WO2023002109A1 - Procede de fabrication de plaques bipolaires - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication de plaques bipolaires Download PDFInfo
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- WO2023002109A1 WO2023002109A1 PCT/FR2022/051408 FR2022051408W WO2023002109A1 WO 2023002109 A1 WO2023002109 A1 WO 2023002109A1 FR 2022051408 W FR2022051408 W FR 2022051408W WO 2023002109 A1 WO2023002109 A1 WO 2023002109A1
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- graphite
- composition
- polymer
- bipolar plate
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/54—Reclaiming serviceable parts of waste accumulators
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C43/00—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor
- B29C43/003—Compression moulding, i.e. applying external pressure to flow the moulding material; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/0001—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/02—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by shape or form
- C25B11/036—Bipolar electrodes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
- H01M4/8626—Porous electrodes characterised by the form
- H01M4/8631—Bipolar electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
- H01M4/8875—Methods for shaping the electrode into free-standing bodies, like sheets, films or grids, e.g. moulding, hot-pressing, casting without support, extrusion without support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0213—Gas-impermeable carbon-containing materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0221—Organic resins; Organic polymers
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/02—Details
- H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
- H01M8/0204—Non-porous and characterised by the material
- H01M8/0223—Composites
- H01M8/0226—Composites in the form of mixtures
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/755—Membranes, diaphragms
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M2004/8678—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/8694—Bipolar electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/20—Waste processing or separation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/84—Recycling of batteries or fuel cells
Definitions
- TITLE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING BIPOLAR PLATES
- the present invention relates to a method of making a bipolar plate composition.
- the invention also relates to processes for manufacturing bipolar plates by injection, extrusion or compression, from said composition, as well as the bipolar plates obtained by these processes.
- Bipolar plates are used in fuel cells, electrolyzers and in redox flow batteries. They can be made from different materials: metallic bipolar plates, graphite plates and carbon-polymer composite plates.
- bipolar plates based on organic composite materials is based on the use of conductive fillers (carbon, graphite, etc.) dispersed in a thermoplastic or thermosetting polymer.
- the fillers will give the bipolar plates the electrical conductivity necessary for collecting the current and the polymer matrix their good mechanical strength necessary for assembling the various elements.
- Carbon-polymer composite bipolar plates have interesting properties: high electrical conductivity, good corrosion resistance, good performance at high temperature, and good mechanical properties, with a relatively low manufacturing cost.
- a thermosetting or thermoplastic polymer is used as a matrix for a carbonaceous filler chosen from among graphite, carbon fibers, carbon black or carbon nanotubes.
- the electrical performance of composite bipolar plates is mainly determined by the carbon charge, the material of the polymer matrix also influences the electrical behavior of the composite.
- Thermosetting polymer-graphite composites are preferred materials for the fabrication of bipolar plates.
- composite materials based on thermoplastic polymers in particular thermoplastics stable at high temperatures, have already been used in the manufacture of bipolar plates, in due to their ability to be injection molded or extruded, making them more suitable for automated manufacturing.
- Such composites have been prepared using polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) or polyether sulfone (PES) containing graphite powder, as reported by Radhakrishnan, S. et al. in the publication: “High-temperature, Polymer-graphite Hybrid Composites for Bipolar Plates: Effect of Processing Conditions on Electrical Properties”, Journal of Power Sources, 2006, Vol. 163, p. 702-707.
- bipolar plates for fuel cells are: high electronic and thermal conductivities, good mechanical properties such as bending properties, and high gas barrier properties.
- the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composition for a bipolar plate, said method comprising the following steps:
- said composite mixture comes from the recycling of lithium-ion batteries.
- the recycling of lithium-ion batteries is carried out by a process chosen from among physical separation, pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, or a combination thereof.
- the different components of the cell are dismantled before they are ground.
- said at least one carbonaceous conductive filler is graphite used as active filler at the lithium-ion battery anode.
- said carbonaceous conductive filler is a mixture of graphite and another carbonaceous conductive filler, such as carbon black or carbon nanotubes present in the formulation of the Li-battery anode or cathode. ion.
- said polymer entering into the composition of said composite mixture is a fluorinated polymer, a water-soluble thickening polymer (such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose), a polyolefin elastomer (such as, for example, a styrene-butadiene rubber), an acrylic resin (such as carboxylated acrylic polymers) or a mixture of several of these components, including a mixture of different fluoropolymers.
- a fluorinated polymer such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose
- a polyolefin elastomer such as, for example, a styrene-butadiene rubber
- an acrylic resin such as carboxylated acrylic polymers
- the invention relates, according to another aspect, to a method of manufacturing a bipolar plate, comprising the following steps:
- the invention relates, according to another aspect, to a method of manufacturing a bipolar plate, comprising the following steps:
- the invention relates, according to another aspect, to a method of manufacturing a bipolar plate, comprising the following steps:
- composition - subjecting said composition to a continuous extrusion process.
- the invention further relates to the bipolar plates obtained by the methods described above or comprising the composition described above.
- the present invention makes it possible to overcome the disadvantages of the state of the art. It more particularly provides a process for the manufacture of compositions which can be implemented easily to manufacture bipolar plates.
- the advantages of this approach using a composite mixture resulting from the recycling of lithium-ion batteries, are to benefit from the good dispersion of the polymer binder in the recycled conductive carbon filler/polymer mixture, which makes it possible to improve the dispersion of the carbon charge in the bipolar plate. This makes it possible to improve the mechanical resistance, the gas barrier properties and the conductivity.
- SEI solid electrolyte interface
- This layer of SEI is composed of inorganic elements (LiL, L12O2, L12CO3) and also of polymer fractions resulting from the decomposition of electrolyte solvents. Consequently, this layer of SEI contributes to better flexibility and resistance to cracks, giving the recycled graphite the ability to improve the mechanical properties of the bipolar plate.
- the percentages indicated in the text are mass percentages.
- the subject of the invention is the use of a mixture of conductive fillers/polymers resulting from the recycling of lithium-ion batteries for the manufacture of bipolar plates.
- the invention relates to a method for manufacturing a composition for a bipolar plate, said method comprising the following steps: - providing a composite mixture based on at least one carbonaceous conductive filler and polymer(s) (component A),
- said method comprises the following characters, possibly combined.
- said composite mixture is prepared by a lithium-ion battery recycling process chosen from among pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, physical separation based on characteristics of the materials such as particle size, density, magnetic or electrical properties , such as flotation, or a combination thereof.
- the battery to be recycled is dismantled in order to recover the polymers, carbonaceous fillers and noble metals from the electrodes.
- the batteries which are recycled are those having an NMC (nickel-manganese-cobalt) or NCA (nickel-cobalt-aluminum) cathode and a graphite anode.
- the components of a lithium-ion battery are physically separated: cathode/separator/anode, the cathode and the anode are ground, then the hydrometallurgy steps are carried out to selectively recover materials, including cobalt and nickel.
- Hydrometallurgy residues consist of conductive carbonaceous fillers and polymers such as PVDF that are resistant to leaching and reprecipitation stages, and can therefore be reused according to the present invention.
- the components of a lithium-ion battery are physically separated: cathode/separator/anode, the cathode and the anode are ground and then flotation or jet sieving is carried out. air allowing to recover the conductive carbonaceous fillers and the sparse and hydrophobic polymer binders, thus separated from the metallic active fillers and the denser metallic current collector residues.
- the recycling process leads to the recovery of the carbonaceous fillers which are associated with thermoplastic polymers, that is to say the binders of the electrodes.
- the method according to the invention may comprise a preliminary step which consists in grinding, redispersing and sieving said mixture in order to obtain a powder having a particle size of 500 ⁇ m maximum, preferably less than 200 ⁇ m.
- a recombination of the conductive carbonaceous filler powders/polymers from the cathode and the anode is carried out by a method of mixing dry powders with equipment such as a ribbon or paddle mixer. It is possible to carry out this recombination in the molten state by an extrusion process making it possible to obtain flakes or friable granules which must then be reground.
- the cell or the module is ground without carrying out any prior dismantling. It is then possible to recover a mixture of carbonaceous and polymeric conductive fillers either after one or more physical separation step(s) as described above, or as a residue from the hydrometallurgy process.
- a pyrometallurgy step is carried out to eliminate the polymers present. Only the conductive carbonaceous fillers are then recovered to be used according to the invention.
- said at least one carbonaceous conductive filler is graphite used as active filler at the lithium-ion battery anode.
- said carbonaceous conductive filler is a mixture of graphite and another carbonaceous conductive filler, such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers (for example carbon fibers grown in the vapor phase or VGCF, which is the English acronym for “vapor grown carbon fiber”), present in the formulation of the Li-ion battery anode or cathode.
- another carbonaceous conductive filler such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes or carbon fibers (for example carbon fibers grown in the vapor phase or VGCF, which is the English acronym for “vapor grown carbon fiber”)
- said polymer entering into the composition of said composite mixture is a fluorinated polymer, such as for example polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), a water-soluble thickening polymer, such as for example carboxymethylcellulose, an elastomer polyolefin, such as for example a styrene-butadiene rubber, an acrylic resin or a mixture of several of these components, including a mixture of different fluorinated polymers.
- PVDF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
- a water-soluble thickening polymer such as for example carboxymethylcellulose
- an elastomer polyolefin such as for example a styrene-butadiene rubber
- acrylic resin or a mixture of several of these components, including a mixture of different fluorinated polymers.
- said fluorinated polymer present in component A contains in its chain at least one monomer chosen from compounds containing a vinyl group capable of opening to polymerize and which contains, directly attached to this vinyl group, at the least one fluorine atom, a fluoroalkyl group or a fluoroalkoxy group.
- the fluorinated polymer can be a homopolymer or a copolymer.
- the copolymer can also include non-fluorinated monomers such as ethylene.
- the fluoropolymer is a polymer comprising units derived from vinylidene fluoride, and is preferably chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer and copolymers comprising units of vinylidene fluoride and units derived from at least another comonomer copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride.
- the fluorinated polymer present in component A is a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride.
- the fluoropolymer is a copolymer comprising vinylidene fluoride (VDF) units and units derived from one or more monomers.
- VDF vinylidene fluoride
- VDF copolymers can also include non-fluorinated monomers such as ethylene.
- the mass content of the VDF units is at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably greater than 70% and advantageously greater than 80%.
- the fluoropolymer is functionalized in whole or in part, which allows it to improve the adhesion to metal.
- the fluoropolymer comprises monomer units bearing at least one carboxylic acid or hydroxyl function.
- the functional group bears a carboxylic acid function.
- the monomer unit bearing at least one carboxylic acid function is chosen from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and acryloyloxy propylsuccinate.
- the units carrying the carboxylic acid function also comprise a heteroatom chosen from oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus.
- the functional group bears a hydroxyl function.
- the monomer unit bearing at least one carboxylic acid function is chosen from hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate,
- the functional group content of the fluorinated polymer is at least 0.01% molar, preferably at least 0.1% molar, and at most 15% molar, preferably at most 10 % molar.
- the fluorinated polymer present in component A can be a mixture of one or more polymers described above, for example a mixture of a PVDF homopolymer and at least one VDF copolymer, a mixture of at least two VDF, a mixture of a functionalized PVDF and a homopolymer PVDF or a mixture of a functionalized PVDF and a VDF copolymer.
- component A can also comprise silicon.
- the silicon comes from the recycling of the anode.
- the recycled conductive carbon filler/polymer mixture has the following mass composition:
- polyolefin such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene
- the recycled conductive carbon filler/polymer mixture has the following mass composition:
- polyolefin such as polyethylene and/or polypropylene
- the mass ratio between the water-soluble thickener and the polyolefin elastomer varies from 1:9 to 9:1, and is preferably 1:4.
- the graphite present in component A has a particle size, expressed as volume average diameter (Dv50), ranging from 1 to 40 mhi, preferably from 5 to 30 ⁇ m.
- Dv50 volume average diameter
- This parameter can be measured by laser granulometry.
- component A comprising graphite having a particle size, expressed as volume average diameter (Dv50), smaller than the volume average diameter (Dv50) of the graphite constituting component B described below.
- the second component of the bipolar plate composition according to the invention is graphite. It is the major component by weight of the composition, present at 50% or more.
- the graphite constituting component B has a volume-average diameter (Dv50) ranging from 50 to 500 mhi, preferably from 75 to 150 mhi.
- the third component of the bipolar plate composition according to the invention is a polymer acting as a binder.
- Said polymer can be a polyolefin (for example: polyethylene or polypropylene), a fluorinated polymer (PVDF), polyphenylsulfone, polyethersulfone, a phenolic resin, a vinylester resin, an epoxy resin, or a liquid-crystal polymer.
- said fluorinated polymer present in component C contains in its chain at least one monomer chosen from compounds containing a vinyl group capable of opening to polymerize and which contains, directly attached to this vinyl group, at the least one fluorine atom, a fluoroalkyl group or a fluoroalkoxy group.
- this monomer can be vinylidene fluoride.
- the fluorinated polymer can be a homopolymer or a copolymer.
- the copolymer can also include non-fluorinated monomers such as ethylene.
- the fluoropolymer is a polymer comprising units derived from vinylidene fluoride, and is preferably chosen from polyvinylidene fluoride homopolymer and copolymers comprising units of vinylidene fluoride and units derived from at least another comonomer copolymerizable with vinylidene fluoride.
- the fluorinated polymer present in component C is a homopolymer of vinylidene fluoride.
- the fluoropolymer is a copolymer comprising vinylidene fluoride (VDF) units and units derived from one or more monomers.
- VDF copolymers can also include non-fluorinated monomers such as ethylene.
- the mass content of the VDF units is at least 50%, preferably at least 60%, more preferably greater than 70% and advantageously greater than 80%.
- the fluoropolymer is functionalized, in whole or in part, which allows it to improve the adhesion to metal.
- the fluoropolymer comprises monomer units bearing at least one carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid anhydride function.
- the function is introduced onto the fluorinated polymer by a chemical reaction which may be grafting or copolymerization of the fluorinated monomer with a monomer bearing at least one -COOH or carboxylic acid anhydride group and a vinyl function capable of copolymerizing with the fluorinated monomer , according to techniques well known to those skilled in the art.
- unsaturated mono- and dicarboxylic acids having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, and in particular from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, such as acrylic acids, methacrylic , maleic, fumaric, itaconic, citraconic, allyl
- the units carrying the carboxylic acid function also comprise a heteroatom chosen from oxygen, sulphur, nitrogen and phosphorus.
- the functional group content of the fluorinated polymer is at least 0.01% molar, preferably at least 0.1% molar, and at most 15% molar, preferably at most 10 % molar.
- the fluorinated polymer present in component C can be a mixture of one or more polymers described above, for example a mixture of a PVDF homopolymer and at least one VDF copolymer, or a mixture of at least two VDF copolymers.
- the mass composition of the bipolar plate implemented in the method according to the invention consists of:
- the invention relates to a process for manufacturing the composition described above, said process comprising the following steps:
- component A a composite mixture based on at least one carbonaceous conductive filler and polymer(s) (component A),
- the process according to the invention comprises a step of mixing in the molten state component A with component C and component B. This step makes it possible to formulate an intimate mixture.
- the powders are mixed in the dry state.
- the mixing step is carried out in the molten state by extrusion, using for example a mixer or a twin-screw extruder.
- the invention also relates to a bipolar plate composition manufactured using the method described above.
- the invention also relates to a bipolar plate comprising the composition described above, in an agglomerated form.
- a bipolar plate is a plate that separates elementary cells in fuel cells, electrolyzers and redox flow batteries. In general, it has the shape of a parallelepiped having a thickness of a few millimeters (typically between 0.2 and 6 mm) and comprises on each face a network of channels for the circulation of gases and fluids. Its functions are to supply the fuel cell with gaseous fuel, to evacuate the reaction products and to collect the electric current produced by the cell.
- the invention relates, according to another aspect, to a method of manufacturing a bipolar plate, comprising the following steps:
- the bipolar plate composition is subjected to injection molding in powder form.
- the method according to the invention may also comprise an additional step of grinding this powder, for example by means of a disc mill.
- compositions of the invention are particularly well suited to the manufacture of composite bipolar plates by the injection molding process.
- the injection molding process consists of several steps. First, granules or powders are introduced into an extruder via a feed hopper. Once introduced, the material is routed into the barrel where it is simultaneously heated, sheared and conveyed to the mold by the extrusion screw. The material is temporarily held in the sheath and put under pressure before the injection phase. When the appropriate pressure is reached, the material is injected into a mold having the shape and dimensions of the desired final object, the temperature of the mold being regulated. The cycle time depends on the size of the parts and the solidification time of the polymer. the keeping the material under pressure once injected into the mold limits deformation and shrinkage after demoulding. To eject the parts, the mold parts separate, the core retracts, and the ejectors are pushed to lift the parts off the mold surface.
- the parameters of the injection process are multiple: temperature of the material during the plasticizing step, injection speed, injection pressure of the material, time and pressure held in the mould, mold temperature.
- the temperature profile applied along the extrusion screw can vary from 100° C. to 280° C. from the feed zone to the head. injection.
- the mold temperature can vary from room temperature up to 280°C. Several mold cooling methods can be used.
- the material can be injected into a mold maintained at a temperature between the melting and glass transition temperatures for a semi-crystalline polymer.
- the temperature of the mold varies during the injection cycle.
- the material is first injected into a mold whose temperature is higher than the melting temperature for a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. This phase favors the filling of the mould.
- the mold is cooled to a temperature between the melting and glass transition temperatures for a semi-crystalline polymer to promote crystallization.
- Commercial versions of these variable mold temperature processes exist. Examples include Roctool, Variotherm and Variomelt technologies.
- injection parameters such as injection speed, injection pressure of the material, time and holding pressure in the mold depend on the geometry of the mold, its dimensions, the size and position of the injection gates .
- the invention relates, according to another aspect, to a method of manufacturing a bipolar plate, comprising the following steps:
- the bipolar plate composition is subjected to compression molding in powder form.
- the method according to the invention may also comprise a step of grinding this powder, for example by means of a disk mill.
- the compression molding of compositions intended to produce bipolar plates can be carried out by introducing said composition into a mould, for example a stainless steel mould, which is then closed and heated to a temperature ranging from 200°C to 350°C, preferably from 250°C to 300°C. Then, a compression force of 300 t to 800 t, preferably 400 t to 600 t, is applied to the mold, for a mold with dimensions of 100,000 to 150,000 mm 2 . Typically, a compression force of 500 t is applied when the mold size is 130000 mm 2 and a compression force of 300 t is applied when the mold size is 44000 mm 2 . The mold is then cooled to a temperature of 50° C. to 120° C., preferably 60° C. to 100° C., and the plate is unmolded.
- the invention relates, according to another aspect, to a method of manufacturing a bipolar plate, comprising the following steps:
- composition - subjecting said composition to a continuous extrusion process.
- the composition is introduced into a single-screw or twin-screw type extruder with a flat die, so as to obtain a continuous plate which is subsequently etched.
- the invention further relates to the bipolar plates obtained by the methods described above.
- the bipolar plate has at least one of the following characteristics, and preferably all of these characteristics:
- thermal conductivity equal to or greater than 10 W/m/K
- a flexural strength equal to or greater than 25 N/mm 2 ;
- Bending strength is measured according to DIN EN ISO 178. Compressive strength is measured according to ISO 604. Thermal conductivity is measured using the Laser Llash technique according to DIN EN ISO 821. Surface resistivity is measured by means of probe samples at four points on crushed samples having a thickness of 4 mm. Volume resistivity is measured with a two-electrode installation and a contact pressure of 1 N/mm 2 on surfaced samples having a diameter of 13 mm and a thickness of 2 mm.
- the bipolar plate has a surface resistivity equal to or less than 0.008 Ohm.cm, or equal to or less than 0.005 Ohm.cm, or equal to or less than 0.003 Ohm.cm, or equal to or less than 0.001 Ohm. cm.
- the bipolar plate has a through resistivity equal to or less than 0.025 Ohm.cm, or equal to or less than 0.02 Ohm.cm, or equal to or less than 0.015 Ohm.cm.
- the bipolar plate has a thermal conductivity equal to or greater than 15 W/m/K, or equal to or greater than 20 W/m/K.
- the bipolar plate has a resistance to bending equal to or greater than 30 N/mm 2 , or equal to or greater than 35 N/mm 2 .
- the bipolar plate consists of:
- component B as defined in the present invention having an average volume diameter (Dv50) ranging from 50 to 500 mhi,
- component A as defined in the present invention and comprising graphite having a particle size, expressed as volume average diameter (Dv50) ranging from 1 to 40 mhi, from 5 to 40% of component C as defined in the present invention; the sum of these percentages being 100%.
- Dv50 volume average diameter
- a synthetic graphite (Graphite Timrex KS150) having a particle size characterized by a Dv50 of 55mhi and a homopolymer of vinylidene difluoride which has a melt viscosity measured at 232°C and 100 s - 1 of 900 Pa.s were used.
- Composition 1 from the recycling of a lithium-ion battery graphite anode
- Composition 1 from a graphite anode was obtained by a recycling process based on the physical separation of the elements. First, the battery components (anode/separator/cathode) were physically separated. The anode was then crushed. Finally, it was subjected to an air jet sieving to separate the copper fragments, graphite and polymeric binders. At the end of this step, a powder consisting of 96.3% by weight of graphite, 3.4% by weight of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and 2.6% by weight of a styrene and butadiene elastomer (SBR) was recovered. . The graphite in this composition was a synthetic graphite which has a particle size characterized by a Dv50 of 17 mhi.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene and butadiene elastomer
- Composition 2 from the black mass of a Lithium-ion battery with graphite anode and NMC cathode: Composition 2 is from the black mass of a Lithium-ion battery. It contains the non-metallic and non-inorganic residues, i.e. the graphite, the conductive carbonaceous filler of the cathode, the polymer binders of the electrodes (PVDL, CMC, SBR) and the polyolefin of the separator. The constituent elements of the battery (anode/separator/cathode) were first shredded and then ground.
- the ground material was subjected to the different stages of a hydrometallurgy process in order to dissolve the metallic current collectors and the inorganic fillers such as NMC and bohemite from the separator coating.
- the residues from the hydrometallurgy process are composed of:
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- SBR styrene and butadiene elastomer
- PVDL polyvinylidene fluoride
- composition of the bipolar plates with iso rate of binder iso rate of binder
- Example 1 The constituents of Example 1, the Timrex KS150 graphite, the Kynar® 721 PVDF and the composition resulting from the recycling of a lithium-ion battery anode, were pre-mixed using a twin-screw extruder . At the end of this mixing step, very friable granules were obtained. These granules were then ground using a disc mill to obtain a powder with an average size Dv50 of less than 500 mhi.
- composition of the comparative example was prepared according to the same protocol.
- the fabrication of the bipolar plates was carried out by thermocompression. To do this, a mold with a dimension of 30 ⁇ 30 cm 2 was manually filled with the composition in powder form. The powder was leveled manually with a metal blade. The mold was closed and brought to 240° C. under a pressure of 150 bars. The amount of powder was adjusted to obtain a thickness of approximately 3mm. The mold was cooled under pressure to a temperature of 80°C. Once this temperature was reached, the pressure was released and the plate was removed from the mould.
- the bipolar plates according to the present invention have a better resistance to bending compared to the comparative example in which there is no graphite resulting from the recycling of a battery.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
- Composite Materials (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
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- Processing Of Solid Wastes (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2024503599A JP2024528681A (ja) | 2021-07-21 | 2022-07-13 | バイポーラプレートの製造方法 |
| US18/578,769 US20240322281A1 (en) | 2021-07-21 | 2022-07-13 | Method for manufacturing bipolar plates |
| KR1020247005416A KR20240034239A (ko) | 2021-07-21 | 2022-07-13 | 양극판을 제조하기 위한 방법 |
| EP22754902.9A EP4374437A1 (fr) | 2021-07-21 | 2022-07-13 | Procede de fabrication de plaques bipolaires |
| CN202280050780.3A CN117693838A (zh) | 2021-07-21 | 2022-07-13 | 用于制造双极板的方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2107855A FR3125645B1 (fr) | 2021-07-21 | 2021-07-21 | Procede de fabrication de plaques bipolaires |
| FRFR2107855 | 2021-07-21 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2023002109A1 true WO2023002109A1 (fr) | 2023-01-26 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/FR2022/051408 Ceased WO2023002109A1 (fr) | 2021-07-21 | 2022-07-13 | Procede de fabrication de plaques bipolaires |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20240322281A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP4374437A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2024528681A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20240034239A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN117693838A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3125645B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2023002109A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023112730A1 (de) | 2023-05-15 | 2024-11-21 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Recyceln duroplastisch gebundener Bipolarplatten |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2018169830A1 (fr) * | 2017-03-13 | 2018-09-20 | The Regents Of The Universtiy Of California | Procédé de production de graphite pré-lithié à partir de batteries li-ion recyclées |
| EP3041076B1 (fr) * | 2015-01-02 | 2018-10-31 | Hankook Tire Co., Ltd. | Plaque de séparation de pile à combustible et son procédé de fabrication |
-
2021
- 2021-07-21 FR FR2107855A patent/FR3125645B1/fr active Active
-
2022
- 2022-07-13 EP EP22754902.9A patent/EP4374437A1/fr active Pending
- 2022-07-13 US US18/578,769 patent/US20240322281A1/en active Pending
- 2022-07-13 KR KR1020247005416A patent/KR20240034239A/ko active Pending
- 2022-07-13 JP JP2024503599A patent/JP2024528681A/ja active Pending
- 2022-07-13 WO PCT/FR2022/051408 patent/WO2023002109A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2022-07-13 CN CN202280050780.3A patent/CN117693838A/zh active Pending
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP3041076B1 (fr) * | 2015-01-02 | 2018-10-31 | Hankook Tire Co., Ltd. | Plaque de séparation de pile à combustible et son procédé de fabrication |
| WO2018169830A1 (fr) * | 2017-03-13 | 2018-09-20 | The Regents Of The Universtiy Of California | Procédé de production de graphite pré-lithié à partir de batteries li-ion recyclées |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| MIGHRI F. ET AL.: "Electrically conductive thermoplastic blends for injection and compression molding of bipolar plates in the fuel cell application", POLYMER ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE, vol. 44, no. 9, 2004, XP055592418, DOI: 10.1002/pen.20177 |
| RADHAKRISHNAN, S. ET AL.: "High-temperature, Polymer-graphite Hybrid Composites for Bipolar Plates: Effect of Processing Conditions on Electrical Properties", JOURNAL OF POWER SOURCES, vol. 163, 2006, pages 702 - 707, XP005812524, DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.08.019 |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE102023112730A1 (de) | 2023-05-15 | 2024-11-21 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Recyceln duroplastisch gebundener Bipolarplatten |
| WO2024235372A1 (fr) | 2023-05-15 | 2024-11-21 | Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG | Procédé et dispositif de recyclage de plaques bipolaires soudées thermodurcies |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2024528681A (ja) | 2024-07-30 |
| KR20240034239A (ko) | 2024-03-13 |
| EP4374437A1 (fr) | 2024-05-29 |
| FR3125645B1 (fr) | 2024-06-28 |
| CN117693838A (zh) | 2024-03-12 |
| US20240322281A1 (en) | 2024-09-26 |
| FR3125645A1 (fr) | 2023-01-27 |
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