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WO2022084905A1 - Procédé d'auto-conversion d'enthalpie de fluide en énergie cinétique de jet de fluide au moyen d'une tuyère convergente - Google Patents

Procédé d'auto-conversion d'enthalpie de fluide en énergie cinétique de jet de fluide au moyen d'une tuyère convergente Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2022084905A1
WO2022084905A1 PCT/IB2021/059709 IB2021059709W WO2022084905A1 WO 2022084905 A1 WO2022084905 A1 WO 2022084905A1 IB 2021059709 W IB2021059709 W IB 2021059709W WO 2022084905 A1 WO2022084905 A1 WO 2022084905A1
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Prior art keywords
nozzle
fluid
throat
ratio
pump
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PCT/IB2021/059709
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English (en)
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Maredi Wilson MPHAHLELE
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Publication of WO2022084905A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022084905A1/fr
Priority to ZA2023/04638A priority Critical patent/ZA202304638B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B1/00—Engines of impulse type, i.e. turbines with jets of high-velocity liquid impinging on blades or like rotors, e.g. Pelton wheels; Parts or details peculiar thereto
    • F03B1/04—Nozzles; Nozzle-carrying members
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03B—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS
    • F03B17/00—Other machines or engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2250/00—Geometry
    • F05B2250/70—Shape
    • F05B2250/71—Shape curved
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/20—Heat transfer, e.g. cooling

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for providing a low-cost, commercial, base-load renewable energy production solution, by directly converting the thermo-pressure energy of fluids into fluid jet kinetic energy. This is done through the use of a positive displacement pump-driven converging nozzle which directly converts the thermal portion of the fluid enthalpy to kinetic energy at the nozzle throat, after which it converts the pressure portion of the fluid enthalpy at the vena contracta. This energy conversion takes place at relatively low fluid temperatures, a novel feat which has not been possible up to now.
  • Carnot efficiency i.e., the theoretical maximum efficiency achievable when a heat engine is operating between two temperatures
  • latent heat of phase change during conversion of water liquid to steam vapour In general, utility scale coal power plants achieve between 30% - 37% efficiency, and 45% - 50% for combined cycle plants and super-critical boiler power stations.
  • the invention proposed herein can be compared to Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (hereafter “OTEC”) technology, in that both harvest water thermal energy at comparatively low temperatures.
  • OTEC Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
  • the invention is different in that it directly converts thermo-pressure energy of water to kinetic energy, at both low and high temperatures.
  • OTEC is an indirect process that uses a vapour compression cycle to convert water thermal energy to pressure energy, by extracting excruciatingly small amounts of thermal energy out of warm ocean surface waters, while using colder deep ocean waters as a heat sink to enable the process to be viable.
  • OTEC is still in early stages of development, with the main hurdles to commercial viability being the availability of suitable sites, with correct temperature differentials of warm sea surface waters and not-so-deep cold waters; and the rough environment in which OTEC is expected to operate, which constitutes a serious obstacle to heat exchangers required by the process.
  • thermodynamics of this throttling process can be subdivided into three categories 1 , viz:
  • the 3 rd category is a special case of the second category (i.e., constant temperature), where fluid velocity after the vena contracta is reduced to zero and thus the kinetic energy gets converted to heat.
  • the coefficient of discharge (1/A) can be calculated from the above formulas 4 .
  • the ability of the nozzle to transform the inlet thermo-pressure energy into kinetic energy at the vena contracta is given by Q ratio.
  • the Q ratio is a measure of the
  • fluid enthalpy shall be interpreted to mean thermo-pressure energy of fluids.
  • “vena contracta” is the point in a fluid stream where diameter of the stream is the least and fluid velocity is at its maximum, such as in the case of a stream issuing out of a nozzle. Maximum contraction takes place at a section slightly downstream of the nozzle throat, where the fluid jet is more-or-less horizontal.
  • contraction ratio is the ratio of a nozzle throat area to the vena contracta area.
  • the contraction ratio is given by the square root of the sum of one plus the ratio of the throat static pressure energy to the throat kinetic energy.
  • a method of converting fluid enthalpy to fluid jet kinetic energy, suitable for use in generating power, just behind the vena contracta comprising the steps of - providing a pump for pumping the fluid; providing a convergent nozzle through which the fluid is pumped, wherein the convergent nozzle includes a nozzle inlet with an inlet diameter, a nozzle outlet with a throat diameter, and a curved profile between the nozzle inlet and outlet, and wherein the ratio of the nozzle throat diameter to the radius curvature of the nozzle profile is no more than 4; pumping the fluid through the convergent nozzle; and placing a power converter just behind the vena contracta for converting fluid jet kinetic energy to mechanical and/or electrical power.
  • the pump may be a positive displacement pump, reciprocating pump, rotary pump, vane pump, diaphragm pump, lobe pump, peristaltic pump, gear pump, screw pump, helical rotor pump, or progressive cavity pump. More particularly, the pump may be a positive displacement pump issuing a constant volume flow or constant mass flow discharge, and may include a positive displacement compressor where the fluid is a gas.
  • the nozzle further may be characterised therein that it has a nozzle beta ratio of 0.5 or less.
  • the convergent nozzle may have an inlet diameter to throat diameter ratio of no less than 2.
  • the nozzle may be profiled to minimise vena contracta induced throat pressure resistance, with the curved profile between the nozzle inlet and the nozzle outlet being concave, convex or linear.
  • the contour of a nozzle wall cross-section from the inlet to the nozzle throat may be curved in the shape of an ellipse, a circle, a hyperbola, a parabola, a straight line, or any combination of these shapes. More particularly - :
  • an ellipse nozzle wall cross-section curve may have a shape parameter of no less than 0.6, wherein the shape parameter of the ellipse cross-section curve is specified as the sum of twice the ratio of the two radii of the ellipse and 0.5; and wherein the ratio may be computed as the major radius divided by the minor radius or vice versa;
  • a circle nozzle wall cross-section curve may have a shape parameter of no more than 4, wherein the shape parameter of the circle cross-section curve is specified as the ratio of the nozzle throat diameter to the sum of the wall circle radius of curvature and one quarter (1 ⁇ 4) times the nozzle throat diameter;
  • a hyperbola wall cross-section curve and the parabola wall cross-section curve may have a shape parameter of no more than 4, wherein the shape parameter of the hyperbola/ parabola cross-section curve is specified as the ratio of the nozzle throat diameter to the sum of the wall hyperbola/ parabola radius of curvature and one quarter (1 ⁇ 4) times the nozzle throat diameter;
  • a nozzle wall cross section contour may be any combination of the cross-section curves described in anyone of (a) to (c) above;
  • a straight-line wall cross-section curve may have a shape parameter of no more than 0.12, wherein the shape parameter is specified by computing the ratio of the difference of the inlet diameter magnitude and the nozzle throat diameter magnitude to the axial length of the nozzle from inlet to the throat.
  • the nozzle may have a resonance (Q-ratio or QR) of at least 1.5, wherein QR is specified as the ratio of the square of the contraction ratio to the sum of the friction factor and the same square of contraction ratio reduced by 1 (one).
  • QR is specified as the ratio of the square of the contraction ratio to the sum of the friction factor and the same square of contraction ratio reduced by 1 (one).
  • f means Moody friction factor
  • ⁇ fr means friction factor
  • L n means axial nozzle length
  • di and dt mean inlet diameter and throat diameter respectively.
  • the nozzle may be fitted internally with an array of upright flat plate arrays structured in a honeycomb or geocell pattern, attached internally onto the nozzle wall perimeter, either perpendicular to or at an angle to the main axial fluid flow direction, in order to induce a reattachment wake flow regime between the plate arrays.
  • the flat plates may have a minimum height of at least one fiftieth (1 /50 th ) of the nozzle throat diameter, while axial spacing between the plates may be no more than 12 times the plate height.
  • the flat plate arrays may be constructed as an integral part of the nozzle, or they may be fabricated separately and fitted into the nozzle.
  • the flat plate arrays or grooves may be fitted internally to the nozzle in the form of a honeycomb structure, such that the nozzle axial flow travels over the honeycomb structure.
  • the nozzle may define a narrow passageway, known as a thin or thick orifice, having an inlet that is sharp, bevelled or rounded.
  • the nozzle may define a narrow contracting passageway, known as sudden contraction, sharp edged contraction, rounded contraction, conical contraction, bevelled contraction, smooth contraction, contracting pipe reducer, concentric pipe reducer, or eccentric pipe reducer.
  • the nozzle may include a non-contracting conduit fitted with an upright array of flat plates structured in a honeycomb or geocell pattern attached internally onto the nozzle wall perimeter in order to induce a reattachment wake flow regime between the plate arrays.
  • the power converter may be an impulse turbine / Pelton wheel, which drives an electric generator.
  • the power converter may be situated 10 - 150 nozzle throat diameters after the nozzle, behind the vena contracta point.
  • the region 10 - 150 nozzle throat diameters after the nozzle exit is the region where the exit jet stream has a constant velocity, and the jet velocity is at its maximum value.
  • the method may include the step of providing a geocell-lined fluid feed pipe which is arranged in fluid communication with the nozzle, wherein the pipe may be fitted internally with an array of upright flat plate arrays structured in a honeycomb or geocell pattern, attached internally onto the pipe wall perimeter, either perpendicular to or at an angle to the main axial fluid flow direction, in order to induce a reattachment wake flow regime between the plate arrays.
  • the flat plate arrays may be constructed as an integral part of the fluid feed pipe, or they may be fabricated separately and fitted into the fluid feed pipe.
  • the flat plate arrays or grooves may be fitted internally to the fluid feed pipe in the form of a honeycomb structure, such that the fluid feed pipe axial flow travels over the honeycomb structure.
  • the dimensions of the geocell walls perpendicular to the flow direction are specified such that the ratio of a longitudinal gap between the walls to the cell height is less than 12.
  • the geocell walls parallel to the flow direction are spaced such that they are at most 1/3 rd of the pipe circumference apart.
  • the method may include the step of heating the fluid. More particularly, the thermal part of the fluid enthalpy may be generated from extraneous heating sources, e.g., coal, oil, solar etc., or from the fluid’s own temperature / internal energy.
  • the invention is compellingly suited to the efficient conversion of solar energy to useful forms such as electricity and mechanical motion.
  • the invention is not limited to renewable energy, as it applies equally well to both renewable and non-renewable energy transformations.
  • Temperature of the heated fluid may be in the range of -5°C to 100°C. Temperature of the heated fluid may be higher than 100°C.
  • the method may include the step of admixing solids with the pumped fluid to increase cutting ability of the fluid jet stream.
  • the method of the invention may be adapted to convert fluid enthalpy of water heated with waste heat from a boiler flue gas or heated with exhaust steam of fossil fuel fired boiler to fluid jet kinetic energy, the method then including the steps of using the waste heat to heat the cooling water to effect condensation of the exhaust steam to substantially the same temperature as the cooling water, returning the condensate to the boiler, while pumping the heated water with a constant flow pump through a convergent nozzle.
  • the method may include the step of using the heat in process flue gasses and the heat in process exhaust steam to heat water to enable harvesting such heat through the method of the invention.
  • a convergent nozzle adapted for converting fluid enthalpy to fluid jet kinetic energy and suitable for use in the method according to the invention, wherein the nozzle includes a nozzle inlet with an inlet diameter, a nozzle outlet with a throat diameter, and a curved profile between the nozzle inlet and outlet, and wherein - the ratio of the nozzle throat diameter to the radius curvature of the nozzle profile is no more than 4; the nozzle has a nozzle beta ratio of 0.5 or less; and the nozzle has an inlet diameter to throat diameter ratio of no less than 2.
  • the nozzle may be profiled to minimise vena contracta induced throat pressure resistance, with the curved profile between the nozzle inlet and the nozzle outlet being concave, convex or linear.
  • the contour of a nozzle wall cross-section from the inlet to the nozzle throat may be curved in the shape of an ellipse, a circle, a hyperbola, a parabola, a straight line, or any combination of these shapes, as described hereinbefore.
  • the nozzle may have a resonance (Q-ratio or QR) of at least 1.5, wherein Q is specified as the ratio of the square of the contraction ratio to the sum of the friction factor and the same square of contraction ratio reduced by 1 (one).
  • Q is specified as the ratio of the square of the contraction ratio to the sum of the friction factor and the same square of contraction ratio reduced by 1 (one).
  • f 5 means Moody friction factor
  • ⁇ fr means friction factor measured at the nozzle throat
  • Ln means axial nozzle length
  • di and dt mean inlet diameter and throat diameter respectively.
  • the nozzle may be arranged in fluid communication with a positive displacement pump issuing a constant volume flow or constant mass flow discharge through the nozzle.
  • a geocell-lined fluid feed pipe which is adapted for converting fluid enthalpy to fluid jet kinetic energy and which is suitable for use in the method according to the invention, wherein the pipe is fitted internally with an array of upright flat plate arrays structured in a honeycomb or geocell pattern, attached internally onto the pipe wall perimeter, either perpendicular to or at an angle to the main axial fluid flow direction, in order to induce a reattachment wake flow regime between the plate arrays.
  • the flat plate arrays may be constructed as an integral part of the fluid feed pipe, or they may be fabricated separately and fitted into the fluid feed pipe.
  • the flat plate arrays may be fitted internally to the fluid feed pipe in the form of a honeycomb structure, such that the fluid feed pipe axial flow travels over the honeycomb structure.
  • the dimensions of the geocell walls perpendicular to the flow direction are specified such that the ratio of a longitudinal gap between the walls to the cell height is less than 12.
  • the geocell walls parallel to the flow direction are spaced such that they are at most 1 /3 rd of the pipe circumference apart.
  • thermo-pressure energy of a fluid is efficiently and directly converted to kinetic energy by way of positive displacement pumps pushing fluids through appropriately contoured convergent passageways, of sufficient beta ratio, as a method to harvest the fluid thermo-pressure energy profitably.
  • the energy conversion process of the invention has an efficiency in excess of 90%. Tests based on the invention method show that the quantity of jet kinetic energy produced exceeds the quantity of the input energy consumed to overcome the pumping pressure, connecting pipe flow friction, connecting pipe fittings energy losses, nozzle flow friction and internal pump energy losses.
  • FIGURE 2 illustrates an example of a different nozzle profile of the invention.
  • FIGURE 3 illustrates an embodiment of the invention where a conical convergent nozzle jet stream discharges onto a Pelton wheel, where the Pelton wheel typically drives an electrical generator (not shown).
  • FIGURE 4 illustrates the thermodynamic cycle according to the invention.
  • FIGURE 5 illustrates a chart showing output power versus input power for a 25mm nozzle, from experimental tests conducted.
  • FIGURE 6 is a table illustrating the results of pumping tests that were conducted with a 30kW pump on a series of convergent conical nozzles.
  • FIGURE 7 is a sectional side elevation of a geocell-lined fluid feed pipe according to the invention.
  • FIGURE 8 is a perspective view of the geocell-lined fluid feed pipe of Figure 7.
  • the nozzle [12] of the invention directly converts fluid enthalpy (thermo-pressure energy) to kinetic energy, such conversion reaching a maximum at the vena contracta [18].
  • fluid enthalpy thermo-pressure energy
  • kinetic energy such conversion reaching a maximum at the vena contracta [18].
  • jet kinetic energy at the vena contracta [18] exceeds total pump [10] input energy, under specific conditions.
  • This phenomenon is analogous to the series resonance condition in an electrical RLC 6 circuit and “Back EMF 7 ’’ in electric circuits, but to date this has not been understood in the field of fluid mechanics.
  • the process of the invention is a cyclical process to convert thermal energy to kinetic energy.
  • Water is first heated to about 25°C.
  • a pump [10] produces a current flow of liquid, such as water [Q1 ].
  • the heated water [Q1 ] is then pumped by means of a positive displacement pump [10] through a convergent nozzle [12] having a 255mm nozzle inlet [14] and a 12,5mm nozzle throat [16], at an inlet velocity of 1 m/s.
  • the nozzle [12] is characterised therein that it has
  • RLC means an electrical circuit in which a resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in series and the same current flows through them.
  • a constant flow pump fed convergent nozzle develops a higher pressure at the nozzle throat, analogous to an inductor or capacitor.
  • the throat pressure then accelerates the throat jet to the vena contracta, thus acting like a discharging capacitor or inductor.
  • Nozzle friction is analogous to a resistor
  • nozzle throat pressure is analogous to an inductor-capacitor series connection, but 180° out of phase with each other, thus cancelling each other’s impedance.
  • [Qi] exits into atmospheric air at nozzle throat [16], a nozzle throat jet velocity of 416m/s, forming a vena contracta [18].
  • Qi continues as an accelerated jet current reaching a maximum velocity of 437m/s at vena contracta [18], after which it continues at constant velocity through region [22].
  • a Pelton wheel [20] is situated within region [22], which may be anywhere between 10 - 150 nozzle throat diameters from the nozzle throat [16].
  • the exit jet temperature auto-cools to 5°C at the nozzle throat [16] and the pressure in the nozzle [12] is sensibly constant at ca 9 MPa (it reduces slightly from 10MPa at the nozzle inlet [14] to 8,6MPa at the nozzle throat [16]).
  • the pressure reduction is consumed to overcome nozzle friction.
  • the high velocity jet drives the Pelton wheel [20], thereby transferring all its kinetic to the turbine 8 [20].
  • the thermal energy of the liquid current [Q1] has been converted to kinetic energy of the liquid jet at Pelton wheel [20].
  • This process is, in contrast to the Carnot type heat engine, not limited by a temperature difference between the inlet and outlet ambient temperatures.
  • the exhaust jet at 5°C can then be heated again to 25°C and the cycle repeated.
  • the liquid water serves as the working fluid to transform the thermal energy to kinetic energy and is itself not consumed in the process.
  • the input energy required to achieve the constant velocity jet in region [22], is total hydraulic resistance (being the sum of friction resistance, induced throat centrifugal pressure, and pipe fittings resistance losses), which energy must be supplied from a source external to the pump [10], such as an electrical power generator.
  • the throat temperature tt is clearly limited to the freezing point of the liquid due to ice formation (which would effectively choke the flow).
  • the power delivered by the exit jet at vena contracta [18] far exceeds the power required to overcome the total hydraulic resistance of the motor, pump, nozzle and pipe fittings.
  • hot water is pumped through a convergent nozzle with a beta ratio of 0.5 or less and a ratio of the nozzle throat diameter to the radius curvature of the nozzle profile of no more than 4.
  • This arrangement coupled with the appropriate nozzle profile that is optimised using the disclosed nozzle flow equations, ensures that the inlet thermo-pressure energy in the liquid is converted with high efficiency to kinetic energy by utilising the conical convergent nozzle, while the Pelton wheel [24] transmits that energy to an electrical generator at high efficiency (see Figure 3).
  • the process of the invention is thus independent of how the water is heated - all that is required is that the feed water pumped must be at an elevated temperature suitably matched to the pump capacity, the nozzle beta ratio and the radius of curvature of the nozzle profile.
  • the invention enables extraction of heat out of inlet water into a nozzle, and simultaneously converting the heat to flow velocity at the nozzle throat.
  • the throat pressure is converted to additional velocity at the vena contracta, and immediately after the vena contracta the total velocity energy is extracted by an impulse turbine, such as a Pelton Wheel.
  • an impulse turbine such as a Pelton Wheel.
  • This outcome is enabled by a combination of a positive displacement pump and a convergent nozzle.
  • the nozzle generates extremely high pressure, which have to be overcome by input pump power. These high pressures can be eliminated when the nozzle profile is correct.
  • the velocities in the nozzle are extremely high and, as a result, the friction losses require substantial pump power.
  • Figure 2 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a nozzle used in the invention, schematically illustrating positioning of a flat plate array [26] and having the dimensions as illustrated on the drawing.
  • the pump was powered by a 34kVA Cummins Diesel Generator, driving a 22kW 8-pole electrical motor.
  • VFD Variable Frequency Drive
  • the pump had a flow capacity of 23.3 Litres/sec at 438 RPM and 37.6 Litres/sec at 730 RPM.
  • the pump stator friction losses ranged from 3.1 kW at 438 RPM, 4.1 kW at 600 RPM and 5.1 kW at 730 RPM.
  • a water meter was connected on the pump discharge side to measure the volumetric water flow.
  • the nozzle inlet pressure gauge reading was 560kPa
  • the generator power reading was 21 ,7kVA
  • total pump discharge was 23.3L/S
  • hydrant discharge was 10.9L/s.
  • the 560kPa reading includes all nozzle resistance - i.e., friction, nozzle throat vena contracta resistance, and the boundary layer thickness effect.
  • the boundary layer thickness was calculated with the applicant’s own physics-based boundary layer thickness formula. This was cross-checked with the formula of R Benedict [1 ] and the Schlichting turbulent boundary layer estimation formula. The results are in good agreement.
  • the 560kPa represents the total nozzle and hydrant line energy consumption of 13.1 kW, i.e., 560kPa x 23.34L/S. Net energy consumed due to vena contracta effect is then 13.1 kW minus 0.139 kW friction minus 6.0kW for hydrant bypass flow, equalling 6.9kW. This is equivalent to a net pressure of 554kPa.
  • Total exit nozzle jet power before the vena contracta is 17.3kW (i.e., jet power at nozzle throat), which exceeds the nozzle input power of 6.9kW. This clearly demonstrates the principle of the invention.
  • Total exit jet power at the vena contracta is 24.1 kW, which exceeds the gross total pumping input power of 16.1 kW. This shows that the additional energy consumed to overcome the vena contracta effect of nozzle throat pressure increase is recovered as increased kinetic energy of the jet stream after the vena contracta.
  • the 560kPa pressure read from a pressure gauge at the nozzle inlet represents total nozzle resistance, i.e., nozzle wall friction and vena contracta vortex flow pressure increase.
  • the pump internal resistance is high at 3.1 kW. Other pump models may not have so much internal resistance.
  • the pump internal resistance and motor reactive power consumption are not relevant to the pumping power consumed by the nozzle. These are specific to specific motor and pump model used, which will obviously differ according to particular manufacturers.
  • the essential issue here is the actual energy consumed by the pipe fittings and the nozzle itself, is used in the analysis to compare input energy to output energy.
  • FIGS 7 and 8 illustrate a geocell-lined fluid feed pipe [28] which is arranged in fluid communication with the nozzle [12],
  • the pipe [28] is fitted internally with an array of upright flat plate arrays [30] structured in a honeycomb or geocell pattern, attached internally onto the pipe wall perimeter, either perpendicular to or at an angle to the main axial fluid flow direction [32], in order to induce a reattachment wake flow regime between the plate arrays [30].
  • the flat plate arrays [30] are constructed either as an integral part of the fluid feed pipe [28], or they may be fabricated separately and fitted into the fluid feed pipe [28].
  • the flat plate arrays [30] or grooves may be fitted internally to the fluid feed pipe [28] in the form of a honeycomb structure, such that the fluid feed pipe axial flow [32] travels over the honeycomb structure.
  • the effect is that the fluid flows over the edges of the geocells, and part of the fluid is trapped as little dams inside the individual geocells.
  • the flow structure in each little dam is a bubble vortex that is trapped between the geocell walls.
  • the dimensions of the geocell walls perpendicular to the flow direction are specified such that the ratio of the longitudinal gap between the walls to the cell height is less than 12. This ensures that the flow remains “laminar” and does not become turbulent and unstable.
  • the geocell walls parallel to the flow direction are spaced such that they are at most 1 /3 rd of the pipe circumference apart, i.e., they can be anything less than 1/3 rd pipe circumference apart.
  • the key technical function of the geocell lining [30] is to eliminate pipe wall friction. How this structure eliminates friction is highly technical. Suffice it to say that the geocell lining [30] suppresses turbulence in the pipe flow, has the effect that the trapped bubble vortices in contact with the pipe wall have very low velocities, and hence result in low skin friction values. The main flow has no contact with the pipe wall and the fluid dams inside the geocells act like ball bearings. Because of the high flow velocities involved in the invention, pipe wall friction power consumption can literally run into tens of megawatts of power. Without the geocell lining [30] the pump power requirements could be daunting.
  • A. J. Schmidt A quantitative measurement and flow visualisation of water cavitation in a converging-diverging nozzle, Kansas State University 2012, A Thesis

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Jet Pumps And Other Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de conversion d'enthalpie de fluide en énergie cinétique de jet de fluide, qui convient à une utilisation dans la génération d'énergie, juste derrière la section contractée. Ceci est effectué par l'utilisation d'une tuyère convergente entraînée par une pompe volumétrique, le rapport du diamètre du col de tuyère à la courbure de rayon du profil de tuyère étant inférieur ou égal à 4, de sorte à convertir directement la partie thermique de l'enthalpie de fluide en énergie cinétique au niveau du col de tuyère, après quoi la partie de pression de l'enthalpie de fluide est convertie au niveau de la section contractée. Cette conversion d'énergie a lieu à des températures de fluide relativement basses.
PCT/IB2021/059709 2020-10-23 2021-10-21 Procédé d'auto-conversion d'enthalpie de fluide en énergie cinétique de jet de fluide au moyen d'une tuyère convergente Ceased WO2022084905A1 (fr)

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ZA2023/04638A ZA202304638B (en) 2020-10-23 2023-04-21 Method of auto-converting fluid enthalpy to fluid jet kinetic energy through a convergent nozzle

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ZA202006597 2020-10-23
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WO2002046610A2 (fr) * 2000-12-06 2002-06-13 Jerzy Zdzislaw Hinczewski Cycles fermes fondes sur un triangle energetique comportant des generateurs d'energie, et notamment un condensateur isoenergetique pour moteurs a vapeur, un amplificateur d'energie a compression de gaz et une source thermodynamique destinee a remplacer des carburants dans des moteurs a combustion interne
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