WO2023162361A1 - 有価金属の製造方法 - Google Patents
有価金属の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023162361A1 WO2023162361A1 PCT/JP2022/041659 JP2022041659W WO2023162361A1 WO 2023162361 A1 WO2023162361 A1 WO 2023162361A1 JP 2022041659 W JP2022041659 W JP 2022041659W WO 2023162361 A1 WO2023162361 A1 WO 2023162361A1
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- slag
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- valuable metals
- melting
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
- C22B7/003—Dry processes only remelting, e.g. of chips, borings, turnings; apparatus used therefor
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B09—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE; RECLAMATION OF CONTAMINATED SOIL
- B09B—DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTE NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B09B3/00—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless
- B09B3/40—Destroying solid waste or transforming solid waste into something useful or harmless involving thermal treatment, e.g. evaporation
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B1/00—Preliminary treatment of ores or scrap
- C22B1/005—Preliminary treatment of scrap
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
- C22B15/0054—Slag, slime, speiss, or dross treating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B15/00—Obtaining copper
- C22B15/0026—Pyrometallurgy
- C22B15/0056—Scrap treating
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B23/00—Obtaining nickel or cobalt
- C22B23/02—Obtaining nickel or cobalt by dry processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B26/00—Obtaining alkali, alkaline earth metals or magnesium
- C22B26/10—Obtaining alkali metals
- C22B26/12—Obtaining lithium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B5/00—General methods of reducing to metals
- C22B5/02—Dry methods smelting of sulfides or formation of mattes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/001—Dry processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B7/00—Working up raw materials other than ores, e.g. scrap, to produce non-ferrous metals and compounds thereof; Methods of a general interest or applied to the winning of more than two metals
- C22B7/04—Working-up slag
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/20—Recycling
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for producing valuable metals from raw materials such as waste lithium ion batteries.
- lithium-ion batteries have become popular as lightweight, high-output secondary batteries.
- a well-known lithium-ion battery has a structure in which a negative electrode material, a positive electrode material, a separator, and an electrolytic solution are enclosed in an outer can.
- the outer can is made of metal such as aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe).
- the negative electrode material is composed of a negative electrode active material (graphite, etc.) adhered to a negative electrode current collector (copper foil, etc.).
- the positive electrode material is composed of a positive electrode active material (lithium nickelate, lithium cobaltate, etc.) adhered to a positive electrode current collector (aluminum foil, etc.).
- the separator is made of a polypropylene porous resin film or the like. Electrolytes include electrolytes such as lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ).
- lithium-ion batteries One of the major uses of lithium-ion batteries is hybrid and electric vehicles. Therefore, it is expected that a large amount of lithium-ion batteries installed in automobiles will be discarded in the future in accordance with the life cycle of automobiles. Also, there are lithium ion batteries that are discarded as defective during manufacturing. It is desired to reuse such used batteries and defective batteries produced during manufacturing (hereinafter referred to as "waste lithium ion batteries”) as resources.
- Patent Document 1 discloses a method for recovering valuable metals containing nickel and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries containing nickel and cobalt. Specifically, a melting step of melting a waste battery to obtain a melt, an oxidation step performed on the melt or on a waste battery before the melting step to oxidize the waste battery, and and a slag separation process for separating slag and recovering alloys containing valuable metals. In the melting process, calcium oxide is added to lower the liquidus temperature of the slag to recover valuable metals.
- Patent Document 1 still has problems. For example, in the method disclosed in Patent Document 1, if the slag liquidus temperature drops too much due to the addition of flux, the coating is not formed on the refractory surface of the furnace wall of the treatment furnace, and the refractory is eroded. There is a problem. If such erosion occurs, there is a risk that the material to be treated will leak out of the furnace, which is a safety hazard. In addition, the cost of maintaining the refractories on the furnace walls will be enormous, making it difficult to recover valuable metals at low cost. can't
- the temperature of the interface between the slag layer and the metal (alloy) layer will become lower than the slag liquidus temperature.
- the temperature of the interface becomes lower than the temperature of the surface of the refractory which is lower than the slag liquidus temperature, a solidified layer rapidly grows from the refractory on the side wall at the interface, making it impossible to discharge the metal. It was found that the operation could not be continued due to
- the present invention has been proposed in view of such circumstances, and is a method for safely and efficiently recovering valuable metals from raw materials including waste lithium-ion batteries, etc., while conducting stable operations. intended to provide
- the inventors have made extensive studies. As a result, in the process of reducing and melting the raw material, a melting furnace provided with means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside is used, and while using the means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside, the alloy layer and the slag are separated. The inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by adjusting the thickness of the slag layer so that the temperature of the interface with the layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the melting furnace, and completed the present invention. .
- a first aspect of the present invention is a method for producing valuable metals containing copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) from raw materials containing the valuable metals, the method comprising at least lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), and a preparation step of preparing a raw material containing the valuable metal, and the raw material is reduced using a melting furnace provided with a cooling means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside.
- a flux containing calcium (Ca) is added to the raw material in either one or both of the step and the reduction melting step, and in the reduction melting step, the furnace wall of the melting furnace is cooled by the cooling means. while adjusting the thickness of the slag layer so that the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the melting furnace. manufacturing method.
- the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is melted by inserting a measuring rod into the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer.
- a third aspect of the present invention is a method for producing a valuable metal according to the first or second aspect, wherein the raw material includes waste lithium ion batteries.
- FIG. 1 is a process diagram showing an example of the flow of a method for recovering valuable metals from waste lithium ion batteries.
- this embodiment A specific embodiment of the present invention (hereinafter referred to as "this embodiment") will be described below. It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and various modifications are possible without changing the gist of the present invention.
- the method of producing valuable metals according to the present embodiment is a method of separating and recovering valuable metals from raw materials containing at least lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), and valuable metals. Therefore, it can also be called a recovery method for valuable metals.
- the method according to the present embodiment is mainly a method by a pyrometallurgical process, but may be composed of a pyrometallurgical process and a hydrometallurgical process.
- the method according to the present embodiment includes the following steps; a step of preparing raw materials containing lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), and valuable metals (preparing step); A process of obtaining a reduced product (melt) containing an alloy containing valuable metals and slag by performing a reducing melting process using a melting furnace equipped with cooling means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside (reducing melting process) ) and a step of separating slag from the obtained reduced product to recover the alloy (slag separation step).
- the valuable metals constituting the alloy to be recovered are copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), and combinations thereof, and are selected from the group consisting of copper, nickel, cobalt, and combinations thereof. Contains at least one metal or alloy.
- a flux containing calcium (Ca) is added to the raw material in either or both of the preparation process and the reduction melting process.
- the slag produced by the treatment in the reduction melting process is ternary system slag ( Al 2 O 3 —Li 2 O—CaO ternary slag).
- the produced alloy includes a ternary system alloy (Cu--Ni--Co ternary system alloy) consisting of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co).
- the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is reduced to the melting point while the furnace wall of the melting furnace is cooled by the cooling means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside.
- the thickness of the slag layer is adjusted so that the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the furnace is higher than that of the refractory surface, and the reduction melting treatment is performed.
- raw materials to be processed are prepared.
- the raw material is an object to be processed to recover valuable metals, and as described above, contains lithium (Li) and aluminum (Al), and also contains copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co).
- Valuable metals consisting of the group consisting of The raw material may contain these components (Li, Al, Cu, Ni, Co) in the form of metals or in the form of compounds such as oxides.
- the raw material may contain an inorganic component or an organic component other than these components.
- the target is not particularly limited, and examples include waste lithium-ion batteries, dielectric materials (capacitors), and magnetic materials.
- the form is not limited as long as it is suitable for treatment in the reduction melting process described later.
- the raw material may be processed such as pulverization to obtain a suitable form.
- the raw material may be subjected to a treatment such as heat treatment or separation treatment to remove unnecessary components such as moisture and organic matter.
- a flux containing calcium (Ca) can be added to the raw material.
- the flux to be added will be described later in detail.
- flux is added in one or both of the preparation process and the reduction melting process.
- the prepared raw materials are charged into a melting furnace, and reduction melting is performed while using means (cooling means) for cooling the furnace wall from the outside. Then, the raw material is reduced and melted while adjusting the thickness of the slag layer so that the temperature of the interface between the generated alloy layer and the slag layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the melting furnace. to obtain a reduced product.
- the generated reduced product contains the alloy and the slag separately.
- the reduction melting process is a process in which the raw material is heated in a melting furnace to be reduced and melted to form a reduced product.
- the purpose of this treatment is to reduce and melt the valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) while reducing and melting the low value-added metals (Al, etc.) contained in the raw materials to recover them as an alloy. That is.
- the alloy is obtained in a molten state.
- the oxidizing roasting treatment described later is performed prior to the reducing melting treatment, the obtained oxidizing roasting product is put into a melting furnace and heated to reduce and melt.
- Carbon and/or carbon monoxide is preferably used as the reducing agent.
- Carbon has the ability to easily reduce valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) to be recovered.
- 1 mol of carbon can reduce 2 mol of valuable metal oxides (copper oxide, nickel oxide, etc.).
- reduction methods using carbon or carbon monoxide are extremely safe compared to methods using metal reducing agents (for example, thermite reaction method using aluminum).
- Coal or coke can also be used if there is no risk of impurity contamination.
- the alloy produced by reduction melting contains valuable metals, as described above. Therefore, it is possible to separate the component (alloy) containing the valuable metal from the other components in the reduced product. This is because metals with low added value (such as Al) have high affinity for oxygen, whereas valuable metals have low affinity for oxygen.
- metals with low added value such as Al
- Al aluminum
- iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) are commonly Generally, they are oxidized in the order of Al>Li>C>Mn>P>Fe>Co>Ni>Cu. That is, Al is most easily oxidized and Cu is least oxidizable.
- metals with low added value such as Al
- valuable metals Cu, Ni, Co
- metals with low added value and valuable metals can be efficiently separated into slag and alloys.
- a flux containing calcium (Ca) can be added to the raw material during the reduction melting treatment.
- flux is added in one or both of the preparation step and the reduction melting step.
- the flux is mainly composed of calcium (Ca), and examples thereof include calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ).
- the flux may not be added.
- the melting furnace used for reduction melting treatment is equipped with a means (mechanism) for cooling the furnace wall from the outside by water cooling or the like.
- a means (mechanism) for cooling the furnace wall from the outside by water cooling or the like By using such a melting furnace and cooling the furnace wall from the outside by means of the cooling means, it is possible to preferentially deposit a high-melting-point complex oxide from the slag that is in contact with the refractory surface inside the melting furnace. , a solidified layer of slag (solidified slag layer, slag coating layer) can be effectively formed on the refractory surface.
- Cooling means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside includes, for example, a mode in which a cooling pipe is provided in the refractory constituting the furnace wall, or a water-cooled jacket is provided.
- the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is lower than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the melting furnace.
- the thickness of the slag layer is adjusted so that the thickness of the slag layer increases, and the reduction melting treatment is performed.
- the refractory surface of the furnace wall is cooled by cooling from the outside of the furnace wall, thereby forming a slag coating layer on the refractory surface of the furnace wall and suppressing erosion of the refractory.
- the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer (hereinafter also simply referred to as "interface") is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall. The thickness of the slag layer is adjusted.
- the melting furnace is, for example, an electric furnace
- the distance between the tip of the graphite electrode (hereinafter also simply referred to as "electrode") immersed in the slag layer and the interface so that the applied current is constant, and to control the depth of the electrodes immersed in the slag layer.
- the current value increases as the slag layer becomes thicker. Since the vicinity of the tip of the electrode, which has a high temperature, is separated from the interface, the temperature of the interface decreases.
- the refractory at the interface A solidified slag layer grows rapidly from the point in contact with the object.
- the temperature of the interface between the generated alloy layer and the slag layer is set higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall.
- the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall
- the temperature of the interface is maintained at a required temperature higher than the slag liquidus temperature (slag liquidus temperature ⁇ temperature of the interface), and the distance from the electrode tip to the interface is It means that the slag thickness is adjusted so that the electrode can be immersed in the slag up to the position of the tip of the electrode, which is the distance that can apply the necessary heat to the interface.
- an appropriate coating is formed on the refractory surface of the furnace wall, and the temperature of the refractory surface is maintained at a required temperature below the slag liquidus temperature (refractory temperature of the furnace wall ⁇ slag liquid phase temperature). line temperature), which means that the refractory is adequately cooled by the cooling means provided in the melting furnace.
- the distance from the tip of the electrode to the interface is adjusted according to the variation of the slag thickness, and the distance from the tip of the electrode to the interface is varied.
- the presence or absence is checked by inserting a measuring stick.
- by estimating the refractory surface temperature at that time from the thermocouple embedded in the furnace wall refractory it is controlled so that "furnace wall refractory temperature ⁇ slag liquidus temperature ⁇ interface temperature". , can be adapted to the operation.
- the heating temperature is preferably 1400°C or higher and 1600°C or lower. Moreover, it is more preferable to set the slag heating temperature to 1500° C. or higher and 1600° C. or lower. If the slag heating temperature exceeds 1600° C., heat energy is wasted, and refractory materials such as crucibles constituting the melting furnace are rapidly consumed, which may reduce productivity. On the other hand, if the slag heating temperature is less than 1400° C., the separability between the slag and the alloy produced may deteriorate, and the recovery rate of valuable metals may decrease.
- the metal heating temperature of the metal layer located below the slag layer becomes 1300 ° C. or higher, and the temperature at which the metal can be sufficiently melted can be maintained. can be done.
- the melting point of the obtained alloy composed of copper, nickel and cobalt is about 1300.degree. C. to 1400.degree.
- the oxidizing roasting treatment (oxidizing roasting process) is performed prior to the reducing melting treatment, it is not necessary to perform the oxidizing treatment in the reducing melting treatment. However, if the oxidation in the oxidizing roasting treatment is insufficient, or if the purpose is to further adjust the degree of oxidation, additional oxidation treatment may be performed in the reduction melting treatment or after the reduction melting treatment. good. By performing the additional oxidation treatment, it becomes possible to more strictly adjust the degree of oxidation.
- An example of a method for performing an additional oxidation treatment is to blow an oxidizing agent into the melt produced by the reduction melting treatment.
- the oxidation treatment is performed by inserting a metal tube (lance) into the melt produced by the reduction melting treatment and blowing in an oxidant by bubbling.
- an oxygen-containing gas such as air, pure oxygen, or oxygen-enriched gas can be used as the oxidant.
- harmful substances such as dust and exhaust gas may be generated, but the harmful substances can be rendered harmless by performing known exhaust gas treatment and other treatments.
- a step of oxidizing and roasting the raw material to obtain an oxidized roasted product can be further provided, if necessary, prior to the reduction melting treatment.
- Oxidative roasting treatment is a treatment to oxidize and roast raw materials to produce oxidized roasted products, and even if carbon is contained in the raw materials, the carbon is oxidized and removed, and the reduction melting treatment is performed. It makes it possible to promote alloy integration of valuable metals. Specifically, in the reduction melting process, the valuable metal is reduced to become locally molten fine particles. It may become an obstacle, hinder the aggregation and integration of molten fine particles and the resulting separation of metal (alloy) and slag, and reduce the recovery rate of valuable metals.
- the degree of oxidation can be adjusted as follows. That is, as described above, aluminum (Al), lithium (Li), carbon (C), manganese (Mn), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), and copper ( Cu) is generally oxidized in the order of Al>Li>C>Mn>P>Fe>Co>Ni>Cu.
- the oxidative roasting process proceeds until all of the aluminum (Al) is oxidized. Although the treatment may be accelerated until some of the iron (Fe) is oxidized, it is preferable to limit the degree of oxidation to such an extent that the cobalt (Co) is not oxidized and recovered as slag.
- oxidizing agent In order to adjust the degree of oxidation in the oxidative roasting treatment, it is preferable to introduce an appropriate amount of oxidizing agent.
- Lithium ion batteries contain metals such as aluminum and iron as exterior materials.
- aluminum foil and carbon materials are included as positive electrode materials and negative electrode materials.
- plastic is used as the outer package. Since all of these are materials that act as reducing agents, the degree of oxidation can be adjusted within an appropriate range by introducing an oxidizing agent.
- the oxidizing agent is not particularly limited as long as it can oxidize carbon and low-value-added metals (such as Al). Gases containing oxygen, such as air, pure oxygen, and oxygen-enriched gas, which are easy to handle, can be used. preferable.
- the amount of oxidizing agent to be introduced is about 1.2 times (for example, about 1.15 to 1.25 times) the amount (chemical equivalent) required for oxidizing each substance to be oxidized and roasted. .
- the heating temperature for the oxidative roasting treatment is preferably 700°C or higher and 1100°C or lower, more preferably 800°C or higher and 1000°C or lower.
- the heating temperature for the oxidative roasting treatment is preferably 700°C or higher and 1100°C or lower, more preferably 800°C or higher and 1000°C or lower.
- the oxidative roasting treatment can be performed using a known roasting furnace. Further, it is preferable to use a furnace (preliminary furnace) different from the melting furnace used in the reduction melting treatment, and to carry out the treatment in the preliminary furnace.
- a furnace preliminary furnace
- any type of furnace can be used as long as it is possible to supply an oxidizing agent (such as oxygen) while roasting the pulverized product and carry out the treatment inside it. Examples include conventionally known rotary kilns and tunnel kilns (Haas furnaces).
- the sulfurization step of sulfurizing the obtained alloy, and the pulverization step of pulverizing the mixture of the sulfide and the alloy obtained in the sulfurization step may be provided.
- a hydrometallurgical process may be performed on the valuable metal alloys obtained through such a pyrometallurgical process.
- impurity components can be removed, valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) can be separated and refined, and each of them can be recovered.
- treatments in the hydrometallurgical process include known techniques such as neutralization treatment and solvent extraction treatment.
- the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is reduced to that of the furnace wall in the melting furnace while using means for cooling the furnace wall from the outside in the reduction melting process.
- the thickness of the slag layer is adjusted so that the temperature is higher than the surface temperature of the refractory, and reduction melting treatment is performed.
- a solidified layer of slag (slag coating layer) can be effectively formed on the surface of the refractory, and erosion of the refractory constituting the furnace wall of the melting furnace can be suppressed. It can be processed with high safety. In addition, valuable metals can be stably recovered at a high recovery rate under highly safe treatment and stable operation.
- the raw materials to be processed include waste lithium-ion batteries.
- Waste lithium-ion batteries contain the above-described copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co) as valuable metals.
- the method according to the present embodiment can be preferably applied. An example of producing valuable metals using raw materials including waste lithium ion batteries will be described below.
- the raw material to be treated is not particularly limited as long as it contains at least lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), and valuable metals. It is preferable to use the one containing as a raw material.
- Waste lithium-ion batteries contain lithium (Li) and valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co), as well as low value-added metals (Al, Fe) and carbon components. Therefore, valuable metals can be efficiently separated and recovered by using waste lithium ion batteries as raw materials. Waste lithium-ion batteries include not only used lithium-ion batteries, but also defective products such as positive electrode materials that make up the battery during the manufacturing process, residues in the manufacturing process, and generated scraps of lithium-ion batteries. It is a concept that includes waste materials in the manufacturing process. Therefore, waste lithium ion batteries can also be called lithium ion battery waste materials.
- Fig. 2 is a process diagram showing an example of the flow of a method for producing valuable metals from waste lithium-ion batteries.
- this method includes a waste battery pretreatment step (S1) in which the electrolyte and outer can of the waste lithium ion battery are removed, and a pulverization step ( S2), an oxidizing roasting step (S3) of oxidizing roasting the pulverized product, a reducing melting step (S4) of reducing melting and alloying the oxidizing roasting product, and slag from the reduced product obtained by the reducing melting treatment and a slag separation step (S5) for separating and recovering the alloy.
- a sulfurization step of sulfurizing the obtained alloy or a pulverization step of pulverizing a mixture of the sulfide and the alloy obtained in the sulfurization step may be provided. . Details of each step are described below.
- the waste battery pretreatment step S1 is performed for the purpose of preventing explosion and detoxification of the raw material waste lithium ion battery and removing the outer can. Since the lithium ion battery is a closed system, it contains an electrolytic solution and the like inside. If the pulverization treatment is performed as it is, there is a risk of explosion, which is dangerous. Therefore, it is preferable to perform discharge treatment or electrolytic solution removal treatment by some method.
- outer cans are often made of metal such as aluminum (Al) or iron (Fe), and it is relatively easy to collect such metal outer cans as they are. In this way, in the waste battery pretreatment step (S1), by removing the electrolytic solution and the outer can, it is possible to improve the safety and the recovery rate of the valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co).
- a specific method of treatment in the waste battery pretreatment step (S1) is not particularly limited, but for example, a method of physically opening holes in the waste battery with a needle-like cutting edge to remove the electrolytic solution can be mentioned. Also, there is a method of burning waste batteries to make them harmless.
- the pulverization process In the pulverization step S2, the content of the waste lithium ion battery is pulverized to obtain a pulverized product.
- the pulverization treatment in the pulverization step S2 is intended to increase the reaction efficiency in the pyrometallurgical process. By increasing the reaction efficiency, the recovery rate of valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) can be increased.
- a specific crushing method is not particularly limited. It can be pulverized using a conventionally known pulverizer such as a cutter mixer.
- the pulverized material when collecting aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) contained in the outer can, the pulverized material may be sieved using a sieve shaker.
- Aluminum (Al) can be efficiently recovered because it is easily pulverized by light pulverization.
- iron (Fe) contained in the outer can may be recovered by magnetic separation.
- oxidizing roasting process In the oxidizing roasting step S3, the pulverized product obtained in the crushing step S2 is subjected to oxidizing roasting to obtain an oxidizing roasting product.
- This step corresponds to the "oxidizing roasting step" described above, and the details are as described there.
- the reduction melting step S4 the oxidized roasted product obtained in the oxidized roasting step S3 is subjected to a reduction melting treatment to obtain a reduced product.
- This step corresponds to the "reduction melting step" described above, and the details are as described there.
- the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer increases to that of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the melting furnace.
- the reduction melting treatment is performed by adjusting the thickness of the slag layer so that it is higher than the temperature.
- the alloy is recovered by separating the slag from the reduced material obtained in the reduction melting step S4. This step corresponds to the "slag separation step" described above, and the details are as explained there.
- a sulfurization process or a pulverization process may be provided after the slag separation process. Additionally, a hydrometallurgical process may be performed on the resulting valuable metal alloy. The details of the sulfidation step, the pulverization step, and the hydrometallurgical process are as described above.
- a waste lithium-ion battery containing lithium (Li), aluminum (Al), and valuable metals (Cu, Ni, Co) was used as a raw material, and the valuable metals were recovered.
- waste lithium ion batteries 18650-type cylindrical batteries, used rectangular batteries for vehicles, and defective products collected in the battery manufacturing process were prepared. Then, after the waste lithium ion battery is immersed in salt water and discharged, water is removed, and the electrolyte is decomposed and removed by roasting in the air at a temperature of 260° C. to obtain the battery contents. Ta.
- the battery content was pulverized with a pulverizer (trade name: Good Cutter, manufactured by Ujiie Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) to obtain a pulverized product.
- a pulverizer trade name: Good Cutter, manufactured by Ujiie Seisakusho Co., Ltd.
- a submerged arc furnace in which the furnace wall can be cooled from the outside with a water cooling jacket, was used as the melting furnace for reducing melting treatment.
- the thickness of the slag layer is adjusted so that the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall. After adjusting the thickness, reduction melting treatment was performed.
- Table 1 summarizes the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer, the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall in the melting furnace, and the thickness of the slag layer adjusted based on these. .
- Table 1 shows the cobalt recovery rate when the thickness of the slag layer is adjusted so that the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall. , the presence or absence of slag coating layer formation on the furnace wall, and the presence or absence of the slag solidified layer at the interface. The presence or absence of the slag coating layer was confirmed by visually inspecting the inside of the furnace after the test was completed. The presence or absence of the solidified slag layer at the interface was determined by inserting a measuring rod into the interface.
- Example 1 As can be seen from the results in Table 1, in Example 1, a slag coating layer was formed on the furnace wall of the melting furnace to protect the refractories. In addition, the separation of slag and metal was also good, and the cobalt recovery rate was 95% or more in all samples. In this way, by adjusting the thickness of the slag layer so that the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer is higher than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall, the slag solidified layer does not form at the interface. Good results were obtained.
- Comparative Example 1 Although a slag coating layer was formed on the furnace wall of the melting furnace to protect the refractory, the temperature of the interface between the alloy layer and the slag layer was lower than the temperature of the refractory surface of the furnace wall. As a result of adjusting the thickness of the slag layer so that , a solidified slag layer was observed at the interface. In addition, the separability of slag and metal deteriorated extremely, and the metal could not be recovered effectively, so the operation was discontinued. This is probably because the solidified slag layer formed at the interface prevented the metal particles in the slag from reaching the metal layer below the interface when the raw material was additionally charged.
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Abstract
Description
本実施の形態に係る有価金属を製造する方法は、少なくとも、リチウム(Li)、アルミニウム(Al)、及び有価金属を含む原料から有価金属を分離回収する方法である。したがって、有価金属の回収方法とも言い換えることができる。本実施の形態に係る方法は、主として乾式製錬プロセスによる方法であるが、乾式製錬プロセスと湿式製錬プロセスとから構成されていてもよい。
準備工程では、処理対象である原料を準備する。原料は、有価金属を回収する処理対象となるものであり、上述したように、リチウム(Li)及びアルミニウム(Al)を含むと共に、銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)、及びコバルト(Co)からなる群から構成される有価金属を含む。原料は、これらの成分(Li、Al、Cu、Ni、Co)を金属の形態で含んでもよく、あるいは酸化物等の化合物の形態で含んでいてもよい。また、原料は、これらの成分以外の無機成分や有機成分を含んでいてもよい。
還元熔融工程では、準備した原料を熔融炉内に装入し、炉壁を外側から冷却する手段(冷却手段)を使いながら還元熔融処理を行う。そして、生成する合金の層とスラグの層との界面の温度が熔融炉内の炉壁の耐火物表面の温度よりも大きくなるように、スラグ層の厚さを調整しながら、原料を還元熔融して還元物を得る。なお、生成する還元物は、合金とスラグとを分離して含む。
本実施の形態に係る方法では、必要に応じて、還元熔融処理に先立って、原料を酸化焙焼して酸化焙焼物を得る工程(酸化焙焼工程)をさらに設けることができる。
スラグ分離工程では、還元熔融処理により得られた還元物からスラグを分離して、有価金属を含む合金を回収する。スラグと合金とはその比重が異なり、合金に比べ比重の小さいスラグは合金の上部に集まることから、比重分離により効率的に分離回収することができる。
本実施の形態に係る方法において、処理対象である原料としては、少なくともリチウム(Li)、アルミニウム(Al)、及び有価金属を含有する限り、特に限定されないが、上述したように、廃リチウムイオン電池を含むものを原料とすることが好ましい。
廃電池前処理工程S1は、原料の廃リチウムイオン電池の爆発防止及び無害化、並びに外装缶の除去を目的に行われる。リチウムイオン電池は密閉系であるため、内部に電解液等を有している。そのままの状態で粉砕処理を行うと、爆発のおそれがあり危険であるため、何らかの方法で放電処理や電解液除去処理を施すことが好ましい。また、外装缶は、金属であるアルミニウム(Al)や鉄(Fe)から構成されていることが多く、こうした金属製の外装缶はそのまま回収することが比較的に容易である。このように、廃電池前処理工程(S1)において、電解液及び外装缶を除去することで、安全性を高めるとともに、有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の回収率を高めることができる。
粉砕工程S2では、廃リチウムイオン電池の内容物を粉砕して粉砕物を得る。粉砕工程S2での粉砕処理は、乾式製錬プロセスでの反応効率を高めることを目的としている。反応効率を高めることで、有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の回収率を高めることができる。
酸化焙焼工程S3では、粉砕工程S2で得られた粉砕物を酸化焙焼して酸化焙焼物を得る。この工程は、上述した「酸化焙焼工程」に相当する工程であり、詳細はそこで説明したとおりである。
還元熔融工程S4では、酸化焙焼工程S3で得られた酸化焙焼物に対して還元熔融処理を施して還元物を得る。この工程は、上述した「還元熔融工程」に相当する工程であり、詳細はそこで説明したとおりである。
スラグ分離工程S5では、還元熔融工程S4で得られた還元物からスラグを分離して合金を回収する。この工程は、上述した「スラグ分離工程」に相当し、詳細はそこで説明したとおりである。
リチウム(Li)、アルミニウム(Al)、及び有価金属(Cu,Ni,Co)を含む廃リチウムイオン電池を原料として用いて、有価金属を回収する処理を行った。
先ず、廃リチウムイオン電池として、18650型円筒型電池、車載用の角形電池の使用済み電池、及び電池製造工程で回収した不良品を用意した。そして、この廃リチウムイオン電池を塩水中に浸漬して放電させた後、水分を除去し、260℃の温度で大気中にて焙焼することによって電解液を分解除去し、電池内容物を得た。
次に、得られた粉砕物を、ロータリーキルンにおいて、大気中、900℃の加熱温度で180分間の酸化焙焼を行った。
次に、得られた酸化焙焼物に、還元剤として黒鉛粉を有価金属(Cu、Ni、Co)の合計モル数の0.6倍のモル数(すなわち、有価金属を還元するのに必要なモル数の1.2倍の黒鉛粉)だけ添加し、さらにフラックスとして酸化カルシウム(CaO)を添加して還元熔融処理を施した。
得られた還元物からスラグを分離して、合金を回収し、回収合金とした。
還元物から分離したスラグ及び合金の成分分析を、次のようにして行った。すなわち、得られたスラグ及び合金をそれぞれ冷却した後に粉砕し、蛍光X線により分析を行った。
有価金属(Co)の回収率を、下記式1に基づいて算出した。なお、回収合金中の成分分析は、上述したように蛍光X線により行った。
有価金属の回収率(%)=
(回収合金中のCo重量)÷(回収合金中のCo重量+スラグ中のCo重量)×100
・・・(式1)
下記表1に、合金の層とスラグの層の界面の温度が炉壁の耐火物表面の温度よりも大きくなるようにスラグの層の厚さを調整して処理したときのコバルト回収率の結果と、炉壁へのスラグコーティング層形成の有無、界面でのスラグ固化層の有無、の結果を示す。なお、スラグコーティング層の形成有無の確認は、試験終了後に炉内を目視で確認することにより行った。また、界面でのスラグ固化層の有無は、その界面に検尺棒を差し込むことにより行った。
Claims (3)
- 銅(Cu)、ニッケル(Ni)、及びコバルト(Co)を含む有価金属を含有する原料から該有価金属を製造する方法であって、
少なくとも、リチウム(Li)、アルミニウム(Al)、及び前記有価金属を含む原料を準備する準備工程と、
前記原料に対して、炉壁を外側から冷却する冷却手段が設けられている熔融炉を使用して還元熔融処理を施し、前記有価金属を含有する合金とスラグとを含む還元物を得る還元熔融工程と、
前記還元物からスラグを分離して合金を回収するスラグ分離工程と、を有し、
前記準備工程及び前記還元熔融工程のいずれか一方又は両方の工程において、前記原料にカルシウム(Ca)を含有するフラックスを添加し、
前記還元熔融工程では、前記冷却手段により前記熔融炉の炉壁を冷却しながら、前記合金の層と前記スラグの層との界面の温度が前記熔融炉内の炉壁の耐火物表面の温度よりも大きくなるように、前記スラグ層の厚さを調整する、
有価金属の製造方法。 - 前記還元熔融工程では、前記合金の層と前記スラグの層との界面に検尺棒を差し込むことによって該界面が熔体であることを確認しながら、前記スラグ層の厚さを調整する、
請求項1に記載の有価金属の製造方法。 - 前記原料は、廃リチウムイオン電池を含む、
請求項1又は2に記載の有価金属の製造方法。
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| JPS5337461A (en) * | 1976-09-20 | 1978-04-06 | Hiyuuga Seirenshiyo Kk | Apparatus for measuring level of molten metal in electric furnace |
| WO2011035916A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-03-31 | Umicore | Process for the valorization of metals from hev or ev batteries |
| JP2013506048A (ja) * | 2009-09-25 | 2013-02-21 | ユミコア | リチウムイオンバッテリーに含まれる金属を資源化する方法 |
| JP2020193363A (ja) * | 2019-05-28 | 2020-12-03 | 株式会社日向製錬所 | フェロニッケル鋳造片の黒色化抑制方法、及び、フェロニッケル鋳造片の製造方法 |
| JP6819827B2 (ja) | 2018-07-12 | 2021-01-27 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 廃リチウムイオン電池からの有価金属の回収方法 |
| WO2022019172A1 (ja) * | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 有価金属を回収する方法 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS5337461A (en) * | 1976-09-20 | 1978-04-06 | Hiyuuga Seirenshiyo Kk | Apparatus for measuring level of molten metal in electric furnace |
| WO2011035916A1 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2011-03-31 | Umicore | Process for the valorization of metals from hev or ev batteries |
| JP2013506048A (ja) * | 2009-09-25 | 2013-02-21 | ユミコア | リチウムイオンバッテリーに含まれる金属を資源化する方法 |
| JP6819827B2 (ja) | 2018-07-12 | 2021-01-27 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 廃リチウムイオン電池からの有価金属の回収方法 |
| JP2020193363A (ja) * | 2019-05-28 | 2020-12-03 | 株式会社日向製錬所 | フェロニッケル鋳造片の黒色化抑制方法、及び、フェロニッケル鋳造片の製造方法 |
| WO2022019172A1 (ja) * | 2020-07-21 | 2022-01-27 | 住友金属鉱山株式会社 | 有価金属を回収する方法 |
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