[go: up one dir, main page]

WO2022055840A1 - Compositions ignifuges et leurs procédés d'utilisation - Google Patents

Compositions ignifuges et leurs procédés d'utilisation Download PDF

Info

Publication number
WO2022055840A1
WO2022055840A1 PCT/US2021/049216 US2021049216W WO2022055840A1 WO 2022055840 A1 WO2022055840 A1 WO 2022055840A1 US 2021049216 W US2021049216 W US 2021049216W WO 2022055840 A1 WO2022055840 A1 WO 2022055840A1
Authority
WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
flame retardant
retardant composition
weight
surfactant
acid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
PCT/US2021/049216
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Britt Ann-christine LANGSELIUS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of WO2022055840A1 publication Critical patent/WO2022055840A1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62D—CHEMICAL MEANS FOR EXTINGUISHING FIRES OR FOR COMBATING OR PROTECTING AGAINST HARMFUL CHEMICAL AGENTS; CHEMICAL MATERIALS FOR USE IN BREATHING APPARATUS
    • A62D1/00—Fire-extinguishing compositions; Use of chemical substances in extinguishing fires
    • A62D1/0028—Liquid extinguishing substances
    • A62D1/0035—Aqueous solutions
    • A62D1/0042—"Wet" water, i.e. containing surfactant
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
    • C09K21/02—Inorganic materials
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K21/00—Fireproofing materials
    • C09K21/02—Inorganic materials
    • C09K21/04—Inorganic materials containing phosphorus

Definitions

  • Preventive treatment with a flame retardant may reduce the flammability of a material. Once a material begins to bum, the fire may be extinguished with an appropriate mix of flame retardants and fire extinguishing agents in liquid, solid, or gaseous form.
  • the use of flame retardants not only reduces the risk of a fire starting but also hinders its propagation. This increases the available time to escape from the damage and thus protects humans, property, and the environment.
  • An ideal flame retardant or fire extinguishing agent will have the following properties: (1) it will significantly reduce the flammability of the materials to which it is applied; (2) it will significantly reduce the risk of re-ignition after a material to which it is applied is exposed to fire conditions; (3) it will be non-toxic to humans, animals, and plants; (4) it will be biodegradable or at least not harmful to the environment; (5) it will not cause the release of toxic or corrosive substances under extreme fire conditions; (6) it will not migrate from the materials to which it is applied via evaporation or other forms of release; (7) it will not negatively affect the recyclability of materials to which it is applied; and (8) its production, processing, application, and disposal or recycling will not cause significant environmental harms; and (9) acts as a heat reducer.
  • Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. It is safe for the environment but does have limitations and shortcomings in its use as a fire extinguishing agent. Water is usually required in large amounts to effectively fight large fires. It rapidly evaporates, and thus only a small portion of the total amount of water sprayed on a fire is utilized to actually extinguish the fire. In addition, when using water to extinguish fire, areas where fire has been extinguished are easily re-ignited. Moreover, the amount of water used to fight a fire often causes secondary water damage, leading to significant restoration costs related to this damage. When fighting fires in enclosed spaces, the risk of vapor explosion due to the presence of high temperature steam is significant.
  • Water in firefighting may result in contamination of large amounts of water with pollutants, which will then be spread into the environment.
  • Water also cannot be used to fight fires in many chemical products such as oil, gasoline, ethanol, and many other common flammable chemicals, mixtures, and solutions. Water can also carry bum embers and soot into ground water, contaminating it.
  • Carbon dioxide is an effective fire extinguishing agent for certain types of fires. It does not leave any residue and is relatively inert. However, toxic concentrations of carbon dioxide are generally required to fight large fires. In addition, carbon dioxide dissipates rapidly and thus it is not an effective agent for smoldering fires or preventing re-ignition. It can also damage certain electronics.
  • foams and powders also are used to fight fires.
  • these foams and powders are often toxic, generate toxic byproducts, or are otherwise harmful to the environment, and carry major clean up needs and cost
  • Non-toxic alternatives generally are restricted in their uses, have a limited lifespan, or present other shortcomings.
  • the use of foams and powders often requires expensive clean-up operations after completing the firefighting.
  • the foam or powder often must be applied so as to achieve full coverage of the ignited materials to effectively extinguish the fire.
  • Many foams and powders are limited to use for fighting only specific types of fires.
  • fire extinguishing foams and powders are generally non-adhesive to many materials, the foam or powder may be blown off the previously covered material by wind, leading to reignition.
  • Preventing re-ignition of extinguished surfaces will reduce the response times when a fire occurs, reduce risks to firefighters, increase opportunities to save lives endangered by fire, and increase opportunities to protect property at risk for damage or destruction by fire.
  • flame retarding and fire extinguishing agents that bind to a wide variety of surfaces so that extinguished surfaces cannot reignite during firefighting, as well as products that can be stored in a ready-to-use format over a much longer period of time.
  • to reduce the environmental impact of firefighting there also remains a need for environmentally safe, effective flame retarding and fire extinguishing products which can be used to prevent and fight a variety of types of fires in solid materials while offering a significant cooling effect.
  • the present disclosure provides flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions for preventing and fighting fires.
  • the flame compositions of the present disclosure comprise: a surfactant; an inorganic salt; an organic acid; and water.
  • the composition further comprises a preservative.
  • the compositions disclosed herein have one or more of the following properties: biodegradable in a natural environment, readily cleaned off equipment and materials to which it has been applied using water.
  • the present disclosure provides methods of preparing the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein are also provided.
  • the present disclosure provides methods for using the presently disclosed compositions as a flame retardant to prevent fires. In certain aspects, the present disclosure provides methods for using the presently disclosed compositions in active firefighting.
  • the present disclosure describes flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions for preventing and fighting fires in certain materials (e.g., solid materials).
  • the disclosed compositions comprise water, one or more flame retardants, one or more stabilizers, and one or more preservatives.
  • the compositions disclosed herein further comprise one or more thickeners, one or more binders, one or more fining agents, one or more firming agents, one or more water retention agents, one or more water-soluble fluoropolymers or other water-soluble polymers with similar properties, one or more detergents, and/or one or more surfactants.
  • Non-toxic as used herein means that the environmental release of known toxic substances from the use of disclosed compositions is below the safe limits established by the appropriate regulatory agency that are in effect as of the filing date of the present patent application.
  • the disclosed compositions are used as a flame retardant to prevent fires.
  • the disclosed compositions are applied to a material to render the material fire-resistant.
  • the disclosed compositions are applied to a material by painting the surface of the material with the disclosed compositions to render the material fire-resistant.
  • the disclosed compositions are applied to a material by spraying the surface of the material with the disclosed compositions to render the material fire-resistant, in addition to application by dipping, spraying with fire hose, and by airdrop.
  • the disclosed compositions adhere to solid materials.
  • the solid material includes, but is not limited to, wood, paper, textile, cellulose board, concrete, plastic, glass, metal, or another material for which fire resistance is desirable.
  • a material treated with the disclosed compositions is highly fire resistant, meaning the material will be very difficult ignite when it is exposed to an ignition source.
  • a material treated with the disclosed compositions is effectively fireproof, meaning the material will not ignite when it is exposed to an ignition source even at the highest temperatures found in most typical fires.
  • the disclosed compositions are used in indoor and outdoor applications.
  • the disclosed compositions are used in active firefighting. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are used to extinguish active fires by applying it to a material affected by fire. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are sprayed from a nozzle as an aqueous solution or suspension. In some embodiments, when the disclosed compositions are exposed to oxygen, the composition forms a very thin gel. The rate of gelation will be sufficiently rapid that the disclosed compositions will form a gel upon contacting an ignited material but will not be so rapid that it will inhibit spraying of the disclosed compositions in liquid form. In some embodiments, upon gelling, the disclosed compositions prevent ignition or re-ignition of the solid material. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions adhere to solid materials.
  • the solid material includes, but is not limited to, wood, paper, textile, cellulose board, concrete, plastic, glass, metal, and another material.
  • the adhered product forms a layer of protection against ignition or reignition of the material and thus is effective in limiting the spread of a fire to adjoining areas.
  • the disclosed compositions are sprayed on an active fire using a nozzle.
  • the distance from the nozzle to the burning material will be greater than the typical distance between a nozzle used to apply foam onto a fire and the burning material. This will allow firefighters to maintain a greater distance from burning material than the distance that would be possible when foam is used to fight a fire. The increased distance will increase safety for the firefighters. It will also allow firefighting to extend further into the affected area. It also allows for preventative work by spraying and creating fire gates for controlled bums as well as in preparation for a wildfire, spraying and or painting of fences, decks, roofs and the like instead of using large amounts of water to cool down in a case of a fire.
  • the disclosed compositions penetrate slightly into a material to which it is applied.
  • the disclosed compositions are stable under ordinary conditions for long-term storage. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are mold and fungus resistant.
  • the disclosed compositions provide cooling effects to reduce the temperature of materials affected by fire.
  • cooling effects are provided by increased heat absorption capacity of materials treated with the disclosed compositions in material such as gypsum where both the paper can be coated and/or the gypsum itself can have the flame retardant mixed into the gypsum.
  • cooling effects are provided by absorption or trapping of hot flammable gases.
  • cooling effects are provided by preventing flammable gases from contacting oxygen.
  • cooling effects are provided by rapidly extinguishing an active fire.
  • the disclosed compositions are used to extinguish fires in buildings and other fixed structures, including but not limited to, bridges, vehicles, boats, ships, trains, planes, or other solid objects or surfaces.
  • the disclosed compositions are used to extinguish a gasoline fire where the gasoline spills onto a roadway or other solid surface.
  • the disclosed compositions are used to fight forest fires or other wildfires.
  • the disclosed compositions are used to create fire breaks when fighting forest fires by utilizing its flame retardant properties such that excavation or tree removal is not required.
  • the disclosed compositions are used in small firefighting equipment such as handheld fire extinguishers and small firefighting equipment for fire trucks. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are used in light and heavy ground-based firefighting equipment. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are used in aerial firefighting equipment such as equipment used by firefighting helicopters and aircraft. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions are biodegradable in a natural environment.
  • the disclosed compositions are an aqueous solution or suspension.
  • the disclosed compositions provide excellent fire prevention or firefighting properties when distributed as a mist to minimize the amount of product used.
  • a reduced amount of product needed for firefighting reduces storage and transportation needs for a firefighting operation.
  • the disclosed compositions is readily cleaned off equipment, tools, and materials to which it has been applied using water. These features may render the disclosed compositions safe for the environment as compared to other commonly used fire prevention and firefighting products.
  • use of the disclosed compositions reduces the costs of extinguishing fires and post-fire remediation and restoration. In some embodiments, use of the disclosed compositions results in less property damage than if water is used to extinguish fires, such as when water is used to extinguish fires in buildings or other structures. In some embodiments, use of the disclosed compositions results in reduced cleanup efforts required than if fire extinguishing powders and foams are used. Moreover, in some embodiments, by significantly reducing the risk of re-ignition, use of the disclosed compositions reduces the number of personnel and amount of firefighting materials and supplies required to ensure an extinguished fire remains extinguished.
  • compositions of the present disclosure may also be used to create fire barriers in the forest that can persist for an extended period of time in the outdoors, such as 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 1 month, or 2 months. Compared to digging fire barriers throughout the forest, this is less invasive and saves time and money.
  • compositions comprising water and an inorganic salt.
  • the compositions comprise water and one or more ammonium salts.
  • the disclosed compositions are free of sources of brominated heavy metals and other heavy metals.
  • the disclosed compositions are free of alkyl phosphates and bromides.
  • compositions comprising: a surfactant; an inorganic salt; an organic acid; and water.
  • compositions disclosed herein are flame retardant and fire extinguishing.
  • the surfactant comprises a hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group. In some embodiments, the surfactant is selected from an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and a zwitterionic surfactant.
  • the surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant.
  • An anionic surfactant comprises a negatively charged hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group.
  • the anionic surfactant comprises an alkylbenzene sulfonate, an alkyl sulfate, an alkyl ether sulfate, or a soap.
  • the surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant such as ammonium dodecyl sulfate, magnesium laureth sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (also referred to as sarkosyl), sodium lauryl ether sulfate (also referred to as sodium laureth sulfate), sodium lauryl sulfate (also referred to as sodium dodecyl sulfate), and sodium myristyl ether sulfate (also referred to as sodium myreth sulfate).
  • anionic surfactant such as ammonium dodecyl sulfate, magnesium laureth sulfate, potassium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, sodium lauroyl sarcosinate (also referred to as sarkosyl), sodium la
  • the surfactant comprises a soap.
  • the soap comprises a salt of a fatty acid.
  • the soap is a toilet soap (when the metal ion is sodium or potassium).
  • the soap is a metallic soap (when the metal ion is magnesium, calcium, etc.).
  • the surfactant comprises a soap including, but not limited to, magnesium cocoate, magnesium laurate, magnesium linoleate, magnesium myristate, magnesium oleate, magnesium stearate, potassium cocoate, potassium laurate, potassium linoleate, potassium myristate, potassium oleate, potassium palmate, potassium stearate, sodium cocoate, sodium laurate, sodium linoleate, sodium myristate, sodium oleate, sodium palmate, and sodium stearate.
  • a soap including, but not limited to, magnesium cocoate, magnesium laurate, magnesium linoleate, magnesium myristate, magnesium oleate, magnesium stearate, potassium cocoate, potassium laurate, potassium linoleate, potassium myristate, potassium oleate, potassium palmate, potassium stearate, sodium cocoate, sodium laurate, sodium linoleate, sodium myristate, sodium oleate, sodium palmate, and sodium stearate
  • the surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant.
  • a cationic surfactant comprises a positively charged hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group.
  • the cationic surfactant comprises an alkyl quaternary system (e.g., a quaternary alkylamine) or a quaternary ester.
  • the surfactant comprises a cationic surfactant including, but not limited to, behentrimonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride (e.g., stearalkonium chloride), benzethonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, cetalkonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, cetrimonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride, and octenidine dihydrochloride.
  • a cationic surfactant including, but not limited to, behentrimonium chloride, benzalkonium chloride (e.g., stearalkonium chloride), benzethonium chloride, benzododecinium bromide, cetalkonium chloride, cetrimonium bromide, cetrimonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, lauryl methyl gluceth-10 hydroxypropyl dimonium chloride
  • the surfactant comprises a nonionic surfactant.
  • a nonionic surfactant comprises an uncharged hydrophilic group and a hydrophobic group.
  • the nonionic surfactant comprises a bile salt, a crown ether, a glycosyl dialkyl ether, a maltoside, a nonoxynol, a poloxamer, a polyglycerol alkyl ether, a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, a polysorbate, and a sorbitan ester.
  • the surfactant comprises a nonionic surfactant including, but not limited to, cetyl alcohol (also referred to as palmityl alcohol), cetylstearyl alcohol (also referred to as cetearyl alcohol), cocamide diethanolamine, cocamide monoethanolamine, decyl glucoside, decyl polyglucose, glycerol monostearate, lauryl glucoside, nonoxynol-9, octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, pentaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, oleyl alcohol, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (also referred to as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monolaurate), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (also referred to as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate or polysorbate 80), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate (also referred to as polysorbate 40), polyoxyethylene sorbitan monoste
  • the surfactant comprises a zwitterionic surfactant.
  • a zwitterionic surfactant comprises a hydrophilic group comprising a positive charge and a negative charge and a hydrophobic group.
  • the zwitterionic surfactant comprises a betaine, a quaternary salt.
  • the surfactant comprises a zwitterionic surfactant including, but not limited to, betaine citrate, cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, disodium cocoamphodiacetate, lauramine oxide (also referred to as dodecyldimethylamine oxide or lauryldimethylamine oxide), lauryl betaine, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, stearamine oxide, stearyl betaine, and trimethyl glycine betaine.
  • a zwitterionic surfactant including, but not limited to, betaine citrate, cocamidopropyl betaine, cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine, disodium cocoamphodiacetate, lauramine oxide (also referred to as dodecyldimethylamine oxide or lauryldimethylamine oxide), lauryl betaine, sodium hydroxymethylglycinate, stearamine oxide, stearyl betaine, and trimethyl glycine betaine.
  • the surfactant comprises one or more of an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, and a zwitterionic surfactant.
  • the surfactant comprises sodium laureth sulfate, trideceth-8, cocamidopropyl betaine, lauramine oxide, or a mixture thereof.
  • the surfactant comprises an anionic surfactant, a zwitterionic surfactant, or a mixture thereof.
  • the surfactant comprises sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, lauramine oxide, or a mixture thereof.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0.01% to about 15% by weight of the surfactant.
  • the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is selected from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.1%, about 3.2%, about 3.3%, about 3.4%, about 3.5%, about 3.6%, about 3.7%, about 3.8%, about 3.9%, about 4%
  • the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 12% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 0.1% by weight to about 3% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 0.5% by weight to about 8% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 1% by weight to about 8% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 3% by weight to about 7% by weight.
  • the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 3% by weight to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 0.25% by weight to about 7% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the surfactant in the composition is about 1% by weight to about 5% by weight.
  • the compositions comprise an inorganic salt.
  • an inorganic salt comprises one or more mineral salts.
  • the inorganic salt comprises one or more of an aluminum salt, an ammonium salt, a barium salt, a beryllium salt, a calcium salt, a cesium salt, a lithium salt, a magnesium salt, a potassium salt, a rubidium salt, a sodium salt, and a strontium salt.
  • the inorganic salt includes, but is not limited to, aluminum phosphate monobasic, ammonium acetate, ammonium bromide, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium hexafluorophosphate, ammonium hydrogensulfate, ammonium iodide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate monobasic (also referred to as mono-ammonium phosphate), ammonium phosphate dibasic (also referred to as diammonium phosphate), ammonium sulfamate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfide, ammonium sulfite, ammonium thiosulfate, barium acetate, barium bromide, barium chloride, barium fluoride, barium iodide, barium manganite, barium nitrate, barium sulfate, barium thiosulfate,
  • the inorganic salt comprises one or more of an ammonium salt, a calcium salt, a lithium salt, a magnesium salt, a potassium salt, and a sodium salt.
  • the inorganic salt comprises one or more ammonium salts.
  • the inorganic salt comprises one or more ammonium salts selected from ammonium acetate, ammonium bromide, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium hexafluorophosphate, ammonium hydrogensulfate, ammonium iodide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate monobasic (also referred to as mono-ammonium phosphate), ammonium phosphate dibasic (also referred to as diammonium phosphate), ammonium sulfamate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium sulfide, ammonium sulfite, and ammonium thiosulfate.
  • the inorganic salt comprises one or more ammonium salts selected from ammonium acetate, ammonium bromide, ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium hexafluorophosphate, ammonium hydrogensulfate, ammonium iodide, ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphate monobasic (also referred to as monoammonium phosphate), ammonium phosphate dibasic (also referred to as diammonium phosphate), ammonium sulfate, and ammonium thiosulfate.
  • the inorganic salt comprises one or more ammonium salts selected from ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate monobasic, ammonium phosphate dibasic, ammonium sulfate, and a mixture thereof.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions comprise about 1% to about 90% by weight of the inorganic salt.
  • the total concentration of the inorganic salt in the compositions disclosed herein is selected from about 1%, about 1.5%, about 2%, about 2.5%, about 3%, about 3.5%, about 4%, about 4.5%, about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, about 10%, about 10.5%, 11%, about 11.5%, about 12%, about 12.5%, about 13%, about 13.5%, about 14%, about 14.5%, about 15%, about 15.5%, about 16%, about 16.5%, about 17%, about 17.5%, about 18%, about 18.5%, about 19%, about 19.5%, about 20%, about 20.5%, 21%, about 21.5%, about 22%, about 22.5%, about 23%, about 23.5%, about 24%, about 24.5%, about 25%, about 25
  • the disclosed compositions comprise about 1% to about 75% by weight of the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 1% to about 65% by weight of the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 5% to about 55% by weight of the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 30% to about 40% by weight of the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 20% to about 30% by weight of the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 15% to about 25% by weight of the inorganic salt. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 30% to about 50% by weight of the inorganic salt.
  • the inorganic salt comprises about 1% to about 20% by weight ammonium chloride; about 5% to about 50% by weight ammonium phosphate monobasic; about 5% to about 50% by weight ammonium phosphate dibasic; and about 2.5% to about 40% by weight ammonium sulfate.
  • the inorganic salt comprises: about 2.5% to about 18%, about 5.5% to about 15.5%, or about 7.5% to about 20% by weight ammonium chloride; about 10% to about 40%, about 14% to about 34%, or about 19% to about 29% by weight ammonium phosphate monobasic; about 13% to about 43%, about 17% to about 37%, or about 22% to about 32% by weight ammonium phosphate dibasic; and about 5% to about 35%, about 20% to about 30%, or about 15% to about 25% by weight ammonium sulfate.
  • the inorganic salt comprises about 7.5% to about 20% by weight ammonium chloride; about 19% to about 29% by weight ammonium phosphate monobasic; about 22% to about 32% by weight ammonium phosphate dibasic; and about 15% to about 25% by weight ammonium sulfate.
  • the inorganic salt comprises: about 16% by weight ammonium chloride; about 23% by weight ammonium phosphate monobasic; about 25% by weight ammonium phosphate dibasic; and about 19% by weight ammonium sulfate.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions further comprise a buffer.
  • the buffer includes, but is not limited to, phosphate, phosphate buffered saline, imidazole-HCl, 4-morpholineethanesulfonic acid (MES); bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-amino-tris(hydroxymethyl)methane (bis-Tris); N-(2- acetamido)iminodiacetic acid; N-(2-acetamido)-2 -aminoethanesulfonic acid; 1,4- piperazinediethanesulfonic acid; 3-morpholino-2 -hydroxypropanesulfonic acid (MOPSO); l,3-bis[tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-amino]propane; N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)- 2-aminoethanesufonic acid; 4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPS); 2-[(2 -
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions comprise about 0.1% to about 50% by weight of the buffer.
  • concentration of the buffer in the compositions disclosed herein is selected from about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about
  • the disclosed compositions comprise about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of the buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 0.1% to about 15% by weight of the buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 10% to about 40% by weight of the buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 15% to about 25% by weight of the buffer. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 17% by weight of the buffer.
  • the pH of the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions is about 5 to about 11.
  • the pH is selected from about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about 5.5, about 5.6, about 5.7, about 5.8, about 5.9, about 6.0, about 6.1, about 6.2, about 6.3, about 6.4, about 6.5, about 6.6, about 6.7, about 6.8, about 6.9, about 7.0, about 7.1, about 7.2, about 7.3, about 7.4, about 7.5, about 7.6, about 7.7, about 7.8, about 7.9, about 8.0, about 8.1, about 8.2, about 8.3, about 8.4, about 8.5, about 8.6, about 8.7, about 8.8, about 8.9, about 9.0, about 9.1, about 9.2, about 9.3, about 9.4, about 9.5, about 9.6, about 9.7, about 9.8, about 9.9, about 10.0, about 10.1, about 10.2, about 10.3, about 10.4, about 10.5,
  • the compositions disclosed herein further comprise a silica.
  • the silica comprises greater than about 90% silicon dioxide.
  • the silica comprises greater than about 95% silicon dioxide.
  • the silica comprises about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, about 99.5%, silicon dioxide.
  • the silica is a fumed silica. In some embodiments, the fumed silica is untreated. In some embodiments, the fumed silica is hydrophilic.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0.001% to about 5% by weight of the silica.
  • the concentration of the silica in the composition is selected from about 0.001%, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, about 0.007%, about 0.008%, about 0.009%, about 0.01%, about 0.011%, about 0.012%, about 0.013%, about 0.014%, about 0.015%, about 0.016%, about 0.017%, about 0.018%, about 0.019%, about 0.02%, about 0.025%, about 0.03%, about 0.035%, about 0.04%, about 0.045%, about 0.05%, about 0.055%, about 0.06%, about 0.065%, about 0.07%, about 0.075%, about 0.08%, about 0.085%, about 0.09%, about 0.095%, about 0.1%, about 0.15%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.3%, about 0.004%,
  • the disclosed compositions comprise about 0.01% to about 2% by weight of silica. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 0.1% to about 2% by weight of silica. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 0.01% to about 1% by weight of silica. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 0.5% to about 1% by weight of silica.
  • compositions disclosed herein comprise an inorganic salt, a buffer, and a silica. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein comprise an ammonium salt, a buffer, and a fumed silica. In some embodiments, the compositions disclosed herein comprise one or more ammonium salts, urea, and a fumed silica in a blend.
  • compositions disclosed herein comprise the blend comprising one or more ammonium salts from about 50% to about 95% by weight, about 60% to about 90% by weight, or about 75% to about 85% by weight; urea from about 5% to about 50% by weight, about 10% to about 40% by weight, or about 15% to about 25% by weight; and fumed silica from about 0.05% to about 5% by weight, about 0.1% to about 2% by weight, or about 0.5% to about 1% by weight.
  • the organic acid includes, but is not limited to, acetic acid, ascorbic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, benzoic acid, bromoacetic acid, bromochloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, citric acid, dibromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), folic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, glycolic acid, iodoacetic acid, lactic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, methane sulfonic acid, oxalic acid, peracetic acid, phthalicacid, propionic acid, salicylic acid, sorbic acid, suberic acid, succinic acid, sulfamic acid, sulfanilic acid, 5 -sulfosalicylic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, thioacetic acid, thioglycolic acid, p
  • the organic acid comprises acetic acid, ascorbic acid, bromoacetic acid, bromochloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, iodoacetic acid, tribromoacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, and mixtures thereof.
  • the organic acid comprises acetic acid.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of the organic acid.
  • the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is selected from about 0.01%, about 0.015%, about 0.02%, about 0.025%, about 0.03%, about 0.035%, about 0.04%, about 0.045%, about 0.05%, about 0.055%, about 0.06%, about 0.065%, about 0.07%, about 0.075%, about 0.08%, about 0.085%, about 0.09%, about 0.095%, about 0.1%, about 0.15%, about 0.2%, about 0.25%, about 0.3%, about 0.35%, about 0.4%, about 0.45%, about 0.5%, about 0.55%, about 0.6%, about 0.65%, about 0.7%, about 0.75%, about 0.8%, about 0.85%, about 0.9%, about 0.95%, about 1%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.
  • the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 8% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 6% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.25% by weight to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.5% by weight to about 4% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 1% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.025% by weight to about 0.2% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the organic acid in the composition is about 0.25% to about 1.5%.
  • the organic acid is from about 1% to about 25% of an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the organic acid is from about 4% to about 15% of an aqueous solution. In some embodiments, the organic acid is about 10% of an aqueous solution.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions comprise about 5% to about 95% by weight of water.
  • the concentration of water in the compositions disclosed herein is selected from about 5%, about 5.5%, about 6%, about 6.5%, about 7%, about 7.5%, about 8%, about 8.5%, about 9%, about 9.5%, about 10%, about 10.5%, 11%, about 11.5%, about 12%, about 12.5%, about 13%, about 13.5%, about 14%, about 14.5%, about 15%, about 15.5%, about 16%, about 16.5%, about 17%, about 17.5%, about 18%, about 18.5%, about 19%, about 19.5%, about 20%, about 20.5%, 21%, about 21.5%, about 22%, about 22.5%, about 23%, about 23.5%, about 24%, about 24.5%, about 25%, about 25.5%, about 26%, about 26.5%, about 27%, about 27.5%, about 28%, about 28.5%, about 29%, about 29.5%, about
  • the disclosed compositions comprise about 10% to about 95% by weight of water. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 25% to about 95% by weight of water. In some embodiments, the disclosed compositions comprise about 33.5% to about 90.5% by weight of the water.
  • the water has a pH of about 5 to about 11. In some embodiments of the compositions disclosed herein, the pH of the water is selected from about 5.0, about 5.1, about 5.2, about 5.3, about 5.4, about
  • the pH of the water is about 5.5 to about 10. In some embodiments, the pH of the water is about 6 to about 9.5. In some embodiments, the pH of the water is about 7.5 to about 8.
  • the weight ratio of the inorganic salt to the water is about 1 : 1 to about 1 :50.
  • the weight ratio of the water to the inorganic salt is selected from about 1: 1, about 1: 1.25, about 1: 1.5, about 1: 1.75, about 1:2, about 1:2.25, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.75, about 1:3, about 1:3.25, about 1:3.5, about 1:3.75, about 1:4, about 1:4.25, about 1:4.5, about 1:4.75, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1:10, about 1:11, about 1 : 12, about 1:13, about 1 : 14, about 1 : 15, about 1:16, about 1:17, about 1:18, about 1:19, about 1:20, about 1:21, about 1:22, about 1:23, about 1:24, about 1:25, about 1:26, about 1:27, about 1:28, about 1:29, about 1:30, about 1:31, about 1:32,
  • the weight ratio of the inorganic salt to the water is from about 1:1 to about 1:25. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the inorganic salt to the water is from about 1 : 1 to about 1 : 10. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the inorganic salt to the water is from about 1 : 1 to about 1:5.
  • the weight ratio of the surfactant to the organic acid is about 1 : 1 to about 1 :300. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the surfactant to the organic acid is selected from about 1:1, about 1:1.25, about 1:1.5, about 1:1.75, about 1:2, about 1:2.25, about 1:2.5, about 1:2.75, about 1:3, about 1:3.25, about 1:3.5, about 1:3.75, about 1:4, about 1:4.25, about 1:4.5, about 1:4.75, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1:10, about 1:11, about 1 : 12, about 1:13, about 1 : 14, about 1:15, about 1:16, about 1:17, about 1:18, about 1:19, about 1:20, about 1:21, about 1:22, about 1:23, about 1:24, about 1:25, about 1:26, about 1:27, about 1:28, about 1:29, about 1:30, about 1:31, about 1:32, about 1:33, about
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions comprise about 0.01% to about 15% by weight of a surfactant; about 1% to about 95% by weight of an inorganic salt; about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of an organic acid; and about 5% to about 95% by weight of water.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions comprise about 0.01% to about 12%, about 0.01% to about 10%, about 0.5% to about 8%, or about 3% to about 5% by weight of a surfactant; about 1% to about 75%, about 1% to about 65%, or about 5% to about 55% by weight of an inorganic salt; about 0.01% to about 8%, about 0.01% to about 6%, or about 0.5% to about 4% by weight of an organic acid; and about 10% to about 95%, about 25% to about 95%, or about 33% to about 90% by weight of water.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions comprise about 3% to about 5% by weight of a surfactant; about 5% to about 55% by weight of an inorganic salt; about 0.5% to about 4% by weight of an organic acid; and about 33.5% to about 90.5% by weight of water.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions further comprise one or more preservatives, one or more stabilizers, one or more thickeners, one or more binders, one or more fining agents, one or more firming agents, one or more water retention agents, and/or one or more water-soluble fluoropolymers or other water-soluble polymers with similar properties.
  • the preservative retards decomposition of the disclosed compositions.
  • the stabilizer prevents the disclosed compositions from gelling or decomposing when stored in a sealed container and facilitates conversion of the disclosed compositions from a fluid into a gel upon exposure to atmospheric oxygen.
  • the binder prevents the disclosed compositions from separating into its various components.
  • the fining agent stabilizes the disclosed compositions and facilitates creation of an emulsion.
  • the thickener increases the viscosity of the disclosed compositions.
  • the compositions disclosed herein further comprise a preservative.
  • the preservative comprises an antimicrobial compound, an antioxidant, a sequestering agent, or a mixture thereof.
  • the preservative includes, but is not limited to, an alkyl benzyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, ascorbic acid, benzalkonium chloride, benzoic acid, a benzoic acid ester, a benzoate salt (e.g., sodium benzoate), a citrate salt (e.g., sodium citrate), citric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, gallic acid, hexamine, 2-hydroxybiphenyl, an isothiazolinone (e.g., methylisothiazolinone and chloromethylisothiazolinone),nisin, pimaracin, sodium biphenyl-2-yl oxide, sodium ascorbate, sorbic acid, a sorbate salt (e.g., sodium sorbate), a sulfite (e.g., sodium metabisulfite), sulfur dioxide, a tetraalkyl ammonium chloride (e.g., dioct
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0.01% to about 15% by weight of the preservative.
  • the concentration of the preservative in the composition is selected from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, about 4%, about 4.25%, about 4.5%, about 4.75%, about 5%, about 5.2
  • the concentration of the preservative in the composition is about 0. 1% by weight to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the preservative in the composition is about 0. 1% by weight to about 8% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the preservative in the composition is about 0. 1% by weight to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the preservative in the composition is about 0.5% by weight to about 2.5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the preservative in the composition is about 1% by weight to about 1.8% by weight.
  • the weight ratio of the surfactant to the preservative is about 1 : 1 to about 1:25. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the surfactant to the preservative is selected from about 1: 1, about 1: 1.25, about 1: 1.5, about 1: 1.75, about 1:2, about 1:2.25, about 1:2.5, about 1 :2.75, about 1:3, about 1:3.25, about 1:3.5, about 1 :3.75, about 1:4, about 1:4.25, about 1:4.5, about 1:4.75, about 1:5, about 1:6, about 1:7, about 1:8, about 1:9, about 1: 10, about 1: 11, about 1 : 12, about 1: 13, about 1 : 14, about 1: 15, about 1: 16, about 1: 17, about 1: 18, about 1 : 19, about 1 :20, about 1:21, about 1:22, about 1:23, about 1 :24, and about 1 :25. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the surfactant to the preservative is selected from about 1: 1, about 1: 1.25, about 1: 1.5, about 1
  • the firming and/or water retention agents promote sustained adhesion of the disclosed compositions to the surface of the solid material to which it is applied.
  • the water-soluble fluoropolymers or other water-soluble polymers with similar properties reduce friction, enhance penetration of the disclosed compositions into the solid material to which it is applied, improve the weatherresistance of the disclosed compositions such that it is not readily washed away by rain or other weather events, and enhance the stability of the disclosed compositions.
  • the water-soluble fluoropolymers or other water-soluble polymers with similar properties enhance the stability of the disclosed compositions by retarding the decomposition of the flame retardant.
  • the stabilizer comprises one or more ingredients selected from an alginate, guar gum, a potassium phosphate, natural rubber, locust bean gum, tragacanth, xanthan gum, karaya gum, tara gum, gellan gum, soybean hemicellulose, pectin, polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylene (40) stearate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monolaurate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monooleate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monopalmitate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan monostearate, polyoxyethylene-20-sorbitan tristearate, gelatin, an ammonium phosphatide, a phosphate, a diphosphate, a polyphosphate, beta-cyclodextrin, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, methylethyl cellulose, a fatty acid, a salt of a fatty acid, a monoglycer
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0% to about 10% by weight of the stabilizer.
  • the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is selected from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, about 4%, about 4.25%, about 4.5%, about 4.75%, about 5%, about 5.25%, about
  • the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 0.8% by weight.
  • the disclosed compositions further comprises one or more thickeners.
  • the thickener comprises a polysaccharide or a protein.
  • the thickener comprises a polysaccharide.
  • the thickener comprises a polysaccharide including, but not limited to, alginin, amylopectin, amylose, an arabinoxyxlan, arrowroot, cellulose, chitin, cornstarch, guar gum, katakuri starch, locust bean gum, potato starch, sago, tapioca, and xanthan gum.
  • the thickener comprises xanthan gum.
  • the thickener comprises a protein.
  • the thickener comprises a protein including, but not limited to, albumin, collagen, egg whites, gelatin, lysozyme, a mucoid protein (e.g., ovomucoid), a mucin (e.g., ovomucin, mucin 1, and mucin 2), and a transferrin.
  • the thickener comprises a protein from egg whites.
  • the protein from egg whites includes, but is not limited to, ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, ovomucin, and lysozyme.
  • the flame retardant and fire extinguishing compositions disclosed herein comprise about 0% to about 10% by weight of the thickener.
  • the concentration of the thickener in the composition is selected from about 0.01%, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1%, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1.1%, about 1.2%, about 1.3%, about 1.4%, about 1.5%, about 1.6%, about 1.7%, about 1.8%, about 1.9%, about 2%, about 2.1%, about 2.2%, about 2.3%, about 2.4%, about 2.5%, about 2.6%, about 2.7%, about 2.8%, about 2.9%, about 3%, about 3.25%, about 3.5%, about 3.75%, about 4%, about 4.25%, about 4.5%, about 4.75%, about 5%, about 5.25%
  • the concentration of the thickener in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 10% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 5% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is about 0.01% by weight to about 0.8% by weight. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is about 0% by weight to about 0.8% by weight.
  • the flame retardant composition comprises about 0.01% to about 15% by weight of a surfactant; about 1% to about 95% by weight of an inorganic salt; about 0.01% to about 10% by weight of an organic acid; about 5% to about 95% by weight of water; about 0.01% to about 15% of a preservative; and about 0% to about 10% of a thickener.
  • the flame retardant composition comprises about 3% to about 5% by weight of a surfactant; about 5% to about 55% by weight of an inorganic salt; about 0.5% to about 4% by weight of an organic acid; about 33.5% to about 90.5% by weight of water; about l% to about 1.8% of a preservative; and about 0% to about 0.8% of a thickener.
  • the composition further comprises one or more firming and/or water retention agents.
  • the firming agent comprises calcium propionate.
  • the water retention agent comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of glycerol, massage oil, and a low viscosity oil.
  • the composition further comprises one or more water-soluble fluoropolymers or other water-soluble polymers with similar properties.
  • the composition further comprises one or more binders.
  • the binder comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of polyesteral, melamine, polyurethane, processed Vietnamesea seaweed, gum arabic, and cassia gum.
  • the composition further comprises one or more fining agents.
  • the fining agent comprises one or more ingredients selected from the group consisting of bentonite, tensides, kaolin, and silica sol. In more some embodiments, the fining agent comprises bentonite.
  • the composition further comprises a silicone (also referred to as a polysiloxane).
  • a polysiloxane is added to the compositions.
  • the polysiloxane cures upon exposure to an atmosphere comprising oxygen. After curing, the polysiloxane forms a silicone (i.e., a polymer comprising repeating units of siloxane).
  • the composition further comprises additional water.
  • the additional water is up to about 20 volumes of the composition. In some embodiments, the additional water is up to about 10 volumes of the composition. In some embodiments, the additional water is up to about 5 volumes of the composition. In some embodiments, the additional water is about 2 volumes, about 3 volumes, about 4 volumes, about 5 volumes, about 6 volumes, about 7 volumes, about 8 volumes, about 9 volumes, about 10 volumes, about 11 volumes, about 12 volumes, about 13 volumes, about 14 volumes, about 15 volumes, about 16 volumes, about 17 volumes, about 18 volumes, about 19 volumes, or about 20 volumes of the composition.
  • the flame retardant compositions is incorporated into an article.
  • the article includes, but is not limited to, textiles, furnishings (e.g., foam, upholstery, mattresses, carpets, curtains, and fabric blinds), building and construction materials (e.g., electrical wires and cables, insulation materials, paints, wood, and thatch), and transportation products (e.g., seats, seat covers, fdlings, and bumpers).
  • the article is coated with the flame retardant compositions disclosed herein.
  • the article is a textile or a furnishing.
  • the article is selected from foam, upholstery, mattresses, carpets, curtains, and fabric blinds.
  • the carpet is used in residential, commercial, airline, or maritime settings.
  • the article is a mattress.
  • the article is a textile.
  • the textile comprises cotton, poly/cotton, polyester, or combinations thereof.
  • any of the flame retardant compositions disclosed herein comprising forming a mixture comprising a surfactant, an inorganic salt, and water.
  • the mixture further comprises an organic acid.
  • the mixture further comprises a preservative.
  • the mixture further comprises a stabilizer.
  • the mixture further comprises a thickener.
  • the mixture further comprises a binder.
  • the mixture further comprises a fining agent.
  • the mixture further comprises a firming agent.
  • the mixture further comprises a water retention agent.
  • the mixture further comprises a water-soluble polymer (e.g., a water- soluble fluoropolymer).
  • a water-soluble polymer e.g., a water- soluble fluoropolymer
  • the ingredients can be added to the mixture in any order.
  • the order of addition of the ingredients to the mixture can affect a property of the mixture.
  • addition of certain ingredients can affect a property of the mixture.
  • properties of the mixture that can be affected by the order of addition or addition of certain ingredients include, but are not limited to, viscosity, physical form, pH, flammability, re-ignition, toxicity, biodegradable, toxic substance release, corrosive substance release, volatility, release from materials, and environmental impact.
  • the physical form of the flame retardant compositions disclosed herein is selected from a solid, a polymer, a powder, a gel, an aerosol, a solution, and a gas.
  • the flame retardant composition is a solid.
  • the flame retardant composition is a polymer.
  • the flame retardant composition is a powder.
  • the flame retardant composition is a gel.
  • the flame retardant composition is an aerosol.
  • the flame retardant composition is a solution.
  • the flame retardant composition is a gas.
  • step (ii) adding a surfactant to the mixture resulting from step (i).
  • the methods further comprise
  • step (iii) adding an organic acid to the mixture resulting from step (ii).
  • the methods of preparing the flame retardant compositions disclosed herein comprise the steps of:
  • step (ii) adding a surfactant to the mixture resulting from step (i);
  • step (iii) adding an organic acid to the mixture resulting from step (ii).
  • the methods further comprise
  • the mixture formed in step (i) further comprises a buffer. In some embodiments, the mixture formed in step (i) further comprises a silica. In some embodiments, the mixture formed in step (i) further comprises a silicone. In some embodiments, the mixture formed in step (i) further comprises a stabilizer.
  • the mixture formed in step (i) comprises an inorganic salt, a buffer, a silica, and water. In some embodiments, the mixture formed in step (i) comprises an ammonium salt, a buffer, a silica, and water. In some embodiments, the mixture formed in step (i) comprises an ammonium salt, urea, a fumed silica, and water, which is also referred to as a blend.
  • the methods disclosed herein comprise the steps of:
  • step (ii) adding a preservative to the mixture of step (i);
  • step (iii) adding a surfactant to the mixture resulting from step (ii);
  • step (iv) adding an organic acid to the mixture resulting from step (iii).
  • the method further comprises adding the stabilizer to the mixture of step (i).
  • the method further comprises adding one or more additional inorganic salts to the mixture.
  • the additional inorganic salts are added to the mixture resulting from step (iv).
  • the additional inorganic salts are selected from ammonium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, and a mixture thereof.
  • the additional inorganic salt is sodium bicarbonate.
  • each ingredient is can be added in total, a batch, a portion, or a solution. In some embodiments, each ingredient can be added by slow addition. In some embodiments, each ingredient can be added as a solid.
  • the method further comprises filtering the mixture.
  • forming the mixture includes, but is not limited to, stirring, whisking, convective mixing, intensive mixing, solid suspension, and solid deagglomeration.
  • forming the mixture comprises stirring.
  • forming the mixture comprises whisking.
  • forming the mixture comprises convective mixing.
  • forming the mixture comprises solid suspension (e.g., suspending solids into a liquid).
  • forming the mixture comprises solid deagglomeration (e.g., breaking up a solid that has formed an agglomerate).
  • the whole, each portion, or each step of the method is performed within a certain temperature range. In some embodiments, at least one step of the method is performed at a temperature range as specified below.
  • the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 20 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 30 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 40 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 60 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 70 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 80 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 90 °C.
  • the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 100 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 110 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 120 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 130 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 140 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature greater than about 150 °C.
  • the method is performed at a temperature form about 20 °C to about 150 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature selected from about 20 °C, about 21 °C, about 22 °C, about 23 °C, about 24 °C, about 25 °C, about 26 °C, about 27 °C, about 28 °C, about 29 °C, about 30 °C, about 31 °C, about 32 °C, about 33 °C, about 34 °C, about 35 °C, about 36 °C, about 37 °C, about 38 °C, about 39 °C, about 40 °C, about 41 °C, about 42 °C, about 43 °C, about 44 °C, about 45 °C, about 46 °C, about 47 °C, about 48 °C, about 49 °C, about 50 °C, about 51 °C, about 52 °C, about 53 °C, about 54 °
  • the method is performed at a temperature form about 25 °C to about
  • the method is performed at a temperature form about 85 °C to about 110 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 90 °C to about 105 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 93 °C to about 100 °C.
  • the method is performed at a temperature form about 45 °C to about 65 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 50 °C to about 60 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 53 °C to about 57 °C.
  • the method is performed at a temperature form about 38 °C to about 58 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 43 °C to about 53 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 46 °C to about 50 °C.
  • the method is performed at a temperature form about 25 °C to about 50 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 30 °C to about 45 °C. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature form about 35 °C to about 40 °C.
  • a concentrate of the resulting flame retardant composition is formed.
  • the concentrate is up to about 20 times the final concentration for use of the composition.
  • the concentrate is up to about 10 times the final concentration.
  • the concentrate is up to about 5 times the final concentration.
  • the concentrate is about 2 times, about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, about 6 times, about 7 times, about 8 times, about 9 times, about 10 times, about 11 times, about 12 times, about 13 times, about 14 times, about 15 times, about 16 times, about 17 times, about 18 times, about 19 times, or about 20 times the final concentration.
  • the method further comprises diluting the concentrate of the resulting flame retardant composition.
  • the dilution is with water.
  • Tables 1-9 provide specific amounts of components and, in some cases, alternative components, that may be used in the preparation process according to the procedure below.
  • MMB Miraculum mineral blend
  • Thickener is added to the Miraculum mineral blend (MMB) and thoroughly mixed. Water is heated to above 95 °C. Water is then added to the mixture of Miraculum mineral blend and xanthan gum while stirring with an electronic stirrer. The resulting mixture is stirred vigorously until the components dissolve completely. Self-cooling may occur during the mixing, or the temperature may be actively maintained at the desired level.
  • a pre-made blend comprising acetic acid, surfactant, and water, is added to the mixture resultant from Step 1 with stirring.
  • the resulting mixture is stirred at approximately 50-60 °C until the surfactant dissolves completely. Self-cooling may occur during the mixing, or the temperature may be actively maintained at the desired level.
  • Step 4 Surfactant is added to the mixture resultant from Step 2 at a temperature of 40-50 °C with stirring. The solution is then stirred until self cooled to below about 40 °C without an external cooling source. Step 4
  • Distilled 30% aqueous acetic acid is then added to the blend resultant from Step 3 with stirring and then the mixture is stirred until the vinegar dissolves completely. The solution is allowed to cool further without an external cooling source.
  • Step 4 The mixture resulting from Step 4 is then allowed to cool to room temperature, preferably without an external cooling source, fdtered, and then poured into plastic containers of suitable size. Each container is sealed with an airtight cap.
  • Table 2 Exemplary flame retardant composition II. Table 3. Exemplary flame retardant composition III.
  • Table 4 Exemplary flame retardant composition IV. Table 5. Exemplary flame retardant composition V.
  • Table 6 Exemplary flame retardant composition VI. Table 7. Exemplary flame retardant composition VII.
  • the desired properties of an effective flame retardant sought in laboratory testing of flame retardant products include: (1) high stability during use, which would not lead to a high degree of separation of the liquid; (2) no uneven thickening, with different grades of thickening within the product upon contact with the enflamed materials; (3) no harmful chemical reactions between components that would degrade the product during storage or use; (4) stability for long-term storage; and (5) suitability for use on peripheral equipment.
  • All laboratory tests were conducted at about 20° C. and approximately 40-60% humidity with some additional variance for tests conducted during winter months. All test products were prepared, manufactured, and stored in a laboratory, and were stored and transported in non-transparent plastic containers.
  • bales containing densely packed crushed industrial waste were tested. Four bales were protected with flame retardant before being placed in the test area. Two bales were untreated. The bales were covered by a thin plastic which would melt from exposure to high heat, and thus the crushed industrial waste was directly exposed to radiant heat during the experiment. The six bales were placed around an oblong pile of scrap wood with three bales on either side. Two bales on each side of the wood pile were treated and one was untreated. A treated wood facade was placed on one end and an untreated wood facade was placed on the other end. A nearby wall was also treated with the flame retardant product.
  • Fire extinguishers containing the flame retardant product and fire extinguishers containing water only were both used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the flame retardant product in extinguishing fires.
  • the wood pile was soaked with a combustible fluid to ensure that the fire spreads across the entire surface of the wood pile simultaneously. The wood pile was then ignited, generating a fire.
  • a toxicity study is provided below.
  • a comparison study was performed between untreated plywood and plywood impregnated with the product. Toxicity measurements indicated that treating plywood with the product resulted in decreased atmospheric release of hydrochloric acid (HC1) and increased atmospheric release of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), and nitrous oxide (NO) following exposure of the treated plywood to fire as compared to untreated plywood.
  • HC1 hydrochloric acid
  • CO carbon monoxide
  • HN hydrogen cyanide
  • NO nitrous oxide
  • the amount of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and nitrous oxide release was within the limits established by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for a fire retardant to be considered non-toxic.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
  • Emergency Management (AREA)
  • Fireproofing Substances (AREA)
  • Fire-Extinguishing Compositions (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions ignifuges et d'extinction incendie pour la prévention et la lutte contre les incendies dans certains matériaux, tels que des matériaux solides.
PCT/US2021/049216 2020-09-08 2021-09-07 Compositions ignifuges et leurs procédés d'utilisation Ceased WO2022055840A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US202063075378P 2020-09-08 2020-09-08
US63/075,378 2020-09-08

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
WO2022055840A1 true WO2022055840A1 (fr) 2022-03-17

Family

ID=80629967

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/US2021/049216 Ceased WO2022055840A1 (fr) 2020-09-08 2021-09-07 Compositions ignifuges et leurs procédés d'utilisation

Country Status (2)

Country Link
TW (1) TW202222383A (fr)
WO (1) WO2022055840A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN118178956A (zh) * 2024-02-19 2024-06-14 中国矿业大学 一种防治煤自燃和辅助警示作用的阻化材料及其制备方法
US12214237B2 (en) 2020-12-15 2025-02-04 Frs Group, Llc Long-term fire retardant with corrosion inhibitors and methods for making and using same
US20250339718A1 (en) * 2024-05-01 2025-11-06 Fireguardia, Inc. Fire suppression process

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040173783A1 (en) * 2002-01-16 2004-09-09 Smt, Inc. Flame retardant and microbe inhibiting methods and compositions
EP2813616A1 (fr) * 2013-06-10 2014-12-17 EOC Belgium NV Composition ignifugeante pour textiles.
WO2015020388A1 (fr) * 2013-08-06 2015-02-12 Han Seungwoo Composition pour agent extincteur d'incendie renforcé neutre et écologique
US9878190B2 (en) * 2013-01-22 2018-01-30 Miraculum, Inc. Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in solid materials

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20040173783A1 (en) * 2002-01-16 2004-09-09 Smt, Inc. Flame retardant and microbe inhibiting methods and compositions
US9878190B2 (en) * 2013-01-22 2018-01-30 Miraculum, Inc. Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in solid materials
EP2813616A1 (fr) * 2013-06-10 2014-12-17 EOC Belgium NV Composition ignifugeante pour textiles.
WO2015020388A1 (fr) * 2013-08-06 2015-02-12 Han Seungwoo Composition pour agent extincteur d'incendie renforcé neutre et écologique

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US12214237B2 (en) 2020-12-15 2025-02-04 Frs Group, Llc Long-term fire retardant with corrosion inhibitors and methods for making and using same
US12214236B2 (en) 2020-12-15 2025-02-04 Frs Group, Llc Long-term fire retardant with corrosion inhibitors and methods for making and using same
CN118178956A (zh) * 2024-02-19 2024-06-14 中国矿业大学 一种防治煤自燃和辅助警示作用的阻化材料及其制备方法
US20250339718A1 (en) * 2024-05-01 2025-11-06 Fireguardia, Inc. Fire suppression process

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
TW202222383A (zh) 2022-06-16

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US9878190B2 (en) Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in solid materials
US20150224352A1 (en) Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in solid materials
US20140202717A1 (en) Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in solid materials
US9597538B2 (en) Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in liquids
WO2022055840A1 (fr) Compositions ignifuges et leurs procédés d'utilisation
US11660487B2 (en) Systems and compositions for suppressing and extinguishing fires
US8080186B1 (en) Fire mitigation and moderating agents
US20150021053A1 (en) Flame retardant and fire extinguishing product for fires in liquids
US7163642B2 (en) Composition inhibiting the expansion of fire, suppressing existing fire, and methods of manufacture and use thereof
US8647524B2 (en) Chemical composition for fighting forest fires and process for obtaining thereof
EA008246B1 (ru) Антипирен и способ его получения
CN105688361A (zh) B类火灾用灭火剂
US8783374B2 (en) Fire extinguishing foam, methods and systems
WO2019054861A1 (fr) Solution d'extinction d'incendie
RU2656035C1 (ru) Универсальный огнетушащий состав для борьбы с лесными пожарами
US20130214193A1 (en) Biodegradable fire suppressing composition with hydrocarbon dispersent
BRPI0412972A (pt) método para a extinção de um incêndio, método para a prevenção de incêndio e método para a redução ou eliminação da inflamabilidade
FI103182B (fi) Menetelmä tulipalon sammuttamiseksi
DE10054686A1 (de) Lösch- und Brandschutzmittel
CN114222725A (zh) 灭火剂
KR20170122159A (ko) 소화탄용 포 소화제 조성물
ES2829264T3 (es) Composición, agente de protección contra incendio con la composición y agente de extinción de incendio con la composición
FI130765B1 (en) PROCEDURE TO PREVENT FIRE, PRODUCT FOR RECYCLING OF THE PROCEDURE AND USE OF THE PRODUCT
WO2025087810A1 (fr) Procédé de lutte contre l'incendie et de prévention d'incendie, et agent coupe-feu
KR20250040963A (ko) 화재 억제제

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
121 Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application

Ref document number: 21867417

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1

NENP Non-entry into the national phase

Ref country code: DE

122 Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase

Ref document number: 21867417

Country of ref document: EP

Kind code of ref document: A1