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WO2022125953A1 - Particules enrobées pour remplissage de pelouse - Google Patents

Particules enrobées pour remplissage de pelouse Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022125953A1
WO2022125953A1 PCT/US2021/062893 US2021062893W WO2022125953A1 WO 2022125953 A1 WO2022125953 A1 WO 2022125953A1 US 2021062893 W US2021062893 W US 2021062893W WO 2022125953 A1 WO2022125953 A1 WO 2022125953A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
particulates
optionally
coated
mixer
isocyanate
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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PCT/US2021/062893
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English (en)
Inventor
Anthony Caggiano
Susan Catalano
Mary HAMBY
Nicholas IZZO
Gary Look
Gilbert Rishton
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Cognition Therapeutics Inc
Original Assignee
Cognition Therapeutics Inc
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Publication of WO2022125953A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022125953A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C13/00—Pavings or foundations specially adapted for playgrounds or sports grounds; Drainage, irrigation or heating of sports grounds
    • E01C13/08—Surfaces simulating grass ; Grass-grown sports grounds

Definitions

  • rotational resistance The torque required to move/rotate a set of athletic shoe cleats through an artificial turf system, known as rotational resistance, is an important property for performance and safety. Rotational resistance of a turf infill that is not properly tuned may result to a hazardous field for athletes.
  • the artificial turf’s ability to absorb an amount of force on the surface is significant on reducing impact forces.
  • a hard overall artificial turf and infill system will result in low energy dissipation between the athlete and the surface, which may be hazardous.
  • the vertical deformation, which is how much the overall artificial turf and infill system gives underfoot may have a significant effect on energy dissipation when running.
  • a soft surface will require greater efforts that may result in muscle injuries and fatigue.
  • the present disclosure provides coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a core, wherein the core is substantially covered with one or more layers of polymeric coatings, wherein the polymeric coating is selected from a polyurethane coating, an epoxy coating, a phenolic coating, a polyurethane-phenol coating, and any combination thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides coatings for the coated particulates as described herein comprising one or more additives selected from a UV stabilizer, an antimicrobial agent, a surfactant, a pigment or dye, an IR reflective colorant, an impact modifier, an omniphobic low surface energy agent, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, a catalyst, and any combination thereof.
  • one or more additives selected from a UV stabilizer, an antimicrobial agent, a surfactant, a pigment or dye, an IR reflective colorant, an impact modifier, an omniphobic low surface energy agent, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, a catalyst, and any combination thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides coatings for the coated particulates as described herein further comprising surface chemistry compounds that provide anti-fouling and biomass repellent properties and reduce organic biofilms buildup onto the turf infill particles outer surface.
  • an omniphobic surface a very low surface energy coating which exhibits both oleophobic (oil repellent) and hydrophobic behavior (water repellent), provides anti-fouling properties and an improved microbial growth resistance.
  • the present disclosure provides the coated particulates as described herein further comprising a surface additive on the outer surface of the polymeric coating, which can reduce the friction between the coated particles and/or tailor the rotational resistance of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates.
  • the surface additive is a silicone-containing surface additive for solvent-free, solvent-borne and aqueous coating systems, printing inks and/or adhesive systems as well as ambient-curing plastic systems.
  • the surface additive is BYK® 333.
  • the present disclosure provides the coated particulates as described herein further comprising an impact modifier filler, which can reduce impact forces of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates and/or tailor the vertical deformation of the turf infill.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of producing the coated particulates as provided and described herein.
  • the present disclosure provides artificial turfs comprising the coated particulates as provided and described herein. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 illustrates UV stabilizers and pigments or dyes that are incorporated in the same coating of the coated particulate for a turf infill.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates pigments or dyes that are incorporated only in the inner coating of the coated particulate for a turf infill.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates UV stabilizers and pigments or dyes that are incorporated in the different coatings of the coated particulate for a turf infill, for example, pigments or dyes are incorporated inner layer while UV stabilizers are incorporated in the outer layer of the coatings.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates that antimicrobial agents are incorporated into the outer layer of the coatings of the coated particulate for a turf infill along with UV stabilizers while pigments or dyes are incorporated in the inner layer.
  • FIG.5 illustrates two continuous mixers in series and their dosing ports used for charging chemicals while mixing.
  • coated particulates for a turf infill are provided.
  • the core may be sand, quartz sand, ceramic, rubber, elastomeric particle, a polymeric particle, or a combination thereof.
  • the core is sand, quartz sand, ceramic, rubber, elastomeric particle, or a polymeric particle or a combination thereof.
  • the core is sand.
  • the core is quartz sand.
  • the core is ceramic.
  • the core is rubber.
  • the core is elastomeric particle.
  • the core is a polymeric particle.
  • the core is a combination of two or more selected from sand, quartz sand, ceramic, rubber, elastomeric particle, and a polymeric particle. .
  • the core is substantially covered with one or more layers of polymeric coatings.
  • the core is substantially covered with a single layer of polymeric coating as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the core is substantially covered with multiple layers of polymeric coatings as illustrated in FIG. 2 to FIG. 4.
  • the polymeric coating is selected from a polyurethane coating, an epoxy coating, a phenolic coating, a polyurethane-phenol coating, and any combination thereof.
  • the polymeric coating is a polyurethane coating.
  • the polymeric coating is an epoxy coating. In some embodiments, the polymeric coating is a phenolic coating. In some embodiments, the polymeric coating is a polyurethane-phenol coating. In some embodiments, the polymeric coating is any combination of a polyurethane coating, an epoxy coating, and a phenolic coating. In some embodiments, the polymeric coating of the coated particulates as provided herein is coupled to the core through a coupling agent. In some embodiments, the coupling agent is a silane coupling agent. In some embodiments, the particulate is sand or other materials as described herein. [0019] In some embodiments, the particulate, such as sand, is coated with a silane as a coupling agent.
  • the silane coated particle can then be coated with an isocyanate and polyol, which can be a blend of the two or added separately to form a polyurethane coated particle.
  • the particle is then contacted with an isocyanate, which can be the same or different as the first isocyanate, and a surfactant to finish coating the sand.
  • an isocyanate which can be the same or different as the first isocyanate
  • a surfactant to finish coating the sand.
  • a colorant is also used.
  • the formation of the polyurethane coating can also be catalyzed with a catalyst, such as a dibutyltin dilaurate catalyst.
  • a coated particulate e.g.
  • the sand comprises a polyurethane coating coupled to the sand through a silane (e.g. aminopropyltrietho xysilane).
  • the coating can also comprise a colorant or other additives.
  • the polymeric coating of the coated particulates as provided and described herein resists degradation under the combination of heat, UV-light, and water. Coating stability tests under temperature and presence of water can be performed using an autoclave. The autoclave test can be used to determine the percent weight loss of a coated particulate after it is submerged in DI (deionized) water at 250 °F. and 15 psi for three days.
  • 20 g of coated particulates can be placed in a vial, filled to the top with DI water and sealed tight.
  • the concentration of the coated particulates in water can be about 2-5 lbs of coated particulates per gallon of water.
  • the sample can be rinsed with DI water and dried in an oven at, for example, 125 °F for 24 hours.
  • a loss on ignition (LOI) test can be performed pre-autoclave and post-autoclave to determine the overall wt. % loss.
  • the polymeric coating exhibits sufficient resistance to a 3-day autoclave test so that the coating resists loss by dissolution in hot water of less than about 25 wt. % of the overall coating, less than 15 wt.
  • the polymeric coating of the coated particulate as provided and described herein does not support microbial growth.
  • the polymeric coating is hydrophilic.
  • the hydrophilic polymeric coating is the outer layer coating of the coated particulates as provided and described herein.
  • the hydrophilic polymeric coating is a polyurethane coating.
  • the coated particulates with the hydrophilic polymeric coating as provided and described herein drain water effectively.
  • the coated particulates with the hydrophilic polymeric coating as provided and described herein drain water effectively.
  • the water is surface water.
  • the surface water is from rain, hail, snow, or irrigation. In some embodiments, the surface water is from rain. In some embodiments, the surface water is from snow. In some embodiments, the surface water is from irrigation.
  • the polymeric coating of the coated particulates as provided and described herein is resistant to microbial growth. In some embodiments, the polymeric coating comprises an antimicrobial agent. In some embodiments, the antimicrobial agent is a boron-containing compound. In some embodiments, the boron-containing compound is borax pentahydrate, borax decahydrate, boric acid, polyborate, tetraboric acid, sodium metaborate, anhydrous, or boron components of polymers, or a combination thereof.
  • the antimicrobial agent is a silver based material, cupper based material such as cuprous oxide, or zinc based material such as zinc oxide copper, or a combination thereof such as a copper- silver-zinc alloy, copper-silver alloys, or silver-zinc alloy.
  • Other antimicrobial agents such as salts of organic cations such as quaternary ammonium, quaternary phosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, N-alkylimidazolium, guanidynium and organo sulpho nium are commonly used as biocidal functionalities to be attached to polymers.
  • the infill coating comprises an omniphobic surface chemistry modifier.
  • An omniphobic coating is a low surface energy coating that exhibits both oleophobic (oil repellent) and hydrophobic (water repellent) behavior.
  • the oleophobic behavior provides antifouling and biomass repellent properties to the coating, reducing organic biofilms buildup on the coated particulates.
  • the polyurethane coatings of the coated particulates as provided and described herein are formed from a reaction of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate reactive blend.
  • isocyanate index refers to the ratio of the total number of isocyanate functionalities (-NCO) over the total number of isocyanate reactive blend functionalities (e.g., -OH).
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 0.25 to about 8.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 0.25 to about 8.0, from about 0.25 to about 7.5, from about 0.25 to about 7.0, from about 0.25 to about 6.5, from about 0.25 to about 6.0, from about 0.25 to about 5.5, from about 0.25 to about 5.0, from about 0.25 to about 4.5, from about 0.25 to about 4.0, from about 0.25 to about 3.5, from about 0.25 to about 3.0, from about 0.25 to about 2.5, from about 0.25 to about 2.0, from about 0.25 to about 1.5, from about 0.25 to about 1.0, or from about 0.25 to about 0.5.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 0.5 to about 8.0, 0.5 to about 7.5, from about 0.5 to about 7.0, from about 0.5 to about 6.5, from about 0.5 to about 6.0, from about 0.5 to about 5.5, from about 0.5 to about 5.0, from about 0.5 to about 4.5, from about 0.5 to about 4.0, from about 0.5 to about 3.5, from about 0.5 to about 3.0, from about 0.5 to about 2.5, from about 0.5 to about 2.0, from about 0.5 to about 1.5, or from about 0.5 to about 1.0.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 1.0 to about 8.0, from about 1.0 to about 7.5, from about 1.0 to about 7.0, from about 1.0 to about 6.5, from about 1.0 to about 6.0, from about 1.0 to about 5.5, from about 1.0 to about 5.0, from about 1.0 to about 4.5, from about 1.0 to about 4.0, from about 1.0 to about 3.5, from about 1.0 to about 3.0, from about 1.0 to about 2.5, from about 1.0 to about 2.0, or from about 1.0 to about 1.5.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 1.5 to about 8.0, from about 1.5 to about 7.5, from about 1.5 to about 7.0, from about 1.5 to about 6.5, from about 1.5 to about 6.0, from about 1.5 to about 5.5, from about 1.5 to about 5.0, from about 1.5 to about 4.5, from about 1.5 to about 4.0, from about
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 2.0 to about 8.0, from about 2.0 to about 7.5, from about 2.0 to about 7.0, from about 2.0 to about 6.5, from about 2.0 to about 6.0, from about 2.0 to about 5.5, from about 2.0 to about 5.0, from about 2.0 to about 4.5, from about 2.0 to about 4.0, from about 2.0 to about 3.5, from about 2.0 to about 3.0, or from about 2.0 to about 2.5.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 2.5 to about 8.0, from about 2.5 to about 7.5, from about 2.5 to about 7.0, from about 2.5 to about 6.5, from about 2.5 to about 6.0, from about 2.5 to about 5.5, from about 2.5 to about 5.0, from about 2.5 to about 4.5, from about 2.5 to about 4.0, from about
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 3.0 to about 8.0, 3.0 to about 7.5, from about 3.0 to about 7.0, from about 3.0 to about 6.5, from about 3.0 to about 6.0, from about 3.0 to about 5.5, from about 3.0 to about 5.0, from about 3.0 to about 4.5, from about 3.0 to about 4.0, or from about 3.0 to about 3.5.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 3.5 to about 8.0, from about 3.5 to about 7.5, from about 3.5 to about 7.0, from about 3.5 to about 6.5, from about 3.5 to about 6.0, from about 3.5 to about 5.5, from about 3.5 to about 5.0, from about 3.5 to about 4.5, or from about 3.5 to about 4.0.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 4.0 to about 8.0, from about 4.0 to about 7.5, from about 4.0 to about 7.0, from about 4.0 to about 6.5, from about 4.0 to about 6.0, from about 4.0 to about 5.5, from about 4.0 to about 5.0, or from about 4.0 to about 4.5.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 4.5 to about 7.5, from about 4.5 to about 7.0, from about 4.5 to about 6.5, from about 4.5 to about 6.0, from about 4.5 to about 5.5, or from about 4.5 to about 5.0. In some embodiments, the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 5.5 to about 8.0, 5.5 to about 7.5, from about 5.5 to about 7.0, from about 5.5 to about 6.5, or from about 5.5 to about 6.0In some embodiments, the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 6.0 to about 8.0, from about 6.0 to about 7.5, from about 6.0 to about 7.0, or from about 6.0 to about 6.5.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 6.5 to about 8.0, from about 6.5 to about 7.5, or from about 6.5 to about 7.0. In some embodiments, the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 7.0 to about 8.0, or from about 7.0 to about 7.5. In some embodiments, the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index from about 7.5 to about 8.0.
  • the polyurethane coating has an isocyanate index of about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7, about 6.5, about 6.0, about 5.5, about 5.0, about 4.5, about 4.0, about 3.5, about 3.0, about 2.5, about 2.0, about 1.5, about 1.0, about 0.75, about 0.5, or about 0.25.
  • coated particulates for a turf infill wherein the polymeric coating is coupled to the core (e.g., particle, such as a sand particle) through a silane coupling agent.
  • the core e.g., particle, such as a sand particle
  • the core is a ceramic particle.
  • Silanes can be used as a first inner layer, and can for example, function as an adhesion agent or a coupling agent that couples the inorganic core e.g., sand particle or ceramic particle) with the organic coating and improve coating wetting during the coating process and prevent future coating delamination.
  • the silane coupling agent is an organofunctional silane coupling agent.
  • the organofunctional silane coupling agent is selected from the group of 3- glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexy)ethyltrimethoxysilane, and 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 3-[2- (2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl-trimethoxysilane (CAS No. 35141-30-1), 3- mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (CAS No.
  • n-propyltrimethoxysilane (CAS No. 1067-25-0), [3-(2-aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane (CAS No. 1760-24-3), silane n- dodecyltrimethoxysilane (CAS No. 3069-21-4), bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (CAS No. 82985-35-1), l,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (CAS No. 18406-41-2), vinyltri(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (CAS No. 1067-53-4), n-octyltriethoxysilane (CAS No.
  • the silane coupling agent is aminopropyltriethoxysilane silane.
  • the aminopropyltrietho xysilane silane is GENIOSIL® GF 93.
  • the silane coupling agent is 3 -aminopropylsilane hydrolysate silane.
  • 3- aminopropylsilane hydrolysate silane is Dynasylan® HYDROSIL.
  • the silane coupling agent is utilized at a low concentration. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.005% to about 4.0% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.02% to about 4% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.04% to about 4 % of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 4% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 3% of the particulate by weight.
  • the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 2 % of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 1% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.5% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.4% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.3% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.2% of the particulate by weight.
  • the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.15% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.1% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.09% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.08% of the particulate by weight. In some embodiments, the silane coupling agent is about 0.06% to about 0.07% of the particulate by weight.
  • the isocyanate component comprises a cycloaliphatic isocyanate, an aliphatic isocyanate, or an aromatic isocyanate, or a combination thereof.
  • the isocyanate component comprises toluol-2,4-diisocyanate; toluol-2,6- diisocyanate (TDI); 1,5 naphthalindiisocyanate; cumol-2,4-diisocyanate; 4-methoxy-l,3- phenyldiisocyanate; 4-chloro- 1 ,3-phenyldiisocyanate; diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-2,4-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-2,2-diisocyanate; 4-bromo- 1 ,3- phenyldiisocyanate; 4-ethoxy-l,3-phenyl-diisocyanate;
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is an isocyanate terminated polypropylene glycol prepolymer based on hydrogenated 4,4' methylenebis diisocyanate (HMDI).
  • HMDI hydrogenated 4,4' methylenebis diisocyanate
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is Lupranate® 5570.
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is Lupranate® 5570.
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is Lupranate® M20.
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is BASF Lupranate 5570.
  • the isocyanate component comprises a polymeric MDI isocyanate.
  • the polymeric MDI isocyanate is Dow HF-459.
  • the polymeric MDI isocyanate is Dow PAPITM 27. In some embodiments, the polymeric MDI isocyanate is a low viscosity polymeric MDI isocyanate. In some embodiments, the low viscosity polymeric MDI isocyanate is BASF Lupranate M20. In some embodiments, isocyanates are available from the Dow Chemical Company under the tradenames TERAFORCETM, ISONATETM, VORASTARTM, HYPOLTM, and PAPITM. In some embodiments, the isocyanates are available from BASF under the tradenames LUPRANATE® and BASONAT®.
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is, the aliphatic isocyanate is BASF Basonat® HI 2000 NG, TolonateTM HDT-LV, or TolonateTM HDB-LV. In some embodiments, the aliphatic isocyanate is BASF Basonat® HI 2000 NG. In some embodiments, Basonat® HI 2000 NG is a solvent free, low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate used for weather resistant 2K polyurethane coatings. In some embodiments, the aliphatic isocyanate is TolonateTM HDT-LV.
  • the polyisocyanate is based on isocyanurate-modified hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI).
  • TolonateTM HDT-LV is a solvent free, low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate used for weather resistant 2K polyurethane coatings.
  • the polyisocyanate is based on Hexamethylene Diisocyanate trimer.
  • the aliphatic isocyanate is TolonateTM HDB-LV.
  • TolonateTM HDB-LV is a solvent free, low viscosity aliphatic polyisocyanate used for 2K polyurethane coatings.
  • the polyisocyanate is based on Hexamethylene Diisocyanate biuret.
  • the isocyanate component comprises an isocyanate with at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 reactive isocyanate groups.
  • Other isocyanate-containing compounds may be also used.
  • the suitable isocyanate with at least 2 isocyanate groups such as an aliphatic or an aromatic isocyanate with at least 2 isocyanate groups (e.g. a diisocyanate, triisocyanate or tetraisocyanate), or an oligomer or a polymer thereof can also be used.
  • the isocyanates with at least 2 isocyanate groups can also be, for example, carbocyclic or heterocyclic and/or contain one or more heterocyclic groups.
  • the isocyanate is a mixture or blend of a diisocyanate or a triisocyanate.
  • the isocyanate component is a mixture or blend of one or more polyisocyanates, one or more isocyanate terminated prepolymer and/or mixtures of prepolymers with unreacted polyisocyanate compounds. Isocyanate terminated prepolymers can also be formed by reacting a stoichiometric excess of a polyisocyanate with one or more polyols.
  • the isocyanate comprises 4,4' -methylenediphenyl diisocyanate. In some embodiments, the isocyanate comprises 4,4' -methylenediphenyl diisocyanate present in a concentration of about 18 to about 25 wt. %. Isocyanate terminated prepolymers may also be used and, for example, have a concentration of free isocyanate moiety (NCO) of 8 wt. % to 37 wt. %. In some embodiments, the mixtures of polyisocyanates have an average isocyanate equivalent weight from about 65 to about 195. In some embodiments, the isocyanate comprises a diphenylmethane diisocyanate and/or as described herein.
  • the isocyanate with at least 2 isocyanate groups is a compound of the formula (III) or a compound of the formula (IV): wherein the varables are as provided and defined herein.
  • A is each, independently, an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl or heterocyclo alkyl.
  • A is each, independently, an aryl or cycloalkyl.
  • A is each, independently, an aryl which can be, for example, phenyl, naphthyl or anthracenyl.
  • A is a phenyl.
  • the heteroaryl is a heteroaryl with 5 or 6 ring atoms, of which 1, 2 or 3 ring atoms are each, independently, an oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom and the other ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • the heteroaryl is a pyridinyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl or furazanyl.
  • the cycloalkyl is a Cs-io-cycloalkyl or a Cs-7-cycloalkyl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl is a heterocycloalkyl with 3 to 10 ring atoms, such as 5 to 7 ring atoms, of which one or more (e.g., 1, 2 or 3) ring atoms are each, independently, an oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom and the other ring atoms are carbon atoms.
  • the heterocycloalkyl is tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, aziridinyl, acetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrothienyl, octahydroquinolinyl, octahydroisoquinolinyl, oxazolidinyl or isoxazolidinyl.
  • the heterocycloalkyl is tetrahydrofuranyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, imidazolidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrazolidinyl, tetrahydrothienyl, oxazolidinyl or isoxazolidinyl.
  • each R 1 is, independently, a covalent bond or Ci-4-alkylene (e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, or butylene). In some embodiments, each R 1 is a covalent bond.
  • each R 2 is each, independently, a halogen (e.g., F, Cl, Br or I), a Ci-4-alkyl (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl), or Ci-4-alkyoxy (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy or butoxy).
  • each R 2 is, independently, a Ci-4-alkyl.
  • each R 2 is methyl.
  • R 3 is a covalent bond, a Ci-4-alkylene (e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene or butylene) or a group -(CH2)R31-O-(CH2)R32-, wherein R31 and R32 are each, independently, 0, 1, 2 or 3.
  • R 3 is a -CH2- group or an -O- group.
  • each q is, independently, an integer from 0 to 3, such as 0, 1, or 2.
  • the corresponding group A has no substituent R 2 , but has hydrogen atoms instead of R 2 .
  • each r and s are, independently, 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, wherein the sum of r and s is equal to 2, 3, or 4. In some embodiments, each r and s are, independently, 0, 1, or 2, wherein the sum of r and s is equal to 2. In some embodiments, r is equal to 1 and s is equal to 1.
  • Non-limiting examples of the isocyanate with at least 2 isocyanate groups are: toluol-2,4-diisocyanate; toluol-2,6-diisocyanate; 1,5-naphthalindiisocyanate; cumo 1-2,4- diisocyanate; 4-methoxy-l,3-phenyldiisocyanate; 4-chloro-l,3-phenyldiisocyanate; diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-2,4-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-2,2- diisocyanate; 4-bromo-l,3-phenyldiisocyanate; 4-ethoxy-l,3-phenyl-diisocyanate; 2,4’- diisocyanate diphenylether; 5,6-dimethyl-l,3-phenyl-diisocyanate; 2,4-dimethyl-l
  • the isocyanates with at least 2 isocyanate groups are toluol diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, an oligomer based on toluol diisocyanate, or an oligomer based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate.
  • the polyurethane is formed by reacting the isocyanate component with an isocyanate reactive blend.
  • an isocyanate reactive blend Other non-limiting exemplary conditions and ratios are described in Example 1 for producing the polyurethane, including the use of catalysts.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend may or may not have reactive amine functionality.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend consists of one or more hydroxy functional compounds, one or more catalysts, pigments, dyes, antimicrobial agents, surfactants, silicone, functionalized and non-functionalized fumed silica, fumed alumina, block copolymers, amphiphilic diblock polymers, amphiphilic triblock polymers, dispersed polymer particles in polyols, DI water and/or UV stabilizers.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend can, for example, have an average of at least 1 hydroxyl group per molecule.
  • Hydroxy functional compounds include polyether polyols, polyester polyols, polyether-polyester polyols, branched polyether-polyester polyols, polycaprolactone polyols, cardanol, cardol, castor oil, monols, and mixtures thereof.
  • Exemplary hydroxy functional compounds include 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,6- hexanediol, glycerin, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, triethanolamine, polyether polyols available from Dow under the tradename VORANOLTM polyether polyols, blend of a polyether polyol and a polyol available from Dow as TERAFORCETM 62575 (XUS 62575); polymer polyol containing dispersed polymer particles available from Dow as DNC 701.01, polymer polyol containing dispersed polymer particles with a solids content of approximately 40 wt.
  • polyether polyols available from BASF under the tradename PLURACOL® polyether polyols such as PLURACOL 1016; PLURACOL 410R; PLURACOL 858; PLURACOL 1158;
  • PLURACOL PEP 450; PLURACOL PEP 550 polyester polyols available from BASF under the tradename LUPRAPHEN® polyester polyols, aliphatic polyols available from Alberdingk Boley under the tradename ALBODUR® polyols and polyether-polyester polyols from Cardolite under the tradename Cardolite® polyol such as Cardolite® NX-9014.
  • Cardolite® NX-9014 is a solvent free, low viscosity, branched polyether-polyester polyol used for weather resistant 2K polyurethane coatings and adhesives.
  • Cardolite® NX-9014 is based on Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL), a natural, non-food chain, and annually renewable biomaterial.
  • CNSL Cashew Nutshell Liquid
  • Exemplary catalysts include dibutyltin dilaurate available from Evonik as Dabco® T-12 and tertiary amine catalyst available from Evonik as Dabco® TMR.
  • Exemplary pigments include thermoset colorants available from Chromaflo under the tradename PLAS® DL thermoset colorants, IR reflective colorants available from Chromaflo under the tradename CHROMA-CHEM® 50-990.
  • Exemplary UV stabilizers include BASF Tinuvin® 5050; BASF Tinuvin® 292; BASF Tinuvin® 384-2; and BASF Tinuvin® 5333-DW (N).
  • the IR reflective colorant reduces the heating effect in sunlight by reflecting the near infrared (NIR) portion of the spectrum resulting cooling effect.
  • the IR reflective colorant is Chromaflo’s Plasticolors® DE50056.
  • the IR reflective colorant is Plasticolors® DE80943.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend comprises an additive as described herein.
  • the additive is a UV stabilizer, a surfactant, an antimicrobial agent, an anti-block pigment, a tint, a dye, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, a plasticizer, or a blowing agent, a silicone fluid, silicone glycols, polydimethylsiloxane fluids, silicone resins, antifoam agents, DI water, or a combination thereof.
  • the additives are, but are not limited to, impact strength enhancers, reinforcing agents, reaction rate enhancers or catalysts, crosslinking agents, optical brighteners, propylene carbonates, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, hindered amine light stabilizers, processing aids, mica, talc, nano-fillers, silane coupling agents, anti-slip agents, water affinity or repulsion components, water-activated agents, viscosifiers, flow-aids, anticaking agents, wetting agents, and/or toughening agents such as one or more block copolymers.
  • the polyol is a mixture or blend of a polyol and a polyether polyol. In some embodiments, the polyol is a mixture or blend of about 20 to about 30% polyol by weight and the polyether polyol is about 70 to about 80% by weight, wherein the total of the polyol and the polyether polyol is 100%.
  • the polyether polyol can be a mixture or blend of 2 or more polyether polyols with different molecular weights.
  • a low molecular weight polyether polyol could have an average molecular weight from 30 g/mol to 900 g/mol.
  • a high molecular weight could have an average molecular weight from 900 g/mol to 3500 g/mol.
  • the polyether polyols could have an average hydroxyl functionality higher than 2. Polyether polyols could be derived from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and/or butylene oxide.
  • the polyether polyol is an aliphatic polyol.
  • the aliphatic polyol is plantbased.
  • the plant-based aliphatic polyol is green.
  • the green plant-based aliphatic polyol is Albodur 1055.
  • the polyether polyol is Dow TERAFORCETM 62575.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend comprises a molecular weight polyol.
  • the low molecular weight polyol is 1,4-butanediol. In some embodiments, the polyol is glycerin. In some embodiments, polyurethane dispersions include solvent-free, colloidal, anionic, low viscosity, aliphatic dispersions available from Alberdingk Boley under the trade name Alberdingk® U.
  • the polyol is a mixture or blend of a polyol and a polyether-polyester polyol.
  • the polyether-polyester polyol is a branched polyether-polyester polyol.
  • the polyether-polyester polyol is a mixture of one or more polyether-polyester polyols and one or more branched polyether-polyester polyol.
  • the polyol is a mixture or blend of about 20 to about 30% polyol by weight and the polyether-polyester polyol is about 70 to about 80% by weight, wherein the total of the polyol and the polyether-polyester polyol is 100%.
  • the polyether-polyester polyol can be a mixture or blend of 2 or more polyether-polyester polyols with different molecular weights.
  • a low molecular weight polyether-polyester polyol could have an average molecular weight from 30 g/mol to 900 g/mol.
  • a high molecular weight could have an average molecular weight from 900 g/mol to 3500 g/mol.
  • the polyether-polyester polyols can, for example, have an average hydroxyl functionality higher than 2.
  • Polyether-polyester polyols could be derived from cashew nutshell liquid. In some embodiments, the polyether-polyester polyols a Cardolite® NX-9014.
  • the polyol is a mixture or blend selected from any combinations of one or more polyol, one or more polyether polyol, one or more polyether-polyester polyol, and one or more branched polyether-polyester polyol as described or provided herein. In some embodiments, the polyol is a mixture or blend selected from any combinations of one or more polyether polyol, one or more polyether-polyester polyol and one or more branched polyether-polyester polyol as described or provided herein. In some embodiments, the polyol is a mixture or blend selected from any combinations of one or more polyether polyol and one or more polyether-polyester polyol as described or provided herein.
  • the polyol is a mixture or blend selected from any combinations of one or more polyether polyol and one or more branched polyether-polyester polyol as described or provided herein. In some embodiments, the polyol is a mixture or blend selected from any combinations of one or more polyether-polyester polyol and one or more branched polyether-polyester polyol as described or provided herein. Epoxy Coatings
  • the epoxy emulsion layer comprises an epoxy resin and an epoxy hardener or curing agent.
  • epoxy hardeners and curing agents include, but are not limited to, aliphatic amines (e.g., Diethylene-triamine (DETA), triethylenetetraamine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), aminoethylpiperazine (N-AEP), m- xylenediamine (MXDA), 2-methylpentanediamine (MPMD)); cycloaliphatic amines (e.g.
  • IPDA Isophoronediamine
  • PAM methylene-di(cyclo hexylamine)
  • DDM methylene-di(cyclo hexylamine)
  • DDS 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone
  • MPDA methylene- bis(diisopropylaniline)
  • DETDA diethyl toluene diamine
  • anhydrides e.g., hexahydrophthalic acid anhydride, dicyclopentadiene dianhydride, mellitic anhydride, methyl tetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and nadic methyl anhydride.
  • the hardener or curing agent is triethylenetetraamine. In some embodiments, the hardener or curing agent is diethylenetriamine. In some embodiments, prior to coating the particle with the epoxy emulsion layer, the epoxy emulsion is mixed with a curing agent or hardener.
  • epoxy hardeners and curing agents include, but are not limited to, aliphatic amines (e.g., Diethylene triamine (DETA), triethylenetetraamine (TETA), tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA), aminoethylpiperazine (N-AEP), m- xylenediamine (MXDA), 2- methylpentanediamine (MPMD)); cycloaliphatic amines (e.g., Isophoronediamine (IPDA), methylene-di(cyclohexylamine) (PACM), diaminocyclohexane); aromatic amines (e.g., 4,4'- Diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM), 4,4'-Diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS), methylene- bis(diisopropylaniline) (MPDA), methylene-bis(dimethylaniline), diethyl toluene diamine (DETDA);
  • the hardener or curing agent is triethylenetetraamine.
  • a ratio of epoxy reactive sites to amine reactive sites is about of 0.8- 1.2 (epoxy equivalent weight to amine equivalent weight).
  • the epoxy emulsion is contacted with the particle in the amount of about 0.1 to about 10.00 wt %.
  • the methods comprise curing the at least one phenol-aldehyde resin layer with a curative agent, wherein the curative agent is applied in an amount of about 5 to about 15 wt. % of the phenol- aldehyde resin.
  • the curing agent can be added prior to the phenolaldehyde resin being coated onto the particle or simultaneously with the phenol- aldehyde resin being coated onto the particle.
  • the curative agent is added in an amount of about 9% to about 14%, about 10% to about 13%, about 10% to about 12%, about 10% to about 11%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, or about 13% of the curative agent, which can also be referred to as a cross-linking agent.
  • the curative agent is hexamethylenetetramine, paraformaldehyde, melamine resin, triphenylphosphine, oxazolidines, or any combination thereof.
  • the phenol- aldehyde resin on the coated particulate as described and provided herein is in the amount of about 0.1 to about 10.0 wt % of the coated particulates.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend further comprises a colorant.
  • the colorant is to achieve a desired aesthetic effect.
  • the colorant to achieve a desired aesthetic effect is a colorant.
  • the colorant achieves a green color.
  • the colorant is an organic polyol based colorant.
  • the organic polyol based colorant comprises phthalocyanine green G.
  • the polyol-based colorant comprises Chromaflo’s Plasticolors® DL50056.
  • Plasticolors® DL-50056 is an organic colorant using Phthalocyanine green (PG7) dispersed in a polyether polyol for use in polyurethane systems.
  • the colorant comprises chrome (III) oxide (Cr 2 O 3 ).
  • the colorant achieves a white color.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 10106
  • the colorant achieves a black color.
  • the colorant comprises iron oxide (FeO 2 ).
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 02551, Plasticolors® DL 02553, Plasticolors® DL 30164, or any combination thereof.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 02551.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 02553.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 30164.
  • the colorant achieves a blue color. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 30669. [0055] In some embodiments, the colorant achieves a magenta color. In some embodiments, the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 070072.
  • the colorant achieves a red color.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 70239, Plasticolors® DL 70840, or a combination thereof.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 70239.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 70840.
  • the colorant achieves a yellow color.
  • the colorant is an organic polyol based colorant.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 80943, Plasticolors® DL 80166, Plasticolors® DL 80167, Plasticolors® DL 80815, or any combination thereof.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 80943.
  • Plasticolors® DL-80943 is an inorganic colorant using Bismuth Vanadate dispersed in a polyether polyol for use in polyurethane systems.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 80166.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 80167.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL 80815.
  • the colorant to achieve a desired aesthetic effect comprises a mixture or a blend of one or more colorants.
  • the colorant comprises a green colorant, a yellow colorant, a back colorant, a red colorant, a blue colorant, magenta colorant, a white colorant or any combination thereof.
  • the colorant comprises Plasticolors® DL-50056, Plasticolors® DL-80943, Plasticolors® DL-20711, or a combination thereof.
  • the colorant comprises a mixture of a green colorant and a yellow colorant.
  • the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:10 to about 10:1, from about 1:9 to about 9:1, from about 1:8 to about 8:1, from about 1:7 to about 7:1, from about 1:6 to about 6:1, from about 1:5 to about 5:1, from about 1:4 to about 4:1 from about 1:3 to about 3:1, or from about 1:2 to about 1:1.
  • the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:9 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:8 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:7 to about 6:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:5 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:4 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:3 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:2 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 1:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 2:1 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 3:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 4:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 5:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 6:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 7:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 8:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the green colorant to the yellow colorant is from about 9:1 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:10 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:9 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:8 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:7 to about 6:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:5 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:4 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:3 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:2 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 1:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 2:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 3:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 4:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 5:1 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 6:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 7:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 8:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is from about 9:1 to about 10:1.
  • the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:10. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:9. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:8. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:7 to about 6:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:5. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:4. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:3. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:2.
  • the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 1:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 2:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 3:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 4:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 5:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 6:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 7:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 8:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 9:1. In some embodiment, the weight ratio of the yellow colorant to the green colorant is about 10:1.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend further comprises a polyurethane catalyst.
  • the polyurethane catalyst include tin containing catalysts such as dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dialaurate, dibutyltin oxide, dibutyltin dimalkylmercapto acids, and dibutyltin dimercaptide and trimerization catalysts that form polyisocyanate trimers include alkali metal phenolates, alkali metal alkoxides, alkali metal carboxylates, quarternary ammonium carboxylate salts and various amines.
  • the polyurethane catalyst is dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco T-12).
  • the polyurethane catalyst is a dimethyltin carboxylate (TIB Kat®300).
  • the isocyanate reactive blend further comprises a UV stabilizer.
  • the UV stabilizer is a hindered amine light stabilizer, benzophenone, benzotriazoie, hydroxyphenyl triazine, 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, Uvinol 3000, Tinuvin® P, Irganox 1098, Uvinol 3008, Lavinix, BHT, Tinuvin® 320, Irganox 1010, rganox 1076, or Irgafos 168, or a combination thereof.
  • the UV stabilizer is a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS).
  • UVA 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber
  • HALS basic hindered amine light stabilizer
  • the UV stabilizer is BASF Tinuvin® 5050.
  • the UV stabilizer is BASF is Tinuvin® 384-2.
  • the UV stabilizer is BASF Tinuvin® 123, Tinuvin® 152, or a combination thereof.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend further comprises antioxidants.
  • the antioxidant is a liquid phenol benzenepropanoic acid such as 3,5-bis (l,l-dimethyl-ethyl)-4-hydroxy-C7-C9 branched alkyl esters.
  • the antioxidants are BASF Irganox® 1135, and AddivantTM ANOX® 1315.
  • the polymeric coating comprises one or more impact modifiers.
  • Impact modifiers have an effect on elastic properties and toughness of coatings.
  • Elastomeric polymers derived from monomers such as ethylene, propylene, 1 -butene and 4- methyl-1 -pentene, styrene, butadiene, isoprene, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate ethyl acrylate, and polymers comprising random, block, radial block, graft and core- shell copolymers and mixtures thereof.
  • ABS acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene
  • SBS polystyrene/polybutadiene/polystyrene
  • SIS styrene/isoprene/styrene
  • nitrile rubber styrene-acrylonitrile
  • ethylene- vinyl acetate available from KRATONTM.
  • the impact modifiers may be grafted polyols containing copolymerized styrene and acrylonitrile, available from Dow as DNC 701.01, and VORALUXTM HL 431.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend comprises a phenol resin that comprises a condensation product of a phenol and an aldehyde, such as formaldehyde.
  • the phenol resin can be, for example, a resole or novolak phenol resin and/or a benzyl ether resin.
  • the resole-type phenol resin can be obtained, for example, by condensation of phenol or of one or more compounds of the following formula (I), with aldehydes, such as, but not limited to, formaldehyde, under basic conditions. wherein R and p are provided and defined herein.
  • R in the formula (I) is in each case, independently, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, Ci-i6-alkyl or -OH (hydroxyl).
  • R is Ci-12-alkyl, Ci -6- alkyl, methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl.
  • p in the formula (I) is an integer from 0 to 4, such as 0, 1, 2 or 3. In some embodiments, p is 1 or 2. Those in the art will understand that when p is 0, the compound of formula (I) is phenol.
  • Novolak-type phenol resin comprises the condensation product of phenol or of one or more compounds of the formula (I) defined above, with aldehydes, such as formaldehyde, under acidic conditions.
  • the polyol also comprises a polyether polyol.
  • the polyol comprises a benzyl ether resin of the general formula (II): wherein A, B, D, and R are as provided and defined herein.
  • A, B, and D each are, independently, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a Ci-i6-hydrocarbon residue, -(Ci-i6-alkylene)-OH, -OH, an -O-(Ci-i6-hydrocarbon residue), phenyl, -(Ci -6- alkylene) -phenyl, or -(Ci-6-alkylene)-phenylene-OH.
  • the halogen atom is F, Cl, Br or I.
  • the Ci-i6-hydrocarbon- residue is Ci-i6-alkyl, C2-i6-alkenyl or C2-i6-alkinyl, or Ci-12-alkyl, C2-i2-alkenyl or C2-i2-alkinyl, or Ci -6- alkyl, C2-6- alkenyl or C2-6-alkinyl, or C 1-4- alkyl, C2-4- alkenyl or C2-4-alkinyl, or Ci-12-alkyl, Ci-6-alkyl, or methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl, or methyl;
  • the residue -(Ci-i6-alkylene)-OH is -(Ci-12-alkylene)- OH, -(Ci-6-alkylene)-OH, -(Ci-4-alkylene)-OH, or a methylol group (-CH2-OH);
  • the -O-(Ci-i6-hydrocarbon)-residue is Ci-i6-alkoxy, Ci-12-alkoxy, Ci-6-alkoxy, Ci-4-alkoxy, -O-CH3, -O-CH2CH3, -O-(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 or -O-(CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 .
  • the residue -(C 1-6- alkylene) -phenyl can be -(C 1-4- alkylene) -phenyl, or -CH2-phenyl.
  • the residue -(C 1-6- alkylene) -phenylene- OH can be -(Ci-4-alkylene)-phenylene-OH, or -CH2-phenylene-OH.
  • R is a hydrogen atom of a Ci-6-hydrocarbon residue (e.g. linear or branched Ci-6-alkyl). In some embodiments, R is a hydrogen atom. This is the case, for example, when formaldehyde is used as aldehyde component in a condensation reaction with phenols in order to produce the benzyl ether resin of the formula (II).
  • n 1 and m 2 are each, independently, 0 or 1.
  • n is an integer from 0 to 100, such as from 1 to 50, from 2 to
  • the sum of n, m 1 and m 2 is at least 2.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend is a phenol resin with monomer units based on cardol and/or cardanol.
  • Cardol and cardanol are produced from cashew nut oil, which is obtained from the seeds of the cashew nut tree.
  • Cashew nut oil consists of about 90% anacardic acid to about 10% cardol.
  • By heat treatment in an acid environment a mixture or blend of cardol and cardanol is obtained by decarboxylation of the anacardic acid.
  • Cardol and cardanol have the structures shown below:
  • Cardol and cardanol can each be used alone or at any particular mixing ratio in the phenol resin.
  • Decarboxylated cashew nut oil can also be used.
  • Cardol and/or cardanol can be condensed into the above described phenol resins, for example, into the resole- or novolak-type phenol resins.
  • cardol and/or cardanol can be condensed e.g. with phenol or with one or more of the above-defined compounds of the formula (I), and also with aldehydes, such as formaldehyde.
  • the amount of cardol and/or cardanol which is condensed in the phenol resin is not particularly restricted and can be, for example, from about 1 wt. % to about 99 wt. %, about 5 wt. % to about 60 wt. %, or about 10 wt. % to about 30 wt. %, relative to 100 wt. % of the amount of phenolic starting products used in the phenol resin.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend is a phenol resin obtained by condensation of cardol and/or cardanol with aldehydes, such as formaldehyde.
  • the isocyanate that is used to form the polyurethane has an equivalent weight of about 140. In some embodiments, the hydroxyl equivalent of the polyol that is used to form the polyurethane layer is about 85.
  • one or more additives can be mixed with the proppant, the isocyanate reactive blend and the isocyanate component.
  • These additives are not particularly restricted and can be selected from the additives known in the specific field of coated proppants. Provided that one of these additives has hydroxyl groups, it should be considered as a different hydroxyl-group-containing compound, as described above in connection with the isocyanate reactive blend. If one of the additives has isocyanate groups, it should be considered as a different isocyanate-group-containing compound. Additives with hydroxyl groups and isocyanate groups can be simultaneously considered as different hydroxyl-group-containing compounds and as different isocyanate-group-containing compounds.
  • the coating comprises a reactive amine component, such as, but not limited to, an amine-terminated compound.
  • This component can enhance crosslink density within the coating and, depending on component selection, can provide additional characteristics of benefit to the cured coating.
  • the amine components for include, but are not limited to, amine-terminated compounds such as diamines, triamines, amine- terminated glycols such as the amine-terminated polyalkylene glycols.
  • Non-limiting examples of diamines include primary, secondary and higher polyamines and amine-terminated compounds. Suitable compounds include, but are not limited to, ethylene diamine; propylenediamine; butanediamine; hexamethylenediamine; 1,2- diaminopropane; 1,4-diamino butane; 1,3-diaminopentane; 1,6-diamino hexane; 2,5-diamino-2,5- dimethlhexane; 2,2,4- and/or 2,4, 4-trimethyl- 1,6-diamino hexane; 1,11 -diaminoundecane; 1,12- diaminododecane; 1,3- and/or 1,4-cyclo hexane diamine; 1 -amino -3, 3, 5 -trimethyl- 5- aminomethyl-cyclohexane; 2,4- and/or 2,6-hexahydrotoluylene diamine; 1,
  • aspartic esters which is a secondary amine derived from a primary polyamine and a dialkyl maleic or fumaric acid ester.
  • useful maleic acid esters include dimethyl maleate, diethyl maleate, dibutyl maleate, dioctyl maleate, mixtures thereof and homologs thereof.
  • Suitable triamines and higher multifunctional polyamines include, but are not limited to, diethylene triamine, triethylenetetramine, and higher homologs of this series.
  • JEFF AMINE diamines include the D, ED, and EDR series products.
  • the D signifies a diamine
  • ED signifies a diamine with a predominately polyethylene glycol (PEG) backbone
  • EDR designates a highly reactive, PEG based diamine. See also U.S. Patent Nos. 6,093,496; 6,306,964; 5,721,315; 7,012,043; and Publication U.S. Patent Application No. 2007/0208156 the disclosure of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
  • Amine-based latent curing agents can also be added to the coating formulation in the isocyanate component, the isocyanate reactive blend, the amine-reactive isocyanate reactive blend or added simultaneously as any of these components or pre-coated on the proppant.
  • Suitable amine-based latent curing agents include, but are not limited to, triethylenediamine; bis(2-dimethylaminoethyl)ether; tetramethylethylenediamine; pentamethyldiethylenetriamine; and other tertiary amine products of alkyleneamines. Additionally, other catalysts that promote the reaction of isocyanates with hydroxyls and amines that are known by the industry can be used.
  • the polymeric coating of coated particulates as provided and described herein may also comprise various additives.
  • the polymeric coating with additives is in the polyurethane coating.
  • the additive is introduced to the polyurethane polymeric coating via an isocyanate reactive blend or an isocyanate blend as provided and described herein.
  • the additive is introduced to the polyurethane polymeric coating via an isocyanate reactive blend as provided and described herein.
  • the additive is introduced to the polyurethane polymeric coating via an isocyanate blend as provided and described herein.
  • the additives are in the same layer of coating of the coated particulate as provided and described herein. In some embodiments, the additives are in the different layer of coating of the coated particulate as provided and described herein.
  • the additive is a UV stabilizer, a surfactant, an antimicrobial agent, an anti-block pigment, a tint, a dye, an IR reflective colorant, an impact modifier, an omniphobic low surface energy agent, a wetting agent, an antifoaming agent, a plasticizer, or a blowing agent, a silicone fluid, DI water, or a combination thereof.
  • the UV stabilizers and pigments or dyes are incorporated in the same coating of the coated particulate for a turf infill as illustrated in FIG. 1.
  • the pigments or dyes are incorporated only in the inner coating of the coated particulate for a turf infill as illustrated in FIG. 2.
  • the UV stabilizers and pigments or dyes are incorporated in the different coatings of the coated particulate for a turf infill, for example, pigments or dyes are incorporated inner layer, while UV stabilizers are incorporated in the outer layer of the coatings as illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • the antimicrobial agents are incorporated into the outer layer of the coatings of the coated particulate for a turf infill along with UV stabilizers while pigments or dyes are incorporated in the inner layer as illustrated in FIG. 4.
  • the additive is an impact strength enhancer, a reinforcing agent, a reaction rate enhancer or catalyst, a crosslinking agent, an optical brightener, a propylene carbonate, a coloring agent, a fluorescent agent, a whitening agent, a hindered amine a light stabilizer, a processing aid, a mica, a talc, a nano-filler, a silane coupling agent, an anti-slip agent, a water affinity or repulsion component, a water- activated agent, a viscosifier, a flow aid, an anticaking agent, a wetting agent, or a toughening agent such as one or more block copolymers, or a combination thereof.
  • the additive is a surfactant.
  • the surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic, or mixtures thereof.
  • the surfactant is an anionic surfactant.
  • the anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
  • the surfactant is Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine (ChembetaineTM, Lubrizol)
  • the additive is an antimicrobial agent as provided and described herein.
  • the antimicrobial agent is a boron-containing compound.
  • the boron-containing compound is borax pentahydrate, borax decahydrate, boric acid, polyborate, tetraboric acid, sodium metaborate, anhydrous, or boron components of polymers, or a combination thereof.
  • the antimicrobial agent is a silver based material, cupper based material such as cuprous oxide, or zinc based material such as zinc oxide copper, or a combination thereof such as a copper- silverzinc alloy, copper-silver alloys, or silver-zinc alloy.
  • the zinc based material comprises Zinc pyrithione. In some embodiments, the zinc based material is Biomaster 627. In some embodiments, Biomaster 627 is an antimicrobial powder based on Zinc Pyrithione used to reduce the growth of bacteria, yeast and molds. In some embodiments, Biomaster 627 inhibits bacterial growth by slowly releasing zinc ions. In some embodiments, the zinc based material comprises Zinc 2-pyridinethio 1-1 -oxide. In some embodiments, the zinc based material is Zinc OmadineTM. In some embodiments, Zinc OmadineTM Antimicrobial, Zinc 2- pyridinethio 1-1 -oxide, is a highly active, broad spectrum antimicrobial powder to prevent the growth of bacteria, fungi and algae.
  • the antimicrobial agent comprises N- butyl-1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT).
  • the antimicrobial agent is VanquishTM 100.
  • VanquishTM 100 Antimicrobial is based on the active ingredient N-butyl-1, 2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) effective for control of bacterial, fungal, and algal growth.
  • the antimicrobial agent is selected from quaternary ammonium surfactants, quaternary phosphonium compounds, alkylamines, isothiazolones, and organic thiocyanates.
  • the additive is a surface chemistry modifier.
  • a surface chemistry modifier may alter the chemistry of the outer surface of the coated turf infill, effectively tailor the surface chemistry and therefore the surface wettability.
  • Surface wettability can be characterized by measuring the contact angle of water at the solid/liquid/gas interface.
  • the surface chemistry modifier is applied on the outer surface of the polymeric coating.
  • the surface chemistry modifier is a surfactant.
  • the surfactants may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric, nonionic, or mixtures thereof.
  • the surfactant is an anionic surfactant.
  • the anionic surfactant is sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS).
  • the surface chemistry modifier is Cocamidopropyl Hydroxysultaine (ChembetaineTM, Lubrizol)
  • the surface chemistry modifier is a silicone fluid, silicone glycols, polydimethylsiloxane fluids, silicone resins.
  • the surface chemistry modifier is polydimethyl siloxane having silanol groups in the terminal position (Wacker® F1006, Wacker Chemie AG), polyalkylene oxide-modified polydimethylsiloxane having organo-funtional groups in the a,co-position, or polysiloxane with polyether groups (Wacker® SG 3381, Wacker Chemie AG).
  • the surface chemistry modifier is polydimethyl siloxane having silanol groups in the terminal position having a formula of , wherein n is 1-50000.
  • the surface chemistry modifier increases water wettability by generating a high surface energy hydrophilic outer surface (water- wet surface) exhibiting low contact angles.
  • the contact angle is lower than 70°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 60°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 50°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 40°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 30°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 20°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 10°.
  • the surface chemistry modifiers decrease water wettability generating hydrophobic lower surface energy coatings that exhibit large contact angles.
  • the contact angle is higher than 90°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 90° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is higher than 100°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 100° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angles are higher than 110°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 110° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angles are higher than 120°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 120° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angles are higher than 130°.
  • the contact angle is from about 130° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angles are higher than 140°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 140° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angles are higher than 150°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 150° to about 170°. In some embodiments, the contact angles are higher than 160°. In some embodiments, the contact angle is from about 160° to about 170°. [00108] In some embodiments, the surface chemistry modifier is an omniphobic surface chemistry modifier.
  • the omniphobic surface chemistry modifier that generates an extremely low surface energy coating, reduces wettability of both water (hydrophobicity) and non-polar organic material (oleophobicity), and therefore may inhibit microbial growth.
  • the surface chemistry modifier is selected from hydrophobic polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS), fluorodecyl POSS and fluorooctyl POSS, fluoropolymers, perfluoropo ly ether , perfluoro alky Ipho sphineoxide s , perfluoro alkylamine s , perfluoroalkylsulfides, perfluoro alkylethers, perfluoroalkylsulfoxides, perfluoropolyethers, perfluoro alkylphosphines and perfluorocycloethers organosilicons, silicons, silanes, siloxanes, siloxane, polydimethyl siloxane,
  • the surface chemistry modifier is a silicone, a siloxane, or a fluoropolymer, or a combination thereof (e.g., SILRES® BS 26 A, Wacker Chemie AG). In some embodiments, the surface chemistry modifier is SILRES® BS 26 A, Wacker Chemie AG), [00109] In some embodiments, the surface chemistry modifier decreases the roughness of the coated surface of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates as described herein. In some embodiments, the surface chemistry modifier tailors the rotational resistance of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates as described herein. In some embodiments, the surface chemistry modifier reduces friction between the coated particles of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates as described herein.
  • the surface chemistry modifier is a dispersion of functionalized or non-functionalized fumed metal oxides.
  • the functionalized fumed metal oxide has a functionality selected from the group of amine, epoxy, isocyanate, polymeric, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic functionalities, and any combination thereof.
  • the coated particles as described herein comprise fumed metal oxides in an amount from 0.01 wt. % to 1.9 wt. % of the coated particles.
  • Fumed metal oxides dispersions include, for example, but are not limited to, fumed silica and fumed alumina.
  • the functionalized fumed metal oxide is fumed silica.
  • the coated particles as described herein comprise the fumed silica in an amount from 0.01 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.05 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.15 wt. % to 1.9 wt.
  • % to 1.9 wt. % 0.75 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.80 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.85 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.9 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.95 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %,%, 1.0 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 1.05 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 1.1 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 1.15 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 1.2 wt. % to 1.9 wt.
  • the colloidal silica in the dispersion is in an amount from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % of the dispersion.
  • the functionalized fumed metal oxide is fumed alumina.
  • the fumed silica or fumed alumina has an average particle size from 10 nm to 700 nm. In some embodiments, the fumed silica has an average particle size from 10 nm to 700 nm.
  • the fumed alumina has an average particle size from 10 nm to 700 nm. In some embodiments, the fumed silica or fumed alumina in the dispersion is in an amount from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 10 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 15 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 25 wt. % to 40 wt. %, or 30 wt. % to 40 wt. %, or 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, of the dispersion.
  • the fumed silica in the dispersion is in an amount from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 10 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 15 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 25 wt. % to 40 wt. %, or 30 wt. % to 40 wt. %, or 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % of the dispersion.
  • the fumed silica or fumed alumina particles in the dispersion is in an amount from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % of the dispersion.
  • the fumed metal oxide dispersion is CAB-O-SPERSE® available from Cabot Corp.
  • the fumed metal oxide dispersion is CAB-O- SIL® available from Cabot Corp
  • the surface chemistry modifier is a colloidal silica dispersion.
  • a colloidal silica has a functionality selected from the group of amine, epoxy, isocyanate, polymeric, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic functionalities, and any combination thereof.
  • the coated particles as described herein comprise the colloidal silica in an amount from 0.01 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.05 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.15 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %,0.2 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.25 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.3 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.35 wt. % to 1.9 wt. %, 0.4 wt. % to 1.9 wt.
  • the colloidal silica in the dispersion is in an amount from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 10 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 15 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %, 25 wt. % to 40 wt. %, or 30 wt. % to 40 wt. %, or 5 wt. % to 40 wt. %, of the dispersion.
  • Functionalized inorganic particulates are prepared by reacting the inorganic particle with one or more organic agents that bond to the surface of the underlying particle and provide one or more reactive sites over the surface of the particle that can be used to bond or enhance the bond between a polymeric phase and the functionalized particulates dispersed therein.
  • Silica is one such particle that has been functionalized in a variety of ways. See U.S. Pat. No. 5,168,082 (functionalizing group attached to the silica sol is a branched or straight chain silane including at one end a hydrophilic moiety and at another end a silicon anchor group); U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,836 (polyfunctional silica particulates); U.S. Pat. No.
  • 2004/0138343 (colloidal silica functionalized with at least one organoalkoxysilane functionalization agent and subsequently functionalized with at least one capping agent); 2007/0238088 (functionalized silica compositions by reacting acidic silica particulates with hydrophilic organo silanes); 2008/0063868 (silica nano-sized particulates having polyethylene glycol linkages); and 2013/0005856 (amine-functionalized silica particulates coupled to at least one group chosen from primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines, and quaternary ammonium groups).
  • the additive is an impact modifier filler.
  • the impact modifier filler reduces impact forces of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates as described herein.
  • the impact modifier filler modifies vertical deformation of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates as described herein.
  • the impact modifier filler reduces vertical deformation of a turf infill comprising the coated particulates as described herein.
  • the additive is silicone fluid.
  • the additive is DI water.
  • the additive is functionalized, non-functionalized fumed silica, or a combination thereof.
  • the additive is a pigment, tints, dye, and filler in an amount to provide visible coloration in the coatings.
  • Other materials conventionally included in coating compositions may also be added to the coatings. These additional materials include, but are not limited to, reaction enhancers or catalysts, crosslinking agents, optical brighteners, propylene carbonates, coloring agents, fluorescent agents, whitening agents, UV absorbers, hindered amine light stabilizers, defoaming agents, processing aids, mica, talc, nano-fillers and other conventional additives. All of these materials are well known in the art and are added for their usual purpose in typical amounts.
  • the additives can be present in an amount of about 15 weight percent or less. In some embodiments, the additive is present in an amount of about 5 percent or less by weight of the coating composition.
  • additives can include, for example, solvents, softeners, surface- active agents, molecular sieves for removing the reaction water, thinners and/or adhesion agents can be used.
  • Silanes can be used by themselves as the first component of the coating or blended in the isocyanate reactive blend as additives, but can also be converted chemically with reactive constituents of the isocyanate reactive blend or of the isocyanate component. The silane can also form an inner layer.
  • silanes examples include, but are not limited to, functional silanes such as amino-silanes, epoxy-, aryl- or vinyl silanes are commercially available and, as described above, can be used as additives or can be converted with the reactive constituents of the isocyanate reactive blend or of the isocyanate component.
  • functional silanes such as amino-silanes, epoxy-, aryl- or vinyl silanes are commercially available and, as described above, can be used as additives or can be converted with the reactive constituents of the isocyanate reactive blend or of the isocyanate component.
  • amino-silanes and epoxy-silanes can react with the isocyanate (NCO) groups and graft or couple the polymeric coating onto the inorganic core.
  • the coated particulates as provided and described herein can be virtually any small solid with an adequate crush strength and lack of chemical reactivity. Suitable examples include sand, synthetic organic particles, plastic particles, nylon beads, plastic beads, nylon pellets, natural materials, coconut shells, walnut shells, pecan shells, silicon carbide particles, ceramic particles (for instance, aluminum oxide, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium dioxide, cerium dioxide, manganese dioxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide or bauxite), alumina, or also other granular materials.
  • the coated particulates can have, for example, an average particle size from about 50 pm to about 8000 pm, and for example from about 75 pm to about 4000 pm.
  • compositions of one or more types of coated particulates are Compositions of one or more types of coated particulates
  • compositions comprising two or more types of coated particulates as described and provided herein and provided herein.
  • the coated particulates are in different from each other.
  • the composition comprises two to twenty, two to ten, two to fifteen, or two to five types of coated particulates as described and provided herein.
  • the composition comprises two types of coated particulates as described and provided herein.
  • the composition comprises three types of coated particulates as described and provided herein.
  • the composition comprises four of coated particulates as described and provided herein.
  • the composition comprises five types of coated particulates as described and provided herein.
  • the composition comprises six types of coated particulates as described and provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises seven types of coated particulates as described and provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises eight types of coated particulates as described and provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises nine types of coated particulates as described and provided herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises ten types of coated particulates as described and provided herein.
  • the composition as described and provided herein comprises two or more types of coated particulates, each of which comprises different additives.
  • the composition as described and provided herein comprises two or more types of coated particulates, each of which has different surface chemistry functionalities.
  • the composition as described and provided herein comprises two types of coated particulates, each of which has a different surface chemistry functionality.
  • the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates are from 1:99 to 99:1, 5:95 to 95:5, 10:90 to 90:10, 15:85 to 85:15, 20:80 to 80:20, 30:70 to 70:30, or 40:60 to
  • the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 10:90. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 15:85. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 20:80. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 25:75. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 30:70. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 35:75. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 40:60. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 45:55. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the two types of coated particulates is 50:50. In some embodiments, one type of coated particulate is hydrophilic and the other type of coated particulate hydrophobic.
  • the composition comprises two types of coated particulates as described and provided herein, wherein two types of coated particulates are in a weight ratio of
  • methods of preparing a multi-layer coated particulate are provided.
  • the method comprises coating the particulate with a first layer.
  • the first layer is a polyurethane layer.
  • the outer layer is a polyurethane layer.
  • more than one layer of the coating are polyurethane layers.
  • the polyurethane layer is formed from the reaction of an isocyanate component and an isocyanate reactive blend.
  • the isocyanate component is as described herein.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend is as described herein.
  • the layers are coated onto the particulate by mixing the components and the particulate in a mixer.
  • the first layer is produced by mixing the particulate with an isocyanate reactive blend and an isocyanate component under conditions sufficient to form the polyurethane coating coated onto the particulate. Catalysts could be pre-blended with the isocyanate reactive blend prior to the coatings.
  • the particulates are preheated sufficient enough to evaporate any water present in the coating components or dispersions.
  • the methods comprise drying the multi-layer coated particulate.
  • the methods comprise crosslinking the second layer to produce a cross-linked second layer.
  • the crosslinking comprises drying the second layer coated particulate to crosslink the polyurethane dispersion.
  • the crosslinking comprises contacting the second layer with a crosslinker, such as the chemicals described herein.
  • the cross-linking occurs by itself without the addition of an additional cross-linking chemical or component. This can be referred to as self-crosslinking.
  • the methods for the production of coated particulates can be implemented without the use of solvents.
  • the mixture one or more, or all of the steps are solvent-free (including but not limited to organic solvents) or is essentially solvent-free.
  • the mixture is essentially solvent-free, if it contains less than 20 wt. %, less than 10 wt. %, less than 5 wt. %, less than 3 wt. %, or less than 1 wt. % of solvent, relative to the total mass of components of the mixture.
  • other than the water present in the polyurethane dispersion no additional water is added to the mixer to coat the particulates.
  • the method is implemented without the use of organic solvents. In some embodiments, one of the steps is performed without the use of organic solvents.
  • the inner polyurethane layer is formed free of organic solvents, or is essentially free of organic solvents. The mixture is essentially free of organic solvents, if it contains less than 20 wt. %, less than 10 wt. %, less than 5 wt. %, and less than 3 wt. %, or less than 1 wt. % of solvent, relative to the total mass of components of the mixture.
  • the particulate is heated to an elevated temperature and then contacted (e.g., mixed) with the coating components. In some embodiments, the particulate is heated to a temperature from about 50 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the particulate is heated to a temperature from about 50 °C to about 210 °C. The increased temperature can, for example, accelerate crosslinking reactions in the applied coating.
  • the mixer used for the coating process is not particularly restricted and can be selected from among the mixers known in the specific field.
  • a pug mill mixer or an agitation mixer can be used.
  • a drum mixer, a plate-type mixer, a tubular mixer, a trough mixer or a conical mixer can be used.
  • the components and formulations are mixed in a rotating drum.
  • a continuous mixer, a worm gear can, for example, be used.
  • Mixing can be carried out on a continuous or batch mixer.
  • the mixing is performed in mixers that apply forces by rotating paddles, rotating single screw, co-rotating or counter rotating screws, rotating wheels and plows, drums, pug mill, helical rotors.
  • Exemplary mixers are Barber Greene, Simpson Technologies, Webac, and Eirich. It is also possible to arrange several mixers in series, or to coat the proppants in several runs in one mixer.
  • the temperature of the coating process is not particularly restricted outside of practical concerns for safety and component integrity.
  • the coating steps are performed at a temperature of from about 10 °C to about 210 °C, or about 10 °C to about 200 °C, or about 50 °C to about 210 °C.
  • the coating steps are performed at a temperature of from about 10°C to about 150 °C, or about 10 °C to about 125 °C, or about 50 °C to about 150 °C.
  • the coating material may be applied in more than one layer.
  • each of the layers described herein are repeated as necessary (e.g. 1-5 times, 2-4 times or 2-3 times) to obtain the desired coating thickness.
  • the thickness of the coating of the proppant can be adjusted and used as either a relatively narrow range of proppant size or blended with proppants of other sizes, such as those with more or less numbers of coating layers of polyurethane or polyurethane dispersions as described herein. This can also be used to form a particulate blend have more than one range of size distribution.
  • the amount of the polyurethane coating that is applied or coated onto the particulate is about 0.1 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.2 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.3 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.4 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.5 wt. % to about 10 wt. %, about 0.65 wt. % to about 1.5 wt. %, about 0.75 wt. % to about 1.3 wt. %, 0.8 wt. % to about 1.25 wt. %, about 0.8 wt.
  • the amount of the polyurethane dispersion coating that is applied or coated onto the particulate is about 0.1 wt. % to about 10.0 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 9.5 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 9.0 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 8.5 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 8.0 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 7.5 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 7.0 wt. %, 0.1 wt. % to about 6.5 wt. %, 0.1 wt.
  • the coated particulates can additionally be treated with surface- active agents or auxiliaries, such as talcum powder or stearate, to improve pourability.
  • surface- active agents or auxiliaries such as talcum powder or stearate
  • the coated particulates can be baked or heated for a period of time sufficient to substantially react at least substantially all of the available isocyanate, hydroxyl that might remain in the coated particulate.
  • a post-coating cure may occur even if additional contact time with a catalyst is used after a first coating layer or between layers.
  • the post-coating cure step is performed like a baking step at a temperature from about 100°-200° C for a time of about 1-48 hours, or the temperature is from about 125° to about 175° C for 19-36 hours.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of producing the coated particulates as described herein comprising: a) heating particulates in an oven; b) transferring the heated particulates to a batch or continuous mixer; c) adding the coupling agent into the mixer; d) adding the isocyanate reactive blend into the mixer; e) adding the isocyanate component into the mixer; and f) optionally adding the additive into the mixer to produce the polyurethane coated particulates.
  • methods of producing the coated particulates as described herein further comprise repeating steps d) to f) to add one or more additional polyurethane coatings.
  • the particulates in step a) are heated in a heater to a temperature from about 145°C to about 155 °C.
  • the particulates in step a) are heated in a heater to a temperature from about 60°C to about 210 °C.
  • the particulates in step a) are heated in a heater to a temperature from about 60°C to about 180 °C.
  • the particulates in step a) are heated in a heater to a temperature from about 60°C to about 160 °C. In some embodiments, the particulates in step a) are heated in a heater to a temperature from about 60°C to about 155 °C. In some embodiments, the particulates in step a) are heated in a heater to a temperature of about 80 °C, about 88 °C, about 93, about 104, about 107, about 110 °C or from about 150 °C. [00144] In some embodiments, provided are methods of producing the coated particulates as described herein, wherein the mixer in step b) is a Webac batch mixer or a continuous mixer.
  • the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is from about 80 °C to about 210 °C. In some embodiments, the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is from about 90 °C to about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is from about 90 °C to about 130 °C. In some embodiments, the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is from about 90 °C to about 120 °C.
  • the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is from about 90 °C to about 115 °C. In some embodiments, the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is about 93 °C. In some embodiments, the coupling agent in step c) are added when the temperature of the particulates is about 110 °C. [00146] In some embodiments, provided are methods of producing the coated particulates as described herein, wherein the isocyanate reactive blend in step d) is added after 0 second to about 1 minute.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend is added after about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, or about 60 seconds from the start of the addition of the coupling agent. In some embodiments, the isocyanate reactive blend is added over a period of 0 to about 20 seconds. In some embodiments, the isocyanate reactive blend is added over a period of about 5, about 10, about 15 or about 20 seconds. In some embodiments, the isocyanate reactive blend is added over a period of about 10 seconds.
  • the isocyanate component in step e) is added after 0 second to about 60 seconds from the start of the addition of the coupling agent.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend is added after about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, or about 60 seconds from the start of the addition of the coupling agent.
  • the isocyanate component is added over a period of 0 to about 10 seconds.
  • the isocyanate component is added over a period of about 5, about 10, about 15 or about 20 seconds.
  • the isocyanate component is added over a period of about 10 seconds.
  • step f) is added after about 30 seconds to about 35 seconds from the start of the addition of the coupling agent.
  • the coated particulates in step f) are discharged after mixing in the mixer for about 30 seconds to 5 minutes. In some embodiments, the coated particulates in step f) are discharged after mixing in the mixer for about 50 seconds to 3 minutes. In some embodiments, the coated particulates in step f) are discharged after mixing in the mixer for about 50 seconds. In some embodiments, the coated particulates in step f) are discharged after mixing in the mixer for about 1 minute. In some embodiments, the coated particulates in step f) are discharged after mixing in the mixer for about 2 minutes. In some embodiments, the coated particulates in step f) are discharged into a pan and allowed to cool. In some embodiments, the coated particulates are dry and free-flowing coated particulates.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of producing coated particulates as described and provided herein comprising: feeding heated particulates into an inlet of a first mixer, the first mixer comprising an outer wall and at least one auger comprising a rotating shaft and a plurality of paddles connected thereto, wherein the at least one auger of the first mixer is rotating at a rate to form an annulus of particulates positioned along the interior surface of the outer wall of the first mixer and moving the particulates towards an outlet of the first mixer; mixing the annulus of particulates with coating compositions that are fed into the mixer through dosing ports operably connected to the second mixer; and discharging the coated particulates through the outlet to the second mixer.
  • the first mixer further comprises at least a second dosing port operably connected to the mixer.
  • each paddle of the first mixer has an orientation from about -45 degrees to about +45 degrees in relation to the horizontal axis of the rotating shaft to which said paddle is connected. In some embodiments, wherein each paddle has an orientation of -45 degrees, 0 degrees, or +45 degrees or wherein the plurality of the paddles are oriented at -45 degrees.
  • paddles of the first mixer are grouped into an inlet zone, a middle zone, and an outlet zone.
  • methods of producing coated particulates as described herein further comprising the steps of: heating the particulates to a first temperature in a container; feeding the particulates from the container into the inlet of the first mixer and the inlet of the second mixer, such that particulates are fed into the inlet of the first mixer at or approximately at the same time as particulates are fed into the inlet of the second mixer.
  • a method of producing coated particulates as described herein comprising: optionally heating particulates to a first temperature; feeding the optionally heated particulates into an inlet of the first mixer, wherein the first mixer comprises an outer wall and an auger comprising a rotating shaft and multiple paddles connected thereto, wherein the auger is rotating at a rate of about 60 rotations per minute to about 1200 rotations per minute, wherein the auger moves a plurality of the particulates into an annulus positioned along the outer wall; wherein the auger is capable of moving the particulates towards an outlet of the first mixer in an average time from about 2 seconds to about 20seconds; optionally heating a coating composition to a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is higher than the melting point of the coating composition; feeding the coating composition into at least a first dosing port of the first mixer with or without a gas, wherein the coating composition mixes with the particulates in the rotating mixer, and wherein the coating composition coats the particulates as they move towards
  • the method is not particularly restricted and can be implemented in the manner known in the specific field.
  • a process of coating a particle with an epoxy-emulsion outer layer comprises heating a particle to about 380 °F to about 420 °F.
  • the particle can be heated prior to mixing.
  • the heated particle is mixed with a hydroxy-terminated amino-functional silane such as aqueous 3-aminopropylsilane hydrolysate.
  • the sand is then mixed with a phenol-aldehyde resin.
  • the sand is then coated with an epoxy emulsion such as, but not limited to, Dow Chemical DER 916TM and an amine epoxy hardener such as, but not limited to, DEH 24 and or DEH 58.
  • the coated sand can be coated with the surface chemistry modifier as the last step before discharging. The times for adding the materials can be the same as described herein and above or as shown in the examples.
  • the embodiments provided herein include the use of the coated particulates in conjunction with other suitable materials for the production of artificial turfs used in arenas for sports, landscaped public and private areas for various reasons including aesthetic appearance, low maintenance, evenness of the surfaces, etc.
  • the artificial turfs as provided and described herein comprising a support, a base, a backing, and a filler, which can also be referred to as infill material, comprising at least one coated particulate as provided and described herein.
  • the support is formed from the materials selected from sand, compacted soil, fiber reinforced soil, gravel, asphalt, concrete, and the like, or a combination thereof.
  • the base comprises one or more structures such as grids, which consists of more than one interconnected cell arranged over and supported by the support as described herein.
  • the cell forming the grid comprises at least one upstanding tubular member having an upper portion, which functions to support the backing, and a lower portion, which functions to engage with the support.
  • the backing resides over the base.
  • the backing comprises piles secured into a backing fabric and extending upwardly therefrom.
  • the piles may also be secured with a foam backing which may be supported directly on the upper surface of the mat.
  • the filler comprising at least one coated particulate as provided and described herein is spread evenly over the pile fabric to cover the surface of the backing fabric and to surround and cover desired portions of the pile tufts.
  • the filler as provided and described herein may be combined with ground rubber or sand.
  • the filler consists of one or more coated particulate as provided and described herein.
  • an artificial turf comprising a backing having pile fibers extending upwardly therefrom; and a filler (infill material) of coated particulates as provided for herein.
  • the pile fibers extend substantially above the infill material.
  • methods of forming an artificial turf comprise placing an aggregate infill material onto a backing, the backing having pile fibers secured thereto and extending upwardly above the infill material.
  • the aggregate infill material comprises coated particulates as provided for herein.
  • a coated particulate for a turf infill comprising a core, wherein the core is substantially covered with one or more layers of polymer coatings, wherein the polymer coating is selected from a polyurethane coating, an epoxy coating, a phenolic coating, a polyurethanephenol coating, and any combination thereof.
  • organofunctional silane coupling agent is selected from the group of 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3- glycidyloxypropyltriethoxysilane, 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexy)ethyltrimethoxysilane, and 2-(3,4- epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltriethoxysilane, 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyl- trimethoxysilane (CAS No. 35141-30-1), 3-mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane (CAS No.
  • n-propyltrimethoxysilane (CAS No. 1067-25-0), [3-(2- aminoethyl)aminopropyl]trimethoxysilane (CAS No. 1760-24-3), silane n- dodecyltrimethoxysilane (CAS No. 3069-21-4), bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl) amine (CAS No. 82985-35-1), l,2-bis(trimethoxysilyl)ethane (CAS No. 18406-41-2), vinyltri(2-methoxyethoxy) silane (CAS No. 1067-53-4), n-octyltriethoxysilane (CAS No.
  • N-(n-Butyl)-3- aminopropyltri-methoxysilane (CAS NO. 31024-56-3), n-propyltriethoxysilane (CAS No. 2550- 02-9), vinyltrimethoxysilane (CAS No. 2768-02-7), 3 -ureidopropyltriethoxy- silane (CAS No. 23779-32-0), 3-methacryloxypropyl-trimethoxysilane (CAS No. 2530-85-0), aqueous 3- aminopropylsilane hydrolysate, and a combination thereof.
  • the coated particulate of embodiment 14, wherein the isocyanate component comprises a cycloaliphatic isocyanate, an aliphatic isocyanate, or an aromatic isocyanate, or a combination thereof.
  • the isocyanate component comprises toluol-2,4-diisocyanate; toluol-2,6-diisocyanate (TDI); 1,5 naphthalindiisocyanate; cumol-2,4-diisocyanate; 4-methoxy-l,3-phenyldiisocyanate; 4-chloro- 1 ,3-phenyldiisocyanate; diphenylmethane-4,4-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-2,4-diisocyanate; diphenylmethane-2,2-diisocyanate; 4-bromo- 1 ,3-phenyldiisocyanate; 4-ethoxy- 1 ,3-phenyl- diisocyanate; 2,4’-diisocyanate diphenylether; 5,6-dimethyl-l,3-phenyl-diisocyanate; methylenedi
  • 1.6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI); 1,10-decamethylene-diisocyanate; 1,3-cyclo hexylene diisocyanate; 4,4’ methylene-bis-(cyclohexylisocyanate); xylol diisocyanate; l-isocyanato-3- methyl-isocyanate-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate); l-3-bis(isocyanato-l- methylethyl) benzol (m-TMXDI); 1,4 bis(isocyanato-l-methylethyl) benzol (p-TMXDI), isocyanurate-modified hexamethylene diisocyanate, l,3,5-tris(6-isocyanatohexyl)biuret (hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret), hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer, or an
  • Plasticolors® DL-50056
  • UV stabilizer is a hindered amine light stabilizer, benzophenone, benzotriazoie, hydroxyphenyl triazine, 2-(2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, Uvinol 3000, Tinuvin® P, Irganox 1098, Uvinol 3008, Lavinix, BHT, Tinuvin® 384-2, Tinuvin® 320, Tinuvin® 292 Irganox 1010, Irganox 1076, Irganox 1135, or Irgafos 168, or a combination thereof.
  • UV stabilizer is a hindered amine light stabilizer, benzophenone, benzotriazoie, hydroxyphenyl triazine, 2-(2'- hydroxyphenyl)benzotriazoles, Uvinol 3000, Tinuvin® P, Irganox 1098, Uvinol 3008, Lavinix, BHT, Tinuvin® 384-2, Tinuvin® 320
  • UV stabilizer is a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS).
  • UVA 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber
  • HALS basic hindered amine light stabilizer
  • the coated particulate of embodiment 70, wherein the antimicrobial agent is a silver based material, cupper based material such as cuprous oxide, or zinc based material such as zinc oxide copper, or a combination thereof such as a copper- silver-zinc alloy, coppersilver alloys, or silver-zinc alloy.
  • composition comprising two or more types of coated particulates, wherein each coated particulate is, independently, a particulate of any one of embodiments 1- 101.
  • composition of embodiment 102 wherein the composition comprises two types of coated particulates, wherein each coated particulate is, independently, a particulate of any one of embodiments 1-101.
  • composition of embodiment 102 or 103, wherein the composition comprises two types of coated particulates, wherein each type of the coated particulate has a different surface chemistry functionality.
  • a method of producing the polyurethane coated particulates of any one of embodiments 1-101 or the composition of any one of embodiments 102-106 comprising: a) heating particulates in an oven; b) transferring the heated particulates to a mixer; c) adding the coupling agent into the mixer; d) adding the isocyanate reactive blend into the mixer; e) adding the isocyanate component into the mixer; and f) optionally adding the additive into the mixer to produce the polyurethane coated particulates.
  • the method of embodiment 107 further comprises repeating steps d) to f) to add one or more additional polyurethane coatings.
  • step 111 The method according to embodiments 107 or 108, wherein the particulates in step a) are heated in the oven to a temperature from about 140 °C to about 160 °C or from about 60 °C to about 160 °C.
  • 101 or the composition of any one of embodiments 102-106 comprising: feeding heated particulates into an inlet of a first mixer, the first mixer comprising an outer wall and at least one auger comprising a rotating shaft and a plurality of paddles connected thereto, wherein the at least one auger of the first mixer is rotating at a rate to form an annulus of particulates positioned along the interior surface of the outer wall of the first mixer and moving the particulates towards an outlet of the first mixer; mixing the annulus of particulates with coating compositions that are fed into the mixer through dosing ports operably connected to the first mixer; discharging the coated particulates through the outlet to the second mixer; mixing the annulus of particulates with coating compositions that are fed into the mixer through dosing ports operably connected to the first mixer; and discharging the coated particulates through the outlet.
  • each paddle of the first mixer has an orientation from about -45 degrees to about +45 degrees in relation to the horizontal axis of the rotating shaft to which said paddle is connected.
  • each paddle has an orientation of -45 degrees, 0 degrees, or +45 degrees or wherein the plurality of the paddles are oriented at - 45 degrees.
  • any one of embodiments 102-106 comprising: optionally heating particulates to a first temperature; feeding the optionally heated particulates into an inlet of the first mixer, wherein the first mixer comprises an outer wall and an auger comprising a rotating shaft and multiple paddles connected thereto, wherein the auger is rotating at a rate of about 60 rotations per minute to about 1200 rotations per minute, wherein the auger moves a plurality of the particulates into an annulus positioned along the outer wall; wherein the auger is capable of moving the particulates towards an outlet of the first mixer in an average time from about 2 seconds to about 20 seconds; optionally heating a coating composition to a second temperature, wherein the second temperature is higher than the melting point of the coating composition; feeding the coating composition into at least a first dosing port of the first mixer with or without a gas, wherein the coating composition mixes with the particulates in the rotating mixer, and wherein the coating composition coats the particulates as they move towards the outlet; and collecting the coated particulates
  • An artificial turf comprising: a backing having pile fibers extending upwardly therefrom; and a filler of coated particulate of any one of embodiment 1-101 or the composition of any one of embodiments 102-106 or the coated particulate prepared according to the method of any one of embodiments 107-151, and wherein the pile fibers extend substantially above the infill material.
  • a method of forming an artificial turf comprising: placing an aggregate infill material onto a backing, wherein the backing has pile fibers secured thereto and extending upwardly above the infill material and wherein the aggregate infill material comprises the coated particulates of any one of embodiments 1-101 or the composition of any one of embodiments 102-106 or the coated particulate prepared according to the method of any one of embodiments 107-151.
  • Example 1 provides coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.0, and a cycle time of 3 minutes.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 2 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.1, and a cycle time of 50 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 3 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.8, and a cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 4 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5, and a cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 5 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5 and in which Layer 2 with isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (3.86 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 11.33 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056, 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12) is added over a 10 second period
  • the second layer isocyanate reactive blend (7.21 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 2.27 g of a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Tinuvin® 5050)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 6 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5 and in which Layer 2 is a PUD (polyurethane dispersion) based coating, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (3.86 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 11.33 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056, 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12) is added over a 10 second period
  • second layer PUD blend 22.65 g of an aqueous, colloidal, anionic, low viscous dispersion of an aliphatic polyesterpolyurethane without free isocyanate groups (Alberdingk® U 6100), 2.27 g of a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Tinuvin® 5050)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 7 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.0, and a cycle time of 2 minutes.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • the isocyanate reactive blend (8.89 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 11.33 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.17 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12) is added over a 10 second period 0:20 27.91 g of a polymeric MDI isocyanate(HF-459) is added over a
  • Example 8 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer phenolic based coating with a cycle time of 1 minute 20 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 9 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a phenolic coating and Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5, and a cycle time of 2 minutes.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 10 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer epoxy based coating with a cycle time of 50 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 11 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is an epoxy based coating and Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5, and cycle time of 1 minute 20 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 12 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual-layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 12/20 mesh size sand which was introduced into a batch mixer
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (3.86 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 11.33 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12) is added over a 10 second period
  • the second layer isocyanate reactive blend (7.21 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 2.27 g of a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Tinuvin® 5050)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 13 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.85 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.85, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (6.39 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 9.06 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment
  • the second layer isocyanate reactive blend (9.44 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12, 2.27 g of a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Tinuvin® 5050)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 14 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of
  • Example 15 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.5, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 16 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.50 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.75, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (10.23 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 10.87 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.10 g a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco®T- 12) is added over a 10 second period
  • the second layer isocyanate reactive blend (12.16 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 0.10 g a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 2.31 g of a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Tinuvin® 5050), 10.87 g of a 100 % active, liquid sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant for polyols, polyurethanes, and other polymers (Irganox® 1135) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 17 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual-layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.50 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.75, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer. ADDITION CYCLE
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (10.23 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 10.87 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.10 g a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco®T- 12, 0.41 Tinuvin® 292, 2.72 of a 100 % active, liquid sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant for polyols, polyurethanes, and other polymers (Irganox® 1135)) is added over a 10 second period
  • the second layer isocyanate reactive blend (12.16 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 0.10 g a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 10.87 g of a liquid hindered amine light stabilizer (Tinuvin® 384-2) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 18 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein. The of 16/30 mesh size sand was preheated at 225 °F and charged into the first of the 2 (in series) continuous mixers at flow rates of about 5000 Ib/min.
  • Phthalocyanine green pigment dispersion based on polyol (ChromaFlo DL50056) (74.66 wt. %) a polymeric MDI isocyanate (HF-459), Dow
  • D Isocyanate reactive blend 16.60 1 a polyether polyol (XUS 62575, Dow Chemical) (62.95 wt. %) a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco T12), Air
  • UVA 2-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole UV absorber
  • HALS basic hindered amine light stabilizer
  • Example 19 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.75 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.75.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein.
  • the sand was preheated at 225 °F and charged into the first of the 2 (in series) continuous mixers at flow rates of about 1000 Ib/min.
  • B Isocyanate reactive blend 1.81 1 a polyether polyol (XUS 62575, Dow Chemical) (55.81 wt. %) a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco T12), Air Products (0.55 wt. %) a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056) (27.62 wt. %) a 100 % active, liquid sterically hindered phenolic antioxidant for polyols, polyurethanes, and other polymers (BASF Irganox® 1135) (13.81 wt. %) a liquid hindered amine light stabilizer especially developed for coatings (BASF Tinuvin® 292) (2.21 wt. %)
  • D Isocyanate reactive blend 3.04 1 a polyether polyol (XUS 62575, Dow Chemical) (66.45 wt. %) a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco T12), Air Products (0.66 wt. %) a liquid hindered amine light stabilizer (BASF Tinuvin® 384-2) (32.89 wt. %) a polymeric MDI isocyanate (HF-459), Dow b Chemical a stable, emulsion of silane, siloxane and
  • Example 20 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer coating in which Layer 1 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.85 and in which Layer 2 is a polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 0.85, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 9060 grams of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • the first layer isocyanate reactive blend (3.20 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 3.20 g VORALUXTM HL 431 polyol, 9.06 g of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12) is added over a 10 second period
  • the second layer isocyanate reactive blend (4.72 g of a polyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 4.72 g VORALUXTM HL 431polyol, 0.08 g of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 2.27 g of a solvent-free, liquid blend of a 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)- benzotriazole UV absorber (UVA) and a basic hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) (Tinuvin® 5050)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 21 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute and 7 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 22 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute and 7 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • lb of the second isocyanate reactive blend (2.39 lb of a low viscosity polyol with improved color stability (Cardolite® NX- 9014), 0.02 lb of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 0.030 lb of of Zinc 2-pyridinethio 1-1 -oxide (Zinc OmadineTM Antimicrobial), 0.032 lb of of an antimicrobial based on the active agent N-butyl- l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) (VanquishTM 100 Antimicrobial)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 23 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute and 7 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Example 24 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute and 7 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • lb of the second isocyanate reactive blend (2.39 lb of a low viscosity polyol with improved color stability (Cardolite® NX- 9014), 0.02 lb of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 0.030 lb of of Zinc 2-pyridinethio 1-1 -oxide (Zinc OmadineTM Antimicrobial), 0.032 lb of of an antimicrobial based on the active agent N-butyl- l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) (VanquishTM 100 Antimicrobial)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 25 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute and 7 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • lb of the first isocyanate reactive blend (0.90 lb of a low viscosity polyol with improved color stability (Cardolite® NX- 9014), 0.20 lb of a green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.80 lb of a red color iron oxide (50%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 80943), 0.01 lb of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 0.015 lb of Zinc pyrithione (Biomaster 627), 0.016 lb of an antimicrobial based on the active agent N-butyl-l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) (VanquishTM 100 Antimicrobial)) is added over a 10 second period
  • lb of the second isocyanate reactive blend (2.41 lb of a low viscosity polyol with improved color stability (Cardolite® NX- 9014), 0.02 lb of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 0.030 lb of of Zinc pyrithione (Biomaster 627), 0.032 lb of of an antimicrobial based on the active agent N-butyl-l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) (VanquishTM 100 Antimicrobial)) is added over a 10 second period 0:20 3.64 lb of a low viscosity solvent-free aliphatic polyisocyanate based on Hexamethylene Diisocyanate biuret (HDI homopolymer (TolonateTM HDB-LV) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 26 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a dual- layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.3, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute and 7 seconds.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • lb of the second isocyanate reactive blend (2.41 lb of a low viscosity polyol with improved color stability (Cardolite® NX- 9014), 0.02 lb of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 0.030 lb of of Zinc 2-pyridinethio 1-1 -oxide (Zinc OmadineTM Antimicrobial), 0.032 lb of of an antimicrobial based on the active agent N-butyl- l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BBIT) (VanquishTM 100 Antimicrobial)) is added over a 10 second period
  • isocyanate a low viscosity solvent-free aliphatic polyisocyanate based on Hexamethylene Diisocyanate biuret (HDI homopolymer (TolonateTM HDB-LV) is added over a 10 second period 0:60 0.25 lb of a clear, colorless polydimethyl siloxane fluid having silanol group in the terminal position (F1006), Wacker Chemie AG) is added over a 3 second period
  • Example 27 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.0, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared as described and provided for herein using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • polyether-polyester low viscosity polyol with improved color stability polyol, colorants, (Cardolite® NX-9014), 0.10 lb of a green color catalyst, surfactant, polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment antimicrobials) (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.41 lb of a red color iron oxide
  • Isocyanate Blend 2.07 lb of isocyanate blend (1.97 lb of a low viscosity, solvent-free aliphatic polyisocyanate based on Hexamethylene Diisocyanate trimer (HDI homopolymer (TolonateTM HDT-LV), 0.66 lb of a polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate that contains MDI (PAPITM 27 Polymeric MDI) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 28 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.0, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • polyether-polyester low viscosity polyol with improved color stability polyol, colorants, (Cardolite® NX-9014), 0.10 lb of a green color catalyst, surfactant, polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) pigment antimicrobials) (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.41 lb of a red color iron oxide
  • Isocyanate Blend 1.94 lb of isocyanate blend (1.46 lb of an isocyanate terminated polypropylene glycol prepolymer based on hydrogenated 4,4' methylenebis diisocyanate (HMDI) (Lupranate® 5570, 0.49 lb of a polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate that contains MDI (PAPITM 27 Polymeric MDI) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 29 provided coated particulates for a turf infill comprising a single layer polyurethane based coating with an isocyanate index of about 1.0, and an overall cycle time of 1 minute.
  • the particulates were prepared using 1000 pounds of 16/30 mesh size sand, which was introduced into a batch mixer.
  • Polyol Blend 1 2.22 lb of the first isocyanate reactive blend (1.90 lb of a (polyetherpolyether polyol (TERAFORCETM 62575), 0.04 lb of a polyester polyol, green color polychlorinated copper phthalocyanine (25%) colorants, catalyst, pigment (Plasticolors® DL 50056), 0.16 lb of a red color surfactant) iron oxide (50%) pigment (Plasticolors® DL 80943), 0.02 lb of a colorant (Plasticolors® DL-20711), 0.02 lb of a dibutyltin dilaurate (Dabco® T-12), 0.08 lb of a polyether- modified polydimethylsiloxane (BYK® 333)) is added over a 10 second period
  • Isocyanate 2.98 lb of a polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate that contains MDI (PAPITM 27 Polymeric MDI) is added over a 10 second period
  • Example 30 demonstrated that the coated the coated sand particulates of one of the Examples 1-29 was applied to a synthetic turf as turf infill and was found to perform at satisfactory levels as discussed herein.
  • the infill was spread with standard machinery to apply to such materials.
  • An artificial turf was produced from the coated particulates for a turf infill as described and provided for herein such as the coated sand particulates for a turf infill prepared according to Examples 1-29.
  • the coated particles as described and provided for herein were tested as turf infill and were found to be acceptable as turf infill.
  • the artificial turf described herein includes a pile fabric having a backing and pile elements extending upwardly from the backing and an infill layer filed on the backing such that the pile elements are at least partially embedded in the infill layer and the infill layer includes the coated particulates for a turf infill as described herein, optionally in combination with inorganic fillers and elastic infills.
  • the artificial turf was produced as follows. First, a pile fabric was provided with a backing and the pile elements extending upwardly from an upper surface of the backing. Then, the coated particulates as described herein such as the coated particulates for a turf infill prepared according to Examples 1-29 were provided.
  • the coated particulates as described herein were optionally mixed with the inorganic infills and elastic infills to form an infill mixture.
  • the infill mixture was used to form the infill layer filled on the backing such that the pile elements were at least partially embedded in the infill layer.
  • the backing served to fix the pile elements and had a loose texture or a perforated structure to drain well.
  • the backing could be in contact with the ground.
  • the pile elements were attached to the backing to serve as the surface of the artificial turf.
  • Each of the pile elements was made of plastic filament such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride, nylon, or the like and contained a green pigment to give the feel similar to the natural turf.
  • the infill layer was formed by filling an empty space between the pile elements with the infill in order to give the artificial turf with elasticity and low sliding resistance. Because the infill layer had a great influence on performance of the artificial turf, the infill layer is required to have proper and consistent elasticity, hardness, and drain performance.
  • the coated particulates for a turf infill as described and provided for herein alone or in combination with elastic infill were tested to achieve and enhance all the characteristics required for the artificial turf infill.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Paints Or Removers (AREA)

Abstract

Les modes de réalisation de la présente invention concernent, en partie, des particules enrobées, leurs procédés de préparation et leurs procédés d'utilisation, par exemple, pour le remplissage de pelouse.
PCT/US2021/062893 2020-12-11 2021-12-10 Particules enrobées pour remplissage de pelouse Ceased WO2022125953A1 (fr)

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US202063124695P 2020-12-11 2020-12-11
US63/124,695 2020-12-11
US63/124,649 2020-12-11
US202163195740P 2021-06-02 2021-06-02
US63/195,740 2021-06-02

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WO2024094318A1 (fr) * 2022-11-03 2024-05-10 Symrise Ag Microcapsules, processus pour la préparation de microcapsules et utilisation de microcapsules pour parfumer un produit de consommation
US20240159000A1 (en) * 2022-11-11 2024-05-16 Tarkett Sports Canada Inc. Corn cob based infill material for synthetic turf fields
WO2024233207A1 (fr) * 2023-05-08 2024-11-14 Eastman Chemical Company Compositions de revêtement de remplissage de gazon artificiel

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US20020048676A1 (en) * 1998-07-22 2002-04-25 Mcdaniel Robert R. Low density composite proppant, filtration media, gravel packing media, and sports field media, and methods for making and using same
US20080141516A1 (en) * 2006-12-18 2008-06-19 Julicher Henry A Artificial turf system and method of making
US20160333535A1 (en) * 2015-05-15 2016-11-17 Bayer Materialscience Llc Free-flowing coated rubber particles, methods for their production and use
US20180016741A1 (en) * 2016-07-15 2018-01-18 Covestro Llc Carpet and synthetic turf backings prepared from a polyether carbonate polyol
US20190040593A1 (en) * 2016-01-28 2019-02-07 Tatro Inc. Engineered surfaces
US20190063007A1 (en) * 2017-08-31 2019-02-28 Jiho LEE Filler for artificial grass and method of preparing the filler

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20020048676A1 (en) * 1998-07-22 2002-04-25 Mcdaniel Robert R. Low density composite proppant, filtration media, gravel packing media, and sports field media, and methods for making and using same
US20080141516A1 (en) * 2006-12-18 2008-06-19 Julicher Henry A Artificial turf system and method of making
US20160333535A1 (en) * 2015-05-15 2016-11-17 Bayer Materialscience Llc Free-flowing coated rubber particles, methods for their production and use
US20190040593A1 (en) * 2016-01-28 2019-02-07 Tatro Inc. Engineered surfaces
US20180016741A1 (en) * 2016-07-15 2018-01-18 Covestro Llc Carpet and synthetic turf backings prepared from a polyether carbonate polyol
US20190063007A1 (en) * 2017-08-31 2019-02-28 Jiho LEE Filler for artificial grass and method of preparing the filler

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2024094318A1 (fr) * 2022-11-03 2024-05-10 Symrise Ag Microcapsules, processus pour la préparation de microcapsules et utilisation de microcapsules pour parfumer un produit de consommation
US20240159000A1 (en) * 2022-11-11 2024-05-16 Tarkett Sports Canada Inc. Corn cob based infill material for synthetic turf fields
WO2024233207A1 (fr) * 2023-05-08 2024-11-14 Eastman Chemical Company Compositions de revêtement de remplissage de gazon artificiel

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