WO2021230369A1 - 金ナノ粒子含有医薬 - Google Patents
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- WO2021230369A1 WO2021230369A1 PCT/JP2021/018485 JP2021018485W WO2021230369A1 WO 2021230369 A1 WO2021230369 A1 WO 2021230369A1 JP 2021018485 W JP2021018485 W JP 2021018485W WO 2021230369 A1 WO2021230369 A1 WO 2021230369A1
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- A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
- A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
- A61K47/6923—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being an inorganic particle, e.g. ceramic particles, silica particles, ferrite or synsorb
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- A61K33/242—Gold; Compounds thereof
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- A61K41/00—Medicinal preparations obtained by treating materials with wave energy or particle radiation ; Therapies using these preparations
- A61K41/0038—Radiosensitizing, i.e. administration of pharmaceutical agents that enhance the effect of radiotherapy
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- A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
- A61K47/69—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit
- A61K47/6921—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere
- A61K47/6927—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores
- A61K47/6929—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores the form being a nanoparticle, e.g. an immuno-nanoparticle
- A61K47/6931—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores the form being a nanoparticle, e.g. an immuno-nanoparticle the material constituting the nanoparticle being a polymer
- A61K47/6935—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the conjugate being characterised by physical or galenical forms, e.g. emulsion, particle, inclusion complex, stent or kit the form being a particulate, a powder, an adsorbate, a bead or a sphere the form being a solid microparticle having no hollow or gas-filled cores the form being a nanoparticle, e.g. an immuno-nanoparticle the material constituting the nanoparticle being a polymer the polymer being obtained otherwise than by reactions involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamides or polyglycerol
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- A61K51/12—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsion, microcapsules, liposomes, characterized by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, dispersions, microcapsules
- A61K51/1241—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsion, microcapsules, liposomes, characterized by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, dispersions, microcapsules particles, powders, lyophilizates, adsorbates, e.g. polymers or resins for adsorption or ion-exchange resins
- A61K51/1244—Preparations containing radioactive substances for use in therapy or testing in vivo characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsion, microcapsules, liposomes, characterized by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, dispersions, microcapsules particles, powders, lyophilizates, adsorbates, e.g. polymers or resins for adsorption or ion-exchange resins microparticles or nanoparticles, e.g. polymeric nanoparticles
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- A61K9/141—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers
- A61K9/146—Intimate drug-carrier mixtures characterised by the carrier, e.g. ordered mixtures, adsorbates, solid solutions, eutectica, co-dried, co-solubilised, co-kneaded, co-milled, co-ground products, co-precipitates, co-evaporates, co-extrudates, co-melts; Drug nanoparticles with adsorbed surface modifiers with organic macromolecular compounds
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- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a drug containing gold nanoparticles and a treatment for a proliferative disease using the same.
- the present invention also relates to a gold nanoparticle-containing drug bound to an alpha ray emitting nuclide and the treatment of a proliferative disease using the same.
- Non-Patent Document 1 It is known that radiation has different cytotoxicity depending on its quality.
- Alpha rays have a very high linear energy transfer (LET) as compared with gamma rays and beta rays used in conventional treatments (Non-Patent Document 1), and have a particularly high antitumor effect.
- alpha rays have a very short range and affect only a narrow range. Therefore, it is required that alpha-emitting nuclides are diffused in the lesion, while not being distributed in normal tissues.
- a targeting molecule that specifically binds to or has an affinity for a target tumor cell or the like.
- such methods require the selection of optimal targeting molecules for each tumor, requiring more versatile techniques for applying alpha-emitting nuclides to the treatment of proliferative disorders. ing.
- AuNP gold nanoparticles
- Au-21 gold nanoparticles
- AuNP alpha-ray emitting nuclide astatine 211
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- An object of the present invention is to provide a drug having an excellent therapeutic effect by adjusting the diffusion characteristics in tumor cells and the like by optimizing the size of gold nanoparticles.
- the gold nanoparticles are used to directly administer an alpha ray emitting nuclide to a proliferative disease to obtain a therapeutic effect.
- the present invention treats a proliferative disease comprising gold nanoparticles having a particle size of 0.5 to 110 nanometers bound to At-211 and being locally administered.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles is from polyethylene glycol, polyether, polyol, polyethyleneimine, silica gel, peptides, antibodies, proteins, lipids, complex lipids, sugar chains, complex sugars, terpenes, terpenoids and virus-like particles. It may be modified by the selected molecule.
- the surface modification comprises a molecule that does not bind a targeting molecule to a particular cell, and in yet another embodiment, the surface modification comprises no targeting molecule to a particular cell.
- the molecule not bound to the target molecule for a particular cell may be polyethylene glycol having an average molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000.
- the particle size of the gold nanoparticles may be 0.5 to 13 nm.
- the pharmaceuticals of the invention can be administered by injection into the lesion, hyperselective administration into the arteries that nourish the lesion, and topical administration selected from the group consisting of intracavitary spraying.
- the proliferative disorder is a malignant tumor and may be a solid tumor.
- the solid cancer may be selected from brain cancer, endocrine tumor, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, gynecological cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.
- the invention comprises surface modification with polyethylene glycol having a particle size of 0.5-110 nanometers, binding to At-211 and not binding to a targeting molecule for a particular cell.
- the gold nanoparticles of the invention may further comprise surface modification with a targeting molecule for a particular cell.
- the invention provides the use of gold nanoparticles having a particle size of 0.5-110 nanometers for producing locally administered pharmaceuticals for treating proliferative disorders.
- the gold nanoparticles are attached to At-211.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles is from polyethylene glycol, polyether, polyol, polyethyleneimine, silica gel, peptides, antibodies, proteins, lipids, complex lipids, sugar chains, complex sugars, terpenes, terpenoids and virus-like particles. It may be modified by the selected molecule. In one embodiment, the surface of the gold nanoparticles may be modified with polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2,000 or more.
- the present invention provides a method for treating a proliferative disease by locally administering gold nanoparticles having a particle size of 0.5 to 110 nanometers bound to At-211.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles is from polyethylene glycol, polyether, polyol, polyethyleneimine, silica gel, peptides, antibodies, proteins, lipids, complex lipids, sugar chains, complex sugars, terpenes, terpenoids and virus-like particles. It may be modified by the selected molecule. In one embodiment, the surface of the gold nanoparticles may be modified with polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2,000 or more.
- the topical administration can be selected from the group consisting of intra-lesion injection, intra-arterial hyperselective administration to nourish the lesion, and intracavitary spraying.
- the proliferative disorder is a malignant tumor and may be a solid tumor.
- the solid cancer is selected from brain cancer, endocrine tumor, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, gynecological cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.
- the present invention is in another aspect.
- Provided is a method of selecting the particle size of particles.
- a step of evaluating the body weight change of the administered animal and / or the growth inhibitory effect of the proliferative disease tissue can be included.
- administration into the proliferative disease tissue comprises a group consisting of injection into the central part of the tissue, hyperselective administration into the artery that nourishes the tissue, and spraying of the drug into the cavity in which the tissue is present. You can choose from.
- the in vivo proliferative disease tissue may be a heterologous proliferative disease tissue transplanted into a subject.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles is a hydrocarbon polymer such as polyethylene glycol, polyether, polyol, polyethyleneimine, silica gel, peptide, antibody, protein, lipid, complex lipid, sugar chain, complex sugar, terpene, It may be modified with a molecule selected from terpenoids and virus-like particles.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles may be modified with polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2,000 or more.
- the proliferative disorder is a malignant tumor and may be a solid tumor.
- the solid cancer is selected from brain cancer, endocrine tumor, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, gynecological cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.
- the present invention is in another aspect.
- Provided is a method for producing bonded gold nanoparticles.
- a step of evaluating the body weight change of the administered animal and / or the growth inhibitory effect of the proliferative disease tissue can be included.
- administration into the proliferative disease tissue comprises a group consisting of injection into the central part of the tissue, hyperselective administration into the artery that nourishes the tissue, and spraying of the drug into the cavity in which the tissue is present. You can choose from.
- the in vivo proliferative disease tissue may be a heterologous proliferative disease tissue transplanted into a subject.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles is a hydrocarbon polymer such as polyethylene glycol, polyether, polyol, polyethyleneimine, silica gel, peptide, antibody, protein, lipid, complex lipid, sugar chain, complex sugar, terpene, It may be modified with a molecule selected from terpenoids and virus-like particles.
- the surface of the gold nanoparticles may be modified with polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2,000 or more.
- the proliferative disorder is a malignant tumor and may be a solid tumor.
- the solid cancer is selected from brain cancer, endocrine tumor, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, gynecological cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.
- the alpha-ray nuclide-containing nanoparticles of the present invention have excellent intratumor tissue diffusivity and low systemic diffusivity, and have low other organ damage while effectively suppressing the growth of proliferative diseases. doing. In addition, since it is less necessary to consider exposure, it is possible to repeatedly administer an extremely high dose to a proliferative disease tissue, and to provide a drug having a high proliferative disease tissue growth inhibitory effect.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphic analysis when 120 nm AuNP (At) PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphic analysis when 30 nm AuNP (At) PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphic analysis when AuNP (I-123) PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphic analysis when 120 nm AuNP (At) PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphic analysis when 30 nm AuNP (At) PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the results of autoradiography when 120 nm AuNP (At) PEG or 30 nm AuNP (At) PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the results of autoradiography when 30 nm AuNP (At) unmodified with PEG was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing changes in tumor size when AuNP (At) PEG at 5 nm, 13 nm, 30 nm or 120 nm was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 7 is a diagram showing changes in body weight when AuNP (At) PEG at 5 nm, 13 nm, 30 nm or 120 nm was administered to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the mass of tumor tissue taken out on the 42nd day after administration of AuNP (At) PEG at 5 nm, 13 nm, 30 nm or 120 nm to a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat. be.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphic analysis performed on subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rats 4 hours, 19 hours, and 42 hours after injection of 5 nmAuNP (At) PEG particles.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing changes in tumor size when AuNP (At) PEG or AuNPPEG (unlabeled) is administered to subcutaneously transplanted renal cancer model mice.
- FIG. 11 is a diagram showing changes in body weight when AuNP (At) PEG or AuNP-PEG (unlabeled) is administered to subcutaneously transplanted renal cancer model mice.
- FIG. 12 is a diagram showing the mass of tumor tissue taken out 40 days after administration of AuNP (At) PEG or AuNP-PEG (unlabeled) to subcutaneously transplanted renal cancer model mice. .. FIG.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] (5 nm PEG-S-AuNP [ 211 At] -c [RGDfK (C)]).
- FIG. 14 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphy in a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat. After selective intraarterial administration of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C) to the artery controlling the tumor transplantation area, 9 hours and 14 hours after administration when the left femoral artery was ligated. The results of scintigraphy after hours are shown.
- FIG. 15 is a diagram showing body weight changes in a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- the changes in body weight of rats after selective intraarterial administration of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] are shown.
- IA-1 and IA-2 show data of rats treated with 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)], and Ctl-1 and Ctl-2 show the left femoral artery without drug administration.
- the data of the control rat which performed only the ligation of the above are shown.
- FIG. 16 is a diagram showing changes in tumor volume in a subcutaneously transplanted glioma model rat.
- the tumor volume change after selective intraarterial administration of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] is shown.
- IA-1 and IA-2 show data of rats treated with 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C), and Ctl-1 and Ctl-2 show data of control rats treated with no drug.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing the results of scintigraphy in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- FIG. 18 is a diagram showing a survival curve in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- the survival curve after intraperitoneal administration (group A) of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] 2 weeks after tumor transplantation is shown.
- FIG. 20 is an image showing the results of a fluorescence imager of a tumor in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- the results of observing the aspect of the tumor by a fluorescent imager after intraperitoneal administration (group B) of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] one week after tumor transplantation are shown.
- Data are shown 3 weeks after tumor transplantation and 11 days after drug administration.
- “At administration” in the left column shows the results of mice administered with 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)]
- Control in the right column shows the results of mice administered with saline as a control. ..
- FIG. 21 is an image showing the results of a fluorescence imager of a tumor in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- the results of observing the aspect of the tumor by a fluorescent imager after intraperitoneal administration (group B) of 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] one week after tumor transplantation are shown.
- Data are shown 4 weeks after tumor transplantation and 18 days after drug administration.
- “At administration” in the left column shows the results of mice administered with 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)]
- Control in the right column shows the results of mice administered with saline as a control. ..
- FIG. 22 is an image showing a tumor in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- Image of tumor removed 1 week after intraperitoneal tumor transplantation 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] was intraperitoneally administered (Group B), 32 days after transplantation, and 23 days after drug administration. Is shown.
- the "At-administered group” (At-1, At-2, At-3) is an image of a tumor removed from a mouse to which 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] was administered, and the "Control group" (“Control group” ( Ctl-1, Ctl-2, Ctl-3) show images of tumors removed from mice treated with saline as a control.
- FIG. 23 is an image showing the results of fluorescence imaging of a tumor in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- FIG. 24 is a diagram showing tumor mass in an intraperitoneal transplanted glioma model mouse.
- 1 week after intraperitoneal tumor transplantation 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] was intraperitoneally administered (Group B), and then 32 days after transplantation and 23 days after drug administration, the mass of the tumor removed. Is shown.
- At-211 When At-211 is used as an alpha ray emitting nuclide, At-211 has properties similar to iodine, and therefore, if administered as it is, it rapidly accumulates in the thyroid gland. Since the drug is retained in the tumor, AuNP can be used to control the distribution of the drug. Specifically, AuNP-PEG can be produced, purified, and then labeled with At-211 to produce At-211 AuNP (At) -PEG. AuNP can appropriately adjust its size according to the purpose.
- At-211AuNP (At) -PEG when At-211AuNP (At) -PEG is administered to a malignant tumor, an appropriate amount of At-211AuNP (At) -PEG (hereinafter referred to as nanoparticles) is filled in a syringe, and the inside of the malignant tumor is filled with an injection needle. Can be injected slowly. Nanoparticles injected into the tumor diffuse into the tumor. It is known that the smaller the particles, the better the diffusion, but the capillaries of malignant tumors have higher substance permeability than those of normal tissues, and if the particle size is small to a certain extent, they diffuse throughout the body through the capillaries. Has been done.
- the particle size is about 100 nm
- the diffusion in the tumor deteriorates and a sufficient effect cannot be obtained. It was found that by setting the particle size to about 30 nm or less, diffusion in the tumor is good, and it does not flow into the capillaries that perfuse the tumor and does not diffuse into other organs outside the tumor. rice field.
- the nanoparticles staying in the tumor continue to irradiate the tumor cells with alpha rays, decay with a half-life of about 7 hours, and the radioactivity disappears. Tumor cells are damaged by alpha rays with a single injection and their proliferative capacity disappears or is markedly reduced.
- alpha ray emitting nuclide means a nuclide that emits alpha rays, and these can be mixed and used.
- the nuclide that emits alpha rays At-211, Ac-225, Ra-223 and the like can be used, but the nuclide is not limited thereto. It is preferable to use At-211 as an alpha ray emitting nuclide.
- At-211 is a radioactive isotope of astatine (At), which is an element belonging to halogen.
- the At-211 emits high-energy alpha rays that are cell-killing and decays into stable lead (207Pb).
- the half-life of At-211 is 7.2 hours. That is, since At-211 has a short life span and high cell killing property, it can efficiently destroy tumor tissue when used for tumor treatment.
- At-211 is produced by a ( ⁇ , 2n) nuclear reaction using Bi-209 as a target substance using an accelerator such as a cyclotron, purified by a dry method (distillation), and then dissolved in water to At-211. It is supplied as an aqueous solution.
- proliferative disease means a disease associated with unwanted cell proliferation of one or more subsets of cells for a multicellular organism. Proliferative disorders can occur in a variety of animals, including humans. As used herein, “proliferative disease” includes benign tumors, malignant tumors and other proliferative diseases. Examples of “proliferative disorders” include hematopoietic disorders (eg, myeloproliferative disorders), malignant tumors (eg, brain tumors, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer). However, it is not limited to these.
- tumor means a tissue mass formed by autonomous overgrowth against control in the living body.
- Tuor includes “benign tumor” which has no pathologically malignant findings and “malignant tumor” which invades surrounding tissues or causes metastasis.
- the gold nanoparticles (AuNP) of the present invention can be prepared by a known method. For example, J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, vol. 115, pp. The method described in 45024506 can be used, but is not limited thereto.
- the size of the gold nanoparticles can be arbitrarily set by a method well known to those skilled in the art, and the size of the produced particles can be measured. For example, a microscopy method using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) can be used, but is not limited thereto.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the size of the gold nanoparticles of the present invention can be appropriately selected based on the type and condition of the malignant tumor, the desired pharmacological effect, and the like.
- the size of the gold nanoparticles is adjusted to the extent that they show sufficient diffusion within the tumor tissue, while influx into the capillaries that perfuse the tumor and do not spread extensively to other organs outside the tumor. NS.
- the size of the gold nanoparticles is 0.5 nm or more, 0.6 nm or more, 0.7 nm or more, 0.8 nm or more, 0.9 nm or more, 1 nm or more, 2 nm or more, 3 nm or more, 4 nm or more, 5 nm or more, It is preferably 6 nm or more, 7 nm or more, 8 nm or more, 9 nm or more, 10 nm or more, 11 nm or more, 12 nm or more, 13 nm or more, 14 nm or more, 15 nm or more, 20 nm or more, 25 nm or more, or 30 nm or more.
- the size of the gold nanoparticles is preferably 110 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 40 nm or less, or 30 nm or less. In one embodiment, the size of the gold nanoparticles is preferably 1.0 nm to 110 nm. In another embodiment, the size of the gold nanoparticles is preferably 5 nm to 30 nm.
- Bonding of gold nanoparticles and alpha ray emitting nuclides can be performed by a known method.
- gold is known to form a stable bond with a halogen element (Dziaver L et al. RSC advances, 2017, Vol. 7, pp. 41024-41032), and is like At-211 as an alpha ray emitting nuclide.
- a halogen alpha ray emitting nuclide the gold nanoparticles and the alpha ray emitting nuclide can be bonded by mixing the gold nanoparticles and the halogen alpha ray emitting nuclide.
- the behavior of the gold nanoparticles in a living body can be adjusted.
- the gold nanoparticles in the tumor tissue can be aggregated, targeted, and promoted cell membrane permeation. Functions such as enhanced cell membrane adsorption can be imparted.
- Modifications of such gold nanoparticles include hydrocarbon polymers such as polyethylene glycols, polyethers, polyols, polyethyleneimine, silica gels, peptides, antibodies, proteins, lipids, complex lipids, sugar chains, complex sugars, terpenes, etc. Terpenoids and virus-like particles can be used, but are not limited to these.
- the gold nanoparticles of the invention are modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG).
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- various polymers obtained by condensation polymerization of ethylene oxide and water which have various structures known to be used as biological materials, can be used and are chemically used.
- Reactive PEG without end groups monofunctional PEG with one chemically reactive end group, bifunctional PEG with two chemically reactive end groups, linear PEG , Multi-arm type PEG, PEG having a reactive terminal group such as N-hydroxysuccinimide ester group, thiol group, carboxy group and the like can be used, but the present invention is not limited thereto (Drug Condensation System, 2015, Vol. 30). , No. 4, pp. 390-392). Multiple types of modifications can be combined as long as they do not interfere with each other's functions.
- the size of the polymer used for modifying the gold nanoparticles of the present invention can be appropriately set by those skilled in the art according to the type and condition of the tumor to be treated, the desired effect, and the like.
- PEG polymer of diethylene glycol or higher
- the molecular weight thereof is not particularly limited, but for example, 100 or more, 200 or more, 300 or more, 400 or more, 500 or more, 600 or more, 700 or more, 800.
- Carrier of gold nanoparticles of the present invention When the gold nanoparticles of the present invention are administered to cells, various substances that regulate the uptake into cells can be used in combination. For example, by enclosing the gold nanoparticles in the virus particles that pass through the cell membrane, the gold nanoparticles can be efficiently delivered into the cells. Further, by modifying the surface of the gold nanoparticles with a compound such as polyethyleneimine that has a cationic charge, the cell permeability of the gold nanoparticles is improved. In addition, by modifying the surface with an antibody or the like that causes cell-specific uptake, the uptake of gold nanoparticles into the cell is improved.
- a targeting molecule that enhances uptake into a specific cell a molecule that binds to a substance specifically possessed by a proliferative disease cell, for example, an antibody using a protein specifically expressed in the proliferative disease cell as an antigen or an antibody thereof.
- Antigen-binding fragments such as CD19, EpCAM, CD20, CD45, EGFR, HER2, CDH17-antigens or antigen-binding fragments thereof, ligands or fragments thereof that bind to receptors specifically expressed in proliferative disease cells, for example.
- Substance P or a fragment thereof, which is a ligand of the NK1 receptor expressed in glioma for example, a peptide consisting of N-terminal 5 to 11 amino acids, other peptides having a tumor targeting function, for example, a cyclic peptide c having a tumor targeting function.
- RGDfK (C) Vivitide (Kentucky, USA)
- the targeted molecule can be attached directly to the alpha-emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles, or can be attached via the surface-modified molecule or other carrier.
- the gold nanoparticles bound to the alpha ray emitting nuclide of the present invention are provided as pharmaceuticals for treating proliferative diseases and the like.
- the medicine containing gold nanoparticles bound to the alpha ray emitting nuclei of the present invention is effective for the treatment of various proliferative diseases, for example, brain cancer, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, digestive organ cancer and the like. It can be applied to the treatment of malignant tumors.
- the gold nanoparticles bound to the alpha ray emitting nuclide of the present invention have excellent diffusion characteristics in the tumor tissue, but have little migration to the outside of the tumor tissue.
- the present invention also provides a method for treating proliferative diseases and the like using gold nanoparticles bound to alpha ray emitting nuclides.
- Treatment of the above-mentioned malignant tumors includes suppression of progression, regression, elimination, suppression of metastasis, and prevention of recurrence of primary malignant tumors.
- the bound gold nanoparticles of the alpha ray emitting nuclide of the present invention can be administered to humans or other mammals such as mice, rats, rabbits, sheep, pigs, cows, cats, dogs, monkeys and the like. ..
- the administration route of the composition containing the gold nanoparticles of the present invention can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art, and is provided by a dosage form suitable for the administration route.
- the gold nanoparticles bound to the alpha ray emitting nuclide of the present invention are preferably locally administered to a lesion such as a tumor. In this case, it can be administered by injecting it into the lesion using an injection needle or the like (intratumor administration). For example, while observing with an echo image, an alpha ray-emitting nuclide-binding gold nanoparticle-containing liquid agent having the same volume as the tumor volume can be injected into the center of the tumor tissue over 1 minute.
- gold nanoparticles can be superselectively administered into an artery that nourishes a lesion using a catheter or the like (superselective intraarterial administration).
- hyperselective intra-arterial administration a procedure using a catheter, which has been remarkably developed in recent years, can be applied.
- the drug can be administered to the lesion tissue in an exclusive manner without directly invading the lesion tissue.
- Intraluminal administration can administer a high concentration of drug to the disseminated lesion. This administration method is useful as preventive administration for recurrence to the excised cavity after surgery.
- these topically administered alpha ray emitting nuclei-bound gold nanoparticles do not require the utilization of specific targeting molecules for proliferative disease cells, once.
- Proliferative disease When it reaches the tissue, it shows a uniform distribution in the tissue, while the outflow to the capillaries around the outside of the tissue is minimized. Therefore, it is possible to suppress radiation exposure to the whole body while obtaining an effective growth inhibitory effect on proliferative disease cells.
- the alpha ray-emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles used in the pharmaceutical composition or therapeutic method of the present invention may or may not be modified by the surface modification as long as it does not contradict the object of the present invention.
- the alpha-emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles are surface-modified with a hydrocarbon-based polymer such as polyethylene glycol (PEG).
- PEG polyethylene glycol
- the alpha ray emitting nuclei-binding gold nanoparticles used in the pharmaceutical composition or therapeutic method of the present invention are targeting molecules having an affinity for specific proliferative disease cells, such as antibodies, other proteins, peptides, low molecular weight compounds.
- the alpha-emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles used in the pharmaceutical composition or therapeutic method of the invention of the invention are surface-modified with a hydrocarbon-based polymer to which no targeting molecule is attached.
- the alpha-emitting nuclei-bound gold nanoparticles used in the pharmaceutical composition or therapeutic method of the invention of the invention are conjugated to a hydrocarbon-based polymer to which the targeting molecule is not bound and to the targeting molecule. It is surface-modified with the same or different hydrocarbon-based polymers.
- the proportion of the hydrocarbon-based polymer to which the targeting molecule is not bound can be adjusted within a range not contrary to the object of the present invention.
- the proportion of unbound hydrocarbon-based polymer of the targeted molecule is 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% of the total number of molecules of the surface-modified hydrocarbon-based polymer. It may be 80% or 90%.
- the present invention provides, in one embodiment, a method of selecting the optimal particle size of alpha-emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles for treating proliferative disorders by topical administration.
- the method is (1) a step of preparing alpha ray-emitting nuclei-bonded gold nanoparticles having different particle diameters of 0.5 to 110 nanometers, and (2) alpha-ray emitting nuclei-bonded gold nanoparticles having each of the above particle sizes. , (3) The step of confirming the alpha ray distribution in the administered proliferative disease tissue and the systemic alpha ray distribution, (4) in the proliferative disease tissue. Including the step of selecting the particle size based on the alpha ray distribution of the above and the whole body alpha ray distribution.
- the above method can be carried out using a model animal having a proliferative disease tissue, a cancer-bearing model animal, or a model animal in which a proliferative disease tissue is transplanted and propagated.
- Evaluation of the alpha ray distribution and the whole body alpha ray distribution in the proliferative disease tissue can be carried out by using a method known to those skilled in the art.
- the evaluation can be performed by image analysis using scintigraphy analysis, autoradiography analysis, or the like.
- Specific uniformity of the alpha ray distribution in the tissue of the proliferative disease and the level of the alpha ray distribution outside the tissue of the proliferative disease can be specified by using statistical indexes known to those skilled in the art according to a desired effect.
- the uniformity of the alpha ray distribution in the proliferative disease tissue for example, the radioactivity distribution obtained by scintigraphy or autoradiography can be visually evaluated. Alternatively, a texture analysis is performed, and a value such as entropy is used as an index, and when the value is low, the uniformity is evaluated as higher. In these evaluations, it is preferable that the uniformity is higher.
- the alpha ray distribution level outside the proliferative disease tissue can be evaluated, for example, by measuring the radioactivity of each organ by scintigram or SPECT.
- the radioactivity measurement value of each organ can be measured from the image. It is preferable that the measured value is close to zero.
- the exposure dose is calculated by using dedicated software such as OLINDA / EXM, and the exposure dose is low.
- the weight change of the administered animal and / or the growth inhibitory effect of the proliferative disease tissue was evaluated, and the particle size was selected based on these evaluations. You may.
- the growth inhibitory effect of the proliferative disease tissue is obtained, for example, by comparing the volume change of the proliferative disease tissue after administration of alpha ray-bound gold nanoparticles and / or the mass of the proliferative disease tissue after a certain period of time after administration with the control. It can be carried out.
- the administration into the tissue of the proliferative disease may be selected from the group consisting of injection into the center of the tissue, hyperselective administration into the artery that nourishes the tissue, and spraying of the drug into the cavity in which the tissue is present.
- the in vivo proliferative disease tissue may be a heterologous proliferative disease tissue transplanted into a subject.
- the surfaces of the gold nanoparticles are hydrocarbon-based polymers such as polyethylene glycol, polyether, polyol, polyethylene imine, silica gel, peptides, antibodies, proteins, lipids, complex lipids, sugar chains, complex sugars, terpenes, terpenoids and viruses. It may be modified with a molecule selected from the particles. In one embodiment, the surface modification may be modified with polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of 2,000 to 20,000.
- the proliferative disease is a malignant tumor and may be a solid cancer.
- the solid cancer may be selected from brain cancer, endocrine tumor, prostate cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, breast cancer, gynecological cancer, skin cancer, pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer.
- Alpha-emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles having a particle size selected by the method of the present invention show a uniform distribution in the tissue once they reach the proliferative disease tissue, while flowing out into the capillaries around the outside of the tissue. Is minimized. Therefore, according to the method of the present invention, the particle size of gold nanoparticles having excellent properties as an active ingredient of a drug that suppresses radiation exposure to the whole body while obtaining a sufficient growth inhibitory effect on proliferative disease cells can be obtained. You can choose.
- the present invention provides a method for producing alpha ray emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles having an optimum particle size for treating a proliferative disease by topical administration.
- the method comprises selecting the particle size based on the method of selecting the particle size of the alpha ray emitting nuclei-bonded gold nanoparticles, and using the gold nanoparticles having the selected particle size, alpha ray emission.
- Manufacture nucleated gold nanoparticles are used to produce the particle size based on the method of selecting the particle size of the alpha ray emitting nuclei-bonded gold nanoparticles, and using the gold nanoparticles having the selected particle size, alpha ray emission.
- the alpha-ray emitting nuclide-bound gold nanoparticles produced by the method of the present invention show a uniform distribution in the tissue once they reach the proliferative disease tissue, while the outflow to the capillaries around the outside of the tissue is minimized. It is suppressed. Therefore, by the method of the present invention, it is possible to produce gold nanoparticles having excellent properties as an active ingredient of a drug that suppresses radiation exposure to the whole body while obtaining a sufficient growth inhibitory effect on proliferative disease cells. Can be done.
- Aqueous solution A 8 mL of water was added to 2 mL of an aqueous solution of chloroauric acid (III) acid (0.17% w / v) to prepare the mixture.
- Aqueous solution B 0.5 mL of an ascorbic acid (1% w / v) aqueous solution and 0.25 mL of a trisodium citrate (0.88% w / v) aqueous solution were mixed, and 9.25 mL of water was added to prepare the mixture.
- Aqueous solution C 2 mL of water was added to 8 mL of an aqueous solution of chloroauric acid (III) acid (0.17% w / v) to prepare the mixture.
- Aqueous solution D 2 mL of an ascorbic acid (1% w / v) aqueous solution and 1 mL of a trisodium citrate (0.88% w / v) aqueous solution were mixed, and 7 mL of water was added to prepare the mixture.
- AuNP-PEG For a 13 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, a 30 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, and a 120 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, AuNP-PEG was precipitated by centrifugation (10000 G, 1 hour). Then, the supernatant was removed by decantation, and the same amount of distilled water as the removed solution was added. This operation was performed twice in total to obtain a 13 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, a 30 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, and a 120 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution from which impurities were removed. TEM imaging confirmed that the AuNP surface was modified with PEG.
- At-211 labeling of AuNP-PEG (At-211 labeling of 5 nm AuNP-PEG) At-211 aqueous solution was added to 5 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes. After shaking, an aqueous solution of 5 nm AuNP (At) PEG (5 nm mPEG-S-AuNP [ 211 At]) (about 42.3 MBq / mL) was obtained.
- At-211 labeling of 13 nm AuNP-PEG At-211 aqueous solution was added to a 13 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes. After shaking, an aqueous solution of 13 nm AuNP (At) PEG (13 nm mPEG-S-AuNP [ 211 At]) (about 40.7 MBq / mL) was obtained.
- At-211 labeling of 30 nm AuNP-PEG At-211 aqueous solution was added to a 30 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes. After shaking, an aqueous solution of 30 nm AuNP (At) PEG (30 nm mPEG-S-AuNP [ 211 At]) (about 39.0 MBq / mL) was obtained.
- At-211 labeling of 120 nm AuNP-PEG At-211 aqueous solution was added to 120 nm AuNP-PEG aqueous solution, and the mixture was shaken at room temperature for 15 minutes. After shaking, an aqueous solution of 120 nm AuNP (At) PEG (120 nm mPEG-S-AuNP [ 211 At]) (about 39.9 MBq / mL) was obtained.
- the mass concentration of AuNP (At) -PEG aqueous solution of each size was measured using ICP-OES (Optima 8300, Perkin Elmer Inc. (Waltherm, USA)), and the particle concentration was calculated. These values were used to adjust the particle concentration in AuNP (At) -PEG aqueous solutions to be administered to in vitro and in vivo experimental models to roughly align the doses to be administered.
- the concentration was adjusted with distilled water, and in the in vivo experiment, the concentration was adjusted with physiological saline.
- the dose was continuously diluted as described below, and in the in vivo experiment, the dose per animal was adjusted and administered so as to be the radiation dose shown in Table 1 below.
- AuNP (At) -PEG As a result of culturing C6 glioma with AuNP-PEG for 24 hours, AuNP (At) -PEG at 5 nm, 13 nm, 30 nm and 120 nm was internalized in C6 glioma cells, but AuNP (At) -PEG at 5 nm, 13 nm and 30 nm. In comparison with AuNP (At) -PEG at 120 nm, intracellular internalization was not observed unless the concentration was high.
- Animal model (3-1) Rat Male nude rats (F344 / NJcl-rnu / rnu (CLEA Japan, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan))) (7 weeks old) were used. (3-2) Mice Male nude mice (BALB / C Slc-nu / nu (Japan SLC, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan))) (5 weeks old) were used.
- C6 glioma cells which are cell lines of rat glioma obtained by introduction of N-nitrosomethylurea, were used (obtained from RIKEN BRC). C6 glioma cells were cultured in a humidified incubator at 37 ° C. using 5% CO2 addition using MEM medium (Sigma-Aldrich Japan, (Tokyo, Japan)) containing 10% fetal bovine serum.
- PANC-1 Human pancreatic cancer cell
- PANC-1 contains The cells were cultured in medium RPMI1640 with L-glutamine and phenol red (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)), 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin. Cultivated in RPMI 1640 medium, including.
- Human pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells 1.0 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 7 cells / 50 ⁇ l RPMI1640 was added with 50 ⁇ l matrigel (Corning (New York, USA)) and transplanted subcutaneously to the left shoulder of a mouse.
- Saline (3 animals, 6 tumors), 30 nmAuNP-PEG + physiological saline (3 animals, 6 tumors), 120 nmAuNP (At) -PEG + saline (4 animals, 8 tumors), 30 nmAuNP (At) ) -PEG + saline (4, 8 tumors), 13 nmAuNP (At) -PEG + saline (3, 6 tumors), 5 nmAuNP (At) -PEG + saline (3, 6 tumors), respectively. Prepared to be equal to volume.
- physiological saline (3 animals, 6 tumors) and 30 nm AuNP-PEG + physiological saline (3 animals, 6 tumors) to which no radionuclide was added were prepared for the control animals.
- Each of these test solutions was slowly administered over about 1 minute.
- a linear probe of an ultrasonic device (ProSound ⁇ 6, Hitachi-Aloka Medical, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)) was used, and the needle tip of a syringe (Myjector 29G, Terumo Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)) was used. I left it in the center of the room.
- the administered radioactivity per tumor was 1.4 ⁇ 0.4 MBq (Table 1).
- an alpha ray survey meter (TCS-232B, Hitachi Co. Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan)) was used to confirm that there was no contamination of the skin due to the backflow of the radioactive drug.
- FIG. 3 shows the results when AuNP (I-123) PEG in which the gamma ray nuclide I-123 was bound to the same AuNP-PEG was administered.
- the binding between I-123 and AuNP is unstable, and 1.5 hours after injection into the subcutaneous tumor (arrow) on the left side, I-123 separates from AuNP relatively quickly, flows into the blood vessel, and is distributed throughout the body ( Figure 3).
- the tumor mass was the lowest (Fig. 8).
- the tumor mass was almost the same as that treated with saline. From this result, it was confirmed that AuNP (At) PEG particles have an excellent antitumor effect by having a small particle size of 5 nm.
- scintigraphic analysis was performed 4 hours, 19 hours, and 42 hours after injecting 5 nmAuNP (At) PEG particles into bilateral subcutaneous tumors in the same manner as in (3-1). The results shown in 9 were obtained.
- AuNP (At) PEG particles having a small particle size of 5 nm stay in the tumor tissue and diffuse out of the tumor tissue to a limited extent.
- AuNP (At) PEG particles with a small particle size of 5 nm have excellent intra-tumor tissue diffusion properties, but their diffusion from the tumor tissue is limited. It is thought to bring about an excellent antitumor effect.
- the particle size is adjusted so that the particles are uniformly distributed in the tumor tissue and spread out of the tumor tissue in a limited manner. It has been confirmed that alpha ray gold nanoparticles having extremely excellent properties as a radiation-emitting therapeutic agent can be produced.
- adenosine 0.7 ml (adenosine: 2 mg) from the tail vein for the purpose of temporarily lowering the pulse and blood pressure and lowering the blood flow velocity.
- adenosine 2 mg
- 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] 3.3 MBq was dissolved in 0.3 ml of physiological saline and slowly administered (over about 1.5 minutes). ..
- mice Male nude mice (BALB / C Slc-nu / nu (JAPAN SLC, Inc,) of 6 8 W-aged animals (Group A) and 6 9 W-aged animals (Group B) (Tokyo, Japan)) was intraperitoneally transplanted with C6 cells 1 ⁇ 10 7 into which a fluorescent protein gene was introduced. 14 days after transplantation in group A and 7 days after transplantation in group B, 5 nm PEG-AuNP (At) -c [RGDfK (C)] was 0.98 ⁇ 0.19 MBq / 0 in 3 mice with a 26 G needle. .2 ml was administered intraperitoneally. Three control animals in each group were intraperitoneally administered 0.2 ml of saline with a 26 G needle.
- the control animal perceived a tumor in the abdominal cavity, and fluorescence was observed in the same area as observed by a fluorescence imager.
- the tumor was not eroded or the nodule was punctured, and slight fluorescence was observed in the same part.
- the tumor was excised 32 days after transplantation (23 days after administration) and the masses of the excised tumors were compared, the tumor spread and the mass were larger in the control animals than in the At-administered animals (FIGS. 20 to 24). Fluorescence was observed in the resected tumor, although it was not uniform (Fig. 23).
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Abstract
Description
また、本発明は一態様において、At-211と結合した、0.5~110ナノメートルの粒子径を有する金ナノ粒子を含有し、局所投与されることを特徴とする、増殖性疾患を治療するための医薬を提供する。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面はポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオール、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子から選択される分子により修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記表面修飾は、特定の細胞に対する標的化分子を結合していない分子を含み、さらに別の態様において、前記表面修飾は、特定の細胞に対する標的化分子を含まない。
一態様において、特定の細胞に対する標的化分子を結合していない分子は、2,000~20,000の平均分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールであってもよい。
一態様において金ナノ粒子の粒子径は、0.5~13nmであってもよい。
一態様において、本発明の医薬は、病変内への注入、病変を栄養する動脈内への超選択的投与、および腔内散布からなる群から選択する局所投与により投与することができる。
一態様において、前記増殖性疾患は悪性腫瘍であり、固形癌であってもよい。
一態様において、前記固形癌は脳腫瘍、内分泌腫瘍、前立腺癌、頭頚部癌、口腔癌、乳癌、婦人科癌、皮膚癌、膵癌および消化器癌から選択されてもよい。
一態様において、本発明の金ナノ粒子は、さらに特定の細胞に対する標的化分子による表面修飾を含んでもよい。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子は、At-211と結合している。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面はポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオール、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子から選択される分子により修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面は、2,000以上の分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールにより修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面はポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオール、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子から選択される分子により修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面は、2,000以上の分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールにより修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記局所投与は、病変内への注入、病変を栄養する動脈内への超選択的投与、および腔内散布からなる群から選択することができる。
一態様において、前記増殖性疾患は悪性腫瘍であり、固形癌であってもよい。
一態様において、前記固形癌は脳腫瘍、内分泌腫瘍、前立腺癌、頭頚部癌、口腔癌、乳癌、婦人科癌、皮膚癌、膵癌および消化器癌から選択される。
(1)0.5~110ナノメートルの異なる粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を準備する工程、
(2)前記各粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を、それぞれインビボの増殖性疾患組織内に投与する工程、
(3)前記投与された増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布、および全身アルファ線分布を確認する工程、
(4)増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布および、全身アルファ線分布に基づいて粒子径を選択する工程
を含む、局所投与により増殖性疾患を治療するために最適な、At-211結合金ナノ粒子の粒子径を選択する方法を提供する。
一態様において、前記増殖性疾患組織内への投与は、組織内中心部への注入、組織を栄養する動脈内への超選択的投与、および組織の存在する腔内への薬剤散布からなる群から選択することができる。
一態様において、インビボの増殖性疾患組織は、対象に移植された異種増殖性疾患組織であってもよい。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面はポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオールなどの炭化水素系ポリマー、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子から選択される分子により修飾されていてもよい。一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面は、2,000以上の分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールにより修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記増殖性疾患は悪性腫瘍であり、固形癌であってもよい。一態様において、前記固形癌は脳腫瘍、内分泌腫瘍、前立腺癌、頭頚部癌、口腔癌、乳癌、婦人科癌、皮膚癌、膵癌および消化器癌から選択される。
(1)0.5~110ナノメートルの異なる粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を準備する工程、
(2)前記各粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を、それぞれインビボの増殖性疾患組織内に投与する工程、
(3)前記投与された増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布、および全身アルファ線分布を確認する工程、
(4)増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布および、全身アルファ線分布に基づいて粒子径を選択する工程
を含む、局所投与により増殖性疾患を治療するために最適な粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を製造する方法を提供する。
一態様において、前記増殖性疾患組織内への投与は、組織内中心部への注入、組織を栄養する動脈内への超選択的投与、および組織の存在する腔内への薬剤散布からなる群から選択することができる。
一態様において、インビボの増殖性疾患組織は、対象に移植された異種増殖性疾患組織であってもよい。
一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面はポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオールなどの炭化水素系ポリマー、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子から選択される分子により修飾されていてもよい。一態様において、前記金ナノ粒子の表面は、2,000以上の分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールにより修飾されていてもよい。
一態様において、前記増殖性疾患は悪性腫瘍であり、固形癌であってもよい。一態様において、前記固形癌は脳腫瘍、内分泌腫瘍、前立腺癌、頭頚部癌、口腔癌、乳癌、婦人科癌、皮膚癌、膵癌および消化器癌から選択される。
一態様において、At-211AuNP(At)-PEGを悪性腫瘍投与する場合、At-211AuNP(At)-PEG(以下ナノ粒子とする)の適切な量をシリンジに充填し、注射針より悪性腫瘍内に緩徐に注入することができる。腫瘍内に注入されたナノ粒子は腫瘍内に拡散する。この拡散程度は小さい粒子ほど良好であるが、悪性腫瘍の毛細血管は正常組織のそれに比して物質透過性が高く、粒子径が一定程度小さいと毛細血管を介して全身に拡散することが知られている。
本明細書において、複数の数値の範囲が示された場合、それら複数の範囲の任意の下限値および上限値の組み合わせからなる範囲も同様に意味する。
本発明の金ナノ粒子(AuNP)は、公知の方法により調製することができる。例えば、J. Phys. Chem. C 2011,vol.115,pp.45024506に記載の方法を用いることができるが、これに限定されない。金ナノ粒子のサイズは、当業者に周知の方法により任意に設定することができ、製造した粒子のサイズを測定することができる。例えば、透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)を用いた顕微鏡法を用いることができるが、これに限定されない。
本発明の金ナノ粒子を悪性腫瘍治療剤として使用する場合、金ナノ粒子のサイズは悪性腫瘍の種類および状態、所望の薬理効果などに基づいて、適宜選択することが可能である。好ましくは、金ナノ粒子のサイズは、腫瘍組織内で十分な拡散を示す一方、腫瘍を灌流する毛細血管内には流入、および腫瘍外の他臓器には拡散が広範に及ばない範囲で調整される。一態様において、金ナノ粒子のサイズは0.5nm以上、0.6nm以上、0.7nm以上、0.8nm以上、0.9nm以上、1nm以上、2nm以上、3nm以上、4nm以上、5nm以上、6nm以上、7nm以上、8nm以上、9nm以上、10nm以上、11nm以上、12nm以上、13nm以上、14nm以上、15nm以上、20nm以上、25nm以上または30nm以上であることが好ましい。一態様において、金ナノ粒子のサイズは110nm以下、100nm以下、90nm以下、80nm以下、70nm以下、60nm以下、50nm以下、40nm以下または30nm以下であることが好ましい。一態様において、金ナノ粒子のサイズは1.0nm~110nmであることが好ましい。また、別の態様において、金ナノ粒子のサイズは5nm~30nmであることが好ましい。
本発明の金ナノ粒子(AuNP)の表面を修飾することにより、生体内での金ナノ粒子の挙動を調整することができる。例えば、ポリエチレングリコール、糖類、ペプチド(タンパク質)やその他の高分子によって金ナノ粒子(AuNP)の表面を修飾することにより、腫瘍組織内における金ナノ粒子に凝集抑制、細胞標的化、細胞膜透過促進、細胞膜吸着亢進などの機能を付与することができる。このような金ナノ粒子の修飾には、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオールなどの炭化水素系ポリマー、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子を用いることができるが、これらに限定されない。好ましくは、本発明の金ナノ粒子は、ポリエチレングリコール(PEG)によって修飾される。本発明に用いるPEGとしては、エチレンオキシドと水の縮合重合によって得られる様々なポリマーであって、生体材料に使用されることの知られた様々な構造を有するものを使用することができ、化学的反応性を持つ末端基を持たないPEG、化学的反応性を持つ末端基を1つ有する単官能性PEG、化学的反応性を持つ末端基を2つ有する二官能性PEG、直鎖状のPEG、マルチアーム型PEG、N-ヒドロキシスクシンイミドエステル基、チオール基、カルボキシ基のような反応性を示す末端基を持つPEGなどを使用できるが、これらに限定されない(Drug Delivery System,2015,Vol.30,No.4,pp.390-392)。互いに機能を阻害しない範囲において、複数種の修飾を組み合わせることもできる。
本発明の金ナノ粒子を細胞に投与する場合、細胞への取り込みを調節する様々な物質を併用することができる。例えば、細胞膜を通過するウイルス粒子内に金ナノ粒子を封入することにより、効率的に細胞内へ金ナノ粒子を送達することができる。また、ポリエチレンイミンなど、金ナノ粒子表面がカチオン電荷になるような化合物で修飾することにより、金ナノ粒子の細胞透過性が向上する。また、細胞特異的な取り込みが起こる抗体などで表面を修飾することによって、金ナノ粒子の細胞内への取り込みが向上する。特定の細胞内への取り込みを向上させる標的化分子として、増殖性疾患細胞が特異的に有する物質に結合する分子、例えば、増殖性疾患細胞において特異的に発現するタンパク質を抗原とする抗体またはその抗原結合断片、例えばCD19、EpCAM、CD20、CD45、EGFR、HER2、CDH17を抗原とする抗体またはその抗原結合断片、増殖性疾患細胞において特異的に発現する受容体に結合するリガンドまたはその断片、たとえば神経膠腫において発現するNK1受容体のリガンドであるサブスタンスPまたはその断片、たとえば、N末端5~11アミノ酸からなるペプチド、その他腫瘍標的化機能を有するペプチド、例えば腫瘍標的化機能を有する環状ペプチドc[RGDfK(C)](Vivitide(Kentucky,USA))などを用いることができる。上記標的化分子は、アルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子に直接結合させることもでき、また、上記表面修飾分子または他の運搬体を介して結合させることもできる。
本発明のアルファ線放出核種の結合した金ナノ粒子は、増殖性疾患などを治療するための医薬として提供される。本発明のアルファ線放出核種の結合した金ナノ粒子を含む医薬は、様々な増殖性疾患の治療に有効であり、例えば、脳腫瘍、前立腺癌、頭頚部癌、口腔癌、乳癌および消化器癌等の悪性腫瘍の治療に適用することができる。本発明のアルファ線放出核種の結合した金ナノ粒子は、腫瘍組織内に優れた拡散特性を有する一方で、腫瘍組織外への移行が少ない。したがって、脳腫瘍など、多くの血管を伴う悪性腫瘍の治療においても、他臓器の放射線被ばくを抑制しながら、効果的に悪性腫瘍を治療することが可能である。
本発明はまた、アルファ線放出核種の結合した金ナノ粒子を用いて、増殖性疾患などを治療する方法を提供する。
本発明は一態様において、局所投与により増殖性疾患を治療するために最適な、アルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子の粒子径を選択する方法を提供する。当該方法は、(1)0.5~110ナノメートルの異なる粒子径を有するアルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子を準備する工程、(2)前記各粒子径を有するアルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子を、それぞれインビボの増殖性疾患組織内に投与する工程、(3)前記投与された増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布、および全身アルファ線分布を確認する工程、(4)増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布および、全身アルファ線分布に基づいて、粒子径を選択する工程、を包含する。
上記測定、評価の結果、より高い増殖性疾患組織内アルファ線分布の均一度をもたらし、より低い増殖性疾患組織外のアルファ線分布レベルをもたらす金ナノ粒子の粒子径を選択する。
本発明は一態様において、局所投与により増殖性疾患を治療するために最適な粒子径を有するアルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子を製造する方法を提供する。当該方法は、上記アルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子の粒子径を選択する方法に基づいて粒子径を選択する工程を含み、当該選択された粒子径を有する金ナノ粒子を用いて、アルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子を製造する。
本発明の方法により製造されたアルファ線放出核種結合金ナノ粒子は、一旦増殖性疾患組織内に到達すると組織内で均一な分布を示す一方、組織外部周辺の毛細血管への流出は最小限に抑制される。したがって、本発明の方法により、増殖性疾患細胞に対して十分な増殖抑制効果を得つつ、全身への放射線被ばくを抑制する医薬の有効成分として、優れた特性を備える金ナノ粒子を製造することができる。
金ナノ粒子合成のための原料として、テトラクロロ金(III)酸四水和物(キシダ化学株式会社(Osaka,Japan))を用いた。金ナノ粒子のPEG標識化のために、ポリ(エチレングリコール)メチルエーテルチオール(Mn 6,000)(Sigma-Aldrich Co,LLC(St.Louis,USA))を用いた。
合成したPEG標識金ナノ粒子の品質は、透過型電子顕微鏡 (TEM)( JEM-2100, JEOL Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan))イメージングにより確認した。AuNP(At)PEGの放射能は、ゲルマニウム半導体検出器(BE-2020, Mirion Technologies (Canberra), Inc. (Connecticut, USA))により測定した。
水溶液A: テトラクロロ金(III)酸(0.17% w/v)水溶液2mLに、水8mLを加え、調整した。
水溶液B: アスコルビン酸(1% w/v)水溶液0.5mLとクエン酸三ナトリウム(0.88% w/v)水溶液0.25mLを混合し、水9.25mLを加え、調整した。
水溶液C: テトラクロロ金(III)酸(0.17% w/v)水溶液8mLに、水2mLを加え、調整した。
水溶液D: アスコルビン酸(1% w/v)水溶液2mLとクエン酸三ナトリウム(0.88% w/v)水溶液1mLを混合し、水7mLを加え、調整した。
AuNP(At)PEGのラットやマウスへの投与は、生理食塩水によって適宜希釈した後に行った。
5nm AuNPは、Sigma-Aldrich Co,LLC(St.Louis,USA))より購入した。
テトラクロロ金(III)酸(0.17% w/v)水溶液2.5mLに、水47.5mLを加えた。加え終えた後、攪拌しながら100度以上に昇温した。昇温後、クエン酸三ナトリウム(0.88% w/v)とクエン酸(0.05% w/v)を混合した水溶液2mLを加え、さらに5分間同じ温度で攪拌した。攪拌後、室温に戻し、13nm AuNPを得た。TEMイメージングにより、AuNPの平均粒子径が13nm(13.1±1.4nm)であることを確認した。
13nm AuNP水溶液5mLに、水15mLを加え、調整した。調整した水溶液を攪拌しながら、0.25mL/minの流速で水溶液AとBを別々のシリンジから同時に加えた。加え終えた後、攪拌しながら100度以上に昇温し、さらに30分同じ温度で攪拌した。攪拌後、室温に戻し、30nm AuNPを得た。TEMイメージングにより、AuNPの平均粒子径が30nm(30.8±2.7nm)であることを確認した。
30nm AuNP水溶液5mLに、水15mLを加え、調整した。調整した水溶液を攪拌しながら、0.25mL/minの流速で水溶液AとBを別々のシリンジから同時に加えた。加え終えた後、攪拌しながら100度以上に昇温し、さらに30分同じ温度で攪拌した。攪拌後、室温に戻し、60nm AuNPを得た。TEMイメージングにより、AuNPの平均粒子径が60nmであることを確認した。
60nm AuNP水溶液20mLを攪拌しながら、0.25mL/minの流速で水溶液CとDを別々のシリンジから同時に加えた。加え終えた後、攪拌しながら100度以上に昇温し、さらに30分同じ温度で攪拌した。攪拌後、室温に戻し、120nm AuNPを得た。TEMイメージングにより、AuNPの平均粒子径が120nm(120.7±13.3nm)であることを確認した。
5nm、13nm、30nm、120nm AuNP水溶液にそれぞれ、ポリ(エチレングリコール)メチルエーテルチオール(Mn 6,000)を終濃度0.1mg/mLになるように加えた。その後、室温で2時間攪拌した。攪拌後、5nm AuNP-PEG水溶液に対し限外ろ過(10000 G、10分)を行い、蒸留水を加えた。この操作を合わせて3回行い、不純物を取り除いた5nm AuNP-PEG水溶液を得た。13nm AuNP-PEG水溶液、30nm AuNP-PEG水溶液、120nm AuNP-PEG水溶液に対しては、遠心分離(10000 G、1時間)によりAuNP-PEGを沈殿させた。その後、デカンテーションにより上澄み液を取り除き、取り除いた溶液と同じ量の蒸留水を加えた。この操作を合わせて2回行い、不純物を取り除いた13nm AuNP-PEG水溶液、30nm AuNP-PEG水溶液、120nm AuNP-PEG水溶液を得た。TEMイメージングにより、AuNP表面がPEGにより修飾されていることを確認した。
(5nm AuNP-PEGのAt-211標識化)
5nm AuNP-PEG水溶液に、At-211水溶液を加え、室温で15分間振とうした。振とう後、5nm AuNP(At)PEG(5nm mPEG-S-AuNP[211At])水溶液(約42.3MBq/mL)を得た。
13nm AuNP-PEG水溶液に、At-211水溶液を加え、室温で15分間振とうした。振とう後、13nm AuNP(At)PEG(13nm mPEG-S-AuNP[211At])水溶液(約40.7MBq/mL)を得た。
30nm AuNP-PEG水溶液に、At-211水溶液を加え、室温で15分間振とうした。振とう後、30nm AuNP(At)PEG(30nm mPEG-S-AuNP[211At])水溶液(約39.0MBq/mL)を得た。
120nm AuNP-PEG水溶液に、At-211水溶液を加え、室温で15分間振とうした。振とう後、120nm AuNP(At)PEG(120nm mPEG-S-AuNP[211At])水溶液(約39.9MBq/mL)を得た。
インビトロ実験では、下記に述べるとおり連続希釈して投与し、インビボ実験においては、動物当たりの投与量が下記表1に示す放射線用量となるように調製して投与した。
5nm AuNP水溶液に、ポリ(エチレングリコール)メチルエーテルチオール(Mn 350)(Biochempeg Scientific Inc.(Massachusetts,USA))とc[RGDfK(C)](Vivitide(Kentucky,USA))を溶解した水溶液を加えた。ポリ(エチレングリコール)メチルエーテルチオール(Mn 350)とc[RGDfK(C)]の終濃度は、それぞれ0.1mMになるように調整した。その後、室温で2時間攪拌した。攪拌後、5nm PEG-AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]水溶液に対し限外ろ過(10000 G、10分)を行い、蒸留水を加えた。この操作を合わせて3回行い、不純物を取り除いた5nm PEG-AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]水溶液を得た。5nm PEG-AuNP-c[RGDfK(C)]水溶液にAt-211水溶液を加え、室温で15分間振とうした。振とう後、5nm PEG-AuNP(At)-c[RGDfK(C)](5nm mPEG-S-AuNP[211At]-c[RGDfK(C)])(約58.5 MBq/mL)を得た。
(2-1)腫瘍細胞
C6グリオーマ細胞およびPANC-1細胞(TACC(Virginia,USA))を使用した。これらの細胞を,10%のウシ胎児血清(GibcoTM, Life Technologies,Carlsbad,(CA USA))および1%のペニシリン―ストレプトマイシン溶液(富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社(Osaka,Japan))を含むDMEM培地(富士フイルム和光純薬株式会社(Osaka,Japan)を用い、37℃、5%CO2添加の条件で加湿培養器にて培養した。
(2-2)試験方法
C6グリオーマ細胞(100μL培地中2×104細胞/ウェル)およびPANC-1細胞(100μL培地中1×104細胞/ウェル)を96ウェルプレートに播種し、1日培養した。粒子径の異なるAuNP-PEG(放射線核種無し)と、AuNP(At)-PEGを合成し、各粒子径を有するAuNP(At)-PEGの1mL当たりの放射線用量が概ね同一になるように試験溶液を調製した。調整した試験溶液を連続希釈して、0~1MBq/mLの放射線用量となるように、それぞれのウェルに加えた(25μL/ウェル)。24時間培養後、Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8)(同仁化学研究所,(Kumamoto,Japan))を用いて、450nmのマイクロプレートリーダで細胞の生存率を測定した。
5nm、13nm、30nmまたは120nmの放射核種を付加しないAuNP-PEGで処理したC6グリオーマ細胞を24時間培養したところ、高濃度で処理した場合でも、細胞の生存率に影響はなかった。すなわち、放射線核種を付加していないAuNP-PEGは、粒子径および濃度によらず、毒性を有していなかった。一方、120nmの粒子径を有する、At-211を付加した120nm AuNP(At)-PEGを、放射線量1MBq/mL投与したC6グリオーマおよびPANC-1細胞では、著明な生存率の低下が確認された。
C6グリオーマをAuNP-PEGと24時間培養した結果、5nm、13nm、30nmおよび120nmのAuNP(At)-PEGはC6グリオーマ細胞内に内在化したものの、5nm、13nmおよび30nmのAuNP(At)-PEGは、120nmのAuNP(At)-PEGと比して、濃度が高い場合でないと細胞内在化が観察されなかった。一方、120nmのAuNP(At)-PEGのみが溶液中で沈殿することが観察され、120nmのAuNP(At)-PEGでは、ウェル中でAuNP-PEGの細胞周辺局所濃度が上昇していると考えられた。以上の結果から、AuNP-PEGおよびAuNP(At)-PEGは、濃度依存的に細胞内に取り込まれることが推察された。なお、C6グリオーマ細胞に替えて、PANC-1細胞に対して行った実験でも、同様の結果が得られ、AuNP(At)-PEGの細胞毒性は、細胞種に依存しないことが示唆された。
(3-1)ラット
雄のヌードラット(F344/NJcl-rnu/rnu(CLEA Japan,Inc.(Tokyo,Japan)))(7週齢)を用いた。
(3-2)マウス
雄のヌードマウス(BALB/C Slc-nu/nu(Japan SLC,Inc.(Tokyo,Japan)))(5週齢)を用いた。
グリオーマ細胞として、N-nitrosomethylureaの導入によって得られたラットの神経膠腫のセルラインであるC6グリオーマ細胞を使用した(理研BRCより入手)。C6グリオーマ細胞は、10%のウシ胎児血清を加えたMEM培地(Sigma-Aldrich Japan,(Tokyo,Japan))を用い、37℃、5%CO2添加の条件で加湿培養器にて培養した。
C6グリオーマ細胞0.9x10^7個/50μlMEMに50μl matrigel(Corning(New York,USA))を添加し、2.0% isoflurane in oxygenを用いた麻酔下でラットの両側背部皮下に移植した。
C6グリオーマ細胞移植13日後のラット(n=11)を、2.0% isoflurane in oxygenを用いて麻酔下で腫瘍内薬剤投与を行った。生理食塩水(n=3)、径120nmのAuNP(At)PEG+生理食塩水(n=4)、径30nmのAuNP(At)PEG+生理食塩水(n=4)をそれぞれ腫瘍体積と等しくなるよう準備し、両側腫瘍内にそれぞれ約1分程度かけて緩徐に投与した。投与に際しては超音波装置(ProSound α6,Hitachi-Aloka Medical,Ltd. (Tokyo,Japan))のリニアプローブを用い、注射器(Myjector 29G,Terumo Co.Ltd.(Tokyo,Japan))の針先を腫瘍の中心に留置して行った。放射性薬剤に関しては、腫瘍当たりの投与時の投与放射能は1.4±0.5MBqであった。投与後に、アルファ線サーベイメータ(TCS-232B,Hitachi Co.Ltd.(Tokyo, Japan))を用いて、放射性薬剤の皮膚への逆流による汚染が無いことを確認した。
平均径120nmのAuNP(At)PEGを投与したラット(n=1)および径30nmのAuNP(At)PEGを投与したラット(n=1)について、投与翌日にそれらの腫瘍をすべて摘出し、-80℃にて速やかに凍結した。腫瘍摘出後にラットは過剰量のisoflurane投与にて安楽死させた。クリオスタット(CryoStar NX70, Thermo Scientific Inc.(MA,USA))で厚さ30μm程度に薄切し、スライドグラスに貼り付けた。その後、凍結切片は速やかにドライヤーにて乾燥させたのち、約1時間イメージングプレートとのコンタクトを行った。イメージングはnonconfocal variable mode laser scanner(Typhoon FLA 7000,GE Healthcare Life Sciences(Buckinghamshire,England))を用いて行った。
AuNP(At)PEGを投与したラットに関して、投与4h後、および19時間から21時間後にシンチグラムを行った。シンチグラムはgamma camera(E.cam, Siemens Healthcare(Erlangen,Germany))にlow-energy,high-resolution,parallel-hole collimatorを装着して行った。ラットは2.0% isoflurane in oxygenを用いた麻酔下で伏臥位(prone)にてベッドに固定し、4時間後は10分間、19時間後以降は30分間撮像を行い、128×128 matrix sizeの前面および後面のプラナー画像を得た。
統計計算はSPSS 17.0を用いて行った。腫瘍質量の比較はone-way ANOVA、Leveneの検定を行ったうえで、Tukey’s HSD検定にて後検定を行った。
(4-1)シンチグラフィー分析
C6グリオーマ細胞移植ラットの両側の腫瘍に、生理食塩水のみ、120nm AuNP(At)PEG+生理食塩水、または30nm AuNP(At)PEG+生理食塩水を注入した。投与後4時間および19時間後にシンチグラフィー分析を行った。120nm AuNP(At)PEG(図1)および30nm AuNP(At)PEG(図2)の結果を示す。
120nm AuNP(At)PEGおよび30nm AuNP(At)PEGのいずれにおいても、腫瘍以外の部位にシグナルは検出されなかった。
一方、120nm AuNP(At)PEGは腫瘍組織内に点状に集積した(図1)のに対して、30nm AuNP(At)PEGは腫瘍組織内で拡散することが観察された(図2)。
120nm AuNP(At)PEGまたは30nm AuNP(At)PEGを注入したラットから、注入翌日に腫瘍組織を取り出し、オートラジオグラフィーを行った。結果を図に示す(図4)。120nm AuNP(At)PEGは腫瘍辺部に集中して局在していたのに対して(図4B)、30nm AuNP(At)PEGは腫瘍全体に分布することが確認された(図4A)。なお、PEGにより修飾されていない30nm AuNP(At)では、腫瘍内の分布がやや偏る傾向がみられた(図5)。
ラットにおける皮下移植C6グリオーマモデルを用いて、5nm、13nm、30nmおよび120nm AuNP(At)PEGの抗腫瘍作用を比較した。
生理食塩水のみ、または5nm、13nm、30nmおよび120nm AuNP(At)PEGを生理食塩水とともに腫瘍に注入後、ラットを38日または39日間経過観察し、経過中、2.0% isoflurane in oxygenを用いた麻酔下で、体重測定および腫瘍サイズの測定を行った。また、投与40日後に腫瘍を摘出し、腫瘍の質量を計測した。実験後、動物は過剰量のisoflurane投与にて安楽死させた。
腫瘍サイズの変化を図6に、体重の変化を図7に、取り出した腫瘍の質量の比較を図8に示す。
5nmAuNP(At)PEG粒子について、上記(3-1)と同様に、両側皮下腫瘍に5nmAuNP(At)PEG粒子を注入後、4時間、19時間、42時間後にシンチグラフィー分析を行ったところ、図9に示す結果を得た。本結果から、5nmといった小さい粒子径を有するAuNP(At)PEG粒子は、腫瘍組織内に滞留し、腫瘍組織外への拡散は限定的であることが確認された。
理論に縛られるものではないが、5nmといった小さい粒子径を有するAuNP(At)PEG粒子は、優れた腫瘍組織内拡散特性を有する一方で、その腫瘍組織からの拡散は限定的であることが、優れた抗腫瘍効果をもたらすと考えられる。本実験結果により、増殖性疾患細胞に特異的な標的化分子を利用しなくても、粒子径の調整によって、腫瘍組織内に均一に分布しつつ腫瘍組織外への拡散が限定的であるという、放射線放出治療薬として極めて優れた特性を有するアルファ線金ナノ粒子を製造し得ることが確認された。
ヌードマウス(BALB/cSlc-nu/nu)(雄 5週齢)12匹の左肩に、ヒト膵癌PANC-1細胞を移植した。移植14日後に、6匹には13nmのAuNP(At)mPEGを、6匹にはコントロールとして未標識の13nmのAuNPmPEGを投与した。投与方法はラットと同様であった。投与後39日間、腫瘍サイズ、マウス体重を測定した。移植40日後に、腫瘍を摘出し、マウスを安楽死させた。
摘出した腫瘍の質量を比較すると、AuNP(At)mPEGを投与した群ではコントロールと比して有意に腫瘍質量が小さかった(図12)。(p=0.006)。本実験により、本発明のAuNP(At)mPEGの局所投与は、膵癌に治療においても有効であることが確認された。
8W齢のヌードラット(F344/NJcl-rnu/rnu(CLEA Japan,Inc.(Tokyo,Japan))4匹にC6予備実験として動脈の血管支配を明らかにするために、ラットの左大腿動脈の分枝に直視下でカテーテルを挿入し、ジアグノグリーン(indocyanine green)を適量注入し組織の染色を視覚的に評価することによって、左大腿遠位部内側部の皮下が当該動脈の支配領域であることを確認した。C6細胞は染色を認めた左大腿内側皮下に移植した。
8W齢6匹(A群)、および9W齢6匹(B群)の雄のヌードマウス(BALB/C Slc-nu/nu(Japan SLC,Inc,(Tokyo,Japan)))に蛍光タンパク質遺伝子を導入したC6細胞1×107を腹腔内移植した。A群で移植14日後に、B群で移植7日後に、それぞれ3匹のマウスに26G針で5nm PEG-AuNP(At)-c[RGDfK(C)]を0.98±0.19MBq/0.2ml腹腔内投与した。両群それぞれ3匹のコントロール動物には、26G針で生理食塩水を0.2ml腹腔内投与した。
Claims (9)
- At-211と結合した、0.5~110ナノメートルの粒子径を有する金ナノ粒子を含有し、局所投与されることを特徴とする、増殖性疾患を治療するための医薬。
- 金ナノ粒子の表面がポリエチレングリコール、ポリエーテル、ポリオール、ポリエチレンイミン、シリカゲル、ペプチド、抗体、タンパク質、脂質、複合脂質、糖鎖、複合糖質、テルペン、テルペノイドおよびウイルス様粒子から選択される分子により修飾されている、請求項1に記載の医薬。
- 前記表面修飾が、特定の細胞に対する標的化分子を結合していない分子を含む、請求項2に記載の医薬。
- 前記表面修飾が、特定の細胞に対する標的化分子を結合していない分子が、2,000~20,000の平均分子量を有するポリエチレングリコールである、請求項3に記載の医薬。
- 前記金ナノ粒子の粒子径は、0.5~13ナノメートルである、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載の医薬。
- 局所投与が、病変内への注入、病変を栄養する動脈内への超選択的投与、および腔内散布からなる群から選択される、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載の医薬。
- 前記増殖性疾患が脳腫瘍、内分泌腫瘍、前立腺癌、頭頚部癌、口腔癌、乳癌、婦人科癌、皮膚癌、膵癌および消化器癌からなる群から選択される、請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載の医薬。
- 0.5~110ナノメートルの粒子径を有し、At-211と結合し、特定の細胞に対する標的化分子と結合していないポリエチレングリコールによる表面修飾を含む金ナノ粒子。
- (1)0.5~110ナノメートルの異なる粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を準備する工程、
(2)前記各粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を、それぞれインビボの増殖性疾患組織内に投与する工程、
(3)前記投与された増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布、および全身アルファ線分布を確認する工程、
(4)増殖性疾患組織内のアルファ線分布および、全身アルファ線分布に基づいて粒子径を選択する工程
を含む、局所投与により増殖性疾患を治療するために最適な粒子径を有するAt-211結合金ナノ粒子を製造する方法。
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| US17/925,099 US20230233705A1 (en) | 2020-05-15 | 2021-05-14 | Gold nanoparticle-containing medicine |
| BR112022023044A BR112022023044A2 (pt) | 2020-05-15 | 2021-05-14 | Medicamento para tratamento de uma doença proliferativa, nanopartícula de ouro, e, método para fabricar nanopartículas de ouro |
| CN202180044341.7A CN115916264A (zh) | 2020-05-15 | 2021-05-14 | 含金纳米粒子的药物 |
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| CN115192706B (zh) * | 2022-05-19 | 2023-05-26 | 中国医学科学院肿瘤医院 | 一种新型金纳米粒子的制备方法及其在治疗肿瘤中的应用 |
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| CA3178425A1 (en) | 2021-11-18 |
| AU2021270106A1 (en) | 2023-02-02 |
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