。
上記水素結合供与性部位は、水素結合可能な活性水素原子を有する構造であればよいが、X-Hで表される構造であることが好ましい。
Xは、ヘテロ原子を表し、窒素原子、又は、酸素原子であることが好ましい。
上記水素結合供与性部位としては、パターンとの密着性の観点から、ヒドロキシ基、カルボキシ基、第一級アミド基、第二級アミド基、第一級アミノ基、第二級アミノ基、第一級スルホンアミド基、第二級スルホンアミド基、イミド基、ウレア結合、及び、ウレタン結合よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の構造であることが好ましく、ヒドロキシ基、カルボキシ基、第一級アミド基、第二級アミド基、第一級スルホンアミド基、第二級スルホンアミド基、マレイミド基、ウレア結合、及び、ウレタン結合よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の構造であることがより好ましく、ヒドロキシ基、カルボキシ基、第一級アミド基、第二級アミド基、第一級スルホンアミド基、第二級スルホンアミド基、及び、マレイミド基よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の構造であることが更に好ましく、ヒドロキシ基、及び、第二級アミド基よりなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の構造であることが特に好ましい。
電気陰性度の異なる原子の組み合わせとしては、酸素原子、窒素原子、硫黄原子、及びハロゲン原子からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の原子と炭素原子との組み合わせが好ましく、酸素原子、窒素原子、及び、硫黄原子からなる群より選択される少なくとも1種の原子と炭素原子との組み合わせがより好ましい。
これらの中でも、パターンとの密着性の観点から、窒素原子と炭素原子との組み合わせ、炭素原子と、窒素原子、酸素原子及び硫黄原子との組み合わせが好ましく、具体的には、シアノ基、シアヌル基、スルホン酸アミド基がより好ましい。
硬化性化合物は、熱や光(例えば、可視光、紫外線、近赤外線、遠赤外線、電子線等)の照射により硬化する化合物である。このような硬化性化合物としては、例えば、エポキシ化合物、シアネートエステル化合物、ビニル化合物、シリコーン化合物、オキサジン化合物、マレイミド化合物、アリル化合物、アクリル化合物、メタクリル化合物、ウレタン化合物が挙げられる。これらは、1種単独で用いられてもよいし、2種以上が併用されてもよい。これらの中でも、樹脂との相溶性、耐熱性等の特性上の観点から、エポキシ化合物、シアネートエステル化合物、ビニル化合物、シリコーン化合物、オキサジン化合物、マレイミド化合物、及び、アリル化合物よりなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種であることが好ましく、エポキシ化合物、シアネートエステル化合物、ビニル化合物、アリル化合物、及び、シリコーン化合物よりなる群から選ばれた少なくとも1種であることがより好ましい。
基材は、フィラーを少なくとも1種含有してもよい。フィラーは有機フィラーであってもよく、無機フィラーであってもよい。
有機フィラーとしては、液晶ポリマー、ポリオレフィン、フッ素系ポリマー等の粒子が挙げられる。
無機フィラーとしては、シリカ、アルミナ、チタニア、ジルコニア、カオリン、焼成カオリン、タルク、マイカ、炭酸ナトリウム、炭酸カルシウム、水酸化アルミニウム、水酸化マグネシウム、酸化亜鉛等の粒子が挙げられる。
熱膨張係数低減の観点から、上記した中でも、基材は、シリカ粒子を含有することが好ましい。
基材が多層構造を有する場合、基材の表面に形成されるパターンの平滑性を向上する観点から、フィラーは、パターンが形成される面を有する層以外の層に含有させることが好ましい。例えば、基材が、第1の層、第2の層及び第3の層の3層構造を有し、第1の層にパターンが形成される場合、第2の層又は第3の層にフィラーを含有させることが好ましい。
基材が多層構造を有する場合、熱膨張係数低減の観点から、フィラーを有する層の総質量に対するフィラーの含有率は、20質量%~70質量%であることが好ましく、30質量%~65質量%であることがより好ましく、40質量%~60質量%であることが更に好ましい。
基材は、各種添加剤を含有してもよく、重合開始剤、分散剤、界面活性剤、架橋剤、酸化防止剤等が挙げられる。
本開示のメタマテリアルは、導電性材料、及び、不導体から導体に変化する材料の少なくとも一方により構成されるパターンを基材の表面に備える。上記パターンは、周波数0.1THz~10THz(波長が30μm~3000μm)の電磁波に対し、共振器となることが好ましい。
導電性材料の総質量に対する金属の含有率は、特に限定されるものでなく、80質量%以上であってもよく、90質量%以上であってもよく、100質量%であってもよい。
不導体から導体に変化する材料としては、相変化材料、半導体、導電性酸化物及び炭素材料からなる群より選択される1種以上であることが好ましい。
本開示において、相変化材料とは、電気パルスによるジュール熱により、アモルファス相と結晶相間の相変化を起こす材料を意味する。
相変化材料としては、酸化バナジウム、アンチモンテルル(SbTe)合金、ゲルマニウムテルル(GeTe)合金、ゲルマニウムアンチモンテルル(GeSbTe)合金、インジウムアンチモンテルル(InSbTe)合金、銀インジウムアンチモンテルル(AgInSbTe)合金等が挙げられる。これらの中でも、不導体から導体に変化させる温度、電圧を容易に制御できる観点、及びクラック抑制性という観点からは、酸化バナジウム又はGeSbTe合金が好ましい。
半導体としては、p型π共役高分子、縮合多環化合物、トリアリールアミン化合物、ヘテロ5員環化合物、フタロシアニン化合物、ポルフィリン化合物等が挙げられる。
導電性酸化物としては、インジウムスズ酸化物(ITO:Indiumu Tin Oxide)、インジウム亜鉛酸化物(IZO:Indiumu Zinc Oxide)、亜鉛酸化物(ZnO:Zinc Oxide)、インジウムガリウム亜鉛酸化物(IGZO:Indiumu Tin Oxide)等が挙げられる。
炭素材料としては、カーボンナノチューブ、グラフェン等が挙げられる。
構造体の形状は、特に限定されるものでなく、メタマテリアルにテラヘルツ帯の電磁波が入射すると、入射した電磁波の電界及び磁界等との相互作用によって、構造体内又は隣接する構造体間において電荷の偏り及び電流等が発生し、誘電的又は磁性的な応答変化を誘起することが可能な形状が好ましい。
構造体の形状は、特に限定されるものでなく、例えば、基材の面内方向において、C型、U型、2重リング型、V型、L型、格子型、螺旋型、方形状、円形状、十字形状等の形状が挙げられる。構造体は、導電性材料又は不導体から導体に変化する材料により構成される。
構造体は、分割リング共振器であるこが好ましい。分割リング共振器とは、C型、又はU型の形状を有する構造体を意味し、図1の符号Gで示すギャップを有する。
なお、本開示において、構造体の最大長さとは、基材の面内方向において、構造体の一端から他端まで直線を引いた際に最も長くなる長さを意味する。
クラック抑制性の観点から、構造体の幅は、3μm~25μmであることが好ましい。
また、構造体が分割リング共振器である場合、クラック抑制性の観点から、ギャップは、1μm~15μmであることが好ましい。
構造体間の距離は、構造体の形状、サイズ等に応じて適宜変更することが好ましく、例えば、30μm~400μmとすることができる。
また、基材表面の中心から外側の領域にいくに従って、テラヘルツ帯の電磁波の位相シフト量が連続的に増大又は減少するような周期構造を形成するように、構造体を基材表面に配置してもよい。上記周期構造の一実施形態としては、直径の異なる構造体を同心円状に配列させた構造が挙げられる。同心円状に配列した構造体の直径の変化幅は、10μm~200μmとすることができる。
官能基を有する化合物が、共有結合可能な基を有する場合、パターンは、アミノ基、ヒドロキシル基、エポキシ基、オキセタニル基、N-ヒドロキシエステル基、イミドエステル基等の官能基を有することが好ましい。
官能基を有する化合物が、イオン結合可能な基を有する場合、パターンは、カルボキシ基、スルホ基、リン酸基、第三級アミノ基、ピリジル基、ピペリジル基等の官能基を有することが好ましい。
官能基を有する化合物が、イオン結合可能な基を有する場合、パターンは、水素結合供与性部位を有する基又は水素結合受容性部位を有する基を有することが好ましい。
官能基を有する化合物が、双極子相互作用可能な基を有する場合、パターンは、双極子相互作用可能な基を有することが好ましい。
上記官能基は、基材に接する側の面に、化学処理等を施すことにより導入してもよい。
パターンの形成方法は、上記方法に限定されるものではなく、スパッタ法に代えて蒸着法により蒸着膜を形成してもよい。
図1に示すように、メタマテリアル10は、基材11と、基材11の表面に設けられたパターン12と、を備える。
図1において、パターン12は、複数の構造体12aを含む。図1において、構造体12aの最大長さは符号Lで示し、構造体12aの幅は符号Wで示し、構造体12aのギャップは符号Gで示し、構造体間の距離は符号Xで示す。
また、使用環境についても特に限定されるものでなく、電子機器等に搭載してもよく、波長フィルタとして、野外に設置してもよい。
本開示の積層体は、上記メタマテリアルと、メタマテリアルのパターン側表面に設けられた有機膜と、を備える。有機膜は単層構造を有するものであってもよく、多層構造を有するものであってもよい。
紫外線吸収剤としては、共役ジエン化合物、アミノジエン化合物、サリシレート化合物、ベンゾフェノン化合物、ベンゾトリアゾール化合物、アクリロニトリル化合物、ヒドロキシフェニルトリアジン化合物、インドール化合物、トリアジン化合物等が挙げられる。
また、有機膜が多層構造を有する場合、有機膜は、紫外線吸収剤を含有する層を備えることが好ましい。
撹拌装置、トルクメータ、窒素ガス導入管、温度計及び還流冷却器を備えた反応器を用意した。
上記反応器に、6-ヒドロキシ-2-ナフトエ酸940.9g(5.0モル)、4-ヒドロキシアセトアミノフェン377.9g(2.5モル)、イソフタル酸415.3g(2.5モル)及び無水酢酸867.8g(8.4モル)を入れ、反応器内のガスを窒素ガスで置換した後、窒素ガス気流下、撹拌しながら、室温(23℃)から143℃まで60分かけて昇温し、143℃で1時間還流させた。
次いで、副生酢酸及び未反応の無水酢酸を留去しながら、150℃から300℃まで5時間かけて昇温し、300℃で30分保持した後、反応器から内容物を取り出し、室温まで冷却した。得られた固形物を、粉砕機で粉砕して、粉末状の液晶ポリエステルA1を得た。
上記反応器に、4-ヒドロキシ安息香酸248.6g(1.8モル)、4-ヒドロキシアセトアニリド478.6g(3.1モル)、イソフタル酸681.1g(4.1モル)、ハイドロキノン110.1g(1.0モル)及び無水酢酸806.5g(7.9モル)を入れ、反応器内のガスを窒素ガスで置換した後、窒素ガス気流下、撹拌しながら、室温(23℃)から150℃まで15分かけて昇温し、150℃で3時間還流させた。
次いで、副生酢酸及び未反応の無水酢酸を留去しながら、150℃から300℃まで5時間かけて昇温し、反応器から内容物を取り出し、室温まで冷却した。得られた固形物を、粉砕機で粉砕して、粉末状の液晶ポリエステルC1を得た。
上記反応器に、2-ヒドロキシ-6-ナフトエ酸1034.99g(5.5モル)、2,6-ナフタレンジカルボン酸378.33g(1.75モル)、テレフタル酸83.07g(0.5モル)、ヒドロキノン272.52g(2.475モル、2,6-ナフタレンジカルボン酸及びテレフタル酸の合計モル量に対して0.225モル過剰)、無水酢酸1226.87g(12モル)、及び触媒として1-メチルイミダゾール0.17gを入れた。反応器内のガスを窒素ガスで置換した後、窒素ガス気流下、撹拌しながら、室温から145℃まで15分かけて昇温し、145℃で1時間還流させた。
表1に記載の液晶ポリエステルを、N-メチルピロリドンに加え、窒素雰囲気下、140℃4時間撹拌して、溶液化した後、公称孔径10μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、次いで同じく公称孔径10μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、その後、表1に記載のフィラーを添加することで、組成物Aを得た。
また、表1に記載の液晶ポリエステルを、N-メチルピロリドンに加え、窒素雰囲気下、140℃4時間撹拌し、溶液化した後、公称孔径10μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、次いで同じく公称孔径10μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、組成物Bを得た。
組成物A及び組成物Bにおける液晶ポリエステル及びフィラーは、表1に記載の含有率とした。なお、組成物A及び組成物Bは、液晶ポリエステルの固形分濃度が10質量%とした。
組成物A及び組成物Bを、共流延用に調整したマルチマニホールドを装備した流延ダイに送液し、支持体として、厚さ50μmのアルミニウム箔上に流延し、15μmの厚みの組成物Bからなる層(表1においては、第1の層と記載する。)、30μmの厚みの組成物Aからなる層(表1においては、第2の層と記載する。)、及び15μmの厚みの組成物Bからなる層(表1においては、第3の層と記載する。)の3層構造を有する基材を作製した。なお、アルミニウム箔には、第3の層が接する。
上記基材を40℃にて4時間乾燥することにより、基材から溶媒を除去し、更に窒素雰囲気下で室温(25℃)から290℃まで1℃/分で昇温し、その温度で2時間保持する熱処理を行い、室温まで冷却した後に、アルミニウム箔を剥がし、更に200℃で1分加熱した。
まず、基材を100mm×100mmの試験片に切り出した。
次いで、透過型テラヘルツ分光の光学系を作製し、温度25℃、湿度10%RH環境下、試験片の挿入前後の光電場(周波数1THz)の時間波形の変化から、試験片の誘電正接を測定した。
まず、基材を5mm×20mmの試験片に切り出した。
次いで、熱機械分析装置(TMA)を用いて、試験片の長手方向の両端に1gの引張荷重をかけ、5℃/分の速度で25℃~150℃まで昇温した後、25℃まで冷却したときの、125~50℃の間のTMA曲線の傾きから熱膨張係数を算出した。
上記試験片の貯蔵弾性率を、JIS K 7127(1999)に記載される方法に準拠して、チャック間距離100mm、温度25℃、相対湿度50%の条件で測定したところ、4.2GPaであった。
スパッタ膜の表面に、レジストパターンを形成し、レジストパターンにより覆われていないスパッタ膜をエッチング除去し、次いでレジストパターンを除去することにより、C型の分割リング共振器を複数含むパターンを形成し、メタマテリアルを得た。
分割リング共振器は、幅15μm、最大長さ92μm、基材の法線方向から見た形状がC型であり、ギャップは10μm、分割リング共振器間の距離は200μmとした。
上記試験片の貯蔵弾性率を、走査型プローブ顕微鏡(SPA400、エスアイアイ・ナノテクノロジー(株)製)を用い、温度25℃、相対湿度50%の条件でVE-AFMモードで測定したところ、30GPaであった。
JIS Z 0208(1976)の方法に準拠して、温度40℃、相対湿度90%、24時間静置の条件で、透湿度を測定したところ、360g/(m2・24時間であった。
フィラーF-1を、フィラーF-2又はフィラーF-3に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、メタマテリアル及び積層体を製造した。なお、フィラーF-2及びフィラーF-3の詳細は、以下の通りである。
なお、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の誘電正接を測定したところ、共に、0.002であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、それぞれ、42ppm/K、30ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、それぞれ、4.0GPa、5.5GPaであった。また、パターンの貯蔵弾性率は、30GPaであった。
・フィラーF-3:平均粒子径0.5μmのシリカ粒子、(株)アドマテックス製、SO-C2
(基材の作製)
実施例1の組成物Bに、官能基を有する化合物M-1を添加し、25℃30分撹拌して、組成物Xを得た。
組成物Xにおける液晶ポリエステルLC-A及び官能基を有する化合物M-1は、表1に記載の含有率とした。
実施例1の組成物Aの調製において、フィラーF-1を、フィラーF-2に変更し、且つそれぞれの含有率を表1に記載の数値とした以外は、実施例1と同様にして、組成物Yを得た。
上記、銅箔及び基材を40℃にて4時間乾燥することにより、基材から溶媒を除去し、更に窒素雰囲気下で室温(25℃)から290℃まで1℃/分で昇温し、その温度で2時間保持する熱処理を行い、室温まで冷却した。更に、銅箔をハーフエッチングし、厚さ5μmに薄膜化し、基材及び銅箔を備える銅貼積層板を得た。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、58ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、4.2GPaであった。また、パターンの貯蔵弾性率は、30GPaであった。
(基材の作製)
実施例1で調製した組成物B、及び実施例5で調製した組成物Yを、共流延用に調整したマルチマニホールドを装備した流延ダイに送液し、支持体として、厚さ5μmの銅箔(三井金属鉱業(株)製、MT18SD-H-T5)上に流延し、15μmの厚みの組成物Bからなる層(表1においては、第1の層と記載する。)、30μmの厚みの組成物Yからなる層(表1においては、第2の層と記載する。)、及び15μmの厚みの組成物Bからなる層(表1においては、第3の層と記載する。)の3層構造を有する基材を作製した。なお、銅箔には、第1の層が接する。
上記、銅箔及び基材を40℃にて4時間乾燥することにより、基材から溶媒を除去し、更に窒素雰囲気下で室温(25℃)から290℃まで1℃/分で昇温し、その温度で2時間保持する熱処理を行い、室温まで冷却して、銅貼積層板を得た。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、58ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、4.2GPaであった。また、パターンの貯蔵弾性率は、30GPaであった。
(基材の作製)
実施例1において使用した組成物A及び組成物Bを、共流延用に調整したマルチマニホールドを装備した流延ダイに送液し、支持体として、厚さ18μmのキャリア銅箔が積層された厚さ3μmの銅箔(三井金属鉱業(株)製、MT18FL)上に流延し、15μmの厚みの組成物Bからなる層(表1においては、第1の層と記載する。)、30μmの厚みの組成物Aからなる層(表1においては、第2の層と記載する。)、及び15μmの厚みの組成物Bからなる層(表1においては、第3の層と記載する。)の3層構造を有する基材を作製した。なお、銅箔には、第1の層が接する。
上記、銅箔及び基材を40℃にて4時間乾燥することにより、基材から溶媒を除去し、更に窒素雰囲気下で室温(25℃)から290℃まで1℃/分で昇温し、その温度で2時間保持する熱処理を行い、室温まで冷却した。更に、キャリア銅箔を剥離し、銅貼積層板を得た。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、42ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、4.2GPaであった。また、パターンの貯蔵弾性率は、30GPaであった。
実施例6の基材の作製において、厚さ18μmのキャリア銅箔が積層された厚さ3μmの銅箔に代えて、厚さ18μmのキャリア銅箔が積層された厚さ1.5μmの銅箔(三井金属鉱業(株)製、MT18FL)を使用した以外は、実施例6と同様にして、メタマテリアル及び積層体を作製した。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、42ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、4.2GPaであった。また、パターンの貯蔵弾性率は、30GPaであった。
表1に記載の液晶ポリエステルを、N-メチルピロリドンに加え、窒素雰囲気下、140℃4時間撹拌して溶液化した後、公称孔径5μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、次いで同じく公称孔径5μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させた。
フィルター通過後の液晶ポリエステルに、官能基を有する化合物M-1(アミノフェノール型エポキシ樹脂、jER630LSD、三菱ケミカル(株)製、液晶ポリエステルと共有結合可能であり、且つガラスクロスと水素結合可能な基であるエポキシ基を有する。)を添加し、25℃30分撹拌して、組成物Dを得た。
また、表1に記載の液晶ポリエステルを、N-メチルピロリドンに加え、窒素雰囲気下、140℃4時間撹拌し、組成物Eを得た。組成物Eに公称孔径5μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、次いで同じく公称孔径5μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させた。
組成物D及び組成物Eにおける液晶ポリエステル及び官能基を有する化合物M-1は、表1に記載の含有率とした。なお、組成物D及び組成物Eは、室温(23℃)での溶液粘度が0.3Pa・sになるように固形分濃度を調整した。
続いて、ガラスクロス基材の一方の表面に、組成物Eを、リバースグラビアコーターを用いて、塗布し、160℃で乾燥させた。更に窒素雰囲気下で室温から290℃まで1℃/分で昇温し、その温度で2時間保持する熱処理を行い、基材を得た。なお、組成物Eからなる層の厚さは15μmとした。
実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の誘電正接を測定したところ、0.005であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、14ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材及びパターンの貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、それぞれ、27GPa、30GPaであった。
液晶ポリエステルLC-D(ポリプラスチックス(株)製、ベクトラ(登録商標)A950)を、二軸押出機を用いて窒素雰囲気下でペレット化した。
得られたペレットを、スクリュー径50mmの二軸押出機の同一供給口からシリンダー内に供給し、340℃~350℃で加熱混練して混練物を得た。続けて、混練物を、それぞれマルチマニホールド構造のTダイに送液し、溶融状態のフィルム状の混練物を吐出させ、チルロール上で固化させた。得られたフィルムをチルロールから剥ぎ取り、テンター延伸して貯蔵弾性率の異方性(MD/TD)を2以下に調整し、厚さ80μmの基材を得た。
実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の誘電正接を測定したところ、0.002であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、17ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材及びパターンの貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、それぞれ、3.6GPa、30GPaであった。
シクロオレフィンポリマーP-1(JSR(株)製、アートン(登録商標)F3500)をジクロロメタンに加え、60℃で30分撹拌して溶液化した後、公称孔径10μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、次いで同じく公称孔径10μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、組成物Fを得た。
フィルター通過後のシクロオレフィンポリマーP-1に、官能基を有する化合物M-1を添加し、25℃30分撹拌して、組成物Gを得た。
組成物F及び組成物GにおけるシクロオレフィンポリマーP-1及び官能基を有する化合物M-1は、表1に記載の含有率とした。
基材を熱風乾燥して残留溶剤量が10質量%になった段階で、支持体からMD方向に3%のドローをかけながら剥離し、テンタークリップで両端を把持して170℃で3分間乾燥しながら、TD方向に5%延伸した。
実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の誘電正接を測定したところ、0.002であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、70ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材及びパターンの貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、それぞれ、2.2GPa、30GPaであった。
シクロオレフィンポリマーP-1(JSR(株)製、アートン(登録商標)F3500)をジクロロメタンに加え、60℃で30分撹拌して溶液化した後、公称孔径5μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させ、次いで同じく公称孔径5μmの焼結繊維金属フィルターを通過させた。
フィルター通過後のシクロオレフィンポリマーP-1に、官能基を有する化合物M-1を添加し、25℃30分撹拌して、組成物Hを得た。
組成物HにおけるシクロオレフィンポリマーP-1及び官能基を有する化合物M-1は、表1に記載の含有率とした。
続いて、ガラスクロス基材の一方の表面に、実施例10において調製した組成物Fを、リバースグラビアコーターを用いて、塗布し、100℃で乾燥した後、230℃で3分間乾燥することにより、溶媒を除去し、基材を得た。なお、組成物Fからなる層の厚さは15μmとした。
実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の誘電正接を測定したところ、0.002であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、22ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材及びパターンの貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、それぞれ、26GPa、30GPaであった。
基材を、厚さ100μmのシクロオレフィンポリマーフィルム(日本ゼオン(株)製、ゼオノア(登録商標)ZF-14、表1においては、PF-1と記載する。)に変更した以外は、実施例1と同様にして、メタマテリアル及び積層体を製造した。
なお、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の誘電正接を測定したところ、0.001未満であった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材の熱膨張係数を測定したところ、82ppm/Kであった。
また、実施例1と同様の方法により、基材及びパターンの貯蔵弾性率を測定したところ、それぞれ、2.1GPa、30GPaであった。
実施例及び比較例において製造した、有機膜を形成し、積層体とする前のメタマテリアルを、分割リング共振器が100個含まれるサイズに切り出し、試験片とした。
ヒートショック試験機(エスペック(株)製、冷熱衝撃試験TSAシリーズ)に、試験片を投入した。
試験片を-65℃で30分放置した後、125℃に切り替えて30分放置し、-65℃に切り替えるまでを1サイクルとし、これを150サイクル繰り返し、25℃、相対湿度55%に戻した。
試験片を光学顕微鏡により観察し、下記評価基準に基づいて、評価した。結果を表2にまとめた。
(評価基準)
A:分割リング共振器において、クラックの発生は観察されなかった
B:1個以上、6個未満の分割リング共振器にクラックの発生が観察されたが、実用上問題なかった。
C:6個以上の分割リング共振器にクラックの発生が観察された。
Claims (10)
- 基材と、
前記基材表面に設けられたパターンとを備え、
前記パターンが、導電性材料、及び、不導体から導体に変化する材料の少なくとも一方により構成され、
前記基材の熱膨張係数が80ppm/K以下である、
メタマテリアル。 - 前記基材の誘電正接が0.01以下である、請求項1に記載のメタマテリアル。
- 前記パターンの厚さが、5μm未満である、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のメタマテリアル。
- 前記基材の厚さ及び25℃における貯蔵弾性率の積に対する、前記パターンの厚さ及び25℃における貯蔵弾性率の積の比が、10未満である、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のメタマテリアル。
- 前記パターンが複数の構造体を含み、且つ
前記構造体が、分割リング共振器である、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のメタマテリアル。 - 前記パターンが、前記導電性材料により構成され、且つ前記導電性材料が金属を含む、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のメタマテリアル。
- 前記基材が、フッ素系ポリマー及び液晶ポリマーからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種を含有する、請求項1又は請求項2に記載のメタマテリアル。
- 請求項1又は請求項2に記載のメタマテリアルと、
前記メタマテリアルの前記パターン側表面に設けられた有機膜と、を備える、積層体。 - 前記有機膜の温度40℃、相対湿度90%の環境下における透湿度が、3000g/(m2・24時間)以下である、請求項8に記載の積層体。
- 前記有機膜が、紫外線吸収剤を含有する、請求項8又は請求項9に記載の積層体。
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| CN202380021445.5A CN118696460A (zh) | 2022-02-28 | 2023-02-06 | 超材料及层叠体 |
| JP2024502979A JPWO2023162658A1 (ja) | 2022-02-28 | 2023-02-06 | |
| US18/805,543 US20240402597A1 (en) | 2022-02-28 | 2024-08-15 | Metamaterial and laminate |
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| JP2022030209 | 2022-02-28 | ||
| JP2022-030209 | 2022-02-28 | ||
| JP2022-116675 | 2022-07-21 | ||
| JP2022116675 | 2022-07-21 |
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| US18/805,543 Continuation US20240402597A1 (en) | 2022-02-28 | 2024-08-15 | Metamaterial and laminate |
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| WO2023162658A1 true WO2023162658A1 (ja) | 2023-08-31 |
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| PCT/JP2023/003878 Ceased WO2023162658A1 (ja) | 2022-02-28 | 2023-02-06 | メタマテリアル及び積層体 |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
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| US (1) | US20240402597A1 (ja) |
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| WO (1) | WO2023162658A1 (ja) |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009153089A (ja) * | 2007-05-08 | 2009-07-09 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 人工媒質、その製造方法およびアンテナ装置 |
| JP2016057223A (ja) * | 2014-09-11 | 2016-04-21 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 誘電分光センサ、誘電分光センサを用いた測定システムおよび誘電分光センサを用いた測定方法 |
| JP2021161387A (ja) * | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-11 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | ポリイミド、架橋ポリイミド、接着剤フィルム、積層体、カバーレイフィルム、樹脂付き銅箔、金属張積層板、回路基板及び多層回路基板 |
-
2023
- 2023-02-06 JP JP2024502979A patent/JPWO2023162658A1/ja active Pending
- 2023-02-06 WO PCT/JP2023/003878 patent/WO2023162658A1/ja not_active Ceased
-
2024
- 2024-08-15 US US18/805,543 patent/US20240402597A1/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009153089A (ja) * | 2007-05-08 | 2009-07-09 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | 人工媒質、その製造方法およびアンテナ装置 |
| JP2016057223A (ja) * | 2014-09-11 | 2016-04-21 | 日本電信電話株式会社 | 誘電分光センサ、誘電分光センサを用いた測定システムおよび誘電分光センサを用いた測定方法 |
| JP2021161387A (ja) * | 2020-03-31 | 2021-10-11 | 日鉄ケミカル&マテリアル株式会社 | ポリイミド、架橋ポリイミド、接着剤フィルム、積層体、カバーレイフィルム、樹脂付き銅箔、金属張積層板、回路基板及び多層回路基板 |
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| US20240402597A1 (en) | 2024-12-05 |
| JPWO2023162658A1 (ja) | 2023-08-31 |
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