WO2022197173A1 - Recycled plastic board of a construction system for the construction of housing - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to the field of construction, specifically to a system for the construction of housing and various construction applications, such as classrooms, storehouses and construction in general, where the construction material is made up of plastic boards manufactured with various types of polyethylene and polypropylene families, all post-consumer, of an industrial, domestic and/or agricultural origin, with a defined colour and multicolour presentation. The development of the invention described in this document aims to solve various problems: 1. Reduce the high housing deficit by means of buildings that are quick to erect and cost less than traditional housing, as well as offer alternative housing as a necessity for any human being in any society, regardless of race, ideology, socioeconomic status or geographic location. 2. Utilise plastic material considered to be waste, regardless of its origin, which could be agricultural, urban or industrial. 3. Mitigate greenhouse gases (GHGs) by reusing and recycling existing material, which prevents the generation of GHGs caused by the manufacture of new materials, the resulting global warming, as well as the environmental impacts caused thereby. 4. Create employment. 5. Alternative materials for other uses and applications.

Description

RECYCLED PLASTIC PLATE FROM CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM FOR CONSTRUCTION

OF HOUSING

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is related to the field of construction, specifically to a system for the construction of houses and various construction applications, such as classrooms, warehouses and construction in general, where the construction material is carried out by means of plastic plates manufactured with various types of polyethylene and polypropylene families, all post-consumer, of industrial, domestic and/or agricultural origin, in multicolor presentation and defined color.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Taking into account the current construction system based on bricks, whether they are made of mud, cement, etc.; This system has a history of more than 9,000 years, which currently allows it to take advantage of modern life and the diversity of existing materials, new or used, useful or problematic. The foregoing gives the possibility of seeking alternatives to take advantage of some of the materials that may have the capacity to be used as construction elements from recycled materials that are to address vital problems for the healthy living both physically and mentally of any human being, such as It is to have decent and safe housing and allow the world to decontaminate materials that at the moment have no end with a high-impact solution. The use of waste is an efficient way to reduce the damage to the environment after the construction and demolition processes.

All stages of a building's life generate waste, this is unavoidable. From the initial soil conditioning work to demolition, surplus materials are produced that must be managed properly.

A technique to reduce the amount of waste and thus reduce damage to the environment is the reuse and recycling of materials. For this, the first step is to develop a management program that considers the necessary equipment for collection, transportation, types of materials and approximate values, among others. In addition, the economic, social and environmental benefits that these efforts will bring must be estimated.

The effectiveness of waste utilization techniques will depend on the markets for the individual waste materials, the selective management of the components, and the methods used for recovery. Recycling is a necessity today to deal with the large amount of waste that we produce on a daily basis. Among its uses, one of its most incredible stands out, which is the construction of houses, from the raising of the walls to even its interiors. For the bricks that make up the walls of the house there are several materials that can be quite useful and with very good durability, on the one hand, there are bricks made of fired earth, which although they are a good traditional way of construction (bearing in mind that the mixture must be made very well) and also has the ability to be a good insulator of external heat.

Another option, not very common, but very popular in recent years, is to incorporate plastic or glass bottles, both filled with sand have great resistance and durability to the conditions.

There are also natural materials such as wood that, although they are reusable and also quite resistant, without forgetting the use of brass, aluminum, zinc and even iron, which is more popular for columns.

Although it is also important to highlight some materials that are not so common for the construction of ecological houses, such as cigarette butts, which, under a good reuse process, work as raw material for bricks or even cork or coconut shells for insulation of the humidity or heat.

The use of recyclable materials has no limits, any material of a good size or good composition is useful to build a house, if you have the tools to eliminate the large accumulation of garbage, this is one of the best ways to reuse it.

Since houses made with recycled materials are cheaper, the reason is none other than to help many families have a roof over their heads. There are many types of sustainable houses made with recycled materials, as many as recycled materials are used in their construction. Most people consider houses built with recycled materials to be synonymous with low quality and that is not necessarily true. In the construction of this type of ecological and sustainable housing, design is taken into account, especially to make the most of natural resources and not depend on any type of energy that is not renewable. Some examples of this type of houses are explained below:

1. House made with Garbage or Earthship.

These houses with recycled materials made with garbage were designed by the architect Michael Reynolds, who is part of the Earthship Biotecture organization and promotes this new type of sustainable construction. An earthship, or NaveTierra in Spanish, is a type of self-sufficient and sustainable house made with tires filled with earth, soda cans and bottles.

Earthships are generally built with the use of available local resources in mind. This type of ecological architecture has its own ventilation system, seeks to maximize natural light and the dense walls, made with tires and earth, provide great acoustic and thermal insulation. On the other hand, the internal walls can be made from recycled tin panels. The roofs are heavily insulated with earth or adobe to gain energy efficiency.

2. Sustainable Housing made with Recycled Bottles.

Any bottle is used to build an ecological house with recycled bottles. The bottles can be empty or filled with any disposable material. To join the rows of bottles you can use any type of mortar, in this case it was cement. If you are committed to the environment environment, an ecological house made from recycled bottles is one of the best sustainable options for housing.

3. Ecological Housing made with Containers. Ecological houses made with recycled containers have the same qualities as a conventional house, with the advantage that they do not need conventional foundations. A sustainable house of this type is thoroughly insulated and different materials can be used for the finishes. Houses made with recycled containers are on the rise due to how cheap they are and how easy their construction is since, with several containers, a modern and very cozy home can be created, the drawback of this proposal is that being all metal air conditioning is necessarily required, which is used energy and ease of oxidation in the metal.

4. Houses made with Recycled Boats.

This sustainable house made from a recycled ship is beneficial for both marine and terrestrial life, since it is not abandoned in the sea, it does not pollute it and the construction of a complete house is avoided. Ships are houses to live in the sea. Houses built with recycled boats are a perfect method to give a new use to a boat that can no longer sail. This is why, when the life of a ship ends, it is advisable to remove it from the water, since an abandoned ship is very polluting for marine life. 5. Sustainable House made with Recycled Cans.

These houses were initially developed by John Milkovisch, a retiree who during the 1970s began to line his house with beer cans. It all started with the custom he and his wife had of having a beer together at the end of the day and, to take advantage of those cans, Milkovisch had the idea of cutting and flattening them to cover the walls of his home.

After 18 years of reusing cans, this house made from recycled cans looks ever brighter. After the death of its creator and his wife, their children continued the work of replacing the rusty cans and the "Beer Can House" (house of beer cans), as it is called, is now empty and You can visit during every weekend of the year. It is located in Houston and is one of the tourist attractions of the city.

6. Ecological House Project made with 86% Recycled Materials. For the realization of this ecological house made with recycled materials, a process is used that transforms waste materials into better quality products. In construction, this process is becoming more established and the pioneer in carrying it out was the Lendager Arkitekter studio in Denmark, which opened the Upcycled House to the public. This type of sustainable house built with recycled materials is a reference experimental project for many companies, architecture studios and students from all over Europe. It is located in the city of Nyborg, in Denmark. and it has managed to reduce CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by 86% in its construction.

The structure of this type of ecological house made of recycled materials is made up of two shipping containers. The closure of the roof and the facade is made of aluminum from soft drink cans. For the floor, both cork and glass from champagne bottles have been used, and the walls and ceiling are made of particleboard panels. The main objective of the construction of ecological houses with recycled materials has not been energy efficiency, but to reduce emissions during construction, but efficient measures have also been taken to optimize the lighting and ventilation of homes.

The development of the invention described in this document solves several problems:

1. Reduce the high housing deficit through rapid construction and lower cost than traditional housing, as well as offering a housing alternative as a need for any human being in any society, regardless of race, ideology, socioeconomic position or geographic location.

2. Use of plastic material considered as waste regardless of its origin can be agricultural, urban and industrial.

3. Mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHG) by reusing and recycling existing material, avoiding the generation of GHG when manufacturing new materials and the consequent global warming, as well as the environmental impacts that this produces.

4. Job creation.

5. Material alternatives for other uses and applications.

On the other hand, the development of the invention described in this document considers the following points as relevant and triggering the development activity of the generated solution:

The high housing deficit in Mexico leads to figures in the country of 9.4 million dwellings that are in housing lag quality, that is, they lack drainage, have precarious materials or are overcrowded, this can be improved by having more economical and low maintenance. In addition to this, 6.8 million of these households do not have mechanisms to access adequate financing to purchase a house, according to data from the Secretary of Agrarian, Territorial and Urban Development (SEDATU). Added to the above is the amount of extreme poverty around the world, these figures grow year after year, focusing the comment on Mexico, there are 60 million registered compatriots in extreme poverty who not even in their wildest dreams have the possibility of a decent home with the traditional system. With regard to the use of plastic considered as waste, some figures are shown that are of global interest, which could be mitigated by taking advantage of them and solving very sensitive problems: Around 13 million tons of plastic are dumped into the oceans each year, affecting biodiversity, the economy and people's health.

America, Japan and the European Union are the largest producers of plastic waste per capita and only 9% of the 9,000 million tons of plastic that have been produced in the world has been recycled. If this trend continues, by 2050 we will have close to 12 billion tons of plastic waste in landfills and in nature. Five billion plastic bags are used each year and one million plastic bottles are purchased every minute. Almost 70% or more go to the environment or to landfills.

Microplastics have been detected in commercial table salt and some studies claim that 90% of bottled water and 83% of tap water contain plastic particles, this worries the UN, as little is known about the impact of this material on human health.

Every year 300 million tons of plastic waste are produced, which is equivalent to the weight of the entire human population.

In 2017, for the first time plastic occupied the top 10 places of objects collected in the oceans, leaving glass bottles off the list, according to the environmental group, Ocean Conservancy.

Between 60% and 80% of marine debris is plastic and most of it is fragments smaller than five millimeters, that is, microplastics, says Greenpece.

On average, 200 plastic bags are used per person per year and they take around 400 years to degrade.

prior art. Based on the analysis of prior art documents, there are inventions that try to solve similar problems, as is the case of the invention described in document US2020255638 (A1) of August 13, 2020, which discloses an alternative construction system of buildings, installations, accessories and products, with easy-to-assemble architectural elements, made with improved recycled plastic materials, as well as its material formulation. The object of the invention is to provide an alternative construction system for constructing buildings, facilities, shelters, accessories and housing products such as partition walls, window frames, pavers, pillars, fence posts, tablets, bricks, baffles, blocks, etc. floors, pavements, or any other useful object for construction, consisting of easy-to-assemble architectural elements made with improved recycled plastic materials that transform the problem of plastic degradation time into important characteristics such as resistance and durability. Another main embodiment of the invention is to provide the formulation of the improved material based on recycled plastic that makes up the architectural elements. A first embodiment of the invention consists of a construction system for constructing buildings, installations, accessories and products that do not require maintenance, with easy-to-assemble architectural elements, manufactured with improved materials based on recycled or recovered plastic.

The objective of the aforementioned invention is to provide a direct formulation of the recycled plastic to be used in such a way that its formulation is known and not its construction characteristics.

Document US9422423 (B2) of March 14, 2013, discloses compression molded articles containing a polymeric component and optionally distributed therein between about 1% and about 45% by weight of a glass bead or fiber reinforcing component based on the weight of the finished composite article, wherein the polymeric component contains between about 80% and about 100% by weight of HDPE based on the weight of the polymeric component, wherein at least about 20% or more by weight of said HDPE is post-consumer HDPE. Plastic panels, their uses, and manufacturing methods are also described. The aim of the patent described in the document provides another technique to process recycled plastics and turn them into useful materials for industrial and consumer use. The invention relates to a method of making plastic composite articles from recycled plastics and an optional glass bead or fiber reinforcing component, processing them into composite panels and other useful articles. The manufacturing method involves an extrusion/compression molding process.

Document US2019360204 (A1) of November 28, 2019, provides a way and a method for forming a structure that includes a core made, at least in part, of a rice husk composition. The composition of the rice husk including a combination of separate unmilled rice hulls; milled rice husk; and a rice husk powder, each with a different particle size. A polymeric binder, such as a recycled plastic polymeric binder, binds the separated unmilled rice hulls, milled rice hulls, and rice husk powder. The invention described in the document involves a method of forming a structure that includes rice hulls. The method includes combining separate rice hulls, ground rice hulls, and a rice hull powder, each with a different average particle size. A binder is used to bind the separated rice hulls, ground rice hulls, and rice hull powder to form a rice hull composition. The binder includes a polymeric binder, preferably a recycled plastic polymeric binder. The rice hull composition is fed into an extruder to form a rice hull extrudate. The extruder is preheated to a temperature of from about 270°F to about 450°F. The precise preheat temperature, which is equal to or different from the working temperature, will vary depending on the binder used. For example, the preferred extruder temperature when using a polypropylene binder is about 425°F. A composition employing a polyethylene terephthalate binder would be less than that of polypropylene. The rice husk extrudate can be molded into a desired shape by pressing the rice husk extrudate into a mold having a cavity defining a desired shape of the structure to be produced or by spreading the rice husk extrudate on a conveyor belt under pressure. applied. After shaping, the rice husk extrudate is cooled to obtain the desired structure.

Document BRPI0804833 (A2) dated July 27, 2010, describes a system that was developed to manufacture houses with closing panels made of plastic or not, recyclable or not, that fit between vertical profiles and horizontal profiles, locked at the bottom. and higher through appropriate structures. He mentions that it is more efficient and practical than existing systems, since it uses vertical and horizontal profiles to fit the closing panels, without the need for a prefabricated metal structure to screw them, without However, it offers more firmness to the walls. The developed invention object of this document is basically composed of: closing panels, vertical profiles; horizontal profiles, footings, base structures, floor panels, metal profiles, shear beams, strip beams, screws, as well as hydraulic / sanitary and electrical installations.

Document BRPI0905494 (A2) dated September 8, 2015, describes an improvement introduced in a prefabricated construction process in a modular system, made up of a modular process consisting of prefabrication, in a manufacturing unit or on the construction site itself, of concrete composite panels (gravel 0 and gravel) with the addition of polypropylene core fibers and expanded polystyrene. The panels that make up the internal and external walls are self-supporting structural elements. Document US8297026 (B1) of October 30, 2012, describes a system and method of manufacturing synthetic construction elements that replaces wood. A synthetic composition containing cementitious material, synthetic fibers and low density particulate material is provided. At least one polymer may be added to improve performance. The density of the synthetic composition is controlled by varying the volume of low density particulate material in the mixture. Reinforcing elements are provided. The reinforcing elements are preferably prestressed or poststressed in tension. The synthetic compound is molded around the reinforcing elements to form a building element of a particular shape. The molding of the synthetic material around the reinforcing elements can be a two-step process. In the first step, a first high-density synthetic compound is roughly molded around the elements of reinforcement. A second synthetic compound of lower density and strength is then molded around the rough shape to complete the building element.

In document C02020002306 (A1) of April 13, 2020, the invention is related to the construction industry, in particular with prefabricated construction made with sandwich panels or SIP (Structural Insulated Panel: Structural Insulated Panel) comprising the use of an insulating core, covered on their visible faces by one or more glued sheets of various types of materials, to make walls, roofs or mezzanines of buildings that can be assembled or joined with very simple elements, providing rigidity, solidity, stability , speed, ease of installation, economy, that can be recycled, that uses recyclable materials in its manufacture, that is easy to manufacture, that can be easily covered with any material that helps to structure the union of the panels, such as plaster, wood , ceramic, stone, clay veneers, fabrics, among others.

Based on the analysis of the state of the art, the references were analyzed and they have no relation to the invention developed.

The objective of the invention is to make available a plastic plate for the construction of houses and various construction applications such as classrooms, warehouses and construction in general, where the construction material is carried out by means of plastic plates manufactured with various types of families of polyethylenes and polypropylenes, all post consumer, of industrial, domestic and/or agricultural origin, in multicolor presentation and defined color. The essential invention of this document has the following characteristics:

• It is an agile, clean, resistant and economic procedure for building load-bearing walls, dividing walls, adjoining walls and other elements of a building, using a system of framed steel profiles, all connected to each other, where it is of the utmost importance that the connections between said elements are reliable.

• The walls are manufactured from the conformation of frames of steel profiles welded or screwed together to form a grid, this frame is subsequently covered with plastic boards made with various types of families of polyethylene and polypropylene, all post consumer, of industrial, domestic and/or agricultural origin, in multicolor presentation and defined color.

• The use of dry and prefabricated components instead of wet and delayed-setting compounds is the main quality that defines this system.

• The architectural design is favored by having this construction method that allows you to execute simple works or sophisticated forms.

• In turn, the constructions accept updates, extensions or transformations, important processes in sustainable buildings.

The technical details of the developed invention are described below. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The characteristic details of the recycled plastic plate for construction of housing are clearly shown in the following description.

Recycled plastic plate for housing construction. The details of the recycled plastic plate are as follows:

A recycled plastic plate for housing construction comprising the following:

1. Plastic, where low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight, their various families of polyethylenes and families of polypropylenes are normally used,

2. The amount of polymers that is mixed depends on the thickness to be manufactured, that is, the lower the thickness, the less amount of material, being thicknesses from 7 mm to 38 mm, as a reference a plate with a thickness of 10 mm has a weight of 32 kg , the proportions are as follows: o Rigid plate is mixed with 60% high-density polyethylene 10% polypropylene 30% low-density polyethylene, o Flexible plate is mixed with 80% low-density polyethylene and 20% high-density polyethylene or polypropylene, o Medium tension plate 50% high density polyethylene, 50% low density.

3. Plastic plate is manufactured in measures of 1.22 mx 2.44 or 1.22 x 2.5 m in thicknesses ranging from 7 mm to 38 mm, from the board, something similar to a wooden plywood due to its dimensions, these can be cut according to the required needs and applications, 4. Virtually all mixes can be used for the construction system, however the most recommended for exterior walls are rigid plate or medium tension, since they are subjected to the sun and therefore being polymers they tend to expand more easily, in the case of the flexible plate it is suggested for uses where the plate is supported almost in its entirety or has a structure with excellent support so that bending is not a problem in the application to be used, the plate used for walls is 12 mm or 13 mm thick, for roofing the thickness used is 7 mm or 9 mm.

Details of the process for the generation of the plastic plate. For the manufacture of the plastic plate, several elements are required:

1. Plastic, which normally use low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight, their various families of polyethylenes and families of polypropylenes. 2. Equipment for the manufacture of plastic plate is composed of:

2.1 Furnaces for manufacturing plates.

2.2 Plastic conveyor trays.

2.3 Tray transportation rails

2.4 Heat control equipment. 2.5 Hydraulic press with cooling system.

2.6 Cooling system.

2.7 Press deadlift. The first step of the process begins with the collection of plastic, it can be received in different ways and from different origins, plastics of urban, agricultural and industrial origin can be transformed. The plastics that are collected can be fed to a washing process or they can be subjected to a grinding process, in this case the second step is considered, grinding, where the plastic is reduced to the size of an average flake of 13 mm, the plastic, after grinding this is mixed with other polymers depending on its final use of the plastic plate, after mixing it is placed on the scale to weigh the material and this is based on the thickness to be manufactured: a greater thickness greater amount of volume, for example, for a 10 mm plate 32 kg of plastic is required, for a 38 mm plate an amount of 121.6 kg is required. This plastic mixture is spread on trays where care is taken that it is placed evenly, the tray is entered into the oven where the plastic is subjected to temperatures of 230 degrees Celsius in a period of 40 minutes, when the polymers react, it is removed from the oven and it enters a press where at the same time that it is being subjected to a pressure of 1,800 Ibs/in ² the temperature of the plastic plate is lowered by means of a flow of cold water that runs internally through a coil that is in the interior of the lower plate where the tray rests when applying pressure and on the upper plate where a series of coils are also distributed that circulates the cold water, lowering the temperature of the plastic plate, then the plastic plate is removed and placed in another press or dead weight which remains 24 hours which allows the heat to be completely removed being at room temperature, ready to remove the surpluses and r and profile the plate.

Being recycled material and not always having the same types of polymers, it is necessary to make different types of mixtures, effectively combining the different existing polymers, when manufacturing the plastic plate it must have a consistency according to the application to be used, they can be Mix high polyethylene with low density and polypropylene, low and high polyethylene, polypropylene with high, polypropylene with low.

The quantity of polymers mixed depends on the thickness to be manufactured, that is, the lower the thickness, the lower the amount of material, being thicknesses from 7 mm to 38 mm. As a reference, a plate with a thickness of 10 mm has a weight of 32 kg. The proportions are as follows:

1. Rigid plate is mixed with 60% high density polyethylene 10% polypropylene 30% low density polyethylene. 2. Flexible plate is mixed with 80% low-density polyethylene and 20% high-density polyethylene or polypropylene.

3. Medium tension plate 50% high density polyethylene, 50% low density If it is possible to use the separate material, if 100% high density polyethylene is used, the plate will be a rigid plate with little flexibility, if 100% high density polyethylene is used, low the plate will be flexible, if 100% polypropylene is used the plate will be semi-rigid or medium tension. The raw material can be obtained from urban waste either directly from the municipal dump, from each user per neighborhood, post-industrial waste resulting from a manufacturing process of a product, plastic from packaging waste, this waste is variable in volume that depends of each industry. If the selection is carried out, regardless of its origin, as long as it is clean without contamination from organic waste, or in case of contamination it is possible to wash the material, it is selected to identify the different types of polymers. It is not necessary to carry out an analysis of the material since the properties of the polymers do not vary, laboratory analyzes are necessary when it is necessary to verify their effectiveness in a specific application, in the case of housing, the plastic plate is calculated as a plug wall, the structural calculation is based on the skeleton and base structure where the plates are fixed to carry out the construction of the house.

Plastic plate is manufactured in measurements of 1.22 m x 2.44 or 1.22 x 2.5 m in thicknesses ranging from 7 mm to 38 mm, from the board, something similar to a wooden plywood due to its dimensions, these can be cut according to the needs and applications of each client.

There are several advantages that are detailed below: · One of the most notable is the high duration that these plates have, their life span subjected to any environment, whether saline or aggressive, is greater than 100 years without any type of maintenance as they do not have no type of coating, which makes the plastic plate a highly attractive material due to its durability and zero maintenance cost in its natural state of manufacture.

• Its speed of construction since the walls, when they arrive at the installation site, do not require any other type of coating, only their installation, which makes for a very fast and economical construction. · Since different types of labor are not necessary, such as the mason, the staff that places the paste and the paint or final coating makes it a more economical home. • Its low or null maintenance makes it economic constructions in its duration of life unlike traditional constructions.

• This type of construction after being installed can be disassembled again and transported to another installation site. · If to the above is added its contribution to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, giving an advantage over conventional materials that emit GHG in their manufacture.

• Clean works, without the need for water, storage of material in the open air without the risk of it suffering damage as it is not in a closed warehouse. OVEN FUNCTION.

The purpose of the oven is to allow the polymers that have previously been mixed on the outside to react by means of heat, for the manufacture of the plastic plate.

The oven is made up of preheated and heated chambers, which operate with energy sources such as LP gas, natural gas, electricity or even solar energy, in our case LP gas is used, the oven has dimensions to accommodate trays where plastic was previously placed mixed with the proportions indicated above, the dimensions of the trays are the dimensions of the final size of the plastic plate, the dimensions are 1.22 mx 2.44 m or 1.22mx 2.5 m in length and width, the manufacturing process of the plastic plate consists of Place the mixed plastic in trays and the amount of plastic depends on the thickness to be manufactured. By containing the plastic in the trays, they enter the preheated or direct heated chambers so that the plastic rises in temperature, the temperature to which the plastic is subjected. plastic to react is 230 degrees Celsius, after a certain the plastic it reacts having a gummy consistency, being ready to be removed from the oven, the average time that a plate lasts in the oven is around 45 minutes to 1:15 hours depending on the thickness that is inside the oven.

The plastic plates have a standard measure of 1.22 m x 2.44 m or 1.22 x 2.5 meters, these measures are used as the most common or commercial, and may have other measures, the plates range in thickness from 7 mm to 38 mm, being the most common or commercial, also being able to manufacture in greater thicknesses, recommended up to 2”, before entering the press the material is a viscous material with a high temperature.

FUNCTION OF THE PRESS.

It has a double function, the first and perhaps the most important is to press the viscous plastic material recently removed from the oven so that it takes on the thickness for which it was manufactured, as well as when pressing, the temperature of the plate is lowered by means of a flow of water. cold, which runs internally through a coil that is inside the lower plate where the tray rests when applying pressure and on the upper plate where a series of coils that circulate the cold water are also distributed, the temperature of the plastic plate through contact with the press, inside the press that makes the pressure, both in the upper part and the bed or lower part of the press where the tray is supported, there is a coil where cold water passes and the temperature of the plastic plate is lowered by passing a flow of cold water that takes the heat from the plate, after making its way back to the chiller or refrigeration equipment to cool Ar the water and return it to the process. This cycle is repeated over and over again as long as the plastic plate is pressed by the press. The average time the plates remain plastics in the press range from 30 to 45 minutes depending on the thickness of the plate in question.

DEAD WEIGHT.

After the plastic plate has been removed from the hydraulic press and its respective tray and it is now possible to manipulate it by hand, since it has less heat than when it came out of the oven, it is placed on a manual press that is considered a deadweight press. , where it remains 24 hours to remove the heat at room temperature. This part considers the end of the plastic plate manufacturing process.

After the plastic material is pressed and the heat is removed, the manufacturing process of the plate concludes with the measures that have already been mentioned, a standard measure of 1.22 m x 2.44 m or 1.22 x 2.5. These measures are used as the most common or commercial ones, being able to have other measures, the plates range in thickness from 7 mm to 38 mm being the most common or commercial, also being able to manufacture in greater thicknesses, recommended up to 2 "(inches).

In summary, the manufacturing process for obtaining recycled plastic plate for housing construction is characterized by the following steps:

1. Collection of plastic. This can be received in various forms and from various sources, plastics of urban, agricultural and industrial origin can be transformed, the raw material can be obtained from urban waste either directly from the municipal dump, from each user by colony, post-industrial waste product of some product manufacturing process, packaging waste plastic, this waste is variable in volume that depends on each industry, a. Being recycled material and not always having the same types of polymers, it is necessary to make various types of mixtures, effectively combining the different existing polymers, when manufacturing the plastic plate it must have a consistency according to the application to be used, they can be mix high and low density polyethylene and polypropylene, low and high polyethylene, polypropylene with high, polypropylene with low: i. The amount of polymers that is mixed depends on the thickness to be manufactured, that is, the lower the thickness, the lower the amount of material, being thicknesses from 7 mm to 38 mm, as a reference a plate with a thickness of 10 mm has a weight of 32 kg, the proportions are as follows:

1. Rigid plate is mixed with 60% high-density polyethylene 10% polypropylene 30% low-density polyethylene,

2. Flexible plate mixes 80% low-density polyethylene and 20% high-density polyethylene or polypropylene,

3. Medium tension plate 50% high density polyethylene, 50% low density,

4. If it is possible to use the separate material, if 100% high polyethylene is used, the plate will be a rigid plate with little flexibility, if 100% low polyethylene is used, the plate will be flexible, if 100% polypropylene the plate will be semi-rigid or medium tension, b. The plastics that are collected can be fed to a washing process, c. Once washed, they are subjected to a grinding process, where the plastic is reduced to the size of a flake with an average measurement of 13 mm, the plastic, d. After grinding, it is mixed with other polymers depending on its final use of the plastic plate, e. It is placed on a scale to weigh the material and this depends on the thickness to be manufactured: the greater the thickness, the greater the amount of volume, for example, for a 10 mm plate, 32 kg of plastic is required, for a 38 mm plate it is requires a quantity of 114 kg, f. The plastic mixture is spread on trays where care is taken that it is placed evenly, the tray is entered into an oven where the plastic is subjected to temperatures of 230 degrees Celsius in a period of 40 minutes, i. The oven is made up of preheated and heated chambers, which operate with energy sources such as LP gas, natural gas, electricity or even solar energy, the oven has dimensions to accommodate trays where previously mixed plastic was placed with the proportions indicated above, the dimensions of the trays are the dimensions of the final size of the plastic plate, the dimensions are 1.22 m x 2.44 m or 1.22 m x 2.5 m in width and length, the manufacturing process of the plastic plate consists of placing the mixed plastic in trays and the amount of plastic depends on the thickness to be manufactured, by containing the plastic in the trays they are entered into the preheating or direct heating chambers so that the plastic rises its temperature, the temperature to which the plastic is subjected to react is 230 degrees centigrade, after a certain time the plastic reacts having a gummy consistency, being ready to be removed from the oven, the average time a plate lasts in the oven is around 45 minutes to 1:15 hours depends on the thickness inside the oven, ii. The plastic plates have a standard measure of 1.22 mx 2.44 m or 1.22 x 2.5 meters. These measures are used as the most common or commercial, and may have other measures. The plates range in thickness from 7 mm to 38 mm, being the most common or commercial. being able to manufacture in greater thicknesses, recommended up to 2 inches or 50.8 mm, before entering the press the material is a viscous material and with high temperature, g. When the polymers react, it is removed from the oven and entered into a press where, at the same time, it is being subjected to a pressure of 1,800 Ibs/in2, i. The press has a double function, the first and perhaps the most important is to press the viscous plastic material recently removed from the oven so that it takes on the thickness for which it was manufactured, as well as when pressing it is lowers the temperature of the plate through a flow of cold water, which runs internally through a coil that is inside the lower plate where the tray rests when applying pressure and on the upper plate where a series of coils that circulate the cold water, managing to lower the temperature of the plastic plate by means of contact with the press, inside the press that makes the pressure, both in the upper part and the bed or lower part of the press where it is supported the tray there is a coil where cold water passes and the temperature of the plastic plate is lowered by passing a flow of cold water that takes the heat from the plate, after making its journey it returns to the chiller or refrigeration equipment to cool the water and return it to the process. This cycle is repeated over and over again while the plastic plate is pressed by the press, ii. The average time that plastic plates remain in the press ranges from 30 to 45 minutes, depending on the thickness of the plate in question, h. The plastic plate is removed and placed in another press or dead weight where it remains for 24 hours, allowing the heat to be completely removed while being at room temperature, ready to remove the surpluses and re-profile the plate, i. After the plastic plate has been removed from the hydraulic press and its respective tray and it is possible manipulated by hand as it is less hot than when it came out of the oven, it is placed on a manual press that is considered a deadweight press, where it remains for 24 hours to lower the temperature of the plastic plate and reach room temperature. This part considers the end of the plastic plate manufacturing process, i. After the plastic material is pressed and the heat is removed, the plate manufacturing process concludes with the measures that have already been mentioned.

Details of the construction process.

Calculation basis.

The basic standard used is the North American Specification for the Design of Structural Members of Cold Formed Steel of AISI 2007 and it will be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the Design method based on Allowable Strengths (ASD).

The construction system structural design manual developed by the inventor, complies with the construction regulations published in the Mexican Republic, and with the international requirements for construction.

Load distribution. At a given load, instead of being supported by two pieces that would necessarily be very large and bulky, with the construction system developed by the inventor it is supported by a greater number of components that are much easier to handle and place.

Being the gravitational loads uniformly distributed in the joists and uprights, all of them located at the chosen modular distance, either 30, 40 or 60 cm, which are submultiple measurements of 1.20 m (or 1.22m if they are cladding in English measurements) which is the standard measurement for siding panels of 4 feet wide and 8 feet high.

The walls built with this system can have a load-bearing capacity or a simple dividing element. Its structural behavior consists of transmitting the loads that correspond to it in a uniform and distributed way to its support base. The loads are its own weight and parts of the building that as a collaborating member it can receive, such as the roof, mezzanines, furniture and others inherent to habitability.

Wind action.

Being these constructions of reduced weights compared to those of masonry, it is natural that the action of strong winds could be the critical case. It must be ensured that all walls resist high wind forces and that floors and roofs act as diaphragms to ensure proper balanced distribution of lateral forces. In this sense, the use of large openings that exceed what is permitted is not prudent, nor is the adoption of asymmetric floor plans. Apart from this one of the most dramatic effects of the winds is the generation of high suction forces on the roofs, for which there are risks of blowing them up, which may be the beginning of the total destruction of the construction. As for the anchors, it is not enough that they are resistant, but it must be ensured that the foundations have enough weight so that they are not simply pulled out by the suction forces of the wind.

earthquake action. The fact that they are essentially light constructions is an earthquake-resistant advantage. For this reason, in general, it will not be convenient to add masses to these constructions, such as concrete floors, brick cladding, ceramic tiles, etc. However, if these additions are made rationally and taking into account the effects on seismic responses, they can be done with due control by an engineer specialized in the subject. For example, if in a construction of this type a layer of concrete is added to the mezzanine, it will be important to add a steel mesh and thereby ensure that the slab thus constituted acts as a diaphragm to distribute the inertial forces of the earthquake.

Limitations in areas of high seismicity and strong winds.

In areas of high seismic risk, the foundations must be limited to a height of 1.20 m from ground level to the top of the foundation or foundation plate.

Floor and roof diaphragms shall have an aspect ratio of no less than than 0.25:1 and not more than 4:1. The aspect ratio of diaphragms shall be determined by dividing the distance between braced walls by the length of the diaphragm parallel to those braced walls. Exception: constructions where the displacements of the diaphragms exceed 1.20 m, must be analyzed as different constructions, and separated by a bracing wall or a bracing line.

Wall bracing lines can be located on exterior walls, and on interior walls as required. Where a braced wall separates two sections of a building, the required length of the braced wall shall be determined by adding the lengths of the braced walls of each portion of the building. Where there are vertical displacements in the floor and roof diaphragms, they must be connected to each other by braced lines of walls, which are capable of transmitting the forces from one level to the other.

The lines of braced walls that are required for reasons of stability and resistance of the building must be continuous in the same vertical plane from the foundation to the upper floor. There should be no horizontal displacements of braced walls.

irregular buildings. In high seismicity zones, irregular buildings must have a lateral resisting system designed by engineers and in accordance with local codes. If there are no local regulations, they must comply with accepted practices of structural engineering. A construction must be considered irregular when one or more of the following conditions are present in said design:

• When the lines of exterior braced walls are not in a vertical plane from the foundation to the story above.

• Where a floor or roof section is not laterally supported by shear walls at all edges.

Exception: Portions of stories not supporting Type I or Type II shear walls, or roofs, may extend up to 6 feet (1.83 m) beyond the line of shear.

When an opening in a floor or ceiling exceeds 1.60 m or 50% of the smallest dimension of the floor or ceiling.

When portions of a story are vertically displaced and not supported by a wall brace.

When there are no lines of braced walls in two perpendicular directions.

When a line of braced wall is built on different bracing systems.

STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS.

Metallic profiles.

The components are the elements or materials, individual or grouped, that are part of a dry construction solution.

The construction system developed by the inventor is made up of the following components: Foundation.

Due to the lightness of the structure and its components, the loads will be distributed through a continuous foundation to support the panels in their entirety where, in order to avoid movement of the building, the structure must be properly anchored to the foundation in order to avoid translation or overturning due to wind pressure or seismic movement.

Metallic profiles.

The metal profiles used in the System are square tubes called “OR” Same as those used as a structural part for the formation of panels and type “CF” for roofing, as well as light profiles, whether they are tubular steel.

Plastic plates.

Also called boards, they are flat plates made from reused or recycled plastic, in dimensions of 1.2m x 2.4m or 1.22 x 2.44m or 1.22m x 2.5m and 12mm or 13mm thick that can be used for construction in buildings that through a process of pressures and high temperatures results in a product with excellent dimensional stability, hardness and resistance, characteristics that make it as easy to work as wood.

Qualities of the plastic board • Dimensionally stable

• Retains its dimensions, does not deform and is not affected by atmospheric changes.

• Resists compression and bending

• Hard, impact resistant material.

• Fireproof

• Does not spread flames and does not produce smoke, electrical insulation, non-explosive, with chemical agents such as fire retardants, they have a longer reaction time.

• Resists against biological agents

• Immune to fungi, pests and rodents.

• Resists moisture

• Waterproof material, it is resistant to water and vapor and accepts different primers that give it hydro-repellency.

• Versatility of use

Easy to work as it allows: Sawing, scratching, routing, drilling, screwing and nailing, sanding and brushing. Receives a variety of architectural finishes and coatings, vinyl and enamel paint is applied. It is cut and perforated with manual or electric tools, facilitating its transformation and minimizing waste.

Anchors and fixings. They are the elements responsible for joining, fixing or supporting the metal structures or frames to each other or between them and other substrates, fixing the panels and other elements that may be related to the construction solution to be treated. Mainly the following types of anchors and fixings are known:

• Mechanical anchors (metallic, plastic).

• Chemical anchors (single-component, bi-component and mortars with polymeric cements). · Fixing screws.

In the case of the plastic plate-based construction system, steel plates embedded in concrete are used to fasten the panels to the foundation, although steel plates attached with mechanical anchors can also be used.

STRUCTURING OF WALLS.

Structural components Foundations

Because it is very light, the structure and cladding components require much less of the foundation or foundation than other types of construction. But since the structure distributes the load evenly throughout the structural panels, the foundation or foundation must be continuous and support the panels throughout their length.

The selection of the type of foundation or foundation will also depend on the topography, the type of soil, the level of the water table and the depth of the firm soil. These data are provided by the study of soil mechanics.

The construction of the foundations is done according to the conventional process and, as in any other case, the insulation against humidity must be observed. It is important to note that a good project and a good execution of the foundation provide greater structural efficiency.

The final quality of the foundation is closely linked to the proper functioning of the subsystems that make up the building. This is how a correctly leveled and squared base enables greater precision in the assembly of the structure and other components of the system.

The reinforced concrete foundation slab is a type of shallow foundation that works like a slab and transmits the loads of the structure to the ground. The fundamental structural components of the slab (plata) are the continuous concrete slab and the beams, at the perimeter of the slab and under the structural walls or columns, where it is most necessary to have rigidity in the plane of the foundation. Provided that the type of terrain allows it, the concrete platform is the most commonly used foundation for houses under construction type construction system developed by the inventor.

The dimensioning of the foundation will be the result of the structural calculation and its execution procedure must observe some conditions, such as, for example:

• In order to prevent soil moisture or water infiltration into the building, it is necessary to keep the level of the sub-floor at least 15 cm above the ground;

• On the sidewalks around the building, garages and terraces, water runoff should be considered through an incline of at least 5%.

In the interest of avoiding moisture in the steel columns of the system construction, it is recommended to galvanize the part that is in contact with the concrete slab, that is, the first 15 cm, with this we avoid the effect of oxidation in the rest of the structure. Continuous Footing or Foundation Beam.

The continuous footing is the indicated type of foundation (foundation) for constructions with load-bearing walls, where the distribution of the load is continuous along the walls.

It is made up of beams that can be made of reinforced concrete, concrete blocks or masonry that are placed under the structure panels.

Fixing of the Panels on the foundation. To prevent movement of the building due to wind pressure, the superstructure must be firmly anchored to the foundation or foundation. These movements can be translational or overturning with rotation of the building. Translation is an action by which the building is laterally dislocated due to the action of the wind. Overturning is an elevation of the structure in which the rotation can be caused by an asymmetry in the direction of the winds that affect the building.

Construction of walls. The construction of walls is done by means of panels. Panels (frames) are the frameworks or skeletons that make up a structure capable of receiving reused or recycled plastic boards. According to the structural requests imposed by the design, the construction can be considered as: building such as its own weight, furniture and fixtures, people, seismic wind load, etc. In this case, only structural profiles should be used in the panels (frames).

The distance between the uprights or modulation, generally 30, 40, or 60 m., is determined by the stresses to which each profile is subjected. Logically, the greater the separation between the uprights, the smaller their number will be and therefore the greater the load that each one must absorb, there are cases in which this modulation can reach 20 cm. When the panels support large loads, such as water storage tanks.

The uprights are joined at their lower and upper ends by profiles. Its function is to fix the uprights in order to constitute a structural framework. The width of these profiles defines the width of the panel and the length of the uprights, its height. Structural panels must discharge directly onto foundations, other structural panels, or onto a main beam. The most used method to join the profiles that make up the structure is the union by means of welding made in the workshop.

Stabilization of the structure.

The isolated uprights are not capable of withstanding the horizontal stresses that the structure requires, as occurs in the case of wind. These efforts can cause a loss of stability of the structure causing deformations and even collapse. To avoid this, the structure must be provided with rigid joints or elements capable of transferring these forces to the foundations. The most common solutions to resist horizontal forces in structures that are built according to the construction system based on recycled plastic are the following:

• Use of bracing in the panels, combined with a rigid diaphragm at floor level that acts by transmitting the forces to the braced panels.

• Cladding of the structure with plates that function as rigid diaphragms in the vertical plane (panels).

Together with these mechanisms, an adequate anchoring of the structure to its foundation must be observed.

Creep on walls.

The most common method of stabilizing the structure is the “X” bracing, (Cruz de San Andrés) which consists of using Profiles fixed between the interior framework of the panel, the width, thickness and location are determined in the structural project.

The angle at which the diagonal profiles are installed has a significant influence on the Bracing's ability to resist horizontal loads. The smaller the angle formed between the horizontal and the diagonal, the lower the tension in the profile. In the case of angles greater than 60°, the diagonal loses its efficiency in preventing deformations. For the best performance, the inclination of the diagonals should preferably be between 30° and 60°. The fixing of the diagonal to the panel is achieved by welding the diagonal directly to the lower profile, which is welded to the studs, and the anchoring of the panel must coincide with these studs in order to absorb the forces transmitted by the bracing.

When the use of "X" bracing is not the most appropriate, because the architectural project foresees many openings in a Facade, an alternative is "K" bracing. These elements act against both tension and compression and, together with the adjacent uprights, form a vertical brace. The main difficulties in this type of system are the conditions of its connections, the need for more robust adjacent uprights in the leeward panels and significant eccentricities that can be generated in the panels.

Lines of braced walls.

Shear wall lines extend from the foundation to the roof diaphragm or upper story diaphragm. The required length of the brace is determined according to the calculation for either seismic or wind loads. Each line of braced wall shall have no less than 2 full-height braced panels, each having a height that meets the maximum height-to-width ratio of 2:1 Diaphragm Stiffener.

The external cladding materials of the structural panels can be used as a stiffening diaphragm wall. These materials are structural plates capable of providing an increase in the resistance of the panel, since they absorb the lateral loads to which the structure may be exposed, which may be the forces of the wind or seismic movements that transmit them to the foundation.

The structural performance of the stiffening diaphragm depends directly on several factors

• Panel configuration (number and size of openings, panel height and width);

• In order for the profiles and plates to develop their full resistance capacity, the appropriate number and type of screws must be installed. According to Grubb and Lawson (1997), the fixing screws of the plates to the structural profiles must be at a maximum distance of 150 mm from each other around the entire perimeter of the plate and 300 mm in the intermediate uprights, these being separated by 400 mm or 600mm.

In the meeting of two panels that form a corner, the plates must be placed in such a way that one of them is superimposed on the other panel, increasing the rigidity of the assembly.

horizontal stiffening.

In order to increase the resistance of the structural panel, steel profiles are applied, which are connected to the uprights forming a horizontal stiffening system.

The metal profile prevents the uprights from rotating when they are subjected to normal compression loads, in addition to reducing the buckling length of these. The metal profile must be at least 25 mm wide by 1.90 mm thick. It must be installed horizontally along the panel and its ends must be attached to pieces such as the double or triple studs used where the panels meet. The profiles are welded on all the uprights, and are fixed on both sides of the panel, with the exception of the panels that have rigid diaphragm plates on the external face; They should be located mid-height.

Connections between walls.

For the meeting of structural panels there are several constructive solutions, which vary according to the number of panels that are joined and the angle between them. It is always important to guarantee the rigidity of the system, the resistance to stress, the economy of material and to provide a surface for fixing the internal or external cladding plates.

Pre-assembled pieces can be used to facilitate the assembly of these joints, but basically the panels are joined by uprights connected to each other by means of welding or structural screws.

Connection of walls to foundations.

The bottom profile of exterior walls must be connected to a steel plate. The outer profile must be connected with steel plates spaced no more than 120 cm between centers and welded or fixed with 2 screws according to structural calculation and must be connected to the foundation of the wall with ½-inch bolts, anchored at least 380 mm, in masonry foundations or 180 mm in concrete. The anchor bolts must be spaced a maximum of 90 cm apart. between centers, with the following exceptions.

Anchor bolts that are within 2.40 m of the end of braced walls, in a region of a basic wind of 200 km/hr or greater, must be spaced a maximum of 60 cm on center.

Structural design.

Both the geometric design and the calculation of the capacity of each element of the construction system based on recycled plastic plate have been carried out in accordance with AISI and AISC standards, to comply with the construction standards and regulations of the United Mexican States.

The above description of the disclosed definitions is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these definitions and/or implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein, but is to be given the widest scope consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel features described herein.

Claims

CLAIMS Having sufficiently described my invention, I consider as a novelty and therefore I claim as my exclusive property, what is contained in the following clauses: 1. A recycled plastic plate for housing construction characterized by comprising the following: a. Plastic, where low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, high molecular weight, their various families of polyethylenes and families of polypropylenes are normally used, b. The amount of polymers that is mixed depends on the thickness to be manufactured, that is, the lower the thickness, the lower the amount of material, being thicknesses from 7 mm to 38 mm, as a reference a plate with a thickness of 10 mm has a weight of 32 kg, the proportions are as follows: i. Rigid plate is mixed with 60% high density polyethylene 10% polypropylene 30% low density polyethylene, ii. Flexible plate mixes 80% low-density polyethylene and 20% high-density polyethylene or polypropylene, iii. Medium tension plate 50% high density polyethylene, 50% low density. c. Plastic plate is manufactured in measurements of 1.22 mx 2.44 or 1.22 x 2.5 m in thicknesses ranging from 7 mm to 38 mm, from the board, something similar to a wooden plywood due to its dimensions, these can be be cut according to the needs and applications required, d. All mixtures can be used for the construction system, however, the most recommended for exterior walls are rigid or medium tension plates, since they are exposed to the sun and, being polymers, tend to expand more easily, in the case of flexible plate is suggested for uses where the plate is supported almost entirely or has a structure with excellent support so that bending is not a problem in the application to be used, the plate used for walls is 12 mm thick or 13 mm, for the roof the thickness used is 7 mm or 9 mm. 2. A manufacturing process to obtain recycled plastic plate for housing construction characterized by comprising the following steps: a. Collection of plastic, this can be received in different ways and from different origins, plastics of urban, agricultural and industrial origin can be transformed, the raw material can be obtained from urban waste either directly from the municipal dump, from each user by neighborhood, post-industrial waste product of some product manufacturing process, packaging waste plastic, this waste is variable in volume that depends on each industry, i. Being recycled material and not always having the same types of polymers, it is necessary to make various types of mixtures, effectively combining the different existing polymers, when manufacturing the plastic plate it must have a consistency according to the application to be used, it is they can mix high and low density polyethylene and polypropylene, low and high polyethylene, polypropylene with high, polypropylene with low: 1. The amount of polymers that is mixed depends on the thickness to be manufactured, that is, the lower the thickness, the less amount of material, being thicknesses from 7 mm to 38 mm, as a reference a plate with a thickness of 10 mm has a weight of 32 kg , the proportions are as follows: 2. Rigid plate is mixed with 60% high-density polyethylene 10% polypropylene 30% low-density polyethylene, 3. Flexible plate mixes 80% low-density polyethylene and 20% high-density polyethylene or polypropylene, 4. Medium tension plate 50% high density polyethylene, 50% low density, 5. If it is possible to use the separate material, if 100% high polyethylene is used, the plate will be a rigid plate with little flexibility, if 100% low polyethylene is used, the plate will be flexible, if 100% polypropylene is used, the plate will be semi rigid or medium tension, b. The plastics that are collected can be subjected to a washing process, c. Once washed, they are subjected to a grinding process, where the plastic is reduced to the size of a flake with an average measurement of 13 mm, the plastic, d. After grinding, it is mixed with other polymers depending on its end use of the plastic plate, e. It is placed on a scale to weigh the material and this depends on the thickness to be manufactured: the greater the thickness, the greater the amount of volume, for example, for a 10 mm plate, 32 kg of plastic is required, for a 38 mm plate it is requires a quantity of 114 kg, f. The plastic mixture is spread on trays where care is taken that it is placed evenly, the tray is entered into an oven where the plastic is subjected to temperatures of 230 degrees Celsius in a period of 40 minutes, i. The oven is made up of preheated and heated chambers, which operate with energy sources such as LP gas, natural gas, electricity or even solar energy, the oven has dimensions to accommodate trays where previously mixed plastic was placed with the proportions indicated above, the dimensions of the trays are the dimensions of the final size of the plastic plate, the dimensions are 1.22 mx 2.44 m or 1.22mx 2.5 m in width and length, the manufacturing process of the plastic plate consists of placing the mixed plastic in trays and The amount of plastic depends on the thickness to be manufactured. By containing the plastic in the trays, they are entered into the preheating or direct heating chambers so that the temperature of the plastic rises. The temperature to which the plastic is subjected to react is 230 degrees. centigrade, after a certain time the plastic reacts having a gummy consistency, being ready to be removed from the oven, the time The average duration of a plate in the oven is around 45 minutes to 1:15 hours, depending on the thickness inside the oven, ii. The plastic plates have a standard measure of 1.22 mx 2.44 m or 1.22 x 2.5 meters. These measures are used as the most common or commercial, and may have other measures. The plates range in thickness from 7 mm to 38 mm, being the most common or commercial. being able to manufacture in greater thicknesses, recommended up to 2 inches or 50.8 mm, before entering the press the material is a viscous material and with high temperature, g. When the polymers react, it is removed from the oven and entered into a press where, at the same time, it is being subjected to a pressure of 1,800 Ibs/in2, i. The press has a double function, the first and perhaps the most important is to press the viscous plastic material recently removed from the oven so that it takes on the thickness for which it was manufactured, as well as when pressing, the temperature of the plate is lowered by means of a flow of cold water, which runs internally through a coil that is located inside the lower plate where the tray rests when applying pressure and on the upper plate where a series of coils are also distributed that circulates the cold water, managing to lower the temperature of the plastic plate through contact with the press, inside the press that makes the pressure, both in the upper part and the bed or lower part of the press where the tray is supported, there is a coil where cold water passes and the temperature of the plastic plate is lowered by passing a flow of cold water that takes the heat from the plate, after making its way back to the chiller or refrigeration equipment to cool the water and return it to the process, this cycle is repeated over and over again while the plastic plate is pressed by the press, ii. The average time that plastic plates remain in the press ranges from 30 to 45 minutes, depending on the thickness of the plate in question, h. The plastic plate is removed and placed in another press or dead weight where it remains for 24 hours, allowing the heat to be completely removed while being at room temperature, ready to remove the surplus and re-profile the plate, i. After the plastic plate has been removed from the hydraulic press and its respective tray and it is now possible to manipulate it by hand as it has less heat than when it came out of the oven, it is placed on a manual press that is considered a deadweight press, where it remains 24 hours for the heat to be removed at room temperature, in this part the end of the manufacturing process of the plastic plate is considered, i. After the plastic material is pressed and the heat is removed, the plate manufacturing process concludes with the measures that have already been mentioned.